1
|
Krause KD, Rees K, Darwish GH, Bernal-Escalante J, Algar WR. Bait and Cleave: Exosite-Binding Peptides on Quantum Dots Selectively Accelerate Protease Activity for Sensing with Enhanced Sensitivity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17018-17030. [PMID: 38845136 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The advantageous optical properties of quantum dots (QDs) motivate their use in a wide variety of applications related to imaging and bioanalysis, including the detection of proteases and their activity. Recent studies have shown that surface chemistry on QDs is able to modulate protease activity, but only nonspecifically. Here, we present a strategy to selectively accelerate the activity of a particular target protease by as much as two orders of magnitude. Exosite-binding "bait" peptides were derived from proteins that span a range of biological roles─substrate, receptor, and inhibitor─and were used to increase the affinity of the QD-peptide conjugates for either thrombin or factor Xa, resulting in increased rates of proteolysis for coconjugated substrates. Unlike effects from QD surface chemistry, the acceleration was specific to the target protease with negligible acceleration of other proteases. Benefits of this "bait and cleave" sensing approach included detection limits that improved by more than an order of magnitude, reenabled detection of target protease against an overwhelming background of nontarget proteolysis, and mitigation of the action of inhibitors. The cumulative results point to a generalizable strategy, where the mechanism of acceleration, considerations for the design of bait peptides and conjugates, and routes to expanding the scope of this approach are discussed. Overall, this research represents a major step forward in the rational design of nanoparticle-based enzyme sensors that enhance sensitivity and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jasmine Bernal-Escalante
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma S, Saini S, Khangembam M, Singh V. Nanomaterials-Based Biosensors for COVID-19 Detection-A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:5598-5611. [PMID: 37974905 PMCID: PMC8768986 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2020.3036748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This review paper discusses the properties of nanomaterials, namely graphene, molybdenum disulfide, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots for unique sensing applications. Based on the specific analyte to be detected and the functionalization techniques that are employed, some noteworthy sensors that have been developed are discussed. Further, biocompatible sensors fabricated from these materials capable of detecting specific chemical compounds are also highlighted for COVID-19 detection purposes, which can aid in efficient and reliable sensing as well as timely diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Sharma
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| | - Sonakshi Saini
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| | - Maya Khangembam
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| | - Vinod Singh
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arndt N, Tran HDN, Zhang R, Xu ZP, Ta HT. Different Approaches to Develop Nanosensors for Diagnosis of Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001476. [PMID: 33344116 PMCID: PMC7740096 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The success of clinical treatments is highly dependent on early detection and much research has been conducted to develop fast, efficient, and precise methods for this reason. Conventional methods relying on nonspecific and targeting probes are being outpaced by so-called nanosensors. Over the last two decades a variety of activatable sensors have been engineered, with a great diversity concerning the operating principle. Therefore, this review delineates the achievements made in the development of nanosensors designed for diagnosis of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Arndt
- Queensland Micro‐ and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- Department of BiotechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinBerlin10623Germany
| | - Huong D. N. Tran
- Queensland Micro‐ and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Hang T. Ta
- Queensland Micro‐ and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- School of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Zhang Q, Knoll W, Liedberg B, Wang Y. Rational Design of Functional Peptide-Gold Hybrid Nanomaterials for Molecular Interactions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000866. [PMID: 32743897 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively used for decades in biosensing-related development due to outstanding optical properties. Peptides, as newly realized functional biomolecules, are promising candidates of replacing antibodies, receptors, and substrates for specific molecular interactions. Both peptides and AuNPs are robust and easily synthesized at relatively low cost. Hence, peptide-AuNP-based bio-nano-technological approaches have drawn increasing interest, especially in the field of molecular targeting, cell imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. Many excellent works in these areas have been reported: demonstrating novel ideas, exploring new targets, and facilitating advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Importantly, some of them also have been employed to address real practical problems, especially in remote and less privileged areas. This contribution focuses on the application of peptide-gold hybrid nanomaterials for various molecular interactions, especially in biosensing/diagnostics and cell targeting/imaging, as well as for the development of highly active antimicrobial/antifouling coating strategies. Rationally designed peptide-gold nanomaterials with functional properties are discussed along with future challenges and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road 16, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road 16, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 4, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan Road 270, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road 16, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kruchinin NY, Kucherenko MG. A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Polyampholytic Polypeptides Associated with Atomic Clusters on the Surfaces of Metal-Like Nanoobjects. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
6
|
Semiconductor quantum dot FRET: Untangling energy transfer mechanisms in bioanalytical assays. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
