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Wang L, Wan J, Xu Y, Huang Y, Wang D, Zhu D, Chen Q, Lu Y, Guo Q. Endothelial Cells Promote Pseudo-islet Function Through BTC-EGFR-JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:2610-2626. [PMID: 38829457 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between cells are of fundamental importance in affecting cell function. In vivo, endothelial cells and islet cells are close to each other, which makes endothelial cells essential for islet cell development and maintenance of islet cell function. We used endothelial cells to construct 3D pseudo-islets, which demonstrated better glucose regulation and greater insulin secretion compared to conventional pseudo-islets in both in vivo and in vitro trials. However, the underlying mechanism of how endothelial cells promote beta cell function localized within islets is still unknown. We performed transcriptomic sequencing, differential gene analysis, and enrichment analysis on two types of pseudo-islets to show that endothelial cells can promote the function of internal beta cells in pseudo-islets through the BTC-EGFR-JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Min6 cells secreted additional BTC after co-culture of endothelial cells with MIN6 cells outside the body. After BTC knockout in vitro, we found that beta cells functioned differently: insulin secretion levels decreased significantly, while the expression of key proteins in the EGFR-mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway simultaneously decreased, further confirming our results. Through our experiments, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which endothelial cells maintain islet function in vitro, which provides a theoretical basis for the construction of pseudo-islets and islet cell transplants for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dongzhi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qiyang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuhua Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingsong Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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The EPH/Ephrin System in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC): From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033015. [PMID: 36769332 PMCID: PMC9917762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major concern for health care systems worldwide, since its mortality remains unaltered despite the surge in cutting-edge science. The EPH/ephrin signaling system was first investigated in the 1980s. EPH/ephrins have been shown to exert bidirectional signaling and cell-to-cell communication, influencing cellular morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of the EPH/ephrin system in various physiologic processes, including cellular proliferation, survival, synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis. Thus, it has become evident that the EPH/ephrin signaling system may have compelling effects on cell homeostasis that contribute to carcinogenesis. In particular, the EPH/ephrins have an impact on pancreatic morphogenesis and development, whereas several EPHs and ephrins are altered in PDAC. Several clinical and preclinical studies have attempted to elucidate the effects of the EPH/ephrin pathway, with multilayered effects on PDAC development. These studies have highlighted its highly promising role in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic management of PDAC. The aim of this review is to explore the obscure aspects of the EPH/ephrin system concerning the development, physiology and homeostasis of the pancreas.
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Cornell D, Miwa S, Georgiou M, Anderson SJ, Honkanen-Scott M, Shaw JAM, Arden C. Pseudoislet Aggregation of Pancreatic β-Cells Improves Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion by Altering Glucose Metabolism and Increasing ATP Production. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152330. [PMID: 35954174 PMCID: PMC9367366 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by pancreatic β-cells is an essential component of blood glucose homeostasis. Configuration of β-cells as 3D pseudoislets (PI) improves the GSIS response compared to 2D monolayer (ML) culture. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying mechanisms. MIN6 β-cells were grown as ML or PI for 5 days. Human islets were isolated from patients without diabetes. Function was assessed by GSIS and metabolic capacity using the Seahorse bioanalyser. Connexin 36 was downregulated using inducible shRNA. Culturing MIN6 as PI improved GSIS. MIN6 PI showed higher glucose-stimulated oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) rates. Further analysis showed the higher ECAR was, at least in part, a consequence of increased glycolysis. Intact human islets also showed glucose-stimulated increases in both OCR and ECAR rates, although the latter was smaller in magnitude compared to MIN6 PI. The higher rates of glucose-stimulated ATP production in MIN6 PI were consistent with increased enzyme activity of key glycolytic and TCA cycle enzymes. There was no impact of connexin 36 knockdown on GSIS or ATP production. Configuration of β-cells as PI improves GSIS by increasing the metabolic capacity of the cells, allowing higher ATP production in response to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cornell
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.C.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.C.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Merilin Georgiou
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.C.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Scott James Anderson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.J.A.); (M.H.-S.); (J.A.M.S.)
| | - Minna Honkanen-Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.J.A.); (M.H.-S.); (J.A.M.S.)
| | - James A. M. Shaw
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.J.A.); (M.H.-S.); (J.A.M.S.)
| | - Catherine Arden
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.C.); (S.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-2088798
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4
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Qin T, Hu S, Smink AM, de Haan BJ, Silva-Lagos LA, Lakey JR, de Vos P. Inclusion of extracellular matrix molecules and necrostatin-1 in the intracapsular environment of alginate-based microcapsules synergistically protects pancreatic β cells against cytokine-induced inflammatory stress. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:434-449. [PMID: 35500812 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Immunoisolation of pancreatic islets in alginate-based microcapsules is a promising approach for grafting of islets in absence of immunosuppression. However, loss and damage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) during islet isolation enhance susceptibility of islets for inflammatory stress. In this study, a combined strategy was applied to reduce this stress by incorporating ECM components (collagen type IV/RGD) and necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) in alginate-based microcapsules in vitro. To demonstrate efficacy, viability and function of MIN6 β-cells and human islets in capsules with collagen type IV/RGD and/or Nec-1 was investigated in presence and absence of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α. The combination of collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 had higher protective effects than the molecules alone. Presence of collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 in the intracapsular environment reduced cytokine-induced overproduction of free radical species and unfavorable shifts in mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, the ECM components collagen type IV/RGD prevented a cytokine induced suppression of the FAK/Akt pathway. Our data indicate that the inclusion of collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 in the intracapsular environment prevents islet-cell loss when exposed to inflammatory stress, which might contribute to higher survival of β-cells in the immediate period after transplantation. This approach of inclusion of stress reducing agents in the intracapsular environment of immunoisolating devices may be an effective way to enhance the longevity of encapsulated islet grafts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Islet-cells in immunoisolated alginate-based microcapsules are very susceptible to inflammatory stress which impacts long-term survival of islet grafts. Here we show that incorporation of ECM components (collagen type IV/RGD) and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) in the intracapsular environment of alginate-based capsules attenuates this susceptibility and promotes islet-cell survival. This effect induced by collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 was probably due to lowering free radical production, preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and by maintaining ECM/integrin/FAK/Akt signaling and Nec-1/RIP1/RIP3 signaling. Our study provides an effective strategy to extend longevity of islet grafts which might be of great potential for future clinical application of immunoisolated cells.
