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Yang G, Pećanac O, Wijma HJ, Rozeboom HJ, de Gonzalo G, Fraaije MW, Mascotti ML. Evolution of the catalytic mechanism at the dawn of the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114130. [PMID: 38640062 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are crucial for the emergence and sustenance of life on earth. How they became catalytically active during their evolution is still an open question. Two opposite explanations are plausible: acquiring a mechanism in a series of discrete steps or all at once in a single evolutionary event. Here, we use molecular phylogeny, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and biochemical characterization to follow the evolution of a specialized group of flavoprotein monooxygenases, the bacterial Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). These enzymes catalyze an intricate chemical reaction relying on three different elements: a reduced nicotinamide cofactor, dioxygen, and a substrate. Characterization of ancestral BVMOs shows that the catalytic mechanism evolved in a series of steps starting from a FAD-binding protein and further acquiring reactivity and specificity toward each of the elements participating in the reaction. Together, the results of our work portray how an intrinsically complex catalytic mechanism emerged during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ognjen Pećanac
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hein J Wijma
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte J Rozeboom
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Laura Mascotti
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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2
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Chan S, Wang Y, Luo Y, Zheng M, Xie F, Xue M, Yang X, Xue P, Zha C, Fang M. Differential Regulation of Male-Hormones-Related Enhancers Revealed by Chromatin Accessibility and Transcriptional Profiles in Pig Liver. Biomolecules 2024; 14:427. [PMID: 38672444 PMCID: PMC11048672 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgical castration can effectively avoid boar taint and improve pork quality by removing the synthesis of androstenone in the testis, thereby reducing its deposition in adipose tissue. The expression of genes involved in testis-derived hormone metabolism was altered following surgical castration, but the upstream regulatory factors and underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we systematically profiled chromatin accessibility and transcriptional dynamics in liver tissue of castrated and intact full-sibling Yorkshire pigs. First, we identified 897 differentially expressed genes and 6864 differential accessible regions (DARs) using RNA- and ATAC-seq. By integrating the RNA- and ATAC-seq results, 227 genes were identified, and a significant positive correlation was revealed between differential gene expression and the ATAC-seq signal. We constructed a transcription factor regulatory network after motif analysis of DARs and identified a candidate transcription factor (TF) SP1 that targeted the HSD3B1 gene, which was responsible for the metabolism of androstenone. Subsequently, we annotated DARs by incorporating H3K27ac ChIP-seq data, marking 2234 typical enhancers and 245 super enhancers involved in the regulation of all testis-derived hormones. Among these, four typical enhancers associated with HSD3B1 were identified. Furthermore, an in-depth investigation was conducted on the androstenone-related enhancers, and an androstenone-related mutation was identified in a newfound candidatetypical enhancer (andEN) with dual-luciferase assays. These findings provide further insights into how enhancers function as links between phenotypic and non-coding area variations. The discovery of upstream TF and enhancers of HSD3B1 contributes to understanding the regulatory networks of androstenone metabolism and provides an important foundation for improving pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuheng Chan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Yubei Wang
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yabiao Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Meili Zheng
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Fuyin Xie
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Mingming Xue
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Pengxiang Xue
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Chengwan Zha
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Meiying Fang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.C.); (Y.L.); (P.X.)
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
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3
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A comprehensive review on acridone based derivatives as future anti-cancer agents and their structure activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114527. [PMID: 35717872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug resistance and severe side-effects has reduced the clinical efficacy of the existing anti-cancer drugs available in the market. Thus, there is always a constant need to develop newer anti-cancer drugs with minimal adverse effects. Researchers all over the world have been focusing on various alternative strategies to discover novel, potent, and target specific molecules for cancer therapy. In this direction, several heterocyclic compounds are being explored but amongst them one promising heterocycle is acridone which has attracted the attention of medicinal chemists and gained huge biological importance as acridones are found to act on different therapeutically proven molecular targets, overcome ABC transporters mediated drug resistance and DNA intercalation in cancer cells. Some of these acridone derivatives have reached clinical studies as these heterocycles have shown huge potential in cancer therapeutics and imaging. Here, the authors have attempted to compile and make some recommendations of acridone based derivatives concerning their cancer biological targets and in vitro-cytotoxicity based on drug design and novelty to increase their therapeutic potential. This review also provides some important insights on the design, receptor targeting and future directions for the development of acridones as possible clinically effective anti-cancer agents.
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Uc-Chuc MA, Kú-González ÁF, Jiménez-Ramírez IA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Identification, analysis, and modeling of the YUCCA protein family genome-wide in Coffea canephora. Proteins 2021; 90:1005-1024. [PMID: 34890079 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is involved in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to senescence. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main known natural auxin that is synthesized by enzymes tryptophan aminotransferase of arabidopsis (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) of the flavin-containing monooxygenases family (FMO) from one of the tryptophan-dependent pathways. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the YUC-protein family have been conducted in Coffea canephora in the present study. A total of 10 members CcYUC gene family were identified in C. canephora. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcYUC protein family is evolutionarily conserved, and they consist of four groups. In contrast, bioinformatic analysis predicted a hydrophobic transmembrane helix (TMH) for one CcYUC (YUC10) member only. Isoelectric point (pI), molecular mass (Ms), signal peptide, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation sites were predicted for CcYUC proteins. YUC enzymes require the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for their enzymatic activity. Therefore, we include the molecular docking for CcYUC2-FAD-NADPH-IPyA and yucasin, which is a specific inhibitor for YUC activity. The docking results showed FAD and NADPH binding at the big and small domain sites, respectively, in CcYUC2. IPyA binds very close to FAD along the big domain, and yucasin competes for the same site as IPA, blocking IAA production. Furthermore, in silico point mutations affect the stability of the CcYUC2-4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Uc-Chuc
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Ángela F Kú-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Irma A Jiménez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Mexico
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Kayastha S, Sagwan-Barkdoll L, Anterola A, Jayakody LN. Developing synthetic microbes to produce indirubin-derivatives. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:405-425. [PMID: 34499522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically used drugs are metabolized in the body via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions, which are considered phase I reactions. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which primarily catalyze oxidation reactions, contribute to the metabolism of over 50% of clinically used drugs. In the last few decades, the function and regulation of P450s have been extensively studied, whereas the characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes is still incomplete. Recent studies suggest that approximately 30% of drug metabolism is carried out by non-P450 enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-P450 phase I enzymes, focusing on their roles in controlling drug efficacy and adverse reactions as an important aspect of drug development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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7