7
|
Bhuckory S, Kays JC, Dennis AM. In Vivo Biosensing Using Resonance Energy Transfer. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E76. [PMID: 31163706 PMCID: PMC6628364 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Solution-phase and intracellular biosensing has substantially enhanced our understanding of molecular processes foundational to biology and pathology. Optical methods are favored because of the low cost of probes and instrumentation. While chromatographic methods are helpful, fluorescent biosensing further increases sensitivity and can be more effective in complex media. Resonance energy transfer (RET)-based sensors have been developed to use fluorescence, bioluminescence, or chemiluminescence (FRET, BRET, or CRET, respectively) as an energy donor, yielding changes in emission spectra, lifetime, or intensity in response to a molecular or environmental change. These methods hold great promise for expanding our understanding of molecular processes not just in solution and in vitro studies, but also in vivo, generating information about complex activities in a natural, organismal setting. In this review, we focus on dyes, fluorescent proteins, and nanoparticles used as energy transfer-based optical transducers in vivo in mice; there are examples of optical sensing using FRET, BRET, and in this mammalian model system. After a description of the energy transfer mechanisms and their contribution to in vivo imaging, we give a short perspective of RET-based in vivo sensors and the importance of imaging in the infrared for reduced tissue autofluorescence and improved sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhuckory
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Joshua C Kays
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chern M, Kays JC, Bhuckory S, Dennis AM. Sensing with photoluminescent semiconductor quantum dots. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:012005. [PMID: 30530939 PMCID: PMC7233465 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aaf6f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensors benefit from high signal-to-noise and multiple measurement modalities, enabling a multitude of applications and flexibility of design. Semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) are excellent fluorophores for sensors because of their extraordinary optical properties. They have high thermal and photochemical stability compared to organic dyes or fluorescent proteins and are extremely bright due to their large molar cross-sections. In contrast to organic dyes, QD emission profiles are symmetric, with relatively narrow bandwidths. In addition, the size tunability of their emission color, which is a result of quantum confinement, make QDs exceptional emitters with high color purity from the ultra-violet to near infrared wavelength range. The role of QDs in sensors ranges from simple fluorescent tags, as used in immunoassays, to intrinsic sensors that utilize the inherent photophysical response of QDs to fluctuations in temperature, electric field, or ion concentration. In more complex configurations, QDs and biomolecular recognition moieties like antibodies are combined with a third component to modulate the optical signal via energy transfer. QDs can act as donors, acceptors, or both in energy transfer-based sensors using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET), or charge or electron transfer. The changes in both spectral response and photoluminescent lifetimes have been successfully harnessed to produce sensitive sensors and multiplexed devices. While technical challenges related to biofunctionalization and the high cost of laboratory-grade fluorimeters have thus far prevented broad implementation of QD-based sensing in clinical or commercial settings, improvements in bioconjugation methods and detection schemes, including using simple consumer devices like cell phone cameras, are lowering the barrier to broad use of more sensitive QD-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Chern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kallmyer NE, Musielewicz J, Sutter J, Reuel NF. Substrate-Wrapped, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Probes for Hydrolytic Enzyme Characterization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5209-5216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E. Kallmyer
- Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joseph Musielewicz
- Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joel Sutter
- Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yao J, Li L, Li P, Yang M. Quantum dots: from fluorescence to chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, and electrochemistry. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13364-13383. [PMID: 28880034 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, nanotechnology has become one of the major forces driving basic and applied research. As a novel class of inorganic fluorochromes, research into quantum dots (QDs) has become one of the fastest growing fields of nanotechnology today. QDs are made of a semiconductor material with tunable physical dimensions as well as unique optoelectronic properties, and have attracted multidisciplinary research efforts to further their potential bioanalytical applications. Recently, numerous optical properties of QDs, such as narrow emission band peaks, broad absorption spectra, intense signals, and remarkable resistance to photobleaching, have made them biocompatible and sensitive for biological assays. In this review, we give an overview of these exciting materials and describe their potential, especially in biomolecules analysis, including fluorescence detection, chemiluminescence detection, bioluminescence detection, electrochemiluminescence detection, and electrochemical detection. Finally, conclusions are made, including highlighting some critical challenges remaining and a perspective of how this field can be expected to develop in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lyu Y, Pu K. Recent Advances of Activatable Molecular Probes Based on Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles in Sensing and Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600481. [PMID: 28638783 PMCID: PMC5473328 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular probes that change their signals in response to the target of interest have a critical role in fundamental biology and medicine. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) have recently emerged as a new generation of purely organic photonic nanoagents with desirable properties for biological applications. In particular, tunable optical properties of SPNs allow them to be developed into photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, and photoacoustic probes, wherein SPNs usually serve as the energy donor and internal reference for luminescence and photoacoustic probes, respectively. Moreover, facile surface modification and intraparticle engineering provide the versatility to make them responsive to various biologically and pathologically important substances and indexes including small-molecule mediators, proteins, pH and temperature. This article focuses on recent advances in the development of SPN-based activatable molecular probes for sensing and imaging. The designs and applications of these probes are discussed in details, and the present challenges to further advance them into life science are also analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University70 Nanyang DriveSingapore637457
