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Verfaellie M, Patt V, Lafleche G, Vasterling JJ. Associations between PTSD and temporal discounting: The role of future thinking. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 85:101978. [PMID: 38964185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite documented alterations in future thinking in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), our understanding of how individuals with PTSD make future-oriented decisions is limited. We tested the hypothesis that increased discounting in association with PTSD reflects failure to spontaneously envision future rewarding situations. METHODS Thirty-seven trauma exposed war-zone veterans completed a standard temporal discounting task as well as a temporal discounting task accompanied by episodic future thinking cues. RESULTS Severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with preference for sooner, smaller rewards in the standard task. Consistent with our hypothesis, when participants engaged in future thinking, greater PTSD symptom severity was no longer associated with steeper discounting. Moreover, difficulty anticipating future events, as measured contemporaneously in a separate task (Verfaellie et al., 2024), mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and degree of discounting in the standard task. Among PTSD symptom clusters, the severity of avoidance and negative alterations in cognition and mood was related to steeper discounting. Measures of depression and alcohol use were not associated with discounting. LIMITATIONS The sample included mostly male, predominantly White veterans who experienced primarily combat-related trauma. CONCLUSIONS PTSD-associated alterations in temporal discounting reflect failure to spontaneously imagine future positive events. Two common correlates of PTSD, depression and alcohol use, could not account for the observed associations between PTSD and future-oriented decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Verfaellie
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Virginie Patt
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States
| | - Ginette Lafleche
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States
| | - Jennifer J Vasterling
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, United States
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2
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O’Connor RJ, Carl E, Shevorykin A, Stein JS, Vantucci D, Liskiewicz A, Bensch L, Thorner H, Marion M, Hyland A, Sheffer CE. Internal Validity of Two Promising Methods of Altering Temporal Orientation among Cigarette Smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312601. [PMID: 34886327 PMCID: PMC8656890 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Relapse to smoking continues to be among the most urgent global health concerns. Novel, accessible, and minimally invasive treatments to aid in smoking cessation are likely to improve the reach and efficacy of smoking cessation treatment. Encouraging prospection by decreasing delay discounting (DD) is a new therapeutic target in the treatment of smoking cessation. Two early-stage interventions, delivered remotely and intended to increase prospection, decrease DD and promote cessation are Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) and Future Thinking Priming (FTP). EFT and FTP have demonstrated at least modest reductions in delay discounting, but understanding whether these interventions are internally valid (i.e., are accomplishing the stated intention) is key. This study examined the internal validity of EFT and FTP. Participants (n = 20) seeking to quit smoking were randomly assigned to active or control conditions of EFT and FTP. Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC2015) was used to examine the language participants used while engaged in the tasks. Results revealed significant differences in the language participants used in the active and control conditions. Women employed more words than men, but no other demographic differences were found in language. The active conditions for both tasks showed a greater emphasis on future orientation. Risk-avoidance was significantly higher in the active vs. control condition for EFT. Remote delivery of both EFT and FTP was valid and feasible as participants adhered to instructions in the remote prompts, and trends in DD were in the expected directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. O’Connor
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Ellen Carl
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alina Shevorykin
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
| | - Darian Vantucci
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Amylynn Liskiewicz
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Lindsey Bensch
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Hannah Thorner
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Matthew Marion
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Christine E. Sheffer
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (R.J.O.); (A.S.); (D.V.); (A.L.); (L.B.); (H.T.); (M.M.); (A.H.); (C.E.S.)