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Dhuria NV, Haro B, Kapadia A, Lobo KA, Matusow B, Schleiff MA, Tantoy C, Sodhi JK. Recent developments in predicting CYP-independent metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:188-206. [PMID: 33941024 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1923728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As lead optimization efforts have successfully reduced metabolic liabilities due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, there has been an increase in the frequency of involvement of non-CYP enzymes in the metabolism of investigational compounds. Although there have been numerous notable advancements in the characterization of non-CYP enzymes with respect to their localization, reaction mechanisms, species differences and identification of typical substrates, accurate prediction of non-CYP-mediated clearance, with a particular emphasis with the difficulties in accounting for any extrahepatic contributions, remains a challenge. The current manuscript comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in the prediction of drug metabolism and the in vitro to in vitro extrapolation of clearance for substrates of non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhilesh V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bianka Haro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amit Kapadia
- California Poison Control Center, University of California San Francisco, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernice Matusow
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christina Tantoy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Successful and Unsuccessful Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for Lead Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3546-3559. [PMID: 33765384 PMCID: PMC8504179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new chemical entities is costly, time-consuming, and has a low success rate. Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic properties is critical to progress compounds with favorable drug-like characteristics in lead optimization. Of particular importance is the prediction of hepatic clearance, which determines drug exposure and contributes to projection of dose, half-life, and bioavailability. The most commonly employed methodology to predict hepatic clearance is termed in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that involves measuring drug metabolism in vitro, scaling-up this in vitro intrinsic clearance to a prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by reconciling the enzymatic content between the incubation and an average human liver, and applying a model of hepatic disposition to account for limitations of protein binding and blood flow to predict in vivo clearance. This manuscript reviews common in vitro techniques used to predict hepatic clearance as well as current challenges and recent theoretical advancements in IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Kushiro A, Kasashima Y, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kijima-Suda I. Metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9028. [PMID: 33319421 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of GW1516, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR δ) agonist, is strictly prohibited in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. However, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine. METHODS Urine samples obtained from a thoroughbred after nasoesophageal administration with GW1516 were protein-precipitated and the supernatants were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) with a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored from the full-scan mass spectral data of pre- and post-administration samples. A quantification method was developed and validated to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in equine urine. RESULTS GW1516 and its nine metabolites [including GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), methyl 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (MMTC), 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (MTTC), and M1 to M4] were detected in post-administration urine samples. GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone showed the longest detection times in post-administration urine samples and were therefore recommended as potential screening targets for doping control purposes. Quantitative analysis was also conducted to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone in urine. CONCLUSIONS For the purposes of doping control of GW1516, the GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone metabolites are recommended as the target analytes to be monitored in equine urine due to their high specificities, long detection times (1 and 4 weeks, respectively), and the ready availability of their reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kasashima
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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Catucci G, Aramini D, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Ligand stabilization and effect on unfolding by polymorphism in human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1484-1493. [PMID: 32781122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a powerful tool to prevent adverse reactions caused by different response of individuals to drug administration. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent up to 90% of genetic variations among individuals. Drug metabolizing enzymes are highly polymorphic therefore the kinetic parameters of their catalytic reactions can be significantly influenced. This work reports on the unfolding process of a phase I drug metabolizing enzyme, human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (hFMO3) and its single nucleotide polymorphic variants (SNPs) V257M, E158K and E308G. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicates that the thermal denaturation of the enzyme is irreversible. The melting temperature (Tm) for the (Wild Type) WT and its polymorphic variants is found to be in a range from 46 °C to 50 °C. Also the activation energies of unfolding (Ea) show no significant differences among all proteins investigated (290-328 KJ/mol), except for the E308G variant that showed a significantly higher Ea of 412 KJ/mol. The presence of the bound NADP+ cofactor is found to stabilize all the variants by shifting the main Tm by 4-5 °C for all the proteins, exception made for E308G where no changes are observed. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to characterize the interaction of the protein with NADP+ in terms of dissociation constant (Kd), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). Kd values of 1.6 and 0.7 μM, ΔH of -13.9 Kcal/mol and -16.8 Kcal/mol, ΔS of -20.5 cal/mol/deg, and -28.5 cal/mol/deg were found for V257M and E158K respectively. E308G was found to be unable to bind the NADP+ cofactor, a result that is in line with the Tm results. Circular dichroism also confirmed an overall lower stability of E308G, while NADP+ was found to give a strong positive shift of the Tm stabilizing the structure of E158K (46.2 to 50.6 °C). Previous data highlighted significant differences in terms of activity among the SNPs of hFMO3. In this work a minor impact of the SNPs was found on the stability of the enzyme in the ligand free form, except for E308G, whereas the binding of NADP+ reveals major differences among WT and polymorphic variants that are all measurable in terms of heat capacity, enthalpy and secondary structure content. These data provide the first direct evidence of ligand stabilization effects on hFMO3 that can explain the differences observed in catalytic efficiencies and serve as the starting point for the development of inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - D Aramini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - S J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - G Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