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University70 Nanyang DriveSingapore637457
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang W, Guo Y, Tiede C, Chen S, Kopytynski M, Kong Y, Kulak A, Tomlinson D, Chen R, McPherson M, Zhou D. Ultraefficient Cap-Exchange Protocol To Compact Biofunctional Quantum Dots for Sensitive Ratiometric Biosensing and Cell Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15232-15244. [PMID: 28421739 PMCID: PMC5432960 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An ultraefficient cap-exchange protocol (UCEP) that can convert hydrophobic quantum dots (QDs) into stable, biocompatible, and aggregation-free water-dispersed ones at a ligand:QD molar ratio (LQMR) as low as 500, some 20-200-fold less than most literature methods, has been developed. The UCEP works conveniently with air-stable lipoic acid (LA)-based ligands by exploiting tris(2-carboxylethyl phosphine)-based rapid in situ reduction. The resulting QDs are compact (hydrodynamic radius, Rh, < 4.5 nm) and bright (retaining > 90% of original fluorescence), resist nonspecific adsorption of proteins, and display good stability in biological buffers even with high salt content (e.g., 2 M NaCl). These advantageous properties make them well suited for cellular imaging and ratiometric biosensing applications. The QDs prepared by UCEP using dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)-zwitterion ligand can be readily conjugated with octa-histidine (His8)-tagged antibody mimetic proteins (known as Affimers). These QDs allow rapid, ratiometric detection of the Affimer target protein down to 10 pM via a QD-sensitized Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) readout signal. Moreover, compact biotinylated QDs can be readily prepared by UCEP in a facile, one-step process. The resulting QDs have been further employed for ratiometric detection of protein, exemplified by neutravidin, down to 5 pM, as well as for fluorescence imaging of target cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Guo
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Tiede
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Michal Kopytynski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Yifei Kong
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kulak
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael McPherson
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Dejian Zhou
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology and School of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and Astbury Structure for Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ambesh P, Campia U, Obiagwu C, Bansal R, Shetty V, Hollander G, Shani J. Nanomedicine in coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J 2017; 69:244-251. [PMID: 28460774 PMCID: PMC5414944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is one of the most promising therapeutic modalities researchers are working on. It involves development of drugs and devices that work at the nanoscale (10-9m). Coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for more than a third of all deaths in age group >35 years. With such a huge burden of mortality, CAD is one of the diseases where nanomedicine is being employed for preventive and therapeutic interventions. Nanomedicine can effectively deliver focused drug payload at sites of local plaque formation. Non-invasive strategies include thwarting angiogenesis, intra-arterial thrombosis and local inflammation. Invasive strategies following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) include anti-restenosis and healing enhancement. However, before practical application becomes widespread, many challenges need to be dealt with. These include manufacturing at the nanoscale, direct nanomaterial cellular toxicity and visualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paurush Ambesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, USA.
| | - Umberto Campia
- Department of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Chukwudi Obiagwu
- Department of Cardiology, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Rashika Bansal
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Regional Medical Center, NJ, USA
| | - Vijay Shetty
- Department of Cardiology, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Gerald Hollander
- Department of Cardiology, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Jacob Shani
- Department of Cardiology, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murata Y, Jo JI, Tabata Y. Preparation of gelatin nanospheres incorporating quantum dots and iron oxide nanoparticles for multimodal cell imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:555-568. [PMID: 28142329 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1286185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to prepare a multimodal probe which can simultaneously visualize cells by optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging modalities. Gelatin nanospheres incorporating quantum dots (QD) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) were prepared by the conventional emulsion method. The percentage of QD and IONP incorporated in gelatin nanospheres was changed by the concentrations of gelatin and glutaraldehyde used. However, the apparent size and surface zeta potential were hardly changed. Gelatin nanospheres incorporating QD and IONP were treated with octa-arginine (R8) of a cell-penetrating peptide. When incubated with normal human articular chondrocytes, gelatin nanospheres incorporating QD and IONP were efficiently internalized into the cells although their cytotoxicity was observed at the R8 concentration of 320 μM. The cells internalizing gelatin nanospheres incorporating QD and IONP could be visualized by both the optical and MR imaging modalities. It is concluded that gelatin nanospheres incorporating QD and IONP are promising for the probe of multimodal cell imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murata