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Gaus B, Brüning D, Groß S, Müller M, Rustenbeck I. The changing view of insulin granule mobility: From conveyor belt to signaling hub. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:983152. [PMID: 36120467 PMCID: PMC9478610 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.983152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the advent of TIRF microscopy the fate of the insulin granule prior to secretion was deduced from biochemical investigations, electron microscopy and electrophysiological measurements. Since Calcium-triggered granule fusion is indisputably necessary to release insulin into the extracellular space, much effort was directed to the measure this event at the single granule level. This has also been the major application of the TIRF microscopy of the pancreatic beta cell when it became available about 20 years ago. To better understand the metabolic modulation of secretion, we were interested to characterize the entirety of the insulin granules which are localized in the vicinity of the plasma membrane to identify the characteristics which predispose to fusion. In this review we concentrate on how the description of granule mobility in the submembrane space has evolved as a result of progress in methodology. The granules are in a state of constant turnover with widely different periods of residence in this space. While granule fusion is associated +with prolonged residence and decreased lateral mobility, these characteristics may not only result from binding to the plasma membrane but also from binding to the cortical actin web, which is present in the immediate submembrane space. While granule age as such affects granule mobility and fusion probability, the preceding functional states of the beta cell leave their mark on these parameters, too. In summary, the submembrane granules form a highly dynamic heterogeneous population and contribute to the metabolic memory of the beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Gaus
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Brüning
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sofie Groß
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Rustenbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ingo Rustenbeck,
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6
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Krentz NAJ, Shea LD, Huising MO, Shaw JAM. Restoring normal islet mass and function in type 1 diabetes through regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:708-724. [PMID: 34480875 PMCID: PMC10881068 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterised by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cell mass. With the advent of insulin therapy a century ago, type 1 diabetes changed from a progressive, fatal disease to one that requires lifelong complex self-management. Replacing the lost β-cell mass through transplantation has proven successful, but limited donor supply and need for lifelong immunosuppression restricts widespread use. In this Review, we highlight incremental advances over the past 20 years and remaining challenges in regenerative medicine approaches to restoring β-cell mass and function in type 1 diabetes. We begin by summarising the role of endocrine islets in glucose homoeostasis and how this is altered in disease. We then discuss the potential regenerative capacity of the remaining islet cells and the utility of stem cell-derived β-like cells to restore β-cell function. We conclude with tissue engineering approaches that might improve the engraftment, function, and survival of β-cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A J Krentz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Surgery, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James A M Shaw
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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7
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Hart NJ, Weber C, Price N, Banuelos A, Schultz M, Huey B, Harnois E, Gibson C, Steyn LV, Papas KK, Lynch RM. Insulinoma-derived pseudo-islets for diabetes research. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C247-C256. [PMID: 34106785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00466.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are the primary endocrine organ responsible for regulating whole body glucose homeostasis. The use of isolated primary islets for research development and training requires organ resection, careful digestion, and isolation of the islets from nonendocrine tissue. This process is time consuming, expensive, and requires substantial expertise. For these reasons, we sought to develop a more rapidly obtainable and consistent model system with characteristic islet morphology and function that could be employed to train personnel and better inform experiments prior to using isolated rodent and human islets. Immortalized β cell lines reflect several aspects of primary β cells, but cell propagation in monolayer cell culture limits their usefulness in several areas of research, which depend on islet morphology and/or functional assessment. In this manuscript, we describe the propagation and characterization of insulinoma pseudo-islets (IPIs) from a rat insulinoma cell line INS832/3. IPIs were generated with an average diameter of 200 μm, consistent with general islet morphology. The rates of oxygen consumption and mitochondrial oxidation-reduction changes in response to glucose and metabolic modulators were similar to isolated rat islets. In addition, the dynamic insulin secretory patterns of IPIs were similar to primary rat islets. Thus, INS832/3-derived IPIs provide a valuable and convenient model for accelerating islet and diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Weber
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nicholas Price
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alma Banuelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Madison Schultz
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Barry Huey
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Emily Harnois
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Cyonna Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leah V Steyn
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ronald M Lynch
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Rustenbeck I, Schulze T, Morsi M, Alshafei M, Panten U. What Is the Metabolic Amplification of Insulin Secretion and Is It (Still) Relevant? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060355. [PMID: 34199454 PMCID: PMC8229681 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic beta-cell transduces the availability of nutrients into the secretion of insulin. While this process is extensively modified by hormones and neurotransmitters, it is the availability of nutrients, above all glucose, which sets the process of insulin synthesis and secretion in motion. The central role of the mitochondria in this process was identified decades ago, but how changes in mitochondrial activity are coupled to the exocytosis of insulin granules is still incompletely understood. The identification of ATP-sensitive K+-channels provided the link between the level of adenine nucleotides and the electrical activity of the beta cell, but the depolarization-induced Ca2+-influx into the beta cells, although necessary for stimulated secretion, is not sufficient to generate the secretion pattern as produced by glucose and other nutrient secretagogues. The metabolic amplification of insulin secretion is thus the sequence of events that enables the secretory response to a nutrient secretagogue to exceed the secretory response to a purely depolarizing stimulus and is thus of prime importance. Since the cataplerotic export of mitochondrial metabolites is involved in this signaling, an orienting overview on the topic of nutrient secretagogues beyond glucose is included. Their judicious use may help to define better the nature of the signals and their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Rustenbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.S.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (U.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)53-139-156-70
| | - Torben Schulze
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.S.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (U.P.)
| | - Mai Morsi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.S.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (U.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alshafei
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.S.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (U.P.)
| | - Uwe Panten
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.S.); (M.M.); (M.A.); (U.P.)
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9
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Velasco-Mallorquí F, Rodríguez-Comas J, Ramón-Azcón J. Cellulose-based scaffolds enhance pseudoislets formation and functionality. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34075893 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac00c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitroresearch for the study of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is frequently limited by the availability of a functional model for islets of Langerhans. To overcome the limitations of obtaining pancreatic islets from different sources, such as animal models or human donors, immortalized cell lines as the insulin-producing INS1Eβ-cells have appeared as a valid alternative to model insulin-related diseases. However, immortalized cell lines are mainly used in flat surfaces or monolayer distributions, not resembling the spheroid-like architecture of the pancreatic islets. To generate islet-like structures, the use of scaffolds appeared as a valid tool to promote cell aggregations. Traditionally-used hydrogel encapsulation methods do not accomplish all the requisites for pancreatic tissue engineering, as its poor nutrient and oxygen diffusion induces cell death. Here, we use cryogelation technology to develop a more resemblance scaffold with the mechanical and physical properties needed to engineer pancreatic tissue. This study shows that carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) cryogels prompted cells to generateβ-cell clusters in comparison to gelatin-based scaffolds, that did not induce this cell organization. Moreover, the high porosity achieved with CMC cryogels allowed us to create specific range pseudoislets. Pseudoislets formed within CMC-scaffolds showed cell viability for up to 7 d and a better response to glucose over conventional monolayer cultures. Overall, our results demonstrate that CMC-scaffolds can be used to control the organization and function of insulin-producingβ-cells, representing a suitable technique to generateβ-cell clusters to study pancreatic islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Velasco-Mallorquí
- Biosensors for Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Júlia Rodríguez-Comas
- Biosensors for Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Javier Ramón-Azcón
- Biosensors for Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Zhang M, Yan S, Xu X, Yu T, Guo Z, Ma M, Zhang Y, Gu Z, Feng Y, Du C, Wan M, Hu K, Han X, Gu N. Three-dimensional cell-culture platform based on hydrogel with tunable microenvironmental properties to improve insulin-secreting function of MIN6 cells. Biomaterials 2021; 270:120687. [PMID: 33540170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells have been reported to be mechanosensitive to cellular microenvironments, and subjecting the cells to more physiologically relevant microenvironments can produce better results than when subjecting them to the conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell-culture conditions. In this work, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) strategy for inducing multicellular spheroid formation based on hydrogels with tunable mechanical and interfacial properties. The results indicate that MIN6 cells can sense the substrates and form tightly clustered monolayers or multicellular spheroids on hydrogels with tunable physical properties. Compared to the conventional 2D cell-culture system, the glucose sensitivities of the MIN6 cells cultured in the 3D culture model is enhanced greatly and their insulin content (relative to the amount of protein) is increased 7.3-7.9 folds. Moreover, the relative gene and protein expression levels of some key factors such as Pdx1, NeuroD1, Piezo1, and Rac1 in the MIN6 cells are significantly higher on the 3D platform, compared to the 2D control group. We believe that this 3D cell-culture system developed for the generation of multicellular spheroids will be a promising platform for diabetes treatment in clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Sen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaobin Guo
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuxiao Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyue Du
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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11
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Changsorn K, Pang Y, Matsumoto H, Hong H, Wüthrich P, Sun W, Sakai Y. 3D perfusion culture of mouse insulinoma in macro-porous scaffolds enhanced insulin production response. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 45:96-102. [PMID: 33380250 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820985515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the remaining issue of poor cell immobilization and insufficient mass transfer in scaffold-based tissue engineering approach for future islet transplantation, we employed a macro-porous poly-l-lactide (PLLA) scaffold immobilizing mouse insulinoma cells and studied its function toward an implantable pancreatic tissue in 7-day perfusion culture. The murine pancreatic β cells could be immobilized in the PLLA scaffold at a high density of 107 cells per cm3 close to the estimated range in normal pancreas. The perfusion culture promoted the 3D cellular organization as observed with live/dead staining and histological staining. The insulin production was significantly enhanced in comparison with static 2D culture and 3D rotational suspension culture by two and six folds, respectively (p < 0.001). As enhanced insulin response was only observed where both the perfusion and 3D cellular organization were present, this could represent important elements in engineering a functional bioartificial pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karn Changsorn
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Haofeng Hong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Pierre Wüthrich
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Seo H, Son J, Park JK. Controlled 3D co-culture of beta cells and endothelial cells in a micropatterned collagen sheet for reproducible construction of an improved pancreatic pseudo-tissue. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:046103. [PMID: 33195961 PMCID: PMC7647615 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-culture of beta cells and endothelial cells in constructing a pancreatic pseudo-tissue can provide a functional advancement for in vitro diabetic-related drug testing and biological studies or in vivo transplantation. In order to mimic the pancreatic tissue more similar to in vivo, it is necessary to control the microenvironment, including cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. In this study, we report a geometrically controlled three-dimensional (3D) pancreatic model where MIN6 and MS1 cells are co-cultured within a micropatterned collagen sheet. In 4-10 days, depending on the cell seeding concentration, the MIN6 cells formed islet-like clusters surrounded by an endothelial MS1 cell monolayer. The MS1 cells also formed monolayers at the edge of the micropatterns connecting between the clusters, resulting in a blood vessel-like structure in which no cells were found. It was confirmed that the 3D co-culture structure was not formed in a non-patterned sheet and the structure also helped insulin secretion of MIN6 cells. By simply embedding the cell mixture and the hexagonal micropattern into the collagen sheet, we were also able to achieve the highly reproducible fabrication of a 3D pancreatic pseudo-tissue construct for in vivo and in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haewon Seo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejung Son
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Drzazga A, Cichońska E, Koziołkiewicz M, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Formation of βTC3 and MIN6 Pseudoislets Changes the Expression Pattern of Gpr40, Gpr55, and Gpr119 Receptors and Improves Lysophosphatidylcholines-Potentiated Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion. Cells 2020; 9:E2062. [PMID: 32917053 PMCID: PMC7565006 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impaired spatial arrangement and connections between cells creating islets of Langerhans as well as altered expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) often lead to dysfunction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells and can significantly contribute to the development of diabetes. Differences in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) are noticeable not only in diabetic individuals but also in model pancreatic β cells, e.g., βTC3 and MIN6 β cell lines with impaired and normal insulin secretion, respectively. Now, we compare the ability of GPCR agonists (lysophosphatidylcholines bearing fatty acid chains of different lengths) to potentiate GSIS in βTC3 and MIN6 β cell models, cultured as adherent monolayers and in a form of pseudoislets (PIs) with pancreatic MS1 endothelial cells. Our aim was also to investigate differences in expression of the GPCRs responsive to LPCs in these experimental systems. Aggregation of β cells into islet-like structures greatly enhanced the expression of Gpr40, Gpr55, and Gpr119 receptors. In contrast, the co-culture of βTC3 cells with endothelial cells converted the GPCR expression pattern closer to the pattern observed in MIN6 cells. Additionally, the efficiencies of various LPC species in βTC3-MS1 PIs also shifted toward the MIN6 cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drzazga
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (E.C.); (M.K.)
| | | | | | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (E.C.); (M.K.)
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14
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Razavi M, Qiao Y, Thakor AS. Three-dimensional cryogels for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:2736-2755. [PMID: 31408265 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryogels are a subset of hydrogels synthesized under sub-zero temperatures: initially solvents undergo active freezing, which causes crystal formation, which is then followed by active melting to create interconnected supermacropores. Cryogels possess several attributes suited for their use as bioscaffolds, including physical resilience, bio-adaptability, and a macroporous architecture. Furthermore, their structure facilitates cellular migration, tissue-ingrowth, and diffusion of solutes, including nano- and micro-particle trafficking, into its supermacropores. Currently, subsets of cryogels made from both natural biopolymers such as gelatin, collagen, laminin, chitosan, silk fibroin, and agarose and/or synthetic biopolymers such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate, poly-vinyl alcohol, and poly(ethylene glycol) have been employed as 3D bioscaffolds. These cryogels have been used for different applications such as cartilage, bone, muscle, nerve, cardiovascular, and lung regeneration. Cryogels have also been used in wound healing, stem cell therapy, and diabetes cellular therapy. In this review, we summarize the synthesis protocol and properties of cryogels, evaluation techniques as well as current in vitro and in vivo cryogel applications. A discussion of the potential benefit of cryogels for future research and their application are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Razavi
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Yang Qiao
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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15
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Arzouni AA, Vargas-Seymour A, Dhadda PK, Rackham CL, Huang GC, Choudhary P, King AJF, Jones PM. Characterization of the Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Mouse and Human Islet Function. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:935-944. [PMID: 31066521 PMCID: PMC6708063 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes, but current transplantation protocols are not optimal and there is extensive loss of islet β‐cell insulin secretory function during the immediate post‐transplantation period. Studies using experimental models of diabetes have shown that the coculture of islets with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) prior to transplantation improves graft function, but several variables differed among research groups (e.g., type of MSCs used and the treatment conditions). We have therefore assessed the effects of MSCs on mouse and human islets by investigating the importance of tissue source for MSCs, the coculture protocol configuration and length, the effect of activated MSCs, and different β‐cell secretory stimuli. MSCs derived from adipose tissue (aMSCs) were the most effective at supporting β‐cell insulin secretion in both mouse and human islets, in a direct contact coculture configuration. Preculture with aMSCs enhanced both phases of glucose‐induced insulin secretion and further enhanced secretory responses to the non‐nutrients carbachol and arginine. These effects required a coculture period of 48–72 hours and were not dependent on activation of the MSCs. Thus, direct contact coculture with autologous, adipose‐derived MSCs for a minimum of 48 hours before implantation is likely to be an effective addition to human islet transplantation protocols. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:935&944
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Arzouni
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreia Vargas-Seymour
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paramjeet K Dhadda
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe L Rackham
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guo-Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen J F King
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Jones
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Giorgio C, Incerti M, Pala D, Russo S, Chiodelli P, Rusnati M, Cantoni A, Di Lecce R, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Ravassard P, Manenti F, Piemonti L, Ferlenghi F, Lodola A, Tognolini M. Inhibition of Eph/ephrin interaction with the small molecule UniPR500 improves glucose tolerance in healthy and insulin-resistant mice. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:319-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Elttayef A, Al-Azzawi B, Forsyth NR, Kelly C, Yang Y. Enhancing pseudoislet biofunctionality using gelatin bead technology. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1525723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajile Elttayef
- Institute for Science and Technology for Medicine, School of Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent University, Keele, United Kingdom
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Buthainah Al-Azzawi
- Institute for Science and Technology for Medicine, School of Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent University, Keele, United Kingdom
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Institute for Science and Technology for Medicine, School of Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona Kelly
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Derry/Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology for Medicine, School of Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent University, Keele, United Kingdom
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18
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GENÇOĞLU H, ŞAHİN K, M. JONES P. Determining the insulin secretion potential for certain specific G-protein coupled receptors in MIN6 pancreatic beta cells. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:403-411. [PMID: 30761839 PMCID: PMC7350869 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1712-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The polypeptide hormone insulin is essential for the maintenance of whole-body fuel homeostasis, and defects in insulin secretion and/or action are associated with the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the role of some G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), GPR54, GPR56, and GPR75, and cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R, in the regulation of pancreatic β-cell function. Materials and methods Insulin secretion from mouse insulinoma β-cell line (MIN6) monolayers was assessed via insulin radioimmunoassay (RIA). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess the expression of some specific GPCRs and the other receptors by MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. Results The agonists were not found to be toxic for the MIN6 pancreatic β-cells within the range of the doses used in this study, whereas insulin secretion altered depending on the ligands and receptors. In addition, arachidonyl-2’-chloroethylamide (ACEA), carbachol, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5 (CCL5), and exendin as well as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) ligands showed significant increases in the insulin secretion of MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. Conclusion Understanding the normal β-cell function and identifying the defects in β-cell function that lead to the development of diabetes will generate new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan GENÇOĞLU
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, ElazığTurkey
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Kazim ŞAHİN
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, ElazığTurkey
| | - Peter M. JONES
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King’s College London, LondonUK
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19
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Nair GG, Liu JS, Russ HA, Tran S, Saxton MS, Chen R, Juang C, Li ML, Nguyen VQ, Giacometti S, Puri S, Xing Y, Wang Y, Szot GL, Oberholzer J, Bhushan A, Hebrok M. Recapitulating endocrine cell clustering in culture promotes maturation of human stem-cell-derived β cells. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:263-274. [PMID: 30710150 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells, the generation of mature functional β cells in vitro has remained elusive. To accomplish this goal, we have developed cell culture conditions to closely mimic events occurring during pancreatic islet organogenesis and β cell maturation. In particular, we have focused on recapitulating endocrine cell clustering by isolating and reaggregating immature β-like cells to form islet-sized enriched β-clusters (eBCs). eBCs display physiological properties analogous to primary human β cells, including robust dynamic insulin secretion, increased calcium signalling in response to secretagogues, and improved mitochondrial energization. Notably, endocrine cell clustering induces metabolic maturation by driving mitochondrial oxidative respiration, a process central to stimulus-secretion coupling in mature β cells. eBCs display glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as early as three days after transplantation in mice. In summary, replicating aspects of endocrine cell clustering permits the generation of stem-cell-derived β cells that resemble their endogenous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Saxton
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Chen
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charity Juang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vinh Q Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Simone Giacometti
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Xing
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gregory L Szot
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Hashim M, Yokoi N, Takahashi H, Gheni G, Okechi OS, Hayami T, Murao N, Hidaka S, Minami K, Mizoguchi A, Seino S. Inhibition of SNAT5 Induces Incretin-Responsive State From Incretin-Unresponsive State in Pancreatic β-Cells: Study of β-Cell Spheroid Clusters as a Model. Diabetes 2018; 67:1795-1806. [PMID: 29954738 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell-β-cell interactions are required for normal regulation of insulin secretion. We previously found that formation of spheroid clusters (called K20-SC) from MIN6-K20 clonal β-cells lacking incretin-induced insulin secretion (IIIS) under monolayer culture (called K20-MC) drastically induced incretin responsiveness. Here we investigated the mechanism by which an incretin-unresponsive state transforms to an incretin-responsive state using K20-SC as a model. Glutamate production by glucose through the malate-aspartate shuttle and cAMP signaling, both of which are critical for IIIS, were enhanced in K20-SC. SC formed from β-cells deficient for aspartate aminotransferase 1, a critical enzyme in the malate-aspartate shuttle, exhibited reduced IIIS. Expression of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 5 (SNAT5), which is involved in glutamine transport, was downregulated in K20-SC and pancreatic islets of normal mice but was upregulated in K20-MC and islets of rodent models of obesity and diabetes, both of which exhibit impaired IIIS. Inhibition of SNAT5 significantly increased cellular glutamate content and improved IIIS in islets of these models and in K20-MC. These results suggest that suppression of SNAT5 activity, which results in increased glutamate production, and enhancement of cAMP signaling endows incretin-unresponsive β-cells with incretin responsiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/agonists