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Potęga A, Żelaszczyk D, Mazerska Z. Electrochemical and in silico approaches for liver metabolic oxidation of antitumor-active triazoloacridinone C-1305. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:376-384. [PMID: 32923012 PMCID: PMC7474135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Dimethylaminopropylamino-8-hydroxytriazoloacridinone (C-1305) is a promising antitumor compound developed in our laboratory. A better understanding of its metabolic transformations is still needed to explain the multidirectional mechanism of pharmacological action of triazoloacridinone derivatives at all. Thus, the aim of the current work was to predict oxidative pathways of C-1305 that would reflect its phase I metabolism. The multi-tool analysis of C-1305 metabolism included electrochemical conversion and in silico sites of metabolism predictions in relation to liver microsomal model. In the framework of the first approach, an electrochemical cell was coupled on-line to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. The effluent of the electrochemical cell was also injected onto a liquid chromatography column for the separation of different products formed prior to mass spectrometry analysis. In silico studies were performed using MetaSite software. Standard microsomal incubation was employed as a reference procedure. We found that C-1305 underwent electrochemical oxidation primarily on the dialkylaminoalkylamino moiety. An unknown N-dealkylated and hydroxylated C-1305 products have been identified. The electrochemical system was also able to simulate oxygenation reactions. Similar pattern of C-1305 metabolism has been predicted using in silico approach. Both proposed strategies showed high agreement in relation to the generated metabolic products of C-1305. Thus, we conclude that they can be considered as simple alternatives to enzymatic assays, affording time and cost efficiency. Three different strategies for the investigation of C-1305 oxidative metabolism were presented. Phase I products of the antitumor agent were easily generated within a matrix-free environment. Products of C-1305 electrochemical oxidation were typical for P450-catalyzed reactions. We observed a good accordance between electrochemical, in silico, and enzymatic results. Electrochemical and in silico methods are fast alternatives for enzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Potęga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna St. 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Zofia Mazerska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
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12
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Catucci G, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Production of drug metabolites by human FMO3 in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:74. [PMID: 32197603 PMCID: PMC7085137 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the course of drug discovery and development process, sufficient reference standards of drug metabolites are required, especially for preclinical/clinical or new therapeutic drugs. Whole-cell synthesis of drug metabolites is of great interest due to its low cost, low environmental impact and specificity of the enzymatic reaction compared to chemical synthesis. Here, Escherichia coli (E. coli) JM109 cells over-expressing the recombinant human FMO3 (flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform 3) were used for the conversions of clomiphene, dasatinib, GSK5182 and tozasertib to their corresponding N-oxide metabolites. Results The effects of NADPH regeneration, organic solvents as well as C-terminal truncations of human FMO3 were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, in excess of 200 mg/L of N-oxide metabolite of each of the four drugs could be produced by whole-cell catalysis within 24 h. Of these, more than 90% yield conversions were obtained for the N-oxidation of clomiphene and dasatinib. In addition, FMO3 shows high regio-selectivity in metabolizing GSK5182 where only the (Z) isomer is monooxygenated. Conclusions The study shows the successful use of human FMO3-based whole-cell as a biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of drug metabolites including regio-selective reactions involving GSK5182, a new candidate against type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) are ancient enzymes present in all kingdoms of life. FMOs typically catalyze the incorporation of an oxygen atom from molecular oxygen into small molecules. To date, the majority of functional characterization studies have been performed on mammalian, fungal and bacterial FMOs, showing that they play fundamental roles in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. By contrast, our understanding of FMOs across the plant kingdom is very limited, despite plants possessing far greater FMO diversity compared to both bacteria and other multicellular organisms. Here, we review the progress of plant FMO research, with a focus on FMO diversity and functionality. Significantly, of the FMOs characterized to date, they all perform oxygenation reactions that are crucial steps within hormone metabolism, pathogen resistance, signaling and chemical defense. This demonstrates the fundamental role FMOs have within plant metabolism, and presents significant opportunities for future research pursuits and downstream applications.
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14
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Ancestral-sequence reconstruction unveils the structural basis of function in mammalian FMOs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 27:14-24. [PMID: 31873300 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are ubiquitous in all domains of life and metabolize a myriad of xenobiotics, including toxins, pesticides and drugs. However, despite their pharmacological importance, structural information remains bereft. To further our understanding behind their biochemistry and diversity, we used ancestral-sequence reconstruction, kinetic and crystallographic techniques to scrutinize three ancient mammalian FMOs: AncFMO2, AncFMO3-6 and AncFMO5. Remarkably, all AncFMOs could be crystallized and were structurally resolved between 2.7- and 3.2-Å resolution. These crystal structures depict the unprecedented topology of mammalian FMOs. Each employs extensive membrane-binding features and intricate substrate-profiling tunnel networks through a conspicuous membrane-adhering insertion. Furthermore, a glutamate-histidine switch is speculated to induce the distinctive Baeyer-Villiger oxidation activity of FMO5. The AncFMOs exhibited catalysis akin to human FMOs and, with sequence identities between 82% and 92%, represent excellent models. Our study demonstrates the power of ancestral-sequence reconstruction as a strategy for the crystallization of proteins.
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15
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Cashman JR, Gohdes M, de Kater A, Schoenhard G. N-Oxygenation of Oxycodone and Retro-reduction of Oxycodone N-Oxide. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:106-115. [PMID: 31727673 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxycodone is used as a potent analgesic medication. Oxycodone is extensively metabolized. To fully describe its metabolism, the oxygenation of oxycodone to oxycodone N-oxide was investigated in hepatic preparations. The hypothesis tested was that oxycodone N-oxygenation was enzymatic and the amount of N-oxide detected was a consequence of both oxygenation and retro-reduction. Methods for testing the hypothesis included both in vitro and in vivo studies. Results indicated that oxycodone was N-oxygenated by the flavin-containing monooxygenase. Oxycodone N-oxide is chemically quite stable but in the presence of hepatic preparations and NADPH was retro-reduced to its parent compound oxycodone. Subsequently, oxycodone was metabolized to other metabolites including noroxycodone, noroxymorphone, and oxymorphone via cytochrome P-450. Retro-reduction of oxycodone N-oxide to oxycodone was facilitated by quinone reductase, aldehyde oxidase, and hemoglobin but not to a great extent by cytochrome P-450 or the flavin-containing monooxygenase. To confirm the in vitro observations, oxycodone was administered to rats and humans. In good agreement with in vitro results, substantial oxycodone N-oxide was observed in urine after oxycodone administration to rats and humans. Administration of oxycodone N-oxide to rats showed substantial amount of recovered oxycodone N-oxide. In vivo, noroxycodone was formed as a major rat urinary metabolite from oxycodone N-oxide presumably after retro-reduction to oxycodone and oxidative N-demethylation. To a lesser extent, oxycodone, noroxymorphone, and oxymorphone were observed as urinary metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript describes the N-oxygenation of oxycodone in vitro as well as in small animals and humans. A new metabolite was quantified as oxycodone N-oxide. Oxycodone N-oxide undergoes extensive retro-reduction to oxycodone. This re-establishes the metabolic profile of oxycodone and introduces new concepts about a metabolic futile cycle related to oxycodone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California (J.R.C.); Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.G.); and Pain Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Texas (A.K., G.S.)
| | - Mark Gohdes
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California (J.R.C.); Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.G.); and Pain Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Texas (A.K., G.S.)
| | - Annelies de Kater
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California (J.R.C.); Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.G.); and Pain Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Texas (A.K., G.S.)
| | - Grant Schoenhard
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California (J.R.C.); Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.G.); and Pain Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Texas (A.K., G.S.)