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3
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Shevorykin A, Bickel WK, Carl E, Sheffer CE. Future Thinking Priming Especially Effective at Modifying Delay Discounting Rates among Cigarette Smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8717. [PMID: 34444463 PMCID: PMC8393805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use remains one of the world's greatest preventable causes of death and disease. While most smokers want to quit, few are successful, highlighting a need for novel therapeutic approaches to support cessation efforts. Lower delay discounting (DD) rates are associated with increased smoking cessation success. Future thinking priming (FTP) reliably reduces DD rates in large populations. Smokers consistently discount more than nonsmokers, and evidence suggests that changes in DD rates are rate dependent. This study examined whether smoking status moderated the effect of FTP on DD rates and, if so, if the moderation effect could be attributed to differences in baseline rates of DD. METHODS Moderation analysis was conducted to determine whether the effect of FTP, versus neutral priming (NP), on DD differed among smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS Smoking status moderated the effect of condition (FTP vs. NP) on post-intervention DD scores (b = -0.2919, p = 0.0124) and DD change scores (b = -0.2975, p = 0.0130). There was no evidence of rate dependence effects in the current sample. CONCLUSIONS FTP had a greater effect on decreasing DD rates among smokers than nonsmokers. FTP is effective and simple to administer, which makes it a promising therapeutic approach for aiding smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Shevorykin
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (E.C.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
| | - Ellen Carl
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (E.C.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Christine E. Sheffer
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (E.C.); (C.E.S.)
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Grodin EN, Montoya AK, Bujarski S, Ray LA. Modeling motivation for alcohol in humans using traditional and machine learning approaches. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12949. [PMID: 32725863 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Given the significant cost of alcohol use disorder (AUD), identifying risk factors for alcohol seeking represents a research priority. Prominent addiction theories emphasize the role of motivation in the alcohol seeking process, which has largely been studied using preclinical models. In order to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical studies, this study examined predictors of motivation for alcohol self-administration using a novel paradigm. Heavy drinkers (n = 67) completed an alcohol infusion consisting of an alcohol challenge (target breath alcohol = 60 mg%) and a progressive-ratio alcohol self-administration paradigm (maximum breath alcohol 120 mg%; ratio requirements range = 20-3 139 response). Growth curve modeling was used to predict breath alcohol trajectories during alcohol self-administration. K-means clustering was used to identify motivated (n = 41) and unmotivated (n = 26) self-administration trajectories. The data were analyzed using two approaches: a theory-driven test of a-priori predictors and a data-driven, machine learning model. In both approaches, steeper delay discounting, indicating a preference for smaller, sooner rewards, predicted motivated alcohol seeking. The data-driven approach further identified phasic alcohol craving as a predictor of motivated alcohol self-administration. Additional application of this model to AUD translational science and treatment development appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Amanda K. Montoya
- Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
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5
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Ameral V, Palm Reed KM. Envisioning a future: Values clarification in early recovery from opioid use disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 121:108207. [PMID: 33357601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High rates of relapse and overdose during early recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) highlight the importance of providing effective treatment during this crucial phase. While early treatment often focuses on managing urges and withdrawal symptoms, eliciting personally salient motivators may help to target predictors of treatment outcomes such as motivation and self-efficacy. This experimental study examined the effect of a brief values clarification exercise on motivation and self-efficacy for abstinence in a sample of n = 93 individuals in brief residential treatment for OUD. Participants were randomly assigned to values clarification or a time management control condition exercise. Self-efficacy for abstinence as measured by a validated single-item measure was higher for participants in the values condition (M = 8.7) compared to control (M = 7.8, p = .013), while motivation for abstinence as measured by the commitment to sobriety scale was similarly high for both the values clarification (M = 28.0) and control (M = 27.8, p = .642) groups. There were no group differences in delay discounting, the theorized mediator of these relationships. Taken together, these results suggest that even a brief values clarification exercise may increase self-efficacy for abstinence when added to early residential treatment for OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ameral
- Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA; VA Bedford Healthcare System, 200 Springs Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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6
