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Taylor-Cornejo E, Massery L. An active learning card game to teach microbial pathogenesis to undergraduate biology majors. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2024; 25:e0012123. [PMID: 38661400 PMCID: PMC11044619 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Interactive classroom activities are an effective way to reinforce knowledge and promote student engagement. In this paper, we introduce the Pathogenesis Card Game (PCG), an innovative card game that engages students in a battle between microbial pathogens and the host immune system. Each student is given a set of cards that consist of either common host defenses or common pathogen evasion strategies. In pairs, students play a host defense card versus a pathogenesis card. Host defense cards include neutralize (antibody production), eat (phagocytosis), and destroy (degranulation). Pathogenesis cards present evasive strategies including mimic (molecular mimicry), escape (hemolysin production), hide (polysaccharide capsule), block (antioxidant defense), cut (protease secretion), and disguise (antigenic variation). Students develop a mastery of microbial pathogenesis through active gameplay by deliberating the outcome of each unique host-pathogen interaction. Furthermore, they learn the role of cells in the immune system and how pathogens can evade these immune defenses. PCG was piloted in a 300-level introductory microbiology course for 22 undergraduate students, comprising primarily biology and nursing majors. Both quantitative and qualitative student evaluations of the activity strongly suggest that PCG is an engaging, effective, and useful way to teach microbial pathogenesis. This activity provides a 60-minute lesson plan and corresponding materials that can be used to facilitate the introduction of pathogenesis to a typical undergraduate microbiology course. PCG offers instructors a framework to teach microbial pathogenesis and gives students the opportunity to construct their own knowledge about pathogen immune evasion in an engaging and interactive way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Massery
- Department of Modern Languages (Spanish), Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, USA
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Windgassen T, Kruse N, Ferrer B, Du F, Kumar H, Silverman AP. Identification of bacterial protease domains that cleave human IgM. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 173:110366. [PMID: 38061198 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-degrading proteases are secreted by pathogenic bacteria to weaken the host immune response, contributing to immune evasion mechanisms during an infection. Proteases specific to IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes have previously been identified and characterized, and only a single report exists on a porcine specific IgM-degrading enzyme. It is unclear whether human pathogens also produce enzymes that can break down human IgM. Here, we have identified four novel IgM-degrading proteases from different genera of human-infecting bacterial pathogens. All four protease domains cleave human IgM at a conserved and unique site in the constant region of IgM. These human IgM proteases may be a useful biochemical tool for the study of early immune responses and have therapeutic potential in IgM-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki Kruse
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| | - Brian Ferrer
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Faye Du
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Hirdesh Kumar
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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Conca W, Saleh SM, Al-Rabiah R, Parhar RS, Abd-Elnaeim M, Al-Hindas H, Tinson A, Kroell KB, Liedl KR, Collison K, Kishore U, Al-Mohanna F. The immunoglobulin A isotype of the Arabian camel ( Camelus dromedarius) preserves the dualistic structure of unconventional single-domain and canonical heavy chains. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289769. [PMID: 38162642 PMCID: PMC10756906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolution of adaptive immunity in Camelidae resulted in the concurrent expression of classic heterotetrameric and unconventional homodimeric heavy chain-only IgG antibodies. Heavy chain-only IgG bears a single variable domain and lacks the constant heavy (CH) γ1 domain required for pairing with the light chain. It has not been reported whether this distinctive feature of IgG is also observed in the IgA isotype. Methods Gene-specific primers were used to generate an IgA heavy chain cDNA library derived from RNA extracted from the dromedary's third eyelid where isolated lymphoid follicles and plasma cells abound at inductive and effector sites, respectively. Results Majority of the cDNA clones revealed hallmarks of heavy chain-only antibodies, i.e. camelid-specific amino acid substitutions in framework region 1 and 2, broad length distribution of complementarity determining region 3, and the absence of the CHα1 domain. In a few clones, however, the cDNA of the canonical IgA heavy chain was amplified which included the CHα1 domain, analogous to CHγ1 domain in IgG1 subclass. Moreover, we noticed a short, proline-rich hinge, and, at the N-terminal end of the CHα3 domain, a unique, camelid-specific pentapeptide of undetermined function, designated as the inter-α region. Immunoblots using rabbit anti-camel IgA antibodies raised against CHα2 and CHα3 domains as well as the inter-α region revealed the expression of a ~52 kDa and a ~60 kDa IgA species, corresponding to unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chain, respectively, in the third eyelid, trachea, small and large intestine. In contrast, the leporine anti-CHα1 antibody detected canonical, but not unconventional IgA heavy chain, in all the examined tissues, milk, and serum, in addition to another hitherto unexplored species of ~45 kDa in milk and serum. Immunohistology using anti-CHα domain antibodies confirmed the expression of both variants of IgA heavy chains in plasma cells in the third eyelid's lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, tracheal and intestinal mucosa. Conclusion We found that in the dromedary, the IgA isotype has expanded the immunoglobulin repertoire by co-expressing unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chains, comparable to the IgG class, thus underscoring the crucial role of heavy chain-only antibodies not only in circulation but also at the mucosal frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Conca