- a Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering , Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Jo
- a Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering , Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- a Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering , Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hildebrandt N, Spillmann CM, Algar WR, Pons T, Stewart MH, Oh E, Susumu K, Díaz SA, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Energy Transfer with Semiconductor Quantum Dot Bioconjugates: A Versatile Platform for Biosensing, Energy Harvesting, and Other Developing Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:536-711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics
Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thomas Pons
- LPEM;
ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Eunkeu Oh
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Sebastian A. Díaz
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC 20036, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ren D, Wang J, Wang B, You Z. Probes for biomolecules detection based on RET-enhanced fluorescence polarization. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:802-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Bourguet E, Brazhnik K, Sukhanova A, Moroy G, Brassart-Pasco S, Martin AP, Villena I, Bellon G, Sapi J, Nabiev I. Design, Synthesis, and Use of MMP-2 Inhibitor-Conjugated Quantum Dots in Functional Biochemical Assays. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1067-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bourguet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312-CNRS, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Kristina Brazhnik
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN - EA4682, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN - EA4682, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gautier Moroy
- Molécules Thérapeutiques In Silico, INSERM UMR-S 973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brassart-Pasco
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie moléculaire, MEDyC, UMR CNRS/URCA 7369, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Anne-Pascaline Martin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie moléculaire, MEDyC, UMR CNRS/URCA 7369, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA3800, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA3800, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Georges Bellon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie moléculaire, MEDyC, UMR CNRS/URCA 7369, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Janos Sapi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312-CNRS, SFR Cap-Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN - EA4682, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
QD-Based FRET Probes at a Glance. SENSORS 2015; 15:13028-51. [PMID: 26053750 PMCID: PMC4507597 DOI: 10.3390/s150613028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique optoelectronic properties of quantum dots (QDs) give them significant advantages over traditional organic dyes, not only as fluorescent labels for bioimaging, but also as emissive sensing probes. QD sensors that function via manipulation of fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) are of special interest due to the multiple response mechanisms that may be utilized, which in turn imparts enhanced flexibility in their design. They may also function as ratiometric, or "color-changing" probes. In this review, we describe the fundamentals of FRET and provide examples of QD-FRET sensors as grouped by their response mechanisms such as link cleavage and structural rearrangement. An overview of early works, recent advances, and various models of QD-FRET sensors for the measurement of pH and oxygen, as well as the presence of metal ions and proteins such as enzymes, are also provided.
Collapse
|
19
|
van Duijnhoven SMJ, Robillard MS, Langereis S, Grüll H. Bioresponsive probes for molecular imaging: concepts and in vivo applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:282-308. [PMID: 25873263 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to visualize and characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo. In most molecular imaging approaches, probes are used to bind to disease-specific biomarkers highlighting disease target sites. In recent years, a new subset of molecular imaging probes, known as bioresponsive molecular probes, has been developed. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement at the site of interaction with its target. There are mainly two classes of bioresponsive imaging probes. The first class consists of probes that show direct activation of the imaging label (from "off" to "on" state) and have been applied in optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The other class consists of probes that show specific retention of the imaging label at the site of target interaction and these probes have found application in all different imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging and nuclear imaging. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive imaging probes in order to discuss the various molecular imaging strategies. The focus of the present article is the rationale behind the design of bioresponsive molecular imaging probes and their potential in vivo application for the detection of endogenous molecular targets in pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander M J van Duijnhoven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qin L, He X, Chen L, Zhang Y. Turn-on fluorescent sensing of glutathione S-transferase at near-infrared region based on FRET between gold nanoclusters and gold nanorods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:5965-5971. [PMID: 25730735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method based on gold nanoclusters capped glutathione (AuNCs@GSH) and amine-terminated gold nanorods (AuNRs) is designed for turn-on and near-infrared region (NIR) sensing of glutathione S-transferase (GST). The absorption band of AuNRs is tuned carefully to maximize the spectra overlap and enhance the efficiency of FRET. The FRET from multiple AuNCs to single AuNR quenches about 70% fluorescence emission of AuNCs. After GST is added, the strong specific interaction of GSH-GST can replace the AuNCs@GSH from AuNRs, FRET based on electrostatic interaction between AuNCs@GSH and AuNRs is switched off. Thus, emission enhancement of AuNCs@GSH is observed. The fluorescent enhancement is linearly with the increasing GST concentration over the range of 2-100 nM GST and the limit of detection for GST is about 1.5 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Qin