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Scholten H, Scheres A, de Water E, Graf U, Granic I, Luijten M. Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 26:1803-1849. [PMID: 31270766 PMCID: PMC6863952 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-019-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In everyday decision-making, individuals make trade-offs between short-term and long-term benefits or costs. Depending on many factors, individuals may choose to wait for larger delayed reward, yet in other situations they may prefer the smaller, immediate reward. In addition to within-subject variation in the short-term versus long-term reward trade-off, there are also interindividual differences in delay discounting (DD), which have been shown to be quite stable. The extent to which individuals discount the value of delayed rewards turns out to be associated with important health and disorder-related outcomes: the more discounting, the more unhealthy or problematic choices. This has led to the hypothesis that DD can be conceptualized as trans-disease process. The current systematic review presents an overview of behavioral trainings and manipulations that have been developed to reduce DD in human participants aged 12 years or older. Manipulation studies mostly contain one session and measure DD directly after the manipulation. Training studies add a multiple session training component that is not per se related to DD, in between two DD task measurements. Ninety-eight studies (151 experiments) were identified that tested behavioral trainings and manipulations to decrease DD. Overall, results indicated that DD can be decreased, showing that DD is profoundly context dependent and changeable. Most promising avenues to pursue in future research seem to be acceptance-based/mindfulness-based trainings, and even more so manipulations involving a future orientation. Limitations and recommendations are discussed to identify the mechanistic processes that allow for changes in discount rate and behavior accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Scholten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uta Graf
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabela Granic
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ruglass LM, Root JC, Dambreville N, Shevorykin A, Haque N, Sun V, Sheffer CE, Melara RD. Smoking policies in the home have less influence on cigarettes per day and nicotine dependence level among African American than White smokers: A cross-sectional analysis. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:606-615. [PMID: 31375277 PMCID: PMC6925645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American smokers suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related disease caused, in part, by lower rates of smoking cessation. We examined whether smoke-free home policies and delay discounting were differentially associated with cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and nicotine dependence (ND) among African Americans and Whites. METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 65 African American (n = 40) and White (n = 25) smokers who completed measures of CPD, ND, tobacco craving, stress, depression, home smoking policy, and delay discounting. RESULTS A significant interaction was found between race and home smoking policy on CPD (B = -11.21, p = 0.002) and ND (B = -3.42, p = 0.004). Smoke-free policies in the home were associated with fewer CPD and lower ND levels among Whites, but not among African Americans. Whites who allowed smoking in their homes had significantly greater mean CPD and higher mean ND than their counterparts who did not allow smoking in the home. Among African American smokers, there were no differences in CPD and ND among those who allowed smoking in their home versus those who did not. CONCLUSIONS The findings extend the scientific literature by suggesting that a malleable environmental factor (home smoking policy) commonly associated with cessation among Whites does not have the same influence on cessation among African American.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia M Ruglass
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, USA.
| | - James C Root
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Naomi Dambreville
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York and the Graduate Center, CUNY, USA
| | - Alina Shevorykin
- Department of Psychology and Mental Health Counseling, Pace University, USA
| | - Noshin Haque
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Vicki Sun
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Robert D Melara
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, USA
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8
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Glantz MD. Addiction Models and the Challenge of Having Impact. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1823-1828. [PMID: 31237982 PMCID: PMC6722013 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meyer D Glantz
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Shevorykin A, Pittman JC, Bickel WK, O'Connor RJ, Malhotra R, Prashad N, Sheffer CE. Primed for Health: Future Thinking Priming Decreases Delay Discounting. HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND POLICY REVIEW 2019; 6:363-377. [PMID: 32671129 PMCID: PMC7363048 DOI: 10.14485/hbpr.6.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delay discounting, the propensity to devalue delayed rewards, has robust predictive validity for multiple health behaviors and is a new therapeutic target for health behavior change. Priming can influence behaviors in a predictable manner. We aimed to use the Future Thinking Priming task, administered remotely, to reliably decrease delay discounting rates. METHODS In this pre-post randomized control group design, participants completed multiple delay discounting measures at baseline; then, 2 weeks later, they were randomized to Future Thinking Priming or Neutral Priming conditions. We hypothesized that Future Thinking Priming would significantly decrease delay discounting rates accounting for baseline delay discounting rates and time in repeated measures analyses. RESULTS Participants randomized to Future Thinking Priming (N = 783) demonstrated significantly lower delay discounting rates post-intervention than those randomized to Neutral Priming (N = 747) on multiple delay discounting measures and magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS A single administration of Future Thinking Priming produces statistically reliable reductions in delay discounting rates. The task is brief, can be administered remotely, and is highly scalable. If found to support behavior change, the task might be disseminated broadly to enhance evidence-based behavior change interventions. Future research must determine optimal exposure patterns to support durable health behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Warren K Bickel