- Department of Executive Health Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad M. Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Al-Rabiah
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Singh Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abd-Elnaeim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hussein Al-Hindas
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Tinson
- Management of Scientific Centers and Presidential Camels, Department of President’s Affairs, Hilli ET and Cloning Centre, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Klaus Roman Liedl
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kate Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bertrand Y, Sánchez-Montalvo A, Hox V, Froidure A, Pilette C. IgA-producing B cells in lung homeostasis and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117749. [PMID: 36936934 PMCID: PMC10014553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant Ig in mucosae where it plays key roles in host defense against pathogens and in mucosal immunoregulation. Whereas intense research has established the different roles of secretory IgA in the gut, its function has been much less studied in the lung. This review will first summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the distribution and phenotype of IgA+ B cells in the human lung in both homeostasis and disease. Second, it will analyze the studies looking at cellular and molecular mechanisms of homing and priming of IgA+ B cells in the lung, notably following immunization. Lastly, published data on observations related to IgA and IgA+ B cells in lung and airway disease such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or chronic rhinosinusitis, will be discussed. Collectively it provides the state-of-the-art of our current understanding of the biology of IgA-producing cells in the airways and identifies gaps that future research should address in order to improve mucosal protection against lung infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Bertrand
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alba Sánchez-Montalvo
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie Hox
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Charles Pilette,
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Okahashi N, Nakata M, Kuwata H, Kawabata S. Oral mitis group streptococci: A silent majority in our oral cavity. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:539-551. [PMID: 36114681 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the oral mitis group streptococci including Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii are the most abundant inhabitants of human oral cavity and dental plaque, and have been implicated in infectious complications such as bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Oral mitis group streptococci are genetically close to Streptococcus pneumoniae; however, they do not produce cytolysin (pneumolysin), which is a key virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. Similar to S. pneumoniae, oral mitis group streptococci possess several cell surface proteins that bind to the cell surface components of host mammalian cells. S. sanguinis expresses long filamentous pili that bind to the matrix proteins of host cells. The cell wall-anchored nuclease of S. sanguinis contributes to the evasion of the neutrophil extracellular trap by digesting its web-like extracellular DNA. Oral mitis group streptococci produce glucosyltransferases, which synthesize glucan (glucose polymer) from sucrose of dietary origin. Neuraminidase (NA) is a virulent factor in oral mitis group streptococci. Influenza type A virus (IAV) relies on viral NA activity to release progeny viruses from infected cells and spread the infection, and NA-producing oral streptococci elevate the risk of IAV infection. Moreover, oral mitis group streptococci produce hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) as a by-product of sugar metabolism. Although the concentrations of streptococcal H2 O2 are low (1-2 mM), they play important roles in bacterial competition in the oral cavity and evasion of phagocytosis by host macrophages and neutrophils. In this review, we intended to describe the diverse pathogenicity of oral mitis group streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Liu XY, Li J, Zhang Y, Fan L, Xia Y, Wu Y, Chen J, Zhao X, Gao Q, Xu B, Nie C, Li Z, Tong A, Wang W, Cai J. Kidney microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2143220. [PMID: 36369946 PMCID: PMC9662196 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2143220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes metabolic syndromes (e.g., hypertension); however, the patterns that drive hypertensive pathology and could be targeted for therapeutic intervention are unclear. We hypothesized that gut microbes might translocate to the kidney to trigger hypertension. We aimed to uncover their method of colonization, and thereby how to maintain blood pressure homeostasis. Using combined approaches based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence staining, electron microscopy analysis, bacterial cultures, species identification, and RNA-sequencing-based meta-transcriptomics, we first demonstrated the presence of bacteria within the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and its normotensive counterpart, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs), and patients with hypertension. Translocated renal bacteria were coated with secretory IgA (sIgA) or remained dormant in the L-form. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pn) was identified in the kidneys of germ-free (GF) mice following intestinal transplantation, which suggested an influx of gut bacteria into the kidneys. Renal bacterial taxa and their function are associated with hypertension. Hypertensive hosts showed increased richness in the pathobionts of their kidneys, which were partly derived from the gastrointestinal tract. We also demonstrated the indispensable role of bacterial IgA proteases in the translocation of live microbes. Furthermore, Tartary buckwheat dietary intervention reduced blood pressure and modulated the core renal flora-host ecosystem to near-normal states. Taken together, the unique patterns of viable and dormant bacteria in the kidney provide insight into the pathogenesis of non-communicable chronic diseases and cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., hypertension), and may lead to potential novel microbiota-targeted dietary therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,CONTACT Xin-Yu Liu State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yamei Zhang