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16
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Barrón MG, Paupy C, Rahola N, Akone-Ella O, Ngangue MF, Wilson-Bahun TA, Pombi M, Kengne P, Costantini C, Simard F, González J, Ayala D. A new species in the major malaria vector complex sheds light on reticulated species evolution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14753. [PMID: 31611571 PMCID: PMC6791875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes of closely related species provide key insights into the rapid and independent evolution of adaptive traits. Here, we described and studied Anopheles fontenillei sp.n., a new species in the Anopheles gambiae complex that we recently discovered in the forested areas of Gabon, Central Africa. Our analysis placed the new taxon in the phylogenetic tree of the An. gambiae complex, revealing important introgression events with other members of the complex. Particularly, we detected recent introgression, with Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, of genes directly involved in vectorial capacity. Moreover, genome analysis of the new species allowed us to clarify the evolutionary history of the 3La inversion. Overall, An. fontenillei sp.n. analysis improved our understanding of the relationship between species within the An. gambiae complex, and provided insight into the evolution of vectorial capacity traits that are relevant for the successful control of malaria in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nil Rahola
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Kengne
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.
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17
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Jia C, Wang H, Li C, Wu X, Zan L, Ding X, Guo X, Bao P, Pei J, Chu M, Liang C, Yan P. Genome-wide detection of copy number variations in polled yak using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:376. [PMID: 31088363 PMCID: PMC6518677 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variations (CNVs), which are genetic variations present throughout mammalian genomes, are a vital source of phenotypic variation that can lead to the development of unique traits. In this study we used the Illunima BovineHD BeadChip to conduct genome-wide detection of CNVs in 215 polled yaks. Results A total of 1066 CNV regions (CNVRs) were detected with a total length of 181.6 Mb, comprising ~ 7.2% of the bovine autosomal genome. The size of these CNVRs ranged from 5.53 kb to 1148.45 kb, with an average size of 170.31 kb. Eight out of nine randomly chosen CNVRs were successfully validated by qPCR. A functional enrichment analysis of the CNVR-associated genes indicated their relationship to a number of molecular adaptations that enable yaks to thrive at high altitudes. One third of the detected CNVRs were mapped to QTLs associated with six classes of economically important traits, indicating that these CNVRs may play an important role in variations of these traits. Conclusions Our genome-wide yak CNV map may thus provide valuable insights into both the molecular mechanisms of high altitude adaptation and the potential genomic basis of economically important traits in yak. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5759-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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18
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Effects of fenbendazole and triclabendazole on the expression of cytochrome P450 1A and flavin-monooxygenase isozymes in bovine precision-cut liver slices. Vet J 2019; 245:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Nguyen K, DeSieno MA, Bae B, Johannes TW, Cobb RE, Zhao H, Nair SK. Characterization of the flavin monooxygenase involved in biosynthesis of the antimalarial FR-900098. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1506-1518. [PMID: 30681110 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The latter steps in this biosynthetic pathway for the antimalarial phosphonic acid FR-900098 include the installation of a hydroxamate onto 3-aminopropylphosphonate, which is catalyzed by the consecutive actions of an acetyltransferase and an amine hydroxylase. Here, we present the 1.6 Å resolution co-crystal structure and accompanying biochemical characterization of FrbG, which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aminopropylphosphonate. We show that FrbG is a flavin-dependent N-hydroxylating monooxygenase (NMO), which shares a similar overall structure with flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). Notably, we also show that the cytidine-5'-monophosphate moiety of the substrate is a critical determinant of specificity, distinguishing FrbG from other FMOs in that the nucleotide cofactor-binding domain also serves in conferring substrate recognition. In the FrbG-FAD+-NADPH co-crystal structure, the C4 of the NADPH nicotinamide is situated near the N5 of the FAD isoalloxazine, and is oriented with a distance and stereochemistry to facilitate hydride transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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20
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Characterization of a thermostable flavin-containing monooxygenase from Nitrincola lacisaponensis (NiFMO). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1755-1764. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Fürst MJLJ, Romero E, Gómez Castellanos JR, Fraaije MW, Mattevi A. Side-Chain Pruning Has Limited Impact on Substrate Preference in a Promiscuous Enzyme. ACS Catal 2018; 8:11648-11656. [PMID: 30687578 PMCID: PMC6345240 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detoxifying
enzymes such as flavin-containing monooxygenases deal
with a huge array of highly diverse xenobiotics and toxic compounds.
In addition to being of high physiological relevance, these drug-metabolizing
enzymes are useful catalysts for synthetic chemistry. Despite the
wealth of studies, the molecular basis of their relaxed substrate
selectivity remains an open question. Here, we addressed this issue
by applying a cumulative alanine mutagenesis approach to cyclohexanone
monooxygenase from Thermocrispum municipale, a flavin-dependent
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase which we chose as a model system
because of its pronounced thermostability and substrate promiscuity.
Simultaneous removal of up to eight noncatalytic active-site side
chains including four phenylalanines had no effect on protein folding,
thermostability, and cofactor loading. We observed a linear decrease
in activity, rather than a selectivity switch, and attributed this
to a less efficient catalytic environment in the enlarged active-site
space. Time-resolved kinetic studies confirmed this interpretation.