- Advanced Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
| | | | - Ria Malhotra
- City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY
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Peviani KM, Kahn RE, Maciejewski D, Bickel WK, Deater-Deckard K, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Intergenerational transmission of delay discounting: The mediating role of household chaos. J Adolesc 2019; 72:83-90. [PMID: 30875564 PMCID: PMC6450567 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a period when impulsive decision making may be especially vulnerable to environmental influences. Impulsive decision making is often assessed using a delay discounting paradigm, which measures the preference for smaller rewards sooner over larger rewards with a delay. Research is needed to clarify the relationship between parents' and adolescents' delay discounting and to identify related environmental processes that might facilitate the intergenerational transmission of delay discounting. The current prospective longitudinal study examined the competing mediating processes of household chaos and harsh parenting in the intergenerational transmission of delay discounting between parents and adolescents. METHODS Participants included 167 adolescents (mean age = 14.07 years at Time 1; 53% male) and their parents (mean age = 41.98 years at Time 1; 87% female) recruited from the southeast United States. Parents' delay discounting was collected at Time 1, and adolescents' delay discounting was collected both at Time 1 and at Time 3 via a computerized delay discounting task. Parents and adolescents reported household chaos and harsh parenting at Time 2. RESULTS A parallel mediation model indicated that parents' delay discounting at Time 1 indirectly predicted adolescents' delay discounting Time 3 residualized change scores (regressing Time 3 delay discounting onto baseline delay discounting) through household chaos but not through harsh parenting at Time 2. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of household chaos in facilitating the intergenerational transmission of delay discounting between parents and adolescents. Furthermore, our findings point to household chaos as a potential environmental target for interrupting intergenerational impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Peviani
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - Rachel E Kahn
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Dominique Maciejewski
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 135 Hicks Way/Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
| | - Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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11
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Sheffer CE, Prashad N, Lunden S, Malhotra R, O'Connor RJ. To smoke or not to smoke: Does delay discounting affect the proximal choice to smoke? Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1237-1246. [PMID: 30982388 PMCID: PMC6629040 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1528463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting rate shows robust predictive validity for tobacco use behaviors and is a new therapeutic target in the treatment of tobacco use. Identifying factors that influence relations between delay discounting and the choice to smoke cigarettes is key to the development of effective interventions that target delay discounting to reduce cigarette consumption. OBJECTIVE To examine relations between delay discounting, motivational factors, self-efficacy, nicotine dependence level, and the proximal choice to smoke in the context of other commonly rewarding activity choices. METHODS In this cross-sectional design, daily smokers (n = 480) from Amazon Mechanical Turk completed a questionnaire that assessed delay discounting rate; motivation, intention, and self-efficacy to quit smoking; nicotine dependence level, and the preference for immediately engaging in multiple commonly rewarding activities. We hypothesized that 1) greater motivation to quit would be associated with lower priority given to smoking; 2) the relation between delay discounting and the priority given to smoking would be mediated by motivation, self-efficacy, and nicotine dependence level. RESULTS Greater motivation to quit was significantly associated with a lower priority given to smoking. The relation between delay discounting and the priority given to smoking was marginally mediated by nicotine dependence level (p > .057). CONCLUSIONS Motivation to quit influences decision-making by impacting the prioritization of choices. Nicotine dependence is likely to mediate the relation between delay discounting and the choice to smoke. Interventions that target delay discounting to reduce cigarette consumption or prevent relapse need to account for motivation to quit and nicotine dependence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Sheffer
- a Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Neelam Prashad
- b The City University of New York Medical School , 160 Convent Ave, City College of New York , New York , New York , USA
| | - Sara Lunden
- b The City University of New York Medical School , 160 Convent Ave, City College of New York , New York , New York , USA
| | - Ria Malhotra
- b The City University of New York Medical School , 160 Convent Ave, City College of New York , New York , New York , USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- a Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton , Buffalo , New York , USA
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12