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital &Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, P.R. China,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyun Fan
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Xia
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital &Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, P.R. China,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongyang Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC‐Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiannan Gao
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Proctology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital (Guang Ming), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunlai Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Jun Cai Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
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Harnessing Nasal Immunity with IgA to Prevent Respiratory Infections. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity is a primary checkpoint for the invasion of respiratory pathogens. Numerous pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, etc., can adhere/colonize nasal lining to trigger an infection. Secretory IgA (sIgA) serves as the first line of immune defense against foreign pathogens. sIgA facilitates clearance of pathogenic microbes by intercepting their access to epithelial receptors and mucus entrapment through immune exclusion. Elevated levels of neutralizing IgA at the mucosal surfaces are associated with a high level of protection following intranasal immunizations. This review summarizes recent advances in intranasal vaccination technology and challenges in maintaining nominal IgA levels at the mucosal surface. Overall, the review emphasizes the significance of IgA-mediated nasal immunity, which holds a tremendous potential to mount protection against respiratory pathogens.
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Blackburn JB, Schaff JA, Gutor S, Du RH, Nichols D, Sherrill T, Gutierrez AJ, Xin MK, Wickersham N, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Ware LB, Banovich NE, Kropski JA, Blackwell TS, Richmond BW. Secretory Cells Are the Primary Source of pIgR in Small Airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:334-345. [PMID: 35687143 PMCID: PMC9447142 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0548oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of secretory IgA (SIgA) is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) small airways and likely contributes to disease progression. We hypothesized that loss of SIgA results from reduced expression of pIgR (polymeric immunoglobulin receptor), a chaperone protein needed for SIgA transcytosis, in the COPD small airway epithelium. pIgR-expressing cells were defined and quantified at single-cell resolution in human airways using RNA in situ hybridization, immunostaining, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Complementary studies in mice used immunostaining, primary murine tracheal epithelial cell culture, and transgenic mice with secretory or ciliated cell-specific knockout of pIgR. SIgA degradation by human neutrophil elastase or secreted bacterial proteases from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae was evaluated in vitro. We found that secretory cells are the predominant cell type responsible for pIgR expression in human and murine airways. Loss of SIgA in small airways was not associated with a reduction in secretory cells but rather a reduction in pIgR protein expression despite intact PIGR mRNA expression. Neutrophil elastase and nontypeable H. influenzae-secreted proteases are both capable of degrading SIgA in vitro and may also contribute to a deficient SIgA immunobarrier in COPD. Loss of the SIgA immunobarrier in small airways of patients with severe COPD is complex and likely results from both pIgR-dependent defects in IgA transcytosis and SIgA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Blackburn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Jacob A. Schaff
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Sergey Gutor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Rui-Hong Du
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - David Nichols
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Taylor Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Matthew K. Xin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Nancy Wickersham
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Yong Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University–St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University–St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bradley W. Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Highly Similar Sequences of Mature IgA1 Proteases from Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070734. [PMID: 35889980 PMCID: PMC9315783 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature serine-type IgA1 protease from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain H44/76 (IgA1pr1_28-1004) is considered here as the basis for creating a candidate vaccine against meningococcal meningitis. In this work, we examine the primary structure similarity of IgA1 proteases from various strains of a number of Gram-negative bacteria (N. meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae) in order to find a structural groundwork for creating a broad-spectrum vaccine based on fragments of this enzyme. BLAST has shown high similarity between the primary structure of IgA1pr1_28-1004 and hypothetical sequences of mature IgA1 proteases from N. meningitidis (in 1060 out of 1061 examined strains), N. gonorrhoeae (in all 602 examined strains) and H. influenzae (in no less than 137 out of 521 examined strains). For these enzymes, common regions of sequence correspond to IgA1pr1_28-1004 fragments 28-84, 146-193, 253-539, 567-628, 639-795 and 811-1004, with identity of at least 85%. We believe that these fragments can be used in the development of a vaccine to prevent diseases caused by pathogenic strains of N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae as well as a significant number of strains of H. influenzae.