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Drug Resistance/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Incretins/pharmacology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/ultrastructure
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/ultrastructure
- Male
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Biological
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- RNA Interference
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/ultrastructure
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahira Hashim
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Harumi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ghupurjan Gheni
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Oduori S Okechi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohide Hayami
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Minami
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Montalbano G, Toumpaniari S, Popov A, Duan P, Chen J, Dalgarno K, Scott WE, Ferreira AM. Synthesis of bioinspired collagen/alginate/fibrin based hydrogels for soft tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 91:236-246. [PMID: 30033251 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels based on natural polymers offer a range of properties to mimic the native extracellular matrix, and provide microenvironments to preserve cellular function and encourage tissue formation. A tri-component hydrogel using collagen, alginate and fibrin (CAF) was developed and investigated at three collagen concentrations for application as a functional extracellular matrix analogue. Physical-chemical characterization of CAF hydrogels demonstrated a thermo-responsive crosslinking capacity at physiological conditions with stiffness similar to native soft tissues. CAF hydrogels were also assessed for cytocompatibility using L929 murine fibroblasts, pancreatic MIN6 β-cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); and demonstrated good cell viability, proliferation and metabolic activity after 7 days of in vitro culture. CAF hydrogels, especially with 2.5% w/v collagen, increased alkaline phosphatase production in hMSCs indicating potential for the promotion of osteogenic activity. Moreover, CAF hydrogels also increased metabolic activity of MIN6 β-cells and promoted the reconstitution of spherical pseudoislets with sizes ranging between 50 and 150 μm at day 7, demonstrating potential in diabetic therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Montalbano
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - S Toumpaniari
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - A Popov
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - P Duan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - J Chen
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - K Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - W E Scott
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - A M Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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22
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Forget A, Burzava ALS, Delalat B, Vasilev K, Harding FJ, Blencowe A, Voelcker NH. Rapid fabrication of functionalised poly(dimethylsiloxane) microwells for cell aggregate formation. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:828-836. [PMID: 28276540 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell aggregates reproduce many features of the natural architecture of functional tissues, and have therefore become an important in vitro model of tissue function. In this study, we present an efficient and rapid method for the fabrication of site specific functionalised poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microwell arrays that promote the formation of insulin-producing beta cell (MIN6) aggregates. Microwells were prepared using an ice templating technique whereby aqueous droplets were frozen on a surface and PDMS was cast on top to form a replica. By employing an aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, we demonstrate exclusive etching and functionalisation of the microwell inner surface, thereby allowing the selective absorption of biological factors within the microwells. Additionally, by manipulating surface wettability of the substrate through plasma polymer coating, the shape and profile of the microwells could be tailored. Microwells coated with antifouling Pluronic 123, bovine serum albumin, collagen type IV or insulin growth factor 2 were employed to investigate the formation and stability of MIN6 aggregates in microwells of different shapes. MIN6 aggregates formed with this technique retained insulin expression. These results demonstrate the potential of this platform for the rapid screening of biological factors influencing the formation and response of insulin-producing cell aggregates without the need for expensive micromachining techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Forget
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia and Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - A L S Burzava
- Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide 5000, Australia and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - B Delalat
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - K Vasilev
- Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide 5000, Australia and School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - F J Harding
- Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide 5000, Australia and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia and Cell Therapies Pty Ltd, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre (VCCC), Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - A Blencowe
- Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide 5000, Australia and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia and Cell Therapies Pty Ltd, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre (VCCC), Melbourne 3000, Australia. and School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - N H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Petry F, Weidner T, Czermak P, Salzig D. Three-Dimensional Bioreactor Technologies for the Cocultivation of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Beta Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2547098. [PMID: 29731775 PMCID: PMC5872596 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2547098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prominent health problem caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells. One therapeutic approach is the transplantation of functional beta cells, but it is difficult to generate sufficient beta cells in vitro and to ensure these cells remain viable at the transplantation site. Beta cells suffer from hypoxia, undergo apoptosis, or are attacked by the host immune system. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) can improve the functionality and survival of beta cells in vivo and in vitro due to direct cell contact or the secretion of trophic factors. Current cocultivation concepts with beta cells are simple and cannot exploit the favorable properties of hMSCs. Beta cells need a three-dimensional (3D) environment to function correctly, and the cocultivation setup is therefore more complex. This review discusses 3D cultivation forms (aggregates, capsules, and carriers) for hMSCs and beta cells and strategies for large-scale cultivation. We have determined process parameters that must be balanced and considered for the cocultivation of hMSCs and beta cells, and we present several bioreactor setups that are suitable for such an innovative cocultivation approach. Bioprocess engineering of the cocultivation processes is necessary to achieve successful beta cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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24
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Memon B, Karam M, Al-Khawaga S, Abdelalim EM. Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic progenitors co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29361979 PMCID: PMC5781269 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic progenitors (PPs) co-expressing the two transcription factors (TFs) PDX1 and NKX6.1 are recognized as the indispensable precursors of functional pancreatic β cells. Here, we aimed to establish an efficient protocol for maximizing generation of PDX1+/NKX6.1+ PPs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Methods In order to enhance the PDX1+/NKX6.1+ population, we manipulated in vitro culture conditions during differentiation by dissociating densely formed endodermal cells and re-plating them at different densities. These dissociated cells were subjected to an augmented duration of retinoid and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)10 signaling to induce higher PDX1 and NKX6.1 expression. Results Our optimized protocol dramatically increased the expression of NKX6.1, leading to an increase in the proportion of PDX1+/NKX6.1+ progenitors (~90%) in monolayer, higher than the previously published protocols, as well as upregulated key TFs controlling pancreatic development. The improved efficiency of pancreatic differentiation was complemented by an inhibited hepatic specification and an increased proliferation of NKX6.1+ cells. Interestingly, we were able to enrich a novel PDX1–/NKX6.1+ population by manipulating the re-plating density; these oriented themselves in three-dimensional clusters. Further differentiation validated the ability of our PDX1+/NKX6.1+ progenitors to generate NGN3+ endocrine progenitors. Conclusions We provide a novel technique that facilitates appropriate cellular rearrangement in monolayer culture to yield a high proportion of PDX1+/NKX6.1+ PPs with an elevated self-replicating capacity, thereby aiding scalable production of functional β cells from hPSCs in vitro. Our innovative method also enriches a novel NKX6.1+/PDX1– population, with characteristics of proposed endocrine precursors, allowing further studies on deciphering routes to β-cell development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0759-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Memon
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manale Karam
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al-Khawaga
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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25
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Villa SR, Mishra RK, Zapater JL, Priyadarshini M, Gilchrist A, Mancebo H, Schiltz GE, Layden BT. Homology modeling of FFA2 identifies novel agonists that potentiate insulin secretion. J Investig Med 2017; 65:1116-1124. [PMID: 28784695 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Critical aspects of maintaining glucose homeostasis in the face of chronic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are increased insulin secretion and adaptive expansion of beta cell mass. Nutrient and hormone sensing G protein-coupled receptors are important mediators of these properties. A growing body of evidence now suggests that the G protein-coupled receptor, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2), is capable of contributing to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis by acting at the pancreatic beta cell as well as at other metabolically active tissues. We have previously demonstrated that Gαq/11-biased agonism of FFA2 can potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) as well as promote beta cell proliferation. However, the currently available Gαq/11-biased agonists for FFA2 exhibit low potency, making them difficult to examine in vivo. This study sought to identify Gαq/11-biased FFA2-selective agonists with potent GSIS-stimulating effects. To do this, we generated an FFA2 homology model that was used to screen a library of 10 million drug-like compounds. Although FFA2 and the related short chain fatty acid receptor FFA3 share 52% sequence similarity, our virtual screen identified over 50 compounds with predicted selectivity and increased potency for FFA2 over FFA3. Subsequent in vitro calcium mobilization assays and GSIS assays resulted in the identification of a compound that can potentiate GSIS via activation of Gαq/11 with 100-fold increased potency compared with previously described Gαq/11-biased FFA2 agonists. These methods and findings provide a foundation for future discovery efforts to identify biased FFA2 agonists as potential T2D therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Villa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rama K Mishra