- †Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiwen He
- †Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Langxing Chen
- †Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- †Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- §Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu M, Algar WR. Acceleration of proteolytic activity associated with selection of thiol ligand coatings on quantum dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2535-2545. [PMID: 25607728 DOI: 10.1021/am507466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle bioconjugates are attractive probes for measuring the activity of hydrolytic enzymes. In these configurations, the localization of multiple copies of a hydrolase substrate to a nanoparticle scaffold has been reported to enhance apparent activity by factors of 2 to 3 compared to that for equivalent amounts of substrate in bulk solution. Here, we studied the effect of surface chemistry on protease activity using multivalent QD-peptide substrate conjugates as a model system. QDs were coated with cysteine (CYS), glutathione (GSH), dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) ligands, and thrombin and trypsin were used as model proteases. Proteolytic activity was measured for different combinations of ligand and protease using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assays. The highest levels of activity were observed with CYS and GSH coatings, and the lowest levels of activity were observed with DHLA and MPA coatings. In all cases, proteolytic activity was accelerated compared to that for an equivalent amount of substrate in bulk solution, with up to 80- and 65-fold increases in the apparent specificity constants for thrombin and trypsin, respectively. Thrombin was more strongly affected by the QD surface chemistry, with up to a 50-fold variation in its apparent specificity constant between ligand coatings, whereas only a 5-fold variation was observed with trypsin. These trends were correlated to adsorption of the proteases on the QDs and are discussed in the context of the physicochemical properties of both components. This work clearly indicates a critical role for the nanoparticle interface in mediating substrate turnover and provides some of the strongest support to date for a so-called hopping model of activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee SE, Alivisatos AP, Bissell MJ. Toward plasmonics-enabled spatiotemporal activity patterns in three-dimensional culture models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 24224142 DOI: 10.4161/sysb.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal activity patterns of proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine proteases in organs have the potential to provide insight into how organized structural patterns arise during tissue morphogenesis and may suggest therapeutic strategies to repair diseased tissues. Toward imaging spatiotemporal activity patterns, recently increased emphasis has been placed on imaging activity patterns in three-dimensional culture models that resemble tissues in vivo. Here, we briefly review key methods, based on fluorogenic modifications either to the extracellular matrix or to the protease-of-interest, that have allowed for qualitative imaging of activity patterns in three-dimensional culture models. We highlight emerging plasmonic methods that address significant improvements in spatial and temporal resolution and have the potential to enable quantitative measurement of spatiotemporal activity patterns with single-molecule sensitivity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sivasubramanian M, Hsia Y, Lo LW. Nanoparticle-facilitated functional and molecular imaging for the early detection of cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 25988156 PMCID: PMC4428449 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer detection in its early stages is imperative for effective cancer treatment and patient survival. In recent years, biomedical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and ultrasound have been greatly developed and have served pivotal roles in clinical cancer management. Molecular imaging (MI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that monitors biological processes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. To achieve these goals, MI uses targeted imaging agents that can bind targets of interest with high specificity and report on associated abnormalities, a task that cannot be performed by conventional imaging techniques. In this respect, MI holds great promise as a potential therapeutic tool for the early diagnosis of cancer. Nevertheless, the clinical applications of targeted imaging agents are limited due to their inability to overcome biological barriers inside the body. The use of nanoparticles has made it possible to overcome these limitations. Hence, nanoparticles have been the subject of a great deal of recent studies. Therefore, developing nanoparticle-based imaging agents that can target tumors via active or passive targeting mechanisms is desirable. This review focuses on the applications of various functionalized nanoparticle-based imaging agents used in MI for the early detection of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maharajan Sivasubramanian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hsia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Taiwan ; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mashinchian O, Johari-Ahar M, Ghaemi B, Rashidi M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Impacts of quantum dots in molecular detection and bioimaging of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:149-66. [PMID: 25337468 PMCID: PMC4204040 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A number of assays have so far been exploited for detection of cancer biomarkers in various malignancies. However, the expression of cancer biomarker(s) appears to be extremely low, therefore accurate detection demands sensitive optical imaging probes. While optical detection using conventional fluorophores often fail due to photobleaching problems, quantum dots (QDs) offer stable optical imaging in vitro and in vivo.
Methods: In this review, we briefly overview the impacts of QDs in biology and its applications in bioimaging of malignancies. We will also delineate the existing obstacles for early detection of cancer and the intensifying use of QDs in advancement of diagnostic devices.