We also determined the crystal structure of the enzyme in complex
with a mimic of the reaction intermediate that shows an unaltered
overall protein conformation. These findings led us to propose that
this cyclohexanone monooxygenase may lack a distinct substrate selection
mechanism altogether. We speculate that the main or exclusive function
of the protein shell in promiscuous enzymes might be the stabilization
and accessibility of their very reactive catalytic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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22
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Smith RL, Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP, Rietjens IMCM, Bastaki M, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:618-646. [PMID: 30090611 PMCID: PMC6062396 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Smith
- Molecular Toxicology , Imperial College School of Medicine , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Centre , 983135 Nebraska Medical Centre , Omaha , NE 68198-3135 , USA
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Centre , 2445 Hirasawa , Hadano , Kanagawa 257-0015 , Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College of Science , Sir Alexander Fleming Building , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Centre and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Minnesota , Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building , 2231 6th St , SE , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 638B Robinson Research Building , 2200 Pierce Avenue , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University , Tuinlaan 5 , 6703 HE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Margaret M McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
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23
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Yilmaz Y, Williams G, Manevski N, Walles M, Krähenbühl S, Camenisch G. Functional assessment of rat pulmonary flavin-containing monooxygenase activity. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:503-512. [PMID: 29694257 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1469804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) varies extensively between human and commonly used preclinical species such as rat and mouse. The aim of this study was to investigate the pulmonary FMO activity in rat using benzydamine. Furthermore, the contribution of rat lung to the clearance of benzydamine was investigated using an in vivo pulmonary extraction model. Benzydamine N-oxygenation was observed in lung microsomes and lung slices. Thermal inactivation of FMO and CYP inhibition suggested that rat pulmonary N-oxygenation is predominantly FMO mediated while any contribution from CYPs is negligible. The predicted lung clearance (CLlung) estimated from microsomes and slices was 16 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.3 mL/min/kg, respectively. The results from in vivo pulmonary extraction indicated no pulmonary extraction following intravenous and intra-arterial dosing to rats. Interestingly, the predicted CLlung using rat lung microsomes corresponded to approximately 35% of rat CLliver suggesting that the lung makes a smaller contribution to the whole body clearance of benzydamine. Although benzydamine clearance in rat appears to be predominantly mediated by hepatic metabolism, the data suggest that the lung may also make a smaller contribution to its whole body clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Yilmaz
- a Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Gareth Williams
- a Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Nenad Manevski
- a Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- a Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- b Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , University Hospital , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- a Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
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Differential expression and co-expression gene networks reveal candidate biomarkers of boar taint in non-castrated pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12205. [PMID: 28939879 PMCID: PMC5610188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Boar taint (BT) is an offensive odour or taste observed in pork from a proportion of non-castrated male pigs. Surgical castration is effective in avoiding BT, but animal welfare issues have created an incentive for alternatives such as genomic selection. In order to find candidate biomarkers, gene expression profiles were analysed from tissues of non-castrated pigs grouped by their genetic merit of BT. Differential expression analysis revealed substantial changes with log-transformed fold changes of liver and testis from -3.39 to 2.96 and -7.51 to 3.53, respectively. Co-expression network analysis revealed one module with a correlation of -0.27 in liver and three modules with correlations of 0.31, -0.44 and -0.49 in testis. Differential expression and co-expression analysis revealed candidate biomarkers with varying biological functions: phase I (COQ3, COX6C, CYP2J2, CYP2B6, ACOX2) and phase II metabolism (GSTO1, GSR, FMO3) of skatole and androstenone in liver to steroidgenesis (HSD17B7, HSD17B8, CYP27A1), regulation of steroidgenesis (STARD10, CYB5R3) and GnRH signalling (MAPK3, MAP2K2, MAP3K2) in testis. Overrepresented pathways included "Ribosome", "Protein export" and "Oxidative phosphorylation" in liver and "Steroid hormone biosynthesis" and "Gap junction" in testis. Future work should evaluate the biomarkers in large populations to ensure their usefulness in genomic selection programs.
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25
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Farcaş E, Pochet L, Crommen J, Servais AC, Fillet M. Capillary electrophoresis in the context of drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:195-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Yu J, Zhang T, Gao X, Xue C, Xu J, Wang Y. Fish oil affects the metabolic process of trimethylamine N-oxide precursor through trimethylamine production and flavin-containing monooxygenase activity in male C57BL/6 mice. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish oil supplements could affect TMAO metabolic process through gut microbiota and FMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- College of Life Sciences
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
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Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3: Structural mapping of gene polymorphisms and insights into molecular basis of drug binding. Gene 2016; 593:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Drug metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenases of human and mouse. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:167-181. [PMID: 27678284 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1239718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) play an important role in drug metabolism. Areas covered: We focus on the role of FMOs in the metabolism of drugs in human and mouse. We describe FMO genes and proteins of human and mouse; the catalytic mechanism of FMOs and their significance for drug metabolism; differences between FMOs and CYPs; factors contributing to potential underestimation of the contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism; the developmental and tissue-specific expression of FMO genes and differences between human and mouse; and factors that induce or inhibit FMOs. We discuss the contribution of FMOs of human and mouse to the metabolism of drugs and how genetic variation of FMOs affects drug metabolism. Finally, we discuss the utility of animal models for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Expert opinion: The contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism may be underestimated. As FMOs are not readily induced or inhibited and their reactions are generally detoxifications, the design of drugs that are metabolized predominantly by FMOs offers clinical advantages. Fmo1(-/-),Fmo2(-/-),Fmo4(-/-) mice provide a good animal model for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Identification of roles for FMO1 and FMO5 in endogenous metabolism has implications for drug therapy and initiates an exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Phillips
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK.,b School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK
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29
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Hang L, Liu N, Tang Y. Coordinated and Iterative Enzyme Catalysis in Fungal Polyketide Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2016; 6:5935-5945. [PMID: 28529817 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal polyketides are natural products with great chemical diversity that exhibit a wide range of biological activity. This chemical diversity stems from specialized enzymes encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the natural product biosynthesis. Fungal polyketide synthases (PKS) are the megasynthases that produce the carbon scaffolds for the molecules. Subsequent downstream tailoring enzymes such as oxygenases will then further modify the organic framework. In fungi, many of these enzymes have been found to work iteratively-catalyzing multiple reactions on different sites of the substrate. This perspective will analyze several examples of fungal polyketides that are assembled from a scaffold-building iterative PKS and an accompanying iterative tailoring oxygenase. In these examples, the PKS product is designed for downstream iterative oxygenations to generate additional complexity. Together, these iterative enzymes orchestrate the efficient biosynthesis of elaborate natural products such as lovastatin, chaetoglobosin A, cytochalasin E, and aurovertin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leibniz Hang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nicholas Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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30