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph L Zapater
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Gary E Schiltz
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Boss C, De Marchi U, Hermant A, Conrad M, Sizzano F, Palini A, Wiederkehr A, Bouche N. Encapsulation of Insulin-Secreting Cells Expressing a Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Calcium Indicator for Cell-Based Sensing In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27995762 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of cell-based biosensors that give insight into cell and tissue function in vivo is an attractive technology for biomedical research. Here, the development of a cell line expressing a fluorescent calcium sensor for the study of beta-cell function in vivo is reported. The bioresponsive cell model is based on INS-1E pancreatic beta-cells, stably expressing the genetically encoded cameleon-based fluorescent sensor YC3.6cyto . Following single-cell selection and expansion, functional testing and in vitro encapsulation experiments are used to identify a suitable clone of INS-1E cells expressing the calcium sensor. This clone is transplanted subcutaneous in mouse using a cell macroencapsulation system based on flat sheet porous membranes. Cells in the implanted capsules are able to respond to glucose in vivo by secreting insulin and thereby contributing to the regulation of glycaemia in the mice. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging of explanted devices shows that encapsulated cells maintain high level expression of YC3.6cyto in vivo. In conclusion, these data show that encapsulated INS-1E cells stably expressing a genetically encoded calcium sensor can be successfully implanted in vivo, and therefore serve as biosensing element or in vivo model to longitudinally monitor the function of pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Boss
- Device Engineering; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Umberto De Marchi
- Mitochondrial Function; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Hermant
- Mitochondrial Function; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Mouna Conrad
- Device Engineering; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Federico Sizzano
- Flow Cytometry; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alessio Palini
- Flow Cytometry; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wiederkehr
- Mitochondrial Function; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bouche
- Device Engineering; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences; EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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27
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Teraoku H, Lenzen S. Dynamics of Insulin Secretion from EndoC- βH1 β-Cell Pseudoislets in Response to Glucose and Other Nutrient and Nonnutrient Secretagogues. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2309630. [PMID: 29201919 PMCID: PMC5671729 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2309630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of insulin secretion were characterized in response to a variety of physiological and pharmacological stimulators and other compounds in perifused pseudoislets generated from cells of the EndoC-βH1 β-cell line. Perifusion of EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets with the physiological stimulus glucose (16.7 mM) induced sustained insulin secretion, which was inhibited by mannoheptulose. The adenylate cyclase activators IBMX and forskolin strongly potentiated this secretion. Glibenclamide, a Kir 6.2 potassium channel blocker, and Bay K 8644, an opener of the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel, also potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion. The dynamics of insulin secretion from EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets were characterized by an insulin secretory response to glucose starting within 1-2 min and passing over without interruption into a sustained phase of insulin release for the whole stimulation period. This lack of a transient decline between the first and the second phases of insulin release is an indication for a quick supply of insulin secretory granules from the reserve pool to the docking sites below the plasma membrane. Thereby, new secretory granules are directly made available for sustained exocytosis of insulin in EndoC-βH1 β-cells. The study shows that EndoC-βH1 β-cell pseudoislets are well suited for kinetic analyses of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Teraoku
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
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28
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Groot Nibbelink M, Marchioli G, Moroni L, Karperien M, Van Apeldoorn A. A Protocol to Enhance INS1E and MIN6 Functionality-The Use of Theophylline. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091532. [PMID: 27626415 PMCID: PMC5037807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro research in the field of type I diabetes is frequently limited by the availability of a functional model for islets of Langerhans. This method shows that by the addition of theophylline to the glucose buffers, mouse insulinoma MIN6 and rat insulinoma INS1E pseudo-islets can serve as a model for islets of Langerhans for in vitro research. The effect of theophylline is dose- and cell line-dependent, resulting in a minimal stimulation index of five followed by a rapid return to baseline insulin secretion by reducing glucose concentrations after a first high glucose stimulation. This protocol solves issues concerning in vitro research for type I diabetes as donors and the availability of primary islets of Langerhans are limited. To avoid the limitations of using human donor material, cell lines represent a valid alternative. Many different β cell lines have been reported, but the lack of reproducible responsiveness to glucose stimulation remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou Groot Nibbelink
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Marchioli
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands.
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands.
| | - Aart Van Apeldoorn
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands.
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29
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Lecomte MJ, Pechberty S, Machado C, Da Barroca S, Ravassard P, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Duvillié B. Aggregation of Engineered Human β-Cells Into Pseudoislets: Insulin Secretion and Gene Expression Profile in Normoxic and Hypoxic Milieu. CELL MEDICINE 2016; 8:99-112. [PMID: 28003935 DOI: 10.3727/215517916x692843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Innovative treatments to cure type 1 diabetes are being actively researched. Among the different strategies, the replacement of β-cells has given promising results. Classically, islets from cadaveric donors are transplanted into diabetic patients, but recently phase I clinical trials that use stem cell-derived β-cells have been started. Such protocols require either an immunosuppressive treatment or the macroencapsulation of the β-cells. They involve cell aggregation and the exposure of the cells to hypoxia. Using an engineered human β-cell, we have addressed these two problems: a novel human β-cell line called EndoC-βH3 was cultured as single cells or aggregated clusters. EndoC-βH3 cells were also cultured at normal atmospheric oxygen tension (pO2 = 21%) or hypoxia (pO2 = 3%) in the presence or absence of modulators of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) pathway. Cell aggregation improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, demonstrating the benefit of cell-cell contacts. Low oxygen tension decreased β-cell viability and their sensitivity to glucose, but did not alter insulin production nor the insulin secretion capacity of the remaining cells. To investigate the role of HIF1α, we first used a HIF stabilizer at pO2 = 21%. This led to a mild decrease in cell viability, impaired glucose sensitivity, and altered insulin secretion. Finally, we used a HIF inhibitor on EndoC-βH3 pseudoislets exposed to hypoxia. Such treatment considerably decreased cell viability. In conclusion, aggregation of the EndoC-βH3 cells seems to be important to improve their function. A fraction of the EndoC-βH3 cells are resistant to hypoxia, depending on the level of activity of HIF1α. Thus, these cells represent a good human cell model for future investigations on islet cell transplantation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Lecomte
- Univercell-Biosolutions, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Séverine Pechberty
- Univercell-Biosolutions, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Cécile Machado
- Univercell-Biosolutions, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Sandra Da Barroca
- Univercell-Biosolutions, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- † Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris , France
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- ‡INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; §Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Paul Czernichow
- Univercell-Biosolutions, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Bertrand Duvillié
- ‡INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; §Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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30
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Cai T, Hirai H, Xu H, Notkins AL. The minimal promoter region of the dense-core vesicle protein IA-2: transcriptional regulation by CREB. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:573-80. [PMID: 25528004 PMCID: PMC5273861 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS IA-2 is a transmembrane protein found in the dense-core vesicles (DCV) of neuroendocrine cells and one of the major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. DCV are involved in the secretion of hormones (e.g., insulin) and neurotransmitters. Stimulation of pancreatic β cells with glucose upregulates the expression of IA-2 and an increase in IA-2 results in an increase in the number of DCV. Little is known, however, about the promoter region of IA-2 or the transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of this gene. METHODS In the present study, we constructed eight deletion fragments from the upstream region of the IA-2 transcription start site and linked them to a luciferase reporter. RESULTS By this approach, we have identified a short bp region (-216 to +115) that has strong promoter activity. We also identified a transcription factor, cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), which binds to two CREB-related binding sites located in this region. The binding of CREB to these sites enhanced IA-2 transcription by more than fivefold. We confirmed these findings by site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and RNAi inhibition. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we conclude that the PKA pathway is a critical, but not the exclusive signaling pathway involved in IA-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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31