Results: Of the QDs, unlike the II-VI type QDs (e.g., cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te)) that possess inherent cytotoxicity, the I-III-VI 2 type QDs (e.g., AgInS2, CuInS2, ZnS-AgInS2) appear to be less toxic bioimaging agents with better control of band-gap energies. As highly-sensitive bioimaging probes, advanced hybrid QDs (e.g., QD-QD, fluorochrome-QD conjugates used for sensing through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), quenching, and barcoding techniques) have also been harnessed for the detection of biomarkers and the monitoring of delivery of drugs/genes to the target sites. Antibody-QD (Ab-QD) and aptamer- QD (Ap-QD) bioconjugates, once target the relevant biomarker, can provide highly stable photoluminescence (PL) at the target sites. In addition to their potential as nanobiosensors, the bioconjugates of QDs with homing devices have successfully been used for the development of smart nanosystems (NSs) providing targeted bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Conclusion: Having possessed great deal of photonic characteristics, QDs can be used for development of seamless multifunctional nanomedicines, theranostics and nanobiosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Photonics, School of Engineering-Emerging Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Misra SK, Kim B, Chang HH, Pan D. Defying symmetry: a ‘flowery’ architecture with augmented surface area from gold coated polymeric ‘nanoblooms’. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05249h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
26
|
Petryayeva E, Algar WR. Multiplexed Homogeneous Assays of Proteolytic Activity Using a Smartphone and Quantum Dots. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3195-202. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Tyrakowski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor
St., Chicago, IL 60607-7061, United States
| | - Preston T. Snee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor
St., Chicago, IL 60607-7061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tong S, Fine EJ, Lin Y, Cradick TJ, Bao G. Nanomedicine: tiny particles and machines give huge gains. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:243-59. [PMID: 24297494 PMCID: PMC3962788 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that integrates nanotechnology, biomolecular engineering, life sciences and medicine; it is expected to produce major breakthroughs in medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Nano-scale structures and devices are compatible in size with proteins and nucleic acids in living cells. Therefore, the design, characterization and application of nano-scale probes, carriers and machines may provide unprecedented opportunities for achieving a better control of biological processes, and drastic improvements in disease detection, therapy, and prevention. Recent advances in nanomedicine include the development of nanoparticle (NP)-based probes for molecular imaging, nano-carriers for drug/gene delivery, multifunctional NPs for theranostics, and molecular machines for biological and medical studies. This article provides an overview of the nanomedicine field, with an emphasis on NPs for imaging and therapy, as well as engineered nucleases for genome editing. The challenges in translating nanomedicine approaches to clinical applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Eli J. Fine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yanni Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Thomas J. Cradick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Knudsen BR, Jepsen ML, Ho YP. Quantum dot-based nanosensors for diagnosis via enzyme activity measurement. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:367-75. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
30
|
Tyrakowski CM, Snee PT. A primer on the synthesis, water-solubilization, and functionalization of quantum dots, their use as biological sensing agents, and present status. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:837-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
31
|
Ren D, Wang J, You Z. Long-term monitoring of capase-3 activity in living cells based on the FRET probe composed of quantum dot, nanogold and EGF. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a unique probe was developed based on quantum dots, nanogold and EGF. The sensing section of the probe was developed by linking the streptavidin-labeled QD and monomaleimide-functionalized nanogoldviaa substrate peptide. The activity of caspase-3 was successfully monitored during a longer time span compared to the reported probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments
- Department of Precision Instrument
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments
- Department of Precision Instrument
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing, China
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments
- Department of Precision Instrument
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tiwari A, Khan SA, Kher RS, Dhoble SJ. Synthesis, characterization and optical studies of highly luminescent ZnS nanoparticles associated with hypromellose matrix as a green and novel stabilizer. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:637-41. [PMID: 24133032 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ZnS nanoparticles stabilized by a carbohydrate-based matrix, hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) were prepared via a wet chemical method. The nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electon microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. X-Ray diffraction patterns revealed a zinc blende structure. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that polymer attached to the surface decomposes at 700 °C. Absorption measurements were carried out and calculation of the diameter polydispersity index (DPI) suggests the formation of monodisperse nanoparticles. The optical properties of the as-prepared samples were studied by UV/vis spectroscopy and steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PL studies indicate the applicability of these nanoparticles as biocompatible sensors or luminescence markers in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Government Lahiri College, Chirimiri, 497449, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huang S, Qiu H, Xiao Q, Huang C, Su W, Hu B. A Simple QD–FRET Bioprobe for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA. J Fluoresc 2013; 23:1089-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-013-1238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
34
|
Freeman R, Finder T, Bahshi L, Gill R, Willner I. Functionalized CdSe/ZnS QDs for the detection of nitroaromatic or RDX explosives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:6416-21. [PMID: 23008159 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are used as fluorescent probes for the analysis of explosives, and specifically, the detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) or trinitrotriazine (RDX). The QDs are functionalized with electron-donating ligands that bind nitro-containing explosives, exhibiting electron-acceptor properties, to the QD surface, via supramolecular donor-acceptor interactions leading to the quenching of the luminescence of the QDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Freeman
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnologhy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Engineering imaging probes and molecular machines for nanomedicine. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:843-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
36
|
Delehanty JB, Susumu K, Manthe RL, Algar WR, Medintz IL. Active cellular sensing with quantum dots: Transitioning from research tool to reality; a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:63-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
37
|
Knapinska A, Fields GB. Chemical biology for understanding matrix metalloproteinase function. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2002-20. [PMID: 22933318 PMCID: PMC3951272 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has long been associated with normal physiological processes such as embryonic implantation, tissue remodeling, organ development, and wound healing, as well as multiple aspects of cancer initiation and progression, osteoarthritis, inflammatory and vascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of chemically designed MMP probes has advanced our understanding of the roles of MMPs in disease in addition to shedding considerable light on the mechanisms of MMP action. The first generation of protease-activated agents has demonstrated proof of principle as well as providing impetus for in vivo applications. One common problem has been a lack of agent stability at nontargeted tissues and organs due to activation by multiple proteases. The present review considers how chemical biology has impacted the progress made in understanding the roles of MMPs in disease and the basic mechanisms of MMP action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zelzer M, Todd SJ, Hirst AR, McDonald TO, Ulijn RV. Enzyme responsive materials: design strategies and future developments. Biomater Sci 2012; 1:11-39. [PMID: 32481995 DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme responsive materials (ERMs) are a class of stimuli responsive materials with broad application potential in biological settings. This review highlights current and potential future design strategies for ERMs and provides an overview of the present state of the art in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Zelzer
- WestCHEM, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K..