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Mori K, Blackshear PE, Lobenhofer EK, Parker JS, Orzech DP, Roycroft JH, Walker KL, Johnson KA, Marsh TA, Irwin RD, Boorman GA. Hepatic Transcript Levels for Genes Coding for Enzymes Associated with Xenobiotic Metabolism are Altered with Age. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:242-51. [PMID: 17366318 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601156286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism studies are crucial for data interpretation from rodent toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. Metabolism studies are usually conducted in 6 to 8 week old rodents. Long-term studies often continue beyond 100 weeks of age. The potential for age-related changes in transcript levels of genes encoding for enzymes associated with metabolism was evaluated in the liver of male F344/N rats at 32, 58, and 84 weeks of age. Differential expression was found between the young and old rats for genes whose products are involved in both phase I and phase II metabolic pathways. Thirteen cytochrome P450 genes from CYP families 1–3 showed alterations in expression in the older rats. A marked age-related decrease in expression was found for 4 members of the Cyp3a family that are critical for drug metabolism in the rat. Immunohistochemical results confirmed a significant decrease in Cyp3a2 and Cyp2c11 protein levels with age. This indicates that the metabolic capacity of male rats changes throughout a long-term study. Conducting multiple hepatic microarray analyses during the conduct of a long-term study can provide a global view of potential metabolic changes that might occur. Alterations that are considered crucial to the interpretation of long-term study results could then be confirmed by subsequent metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Mori
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27701, USA
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31
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Wagmann L, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. What is the contribution of human FMO3 in the N-oxygenation of selected therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse? Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:55-70. [PMID: 27320963 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) in the metabolism of xenobiotics. FMO3 is the isoform in adult human liver with the highest impact on drug metabolism. The aim of the presented study was to elucidate the contribution of human FMO3 to the N-oxygenation of selected therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse (DOAs). Its contribution to the in vivo hepatic net clearance of the N-oxygenation products was calculated by application of an extended relative activity factor (RAF) approach to differentiate from contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. FMO3 and CYP substrates were identified using pooled human liver microsomes after heat inactivation and chemical inhibition, or single enzyme incubations. Kinetic parameters were subsequently determined using recombinant human enzymes and mass spectrometric analysis via authentic reference standards or simple peak areas of the products divided by those of the internal standard. FMO3 was identified as enzyme mainly responsible for the formation of N,N-diallyltryptamine N-oxide and methamphetamine hydroxylamine (>80% contribution for both). A contribution of 50 and 30% was calculated for the formation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide and methoxypiperamide N-oxide, respectively. However, FMO3 contributed with less than 5% to the formation of 3-bromomethcathinone hydroxylamine, amitriptyline N-oxide, and clozapine N-oxide. There was no significant difference in the contributions when using calibrations with reference metabolite standards or peak area ratio calculations. The successful application of a modified RAF approach including FMO3 proved the importance of FMO3 in the N-oxygenation of DOAs in human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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32
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Zhao J, Chen X, Bao L, Bao Z, He Y, Zhang Y, Li J. Correlation between microbial diversity and toxicity of sludge treating synthetic wastewater containing 4-chlorophenol in sequencing batch reactors. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:138-145. [PMID: 27016808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between microbial diversity and sludge toxicity in the biotreatment of refractory wastewater was investigated. Synthetic wastewater containing 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) was treated by an activated sludge using a sequencing batch bioreactor (SBR). At the end of a single SBR cycle, a stable operation stage was reached when the 4-CP was not detected both in aqueous and sludge phases and the effluent COD was maintained at approximately 70 mg L(-1) for the blank and control sludge groups. Then, the diversity of the microorganisms and the sludge toxicity were measured. The results showed that the Microtox acute toxicity of the control sludge was higher than those of the blank sludge. The difference analysis of the microbial diversity between the blank and control sludge indicated that the sludge toxicity was closely related to microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Eduaction, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xiurong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Linlin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Eduaction, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zheng Bao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yixuan He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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33
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Quantum chemical exploration on the metabolic mechanisms of caffeine by flavin-containing monooxygenase. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going Beyond Common Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Case Studies of Biotransformation Involving Aldehyde Oxidase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Cathepsin B, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase, and ADP-Ribosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 27117704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant roles that cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes play in drug discovery cannot be ignored, and these enzyme systems are commonly examined during drug optimization using liver microsomes or hepatocytes. At the same time, other drug-metabolizing enzymes have a role in the metabolism of drugs and can lead to challenges in drug optimization that could be mitigated if the contributions of these enzymes were better understood. We present examples (mostly from Genentech) of five different non-P450 and non-UGT enzymes that contribute to the metabolic clearance or bioactivation of drugs and drug candidates. Aldehyde oxidase mediates a unique amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834 (N-[3-[6-[4-[(2R)-1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]anilino]-4-methyl-5-oxopyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylphenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide), leading to high clearance of the drug. Likewise, the rodent-specific ribose conjugation by ADP-ribosyltransferase leads to high clearance of an interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor. Metabolic reactions by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are easily mistaken for P450-mediated metabolism such as oxidative defluorination of 4-fluoro-N-methylaniline by FMO. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is involved in the initial hydrolysis of glutathione metabolites, leading to formation of proximate toxins and nephrotoxicity, as is observed with cisplatin in the clinic, or renal toxicity, as is observed with efavirenz in rodents. Finally, cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme that is highly expressed in human tumors and has been targeted to release potent cytotoxins, as in the case of brentuximab vedotin. These examples of non-P450- and non-UGT-mediated metabolism show that a more complete understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes allows for better insight into the fate of drugs and improved design strategies of molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
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35
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Fiorentini F, Geier M, Binda C, Winkler M, Faber K, Hall M, Mattevi A. Biocatalytic Characterization of Human FMO5: Unearthing Baeyer-Villiger Reactions in Humans. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1039-48. [PMID: 26771671 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing mono-oxygenases are known as potent drug-metabolizing enzymes, providing complementary functions to the well-investigated cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases. While human FMO isoforms are typically involved in the oxidation of soft nucleophiles, the biocatalytic activity of human FMO5 (along its physiological role) has long remained unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate the atypical in vitro activity of human FMO5 as a Baeyer-Villiger mono-oxygenase on a broad range of substrates, revealing the first example to date of a human protein catalyzing such reactions. The isolated and purified protein was active on diverse carbonyl compounds, whereas soft nucleophiles were mostly non- or poorly reactive. The absence of the typical characteristic sequence motifs sets human FMO5 apart from all characterized Baeyer-Villiger mono-oxygenases so far. These findings open new perspectives in human oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fiorentini
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Geier
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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36
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Gul T, Krzek M, Permentier HP, Fraaije MW, Bischoff R. Microbial Flavoprotein Monooxygenases as Mimics of Mammalian Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases for the Enantioselective Preparation of Drug Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1270-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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37
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Neuhoff C, Gunawan A, Farooq MO, Cinar MU, Große-Brinkhaus C, Sahadevan S, Frieden L, Tesfaye D, Tholen E, Looft C, Schellander K, Uddin MJ. Preliminary study of FMO1, FMO5, CYP21, ESR1, PLIN2 and SULT2A1 as candidate gene for compounds related to boar taint. Meat Sci 2015; 108:67-73. [PMID: 26047979 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An association study between polymorphisms of six genes and boar taint related compounds androstenone, skatole and indole was performed in a boar population (n=370). Significant association (P<0.05) was detected for SNP of FMO5 (g.494A>G) with all boar taint compounds, SNP of CYP21 (g.3911T>C) with skatole and indole, and SNP of ESR1 (g.672C>T) with androstenone and indole. mRNA expression of CYP21 and ESR1 was higher in CAB (castrated boar) compared to non-castrated boars; whereas, the expression of FMO5 and ESR1 was higher in LBT (low boar taint) compared to HBT (high boar taint) in liver tissue. FMO5, CYP21 and ESR1 proteins were less detectable in HBT compared with LBT and CAB in liver tissues. These findings suggest that FMO5, CYP21 and ESR1 gene variants might have effects on the boar taint compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Neuhoff
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Asep Gunawan
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia.