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Pancreatic Epithelial Cells Form Islet-Like Clusters in the Absence of Directed Migration. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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32
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Spelios MG, Olsen JA, Kenna LA, Akirav EM. Islet Endothelial Cells Induce Glycosylation and Increase Cell-surface Expression of Integrin β1 in β Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15250-9. [PMID: 25911095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-culturing of insulinoma and islet-derived endothelial cell (iEC) lines results in the spontaneous formation of free-floating pseudoislets (PIs). We previously showed that iEC-induced PIs display improved insulin expression and secretion in response to glucose stimulation. This improvement was associated with a de novo deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by iECs in and around the PIs. Here, iEC-induced PIs were used to study the expression and posttranslational modification of the ECM receptor integrin β1. A wide array of integrin β subunits was detected in βTC3 and NIT-1 insulinomas as well as in primary islets, with integrin β1 mRNA and protein detected in all three cell types. Interestingly, the formation of iEC-induced PIs altered the glycosylation patterns of integrin β1, resulting in a higher molecular weight form of the receptor. This form was found in native pancreas but was completely absent in monolayer β-cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of monolayers and PIs revealed a higher expression of integrin β1 in PIs. Antibody-mediated blocking of integrin β1 led to alterations in β-cell morphology, reduced insulin gene expression, and enhanced glucose secretion under baseline conditions. These results suggest that iEC-induced PI formation may alter integrin β1 expression and posttranslational modification by enhancing glycosylation, thereby providing a more physiological culture system for studying integrin-ECM interactions in β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Spelios
- From the Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501 and
| | - John A Olsen
- From the Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501 and
| | - Lauren A Kenna
- From the Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501 and
| | - Eitan M Akirav
- From the Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501 and Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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33
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Hilderink J, Spijker S, Carlotti F, Lange L, Engelse M, van Blitterswijk C, de Koning E, Karperien M, van Apeldoorn A. Controlled aggregation of primary human pancreatic islet cells leads to glucose-responsive pseudoislets comparable to native islets. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1836-46. [PMID: 25782016 PMCID: PMC4549034 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation is a promising treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes. However, pancreatic islets vary in size and shape affecting their survival and function after transplantation because of mass transport limitations. To reduce diffusion restrictions and improve islet cell survival, the generation of islets with optimal dimensions by dispersion followed by reassembly of islet cells, can help limit the length of diffusion pathways. This study describes a microwell platform that supports the controlled and reproducible production of three-dimensional pancreatic cell clusters of human donor islets. We observed that primary human islet cell aggregates with a diameter of 100-150 μm consisting of about 1000 cells best resembled intact pancreatic islets as they showed low apoptotic cell death (<2%), comparable glucose-responsiveness and increasing PDX1, MAFA and INSULIN gene expression with increasing aggregate size. The re-associated human islet cells showed an a-typical core shell configuration with beta cells predominantly on the outside unlike human islets, which became more randomized after implantation similar to native human islets. After transplantation of these islet cell aggregates under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mice, human C-peptide was detected in the serum indicating that beta cells retained their endocrine function similar to human islets. The agarose microwell platform was shown to be an easy and very reproducible method to aggregate pancreatic islet cells with high accuracy providing a reliable tool to study cell-cell interactions between insuloma and/or primary islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Hilderink
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Siebe Spijker
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Lange
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Engelse
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eelco de Koning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aart van Apeldoorn
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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34
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Liu X, Yan F, Yao H, Chang M, Qin J, Li Y, Wang Y, Pei X. Involvement of RhoA/ROCK in insulin secretion of pancreatic β-cells in 3D culture. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:359-69. [PMID: 25129107 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell contacts and interactions between pancreatic β-cells and/or other cell populations within islets are essential for cell survival, insulin secretion, and functional synchronization. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems supply the ideal microenvironment for islet-like cluster formation and functional maintenance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells were cultured in a rotating 3D culture system to form islet-like aggregates. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the RhoA/ROCK pathway were investigated. In the 3D-cultured MIN6 cells, more endocrine-specific genes were up-regulated, and GSIS was increased to a greater extent than in cells grown in monolayers. RhoA/ROCK inactivation led to F-actin remodeling in the MIN6 cell aggregates and greater insulin exocytosis. The gap junction protein, connexin 36 (Cx36), was up-regulated in MIN6 cell aggregates and RhoA/ROCK-inactivated monolayer cells. GSIS dramatically decreased when Cx36 was knocked down by short interfering RNA and could not be reversed by RhoA/ROCK inactivation. Thus, the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is involved in insulin release through the up-regulation of Cx36 expression in 3D-cultured MIN6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
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35
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Bae CY, Min MK, Kim H, Park JK. Geometric effect of the hydrogel grid structure on in vitro formation of homogeneous MIN6 cell clusters. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2183-90. [PMID: 24609000 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51421h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A microstructure-based hydrogel was employed to study the relationship between spatial specificity and cellular behavior, including cell fate, proliferation, morphology, and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. To effectively form homogeneous cell clusters in vitro, we made cell-containing hydrogel membrane constructs with an adapted grid structure based on a hexagonal micropattern. Homogeneous cell clusters (average diameter: 83.6 ± 14.2 μm) of pancreatic insulinoma (MIN6) cells were spontaneously generated in the floating hydrogel membrane constructs, including a hexagonal grid structure (size of cavity: 100 μm, interval between cavities: 30 μm). Interestingly, 3D clustering of MIN6 cells mimicking the structure of pancreatic islets was coalesced into a merged aggregate attaching to each hexagonal cavity of the hydrogel grid structure. The fate and insulin secretion of homogeneous cell clusters in the hydrogel grid structure were also assessed. The results of these designable hydrogel-cell membrane constructs suggest that facultative in vitro β-cell proliferation and maintenance can be applied to biofunctional assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Yun Bae
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The lack of transplantable pancreatic islets is a serious problem that affects the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Beta cells can be induced from various sources of stem or progenitor cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells in the near future; however, the reconstitution of islets from β cells in culture dishes is challenging. The generation of highly functional islets may require three-dimensional spherical cultures that resemble intact islets. This review discusses recent advances in the reconstitution of islets. Several factors affect the reconstitution of pseudoislets with higher functions, such as architectural similarity, cell-to-cell contact, and the production method. The actual transplantation of naked or encapsulated pseudoislets and islet-like cell clusters from various stem cell sources is also discussed. Advancing our understanding of the methods used to reconstitute pseudoislets should expand the range of potential strategies available for developing de novo islets for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kojima
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience; Yokohama City University; Yokohama, Japan
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37
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Naujok O, Bandou Y, Shikama Y, Funaki M, Lenzen S. Effect of substrate rigidity in tissue culture on the function of insulin-secreting INS-1E cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:58-65. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Naujok
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry; Hannover Medical School; Germany
| | - Y. Bandou
- Clinical Research Centre for Diabetes; Tokushima University Hospital; Japan
| | - Y. Shikama
- Clinical Research Centre for Diabetes; Tokushima University Hospital; Japan
| | - M. Funaki
- Clinical Research Centre for Diabetes; Tokushima University Hospital; Japan
| | - S. Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry; Hannover Medical School; Germany
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Shinohara M, Kimura H, Montagne K, Komori K, Fujii T, Sakai Y. Combination of microwell structures and direct oxygenation enables efficient and size-regulated aggregate formation of an insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cell line. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:178-87. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kikuo Komori
- Institute of Industrial Science; University of Tokyo
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science; University of Tokyo