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Y, Wang TH. Quantum dot enabled molecular sensing and diagnostics. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:631-54. [PMID: 22916072 PMCID: PMC3425091 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence, semiconductor nanoparticles known as quantum dots (QDs) have drawn considerable attention and have quickly extended their applicability to numerous fields within the life sciences. This is largely due to their unique optical properties such as high brightness and narrow emission band as well as other advantages over traditional organic fluorophores. New molecular sensing strategies based on QDs have been developed in pursuit of high sensitivity, high throughput, and multiplexing capabilities. For traditional biological applications, QDs have already begun to replace traditional organic fluorophores to serve as simple fluorescent reporters in immunoassays, microarrays, fluorescent imaging applications, and other assay platforms. In addition, smarter, more advanced QD probes such as quantum dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer (QD-FRET) sensors, quenching sensors, and barcoding systems are paving the way for highly-sensitive genetic and epigenetic detection of diseases, multiplexed identification of infectious pathogens, and tracking of intracellular drug and gene delivery. When combined with microfluidics and confocal fluorescence spectroscopy, the detection limit is further enhanced to single molecule level. Recently, investigations have revealed that QDs participate in series of new phenomena and exhibit interesting non-photoluminescent properties. Some of these new findings are now being incorporated into novel assays for gene copy number variation (CNV) studies and DNA methylation analysis with improved quantification resolution. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the latest developments of QD based molecular diagnostic platforms in which QD plays a versatile and essential role.
Collapse
|
40
|
Optical detection of organophosphorus compounds based on Mn-doped ZnSe d-dot enzymatic catalytic sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 36:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
41
|
Staining-free gel electrophoresis-based multiplex enzyme assay using DNA and peptide dual-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1288-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
42
|
Dave SR, White CC, Gao X, Kavanagh TJ. Luminescent quantum dots for molecular toxicology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:117-37. [PMID: 22437816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology have made available a host of new approaches for the improved quantitative detection of biomarkers due to the enhanced sensitivity of nanoparticle-based assays. The majority of molecular toxicology studies revolve around sensitive measurement of cell-death (apoptosis) and cell-health biomarkers present in living cells or formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. In this regard, semi-conductor quantum dots (QDs) which exhibit high brightness, photo-stability and degree of multiplexing, are predicted to have a significant impact on research in molecular toxicology. Due to these superior photophysical properties of QDs as compared to traditional fluorophores and the unsurpassed versatility of QDs as enabling components for new assays, these nanoparticles promise to facilitate new discoveries in molecular toxicology. Indeed, multiplexed QD-based assays have been incorporated into cell imaging, flow cytometry and other homogenized sample-based assays for detecting multiple biomarkers including those associated with cell injury and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivang R Dave
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing applications. SENSORS 2012; 12:1657-87. [PMID: 22438731 PMCID: PMC3304133 DOI: 10.3390/s120201657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade the use of nanomaterials has been having a great impact in biosensing. In particular, the unique properties of noble metal nanoparticles have allowed for the development of new biosensing platforms with enhanced capabilities in the specific detection of bioanalytes. Noble metal nanoparticles show unique physicochemical properties (such as ease of functionalization via simple chemistry and high surface-to-volume ratios) that allied with their unique spectral and optical properties have prompted the development of a plethora of biosensing platforms. Additionally, they also provide an additional or enhanced layer of application for commonly used techniques, such as fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Herein we review the use of noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing strategies—from synthesis and functionalization to integration in molecular diagnostics platforms, with special focus on those that have made their way into the diagnostics laboratory.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim GB, Kim YP. Analysis of protease activity using quantum dots and resonance energy transfer. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:127-38. [PMID: 22375154 PMCID: PMC3287427 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review demonstrates the detection of protease activity based on the energy transfer of quantum dots (QDs). By incorporation of varying protease substrates into designed QD probes both in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system, proteolytic activity led to changes in the energy transfer efficiency. Especially due to the superior properties of QDs, it can be served as an excellent probe for a multiplexed and high-throughput protease assay with high sensitivity. It is anticipated that the QD-based FRET/BRET probes will have a great potential for dissecting the fundamental roles of proteases and designing potential protease inhibitors as therapeutic drugs in biology and nanomedicine.