| | - Malik Omar Farooq
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mehmet Ulas Cinar
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Christine Große-Brinkhaus
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sudeep Sahadevan
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Luc Frieden
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ernst Tholen
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian Looft
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Karl Schellander
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Characterization of a flavin-containing monooxygenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum and its application to production of indigo and indirubin. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1637-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Castrignanò S, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 on Graphene Oxide for Drug Metabolism Screening. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2974-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504535y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castrignanò
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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40
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Larsen K, Najle R, Lifschitz A, Maté ML, Lanusse C, Virkel GL. Effects of Sublethal Exposure to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Formulation on Metabolic Activities of Different Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:307-318. [PMID: 24985121 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814540481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The activities of different xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver subcellular fractions from Wistar rats exposed to a glyphosate (GLP)-based herbicide (Roundup full II) were evaluated in this work. Exposure to the herbicide triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress (increased glutathione peroxidase activity and total glutathione levels). Liver microsomes from both male and female rats exposed to the herbicide had lower (45%-54%, P < 0.01) hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels compared to their respective control animals. In female rats, the hepatic 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (a general CYP-dependent enzyme activity) was 57% higher (P < 0.05) in herbicide-exposed compared to control animals. Conversely, this enzyme activity was 58% lower (P < 0.05) in male rats receiving the herbicide. Lower (P < 0.05) 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethlyase (EROD, CYP1A1/2 dependent) and oleandomycin triacetate (TAO) N-demethylase (CYP3A dependent) enzyme activities were observed in liver microsomes from exposed male rats. Conversely, in females receiving the herbicide, EROD increased (123%-168%, P < 0.05), whereas TAO N-demethylase did not change. A higher (158%-179%, P < 0.01) benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (a CYP2B-dependent enzyme activity) activity was only observed in herbicide-exposed female rats. In herbicide-exposed rats, the hepatic S-oxidation of methimazole (flavin monooxygenase dependent) was 49% to 62% lower (P < 0.001), whereas the carbonyl reduction of menadione (a cytosolic carbonyl reductase-dependent activity) was higher (P < 0.05). Exposure to the herbicide had no effects on enzymatic activities dependent on carboxylesterases, glutathione transferases, and uridinediphospho-glucuronosyltransferases. This research demonstrated certain biochemical modifications after exposure to a GLP-based herbicide. Such modifications may affect the metabolic fate of different endobiotic and xenobiotic substances. The pharmacotoxicological significance of these findings remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Larsen
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Roberto Najle
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - María L Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
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41
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Bolleddula J, DeMent K, Driscoll JP, Worboys P, Brassil PJ, Bourdet DL. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions of alicyclic amines in drug molecules. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:379-419. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.924962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Ivanova L, Fæste C, Van Pamel E, Daeseleire E, Callebaut A, Uhlig S. Presence of enniatin B and its hepatic metabolites in plasma and liver samples from broilers and eggs from laying hens. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins, a large group of cyclodepsipeptides, are widely distributed contaminants of different crops intended for human and animal consumption. Enniatin B is one of the principal analogues in species of the genus Fusarium, known to have ionophoric, antibiotic, and insecticidal activity. Regardless of considerable cytotoxic effects observed in vitro, enniatins have been characterised as compounds with low acute toxicity in vivo. The biotransformation of enniatin B has previously been elucidated in liver microsomes, and 12 different metabolites (M1 to M12) have been reported. In order to provide a better basis for understanding the potential toxic effects in humans and animals, different samples (eggs, livers, plasma) from two different feeding studies have been analysed for the presence of enniatin B and its hepatic metabolites. The earlier reported metabolite M11, and a novel metabolite (designated M13), were dominant in liver samples from enniatin B exposed broilers. The peak area corresponding to the sodiated molecular ion of M11 was approximately 2.5 times larger than that of parent enniatin B in liver samples collected after one week of exposure. The same metabolites were also present in serum samples. In egg samples, only metabolites M13 and M4 were detected. The comparison of mass spectrometric data of M13 and enniatin B suggested that M13 is a monohydroxylated metabolite. The hepatic biotransformation of enniatin B was also investigated in vitro in chicken microsomes demonstrating good correlation with the metabolite profiles in the chicken samples. The results of the present study demonstrated an extensive biotransformation of enniatin B in vivo confirming previously reported in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - C.K. Fæste
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E. Van Pamel
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E. Daeseleire
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - A. Callebaut
- Unit Toxins and Natural Components, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA),, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - S. Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Nowak P, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. An overview of on-line systems using drug metabolizing enzymes integrated into capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2604-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
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Gunawan A, Sahadevan S, Neuhoff C, Große-Brinkhaus C, Gad A, Frieden L, Tesfaye D, Tholen E, Looft C, Uddin MJ, Schellander K, Cinar MU. RNA deep sequencing reveals novel candidate genes and polymorphisms in boar testis and liver tissues with divergent androstenone levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63259. [PMID: 23696805 PMCID: PMC3655983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Boar taint is an unpleasant smell and taste of pork meat derived from some entire male pigs. The main causes of boar taint are the two compounds androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one) and skatole (3-methylindole). It is crucial to understand the genetic mechanism of boar taint to select pigs for lower androstenone levels and thus reduce boar taint. The aim of the present study was to investigate transcriptome differences in boar testis and liver tissues with divergent androstenone levels using RNA deep sequencing (RNA-Seq). The total number of reads produced for each testis and liver sample ranged from 13,221,550 to 33,206,723 and 12,755,487 to 46,050,468, respectively. In testis samples 46 genes were differentially regulated whereas 25 genes showed differential expression in the liver. The fold change values ranged from −4.68 to 2.90 in testis samples and −2.86 to 3.89 in liver samples. Differentially regulated genes in high androstenone testis and liver samples were enriched in metabolic processes such as lipid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry and molecular transport. This study provides evidence for transcriptome profile and gene polymorphisms of boars with divergent androstenone level using RNA-Seq technology. Digital gene expression analysis identified candidate genes in flavin monooxygenease family, cytochrome P450 family and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. Moreover, polymorphism and association analysis revealed mutation in IRG6, MX1, IFIT2, CYP7A1, FMO5 and KRT18 genes could be potential candidate markers for androstenone levels in boars. Further studies are required for proving the role of candidate genes to be used in genomic selection against boar taint in pig breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asep Gunawan
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Gad
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luc Frieden
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ernst Tholen
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Looft
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mehmet Ulas Cinar
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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45
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Pedersen AJ, Petersen TH, Linnet K. In vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies on methylone. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1247-55. [PMID: 23545806 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse of the stimulant designer drug methylone (methylenedioxymethcathinone) has been documented in most parts of the world. As with many of the new designer drugs that continuously appear in the illicit drug market, little is known about the pharmacokinetics of methylone. Using in vitro studies, CYP2D6 was determined to be the primary enzyme that metabolizes methylone, with minor contributions from CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19. The major metabolite was identified as dihydroxymethcathinone, and the minor metabolites were N-hydroxy-methylone, nor-methylone, and dihydro-methylone. Measuring the formation of the major metabolite, biphasic Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters were determined: V(max,1) = 0.046 ± 0.005 (S.E.) nmol/min/mg protein, K(m,1) = 19.0 ± 4.2 μM, V(max,2) = 0.22 ± 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein, and K(m,2) = 1953 ± 761 μM; the low-capacity and high-affinity contribution was assigned to the activity of CYP2D6. Additionally, a time-dependent loss of CYP2D6 activity was observed when the enzyme was preincubated with methylone, reaching a maximum rate of inactivation at high methylone concentrations, indicating that methylone is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2D6. The inactivation parameters were determined to be K(I) = 15.1 ± 3.4 (S.E.) μM and k(inact) = 0.075 ± 0.005 minute(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Just Pedersen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Denmark.