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Spelios MG, Kenna LA, Wall B, Akirav EM. In vitro formation of β cell pseudoislets using islet-derived endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72260. [PMID: 24015227 PMCID: PMC3756083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β cell pseudoislets (PIs) are used for the in vitro study of β-cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) configuration. Current methods of PI induction require unique culture conditions and extensive mechanical manipulations. Here we report a novel co-culture system consisting of high passage β-cells and islet-derived endothelial cells (iECs) that results in a rapid and spontaneous formation of free-floating PIs. PI structures were formed as early as 72 h following co-culture setup and were preserved for more than 14 d. These PIs, composed solely of β-cells, were similar in size to that of native islets and showed an increased percentage of proinsulin-positive cells, increased insulin gene expression in response to glucose stimulation, and restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion when compared to β-cells cultured as monolayers. Key extracellular matrix proteins that were absent in β-cells cultured alone were deposited by iECs on PIs and were found in and around the PIs. iEC-induced PIs are a readily available tool for examining β cell function in a native 3-D configuration and can be used for examining β-cell/iEC interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Spelios
- Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Kenna
- Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Wall
- Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
| | - Eitan M. Akirav
- Research Institute, Islet Biology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chowdhury A, Dyachok O, Tengholm A, Sandler S, Bergsten P. Functional differences between aggregated and dispersed insulin-producing cells. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1557-68. [PMID: 23604550 PMCID: PMC3671110 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Beta cells situated in the islet of Langerhans respond more vigorously to glucose than do dissociated beta cells. Mechanisms for this discrepancy were studied by comparing insulin-producing MIN6 cells aggregated into pseudoislets with MIN6 monolayer cells and mouse and human islets. METHODS MIN6 monolayers, pseudoislets and mouse and human islets were exposed to glucose, α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), pyruvate, KIC plus glutamine and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin. Insulin secretion (ELISA), cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]c; microfluorometry), glucose oxidation (radiolabelling), the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism (PCR) and the phosphorylation of insulin receptor signalling proteins (western blotting) were measured. RESULTS Insulin secretory responses to glucose, pyruvate, KIC and glutamine were higher in pseudoislets than monolayers and comparable to those of human islets. Glucose oxidation and genes for mitochondrial metabolism were upregulated in pseudoislets compared with single cells and monolayers, respectively. Phosphorylation at the inhibitory S636/639 site of IRS-1 was significantly higher in monolayers and dispersed human and mouse cells than pseudoislets and intact human and mouse islets. PI3K inhibition only slightly attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from monolayers, but substantially reduced that from pseudoislets and human and mouse islets without suppressing the glucose-induced [Ca(2+)]c response. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We propose that islet architecture is critical for proper beta cell mitochondrial metabolism and IRS-1 signalling, and that PI3K regulates insulin secretion at a step distal to the elevation of [Ca(2+)]c.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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41
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The generation of pancreatic β-cell spheroids in a simulated microgravity culture system. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5785-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Identifying HIF Activity in Three-Dimensional Cultures of Islet-Like Clusters. Int J Artif Organs 2013; 36:175-83. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hypoxia is a major cause for failure of encapsulated islet grafts. Three-dimensional (3D) re-aggregation and hypoxic preconditioning are used to help overcome this obstacle. However, it is still difficult to identify hypoxic cells in a 3D system. We evaluate the efficacy of a fluorescent system for detecting HIF-1 activity in live β-cells. Identification of HIF-1 activity and correlation with insulin secretion and viability will allow for more informed implant construction and better prediction of post-transplantational function. Methods MIN6 cells were infected with the marker virus and rotationally cultured to form clusters. Clusters were encapsulated in PEG hydrogels and incubated in 20%, 2%, or 1% O2. Gels were imaged daily for hypoxia marker signaling and for morphological observation. Daily GSIS was quantified by insulin ELSIA and cell viability was assessed by LIVE/DEAD staining. Results Clusters cultured in 2% and 1% O2 displayed high levels of HIF activity compared to 20% O2 clusters. 20% O2 clusters maintained viability and achieved a smooth, islet-like morphology by Day 14. Clusters in 2% and 1% O2 failed to associate cohesively and showed reduced viability. As a whole, constructs cultured in 20% O2 exhibited 10-fold higher GSIS than constructs in 2% and 1% O2. Conclusions Our marker is an effective approach for identifying cellular hypoxia in 3D cultures. β-cell clusters in 2% and 1% O2 are similarly affected by reduced oxygen tension, with HIF-1 activity correlating to reduced GSIS and impaired cell/cluster morphology. Simultaneous aggregative culture and hypoxic conditioning may not be beneficial to β-cell transplantation.
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Gallego-Perez D, Higuita-Castro N, Reen RK, Palacio-Ochoa M, Sharma S, Lee LJ, Lannutti JJ, Hansford DJ, Gooch KJ. Micro/nanoscale technologies for the development of hormone-expressing islet-like cell clusters. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:779-89. [PMID: 22573223 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-expressing islet-like cell clusters derived from precursor cells have significant potential in the treatment of type-I diabetes. Given that cluster size and uniformity are known to influence islet cell behavior, the ability to effectively control these parameters could find applications in the development of anti-diabetic therapies. In this work, we combined micro and nanofabrication techniques to build a biodegradable platform capable of supporting the formation of islet-like structures from pancreatic precursors. Soft lithography and electrospinning were used to create arrays of microwells (150-500 μm diameter) structurally interfaced with a porous sheet of micro/nanoscale polyblend fibers (~0.5-10 μm in cross-sectional size), upon which human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells anchored and assembled into insulin-expressing 3D clusters. The microwells effectively regulated the spatial distribution of the cells on the platform, as well as cluster size, shape and homogeneity. Average cluster cross-sectional area (~14000-17500 μm(2)) varied in proportion to the microwell dimensions, and mean circularity values remained above 0.7 for all microwell sizes. In comparison, clustering on control surfaces (fibers without microwells or tissue culture plastic) resulted in irregularly shaped/sized cell aggregates. Immunoreactivity for insulin, C-peptide and glucagon was detected on both the platform and control surfaces; however, intracellular levels of C-peptide/cell were ~60 % higher on the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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44
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Guo-Parke H, McCluskey JT, Kelly C, Hamid M, McClenaghan NH, Flatt PR. Configuration of electrofusion-derived human insulin-secreting cell line as pseudoislets enhances functionality and therapeutic utility. J Endocrinol 2012; 214:257-65. [PMID: 22685334 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Formation of pseudoislets from rodent cell lines has provided a particularly useful model to study homotypic islet cell interactions and insulin secretion. This study aimed to extend this research to generate and characterize, for the first time, functional human pseudoislets comprising the recently described electrofusion-derived insulin-secreting 1.1B4 human β-cell line. Structural pseudoislets formed readily over 3-7 days in culture using ultra-low-attachment plastic, attaining a static size of 100-200 μm in diameter, corresponding to ~6000 β cells. This was achieved by decreases in cell proliferation and integrity as assessed by BrdU ELISA, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Insulin content was comparable between monolayers and pseudoislets. However, pseudoislet formation enhanced insulin secretion by 1·7- to 12·5-fold in response to acute stimulation with glucose, amino acids, incretin hormones, or drugs compared with equivalent cell monolayers. Western blot and RT-PCR showed expression of key genes involved in cell communication and the stimulus-secretion pathway. Expression of E-Cadherin and connexin 36 and 43 was greatly enhanced in pseudoislets with no appreciable connexin 43 protein expression in monolayers. Comparable levels of insulin, glucokinase, and GLUT1 were found in both cell populations. The improved secretory function of human 1.1B4 cell pseudoislets over monolayers results from improved cellular interactions mediated through gap junction communication. Pseudoislets comprising engineered electrofusion-derived human β cells provide an attractive model for islet research and drug testing as well as offering novel therapeutic application through transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo-Parke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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45
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Santos-Silva JC, Carvalho CPDF, de Oliveira RB, Boschero AC, Collares-Buzato CB. Cell-to-cell contact dependence and junctional protein content are correlated with in vivo maturation of pancreatic beta cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:837-50. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the cellular distribution of junctional proteins and the dependence on cell–cell contacts of pancreatic beta cells during animal development. Fetus and newborn rat islets, which display a relatively poor insulin secretory response to glucose, present an immature morphology and cytoarchitecture when compared with young and adult islets that are responsive to glucose. At the perinatal stage, beta cells display a low junctional content of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), α- and β-catenins, ZO-1, and F-actin, while a differential distribution of N-CAM and Pan-cadherin was seen in beta cells and nonbeta cells only from young and adult islets. In the absence of intercellular contacts, the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was completely blocked in adult beta cells, but after reaggregation they partially reestablished the secretory response to glucose. By contrast, neonatal beta cells were poorly responsive to sugar, regardless of whether they were arranged as intact islets or as isolated cells. Interestingly, after 10 days of culturing, neonatal beta cells, known to display increased junctional protein content in vitro, became responsive to glucose and concomitantly dependent on cell–cell contacts. Therefore, our data suggest that the developmental acquisition of an adult-like insulin secretory pattern is paralleled by a dependence on direct cell–cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia Carolina Santos-Silva