Collapse
|
45
|
Lowe SB, Dick JAG, Cohen BE, Stevens MM. Multiplex sensing of protease and kinase enzyme activity via orthogonal coupling of quantum dot-peptide conjugates. ACS NANO 2012; 6:851-7. [PMID: 22148227 DOI: 10.1021/nn204361s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based labels are emerging as simpler and more sensitive alternatives to traditional fluorescent small molecules and radioactive reporters in biomarker assays. The determination of biomarker levels is a recommended clinical practice for the assessment of many diseases, and detection of multiple analytes in a single assay, known as multiplexing, can increase predictive accuracy. While multiplexed detection can also simplify assay procedures and reduce systematic variability, combining multiple assays into a single procedure can lead to complications such as substrate cross-reactivity, signal overlap, and loss of sensitivity. By combining the specificity of biomolecular interactions with the tunability of quantum dot optical properties, we have developed a detection system capable of simultaneous evaluation of the activity of two critical enzyme classes, proteases and kinases. We avoid cross-reactivity and signal overlap by synthesizing enzyme-specific peptide sequences with orthogonal terminal functionalization for attachment to quantum dots with distinct emission spectra. Enzyme activity is reported via binding of either gold nanoparticle-peptide conjugates or FRET acceptor dye-labeled antibodies, which mediate changes in quantum dot emission spectra. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the multiplexed sensing of the activity of two different classes of enzymes via a nanoparticle-based activity assay. Using the quantum dot-based assay described herein, we were able to detect the protease activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator at concentrations ≥ 50 ng/mL and the kinase activity of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 at concentrations ≥ 7.5 nM, levels that are clinically relevant for determination of breast cancer prognosis. The modular nature of this assay design allows for the detection of different classes of enzymes simultaneously and represents a generic platform for high-throughput enzyme screening in rapid disease diagnosis and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Lowe
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sun T, Li K, Li Y, Li C, Zhao W, Chen L, Chang Y. Optimizing conditions for encapsulation of QDs by varying PEG chain density of amphiphilic centipede-like copolymer coating and exploration of QDs probes for tumor cell targeting and tracking. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
47
|
Ispas CR, Crivat G, Andreescu S. Review: Recent Developments in Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Biomedical Analysis. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.633188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
48
|
Zhang F, Lees E, Amin F, Rivera Gil P, Yang F, Mulvaney P, Parak WJ. Polymer-coated nanoparticles: a universal tool for biolabelling experiments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3113-27. [PMID: 21928301 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water solubilization of nanoparticles is a fundamental prerequisite for many biological applications. To date, no single method has emerged as ideal, and several different approaches have been successfully utilized. These 'phase-transfer' strategies are reviewed, indicating key advantages and disadvantages, and a discussion of conjugation strategies is presented. Coating of hydrophobic nanoparticles with amphiphilic polymers provides a generic pathway for the phase transfer of semiconductor, magnetic, metallic, and upconverting nanoparticles from nonpolar to polar environments. Amphiphilic polymers that include maleimide groups can be readily functionalized with chemical groups for specific applications. In the second, experimental part, some of the new chemical features of such polymer-capped nanoparticles are demonstrated. In particular, nanoparticles to which a pH sensitive fluorophore has been attached are described, and their use for intracellular pH-sensing demonstrated. It is shown that the properties of analyte-sensitive fluorophores can be tuned by using interactions with the underlying nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Fachbereich Physik and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang J, Xia J. Capillary electrophoretic studies on displacement and proteolytic cleavage of surface bound oligohistidine peptide on quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 709:120-7. [PMID: 22122940 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Subtle changes in the chemical structure or the composition of surface bound ligands on quantum dots (QDs) remain difficult to detect. Here we describe a facile setup for fluorescence detection coupled capillary electrophoresis (CE-FL) and its application in monitoring ligand displacement on QDs through metal-affinity driven assembly. We also describe the use of CE-FL to monitor amide bond cleavage by a specific protease, based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Cy5 and QDs spaced by a hexahistidine peptide (H6-Cy5). CE-FL allowed separation of unbound QDs and ligand bound QDs and also revealed an ordered assembly of H6-Cy5 on QDs. In a ligand displacement experiment, unlabeled hexahistidine peptide gradually displaced surface bound H6-Cy5 until finally reaching equilibrium. The displacement intermediates were clearly separated on CE-FL. Proteolytic cleavage of surface bound H6-Cy5 by thrombin was monitored by CE-FL through mobility shift, peak broadening, and FRET changes. Enzymatic parameters thus obtained were comparable with those measured by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|