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Sheffer CE, Miller A, Bickel WK, Devonish JA, O'Connor RJ, Wang C, Rivard C, Gage-Bouchard EA. The treasure of now and an uncertain future: Delay discounting and health behaviors among cancer survivors. Cancer 2018; 124:4711-4719. [PMID: 30343494 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new therapeutic targets to improve health behaviors among cancer survivors (CS) is likely to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Delay discounting (DD) rate is the degree to which one devalues rewards as a function of time to receipt. Lower DD rates (ie, prioritizing long-term over immediate rewards) are associated with healthier behaviors. CS often experience distress and thoughts of early mortality that can potentially shift priorities to the present and negatively impact DD rates, especially when newly diagnosed. Understanding relations between DD and health behaviors among CS will contribute to the examination of DD as a therapeutic target for improving health behaviors for CS. METHOD CS (n = 1001) were recruited from a web panel and administered a web-based questionnaire. Multivariate models examined relations among DD rate, years since diagnosis, and 10 health behavior indicators. We hypothesized that 1) higher DD rates would be associated with fewer years since diagnosis, and 2) lower DD rates would be associated with healthier behaviors, moderated by years since diagnosis. RESULTS In general, higher DD rates were associated with fewer years since diagnosis. Higher DD rates were associated with more alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, other tobacco use, tanning booth use, and conversely, greater adherence to annual primary care visits. A significant interaction between DD rate and years since diagnosis was not found. CONCLUSION Lower DD rates are associated with several important healthy lifestyle behaviors. DD rate is a promising therapeutic target for new interventions to improve multiple health behaviors among CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin Miller
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | | | - Chong Wang
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Cheryl Rivard
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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13
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Hayes JF, Eichen DM, Barch DM, Wilfley DE. Executive function in childhood obesity: Promising intervention strategies to optimize treatment outcomes. Appetite 2018; 124:10-23. [PMID: 28554851 PMCID: PMC5702584 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity due to their role in self-regulatory processes that manage energy-balance behaviors. Children with obesity have well-documented deficits in EF, which may impede effectiveness of current, evidence-based treatments. This review examines top-down EF processes (e.g., inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility), as well as bottom-up automatic processes that interact with EFs (e.g., attentional bias, delay discounting) and their relation to weight-loss treatment success in children. It then evaluates EF-related interventions that may improve treatment response. Empirical studies that included an intervention purported to affect EF processes as well as pre-post measurements of EF and/or relative weight in populations ages 19 or younger with overweight/obesity were reviewed. Findings indicate that poorer EF may hinder treatment response. Moreover, there is preliminary evidence that behavioral weight loss intervention and physical activity may positively affect EF and that improvements in EF are related to enhanced weight loss. Finally, novel intervention strategies, such as computer training of core EFs, attention modification programs, and episodic future thinking, show promise in influencing both EFs and EF-related skills and weight. Further research is needed to provide more conclusive evidence of the efficacy of these interventions and additional applications and settings should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F Hayes
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - Dawn M Eichen
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0874, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
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14
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Abrantes AM, Zvolensky MJ. Tobacco demand, delay discounting, and smoking topography among smokers with and without psychopathology. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:247-253. [PMID: 28810196 PMCID: PMC5599347 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco demand (i.e., relative value attributed to a given reinforcer) and delay discounting (i.e., relative preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards) are two behavioral economic processes that are linked to the progression of problematic substance use. These processes have not been studied among those with psychopathology, a vulnerable group of smokers. The current study examined differences in tobacco demand and delay discounting, and their association with smoking topography among smokers with (n=43) and without (n=64) past-year psychopathology. METHOD Adult daily smokers (n=107,Mage=43.5; SD=9.7) participated in a study on "smoking behavior." Past-year psychological disorders were assessed via a clinician-administered diagnostic assessment. All subjects participated in an ad libitum smoking trial and then completed an assessment of delay discounting (Monetary Choice Questionnaire) and tobacco demand (Cigarette Purchase Task) approximately 45-60min post-smoking. RESULTS Smokers with psychopathology, compared to those without, had significantly higher demand intensity and maximum expenditure on tobacco (Omax), but did not differ on other demand indices or delay discounting. Smokers with psychopathology had shorter average inter-puff intervals and shorter time to cigarette completion than smokers without psychopathology. Tobacco demand and delay discounting measures were significantly intercorrelated among smokers with psychopathology, but not those without. Both behavioral economic measures were associated with specific aspects of smoking topography in smokers with psychopathology. DISCUSSION The association between tobacco demand and delay discounting is evident among smokers with psychopathology and both measures were most consistently related to smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA.
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