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Prado de França Carvalho
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Beltrame de Oliveira
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Beatriz Collares-Buzato
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hauge-Evans AC, Anderson RL, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. Delta cell secretory responses to insulin secretagogues are not mediated indirectly by insulin. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1995-2004. [PMID: 22526610 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Somatostatin from islet delta cells inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, but knowledge of the regulation of pancreatic somatostatin release is limited. Some insulin secretagogues stimulate somatostatin secretion, and here we investigated whether delta cell secretory responses are indirectly regulated in a paracrine manner by insulin released from beta cells. METHODS Hormone release from static incubations of primary mouse islets or somatostatin-secreting TGP52 cells was measured by RIA. mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS Glucose and a range of other physiological and pharmacological agents stimulated insulin and somatostatin release, and insulin receptor mRNA was expressed in islets, MIN6 beta cells and TGP52 cells. However, exogenous insulin did not modulate basal or glucose-induced somatostatin secretion from islets, nor did pre-incubation with an antibody against the insulin receptor or with the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, HNMPA(AM)(3). Glucose and tolbutamide stimulated somatostatin release from TGP52 cells, whereas a range of receptor-operating agents had no effect, the latter being consistent with a lack of corresponding receptor mRNA expression in these cells. Parasympathetic activation stimulated insulin, but inhibited somatostatin release from mouse islets in accordance with differences in muscarinic receptor mRNA expression in islets, MIN6 and TGP52 cells. The inhibitory effect on somatostatin secretion was reversed by pertussis toxin or the muscarinic receptor 2 antagonist, methoctramine. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS A number of insulin secretagogues have analogous effects on insulin and somatostatin release, but this similarity of response is not mediated by an indirect, paracrine action of insulin on delta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hauge-Evans
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Maillard E, Juszczak MT, Langlois A, Kleiss C, Sencier MC, Bietiger W, Sanchez-Dominguez M, Krafft MP, Johnson PRV, Pinget M, Sigrist S. Perfluorocarbon Emulsions Prevent Hypoxia of Pancreatic β-Cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:657-69. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x593136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As oxygen carriers, perfluorocarbon emulsions might be useful to decrease hypoxia of pancreatic islets before transplantation. However, their hydrophobicity prevents their homogenisation in culture medium. To increase the surface of contact between islets and Perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), and consequently oxygen delivery, we tested effect of a PFOB emulsion in culture medium on β-cell lines and rat pancreatic islets. RINm5F β-cell line or pancreatic rat islets were incubated for 3 days in the presence of PFOB emulsion in media (3.5% w/v). Preoxygenation of the medium was performed before culture. Cell viability was assessed by apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl-2) and by staining (fluoresceine diacetate and propidium iodide). β-Cell functionality was determined by insulin release during a glucose stimulation test and. Hypoxia markers, HIF-1α and VEGF, were studied at days 1 and 3 using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. PFOB emulsions preserved viability and functionality of RINm5F cells with a decrease of HIF-1α and VEGF expression. Islets viability was preserved during 3 days of culture. Secretion of VEGF was higher in untreated control (0.09 ± 0.041 μg VEGF/mg total protein) than in PFOB emulsion incubated islets (0.02 ± 0.19 μg VEGF/mg total protein, n = 4, p < 0.05) at day 1. At day 3, VEGF secretion was increased as compared to day 1 in control (0.23 ± 0.04 μg VEGF/mg total protein) but it was imbalance by the presence of PFOB emulsion (0.09 ± 0.03 μg VEGF/mg total protein, n = 5, p < 0.05). While insulin secretion was maintained in response to a glucose stimulation test until day 3 when islets were incubated in the presence of PFOB emulsion preoxygenated (0.81 ± 0.16 at day 1 vs. 0.75 ± 0.24 at day 3), the ability to secrete insulin in the presence of high glucose concentration was lost in islets controls (0.51 ± 0.18 at day 1 vs. 0.21 ± 0.13 at day 3). Atmospheric oxygen delivery by PFOB emulsion might be sufficient to decrease islets hypoxia. However, to improve islets functionality, overoxygenation is needed. Finally, maintenance of islet viability and functionality for several days after isolation could improve the outcome of islets transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Maillard
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. T. Juszczak
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A. Langlois
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
| | - C. Kleiss
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
| | - M. C. Sencier
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Bietiger
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - P. R. V. Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. Pinget
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
- University de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
| | - S. Sigrist
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Strasbourg, France
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Bernard AB, Lin CC, Anseth KS. A microwell cell culture platform for the aggregation of pancreatic β-cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:583-92. [PMID: 22320435 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell contact between pancreatic β-cells is important for maintaining survival and normal insulin secretion. Various techniques have been developed to promote cell-cell contact between β-cells, but a simple yet robust method that affords precise control over three-dimensional (3D) β-cell cluster size has not been demonstrated. To address this need, we developed a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microwell platform using photolithography. This microwell cell-culture platform promotes the formation of 3D β-cell aggregates of defined sizes from 25 to 210 μm in diameter. Using this platform, mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) β-cells formed aggregates with cell-cell adherin junctions. These naturally formed cell aggregates with controllable sizes can be removed from the microwells for macroencapsulation, implantation, or other biological assays. When removed and subsequently encapsulated in PEG hydrogels, the aggregated cell clusters demonstrated improved cellular viability (>90%) over 7 days in culture, while the β-cells encapsulated as single cells maintained only 20% viability. Aggregated MIN6 cells also exhibited more than fourfold higher insulin secretion in response to a glucose challenge compared with encapsulated single β-cells. Further, the cell aggregates stained positively for E-cadherin, indicative of the formation of cell junctions. Using this hydrogel microwell cell-culture method, viable and functional β-cell aggregates of specific sizes were created, providing a platform from which other biologically relevant questions may be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B Bernard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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49
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Bowe JE, Foot VL, Amiel SA, Huang GC, Lamb MW, Lakey J, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. GPR54 peptide agonists stimulate insulin secretion from murine, porcine and human islets. Islets 2012; 4:20-3. [PMID: 22192948 DOI: 10.4161/isl.18261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of 10 and 13 amino acid forms of kisspeptin on dynamic insulin secretion from mammalian islets since it is not clear from published data whether the shorter peptide is stimulatory while the longer peptide inhibits insulin release. Insulin secretion was measured by radioimmunoassay following perifusion of human, pig, rat and mouse isolated islets with kisspeptin-10 or kisspeptin-13 in the presence of 20 mM glucose. Both peptides stimulated rapid, reversible potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from islets of all species tested. These data indicate that both kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-13, which is an extension of kisspeptin-10 by three amino acids, act directly at islet β-cells of various species to potentiate insulin secretion, and suggest that inhibitory effects reported in earlier studies may reflect differences in experimental protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Bowe
- Diabetes Research Group; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Victoria L Foot
- Diabetes Research Group; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Stephanie A Amiel
- Diabetes Research Group; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Gao Cai Huang
- Diabetes Research Group; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Morgan W Lamb
- Department of Surgery; University of California; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jonathan Lakey
- Department of Surgery; University of California; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Peter M Jones
- Diabetes Research Group; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group; Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London, UK
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50
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Insulin-producing surrogate β-cells from embryonic stem cells: are we there yet? Mol Ther 2011; 19:1759-68. [PMID: 21829172 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) harbor the potential to generate every cell type of the body by differentiation. The use of hESCs holds great promise for potential cell replacement therapies for degenerative diseases including diabetes mellitus. The recently discovered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) exhibit immense potential for regenerative medicine as they allow the generation of autologous cells tailored to the patients' immune system. Research for insulin-producing surrogate cells from ESCs has yielded highly controversial results, because many steps and factors in the differentiation process are currently still unknown. Thus, there is no consensus on common standard protocols. The protocols presently used established the differentiation from pluripotent cells toward pancreatic progenitor cells. However, none of the differentiation protocols reported to date have generated by exclusive in vitro differentiation sufficient numbers of insulin-producing cells meeting all essential criteria of a β-cell. The cells often lack the crucial function of regulated insulin secretion upon glucose stimulation. This review focuses on past and current approaches to the generation of insulin-producing cells from pluripotent sources, such as ESCs and iPSCs, and critically discusses the hurdles to be taken before insulin-secreting surrogate cells derived from these stem cells will be of clinical use in humans.
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