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46
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47
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Xie G, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Huang L, Constantinides PP, Rigas B. Regioselective oxidation of phospho-NSAIDs by human cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase isoforms: implications for their pharmacokinetic properties and safety. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:222-32. [PMID: 22489789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phospho-ibuprofen (MDC-917) and phospho-sulindac (OXT-328) are highly effective in cancer and arthritis treatment in preclinical models. Here, we investigated their metabolism by major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and flavin monooxygenases (FMOs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The CYP/FMO-catalysed metabolism of phospho-ibuprofen and phospho-sulindac was studied by using in silico prediction modelling and a direct experimental approach. KEY RESULTS The CYP isoforms catalyse the oxidation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and phospho-NSAIDs, with distinct activity and regioselectivity. CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 oxidize phospho-ibuprofen, but not ibuprofen; whereas CYP2C9 oxidizes ibuprofen, but not phospho-ibuprofen. All CYPs tested oxidize phospho-sulindac, but not sulindac. Among the five CYPs evaluated, CYP3A4 and 2D6 are the most active in the oxidation of phospho-ibuprofen and phospho-sulindac respectively. FMOs oxidized phospho-sulindac and sulindac, but not phospho-ibuprofen or ibuprofen. FMOs were more active towards phospho-sulindac than sulindac, indicating that phospho-sulindac is a preferred substrate of FMOs. The susceptibility of phospho-NSAIDs to CYP/FMO-mediated metabolism was also reflected in their rapid oxidation by human and mouse liver microsomes, which contain a full complement of CYPs and FMOs. Compared with conventional NSAIDs, the higher activity of CYPs towards phospho-ibuprofen and phospho-sulindac may be due to their greater lipophilicity, a key parameter for CYP binding. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CYPs and FMOs play an important role in the metabolism of phospho-NSAIDs, resulting in differential pharmacokinetic profiles between phospho-NSAIDs and NSAIDs in vivo. The consequently more rapid detoxification of phospho-NSAIDs is likely to contribute to their greater safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
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Wasalathanthri DP, Faria RC, Malla S, Joshi AA, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Screening reactive metabolites bioactivated by multiple enzyme pathways using a multiplexed microfluidic system. Analyst 2013; 138:171-8. [PMID: 23095952 PMCID: PMC3509269 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A multiplexed, microfluidic platform to detect reactive metabolites is described, and its performance is illustrated for compounds metabolized by oxidative and bioconjugation enzymes in multi-enzyme pathways to mimic natural human drug metabolism. The device features four 8-electrode screen printed carbon arrays coated with thin films of DNA, a ruthenium-polyvinylpyridine (RuPVP) catalyst, and multiple enzyme sources including human liver microsomes (HLM), cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) 1B1 supersomes, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EH), human S9 liver fractions (Hs9) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT). Arrays are arranged in parallel to facilitate multiple compound screening, enabling up to 32 enzyme reactions and measurements in 20-30 min. In the first step of the assay, metabolic reactions are achieved under constant flow of oxygenated reactant solutions by electrode driven natural catalytic cycles of cyt P450s and cofactor-supported bioconjugation enzymes. Reactive metabolites formed in the enzyme reactions can react with DNA. Relative DNA damage is measured in the second assay step using square wave voltammetry (SWV) with RuPVP as catalyst. Studies were done on chemicals known to require metabolic activation to induce genotoxicity, and results reproduced known features of metabolite DNA-reactivity for the test compounds. Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) by cyt P450s and epoxide hydrolase showed an enhanced relative DNA damage rate for DNA compared to cyt P450s alone. DNA damage rates for arylamines by pathways featuring both oxidative and conjugative enzymes at pH 7.4 gave better correlation with rodent genotoxicity metric TD(50). Results illustrate the broad utility of the reactive metabolite screening device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronaldo C. Faria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Spundana Malla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Amit A. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- NationalUniversity of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
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49
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Entrapment of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 in the presence of gold nanoparticles: TEM, FTIR and electrocatalysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:2072-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Jäckh C, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Relevance of xenobiotic enzymes in human skin in vitro models to activate pro-sensitizers. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:426-38. [PMID: 22471730 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.664578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin exposure to sensitizing chemicals can induce allergic reactions. Certain chemicals, so called pro-sensitizers, need metabolic activation to become allergenic. Their metabolic activation occurs in skin cells such as keratinocytes or dendritic cells. These cell types are also incorporated into dermal in vitro test systems used to assess the sensitizing potential of chemicals for humans. In vitrosystems range from single cell cultures to organotypic multi-cellular reconstructed skin models. Until now, their metabolic competence to unmask sensitizing potential of pro-sensitizers was rarely investigated. This review aims to summarize current information on available skin in vitro models and the relevance of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes for the activation of pro-sensitizers such as eugenol, 4-allylanisole, and ethylendiamine. Among others, these chemicals are discussed as performance standards to validate new coming in vitro systems for their potential to identify pro-sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Jäckh
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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