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Calvo-Lerma J, Bueno-Llamoga P, Bäuerl C, Cortés-Macias E, Selma-Royo M, Pérez-Cano F, Lerin C, Martínez-Costa C, Collado MC. Persistence of Anti SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breast Milk from Infected and Vaccinated Women after In Vitro-Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102117. [PMID: 35631258 PMCID: PMC9147794 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is key for infant development and growth. Breast milk contains different bioactive compounds including antibodies. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of breast milk SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after maternal infection and vaccination. However, the potential impact on the infant has not been explored yet. As a first step, we aimed at assessing the potential persistence of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG antibodies from infected and vaccinated women in the gastrointestinal tract of the infants by means of an in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion approach. Breast milk samples from 10 lactating women receiving mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (n = 5 with BNT162b2 mRNA and n = 5 with mRNA-1273) and also, COVID-19 infected (n = 5) were included. A control group with women with no exposure to the virus (n = 10 pre-pandemic) were also studied. The presence of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels was determined by ELISA after the gastric and intestinal stages. The impact of digested antibodies on infant gut microbiota was tested by simulating colonic fermentation with two different fecal inoculums: infants from vaccinated and non-vaccinated mothers. Specific gut microbial groups were tested by targeted qPCR. In vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion significantly decreased the levels of both anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG. However, both remained resistant in all the study groups except in that evaluating breast milk samples from infected women, in which IgG was degraded below the cut-off values in the intestinal phase. No effect of the antibodies on microbiota were identified after digestion. In conclusion, antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 are reduced after in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal tract but remain present, so a positive biological effect could be expected from this infant immunization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Calvo-Lerma
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.-L.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Pierre Bueno-Llamoga
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Christine Bäuerl
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Erika Cortés-Macias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Francisco Pérez-Cano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Institute of Research in Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Lerin
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Cecilia Martínez-Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Valencia, Spain;
- Nutrition Research Group of INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.-L.); (M.C.C.)
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11
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Mehanny M, Kroniger T, Koch M, Hoppstädter J, Becher D, Kiemer AK, Lehr C, Fuhrmann G. Yields and Immunomodulatory Effects of Pneumococcal Membrane Vesicles Differ with the Bacterial Growth Phase. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101151. [PMID: 34724354 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a leading cause of death worldwide. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are promising vaccine candidates because of the antigenic components of their parent microorganisms. Pneumococcal MVs exhibit low toxicity towards several cell lines, but their clinical translation requires a high yield and strong immunogenic effects without compromising immune cell viability. MVs are isolated during either the stationary phase (24 h) or death phase (48 h), and their yields, immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in human primary macrophages and dendritic cells have been investigated. Death-phase vesicles showed higher yields than stationary-phase vesicles. Both vesicle types displayed acceptable compatibility with primary immune cells and several cell lines. Both vesicle types showed comparable uptake and enhanced release of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, from human primary immune cells. Proteomic analysis revealed similarities in vesicular immunogenic proteins such as pneumolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A, and IgA1 protease in both vesicle types, but stationary-phase MVs showed significantly lower autolysin levels than death-phase MVs. Although death-phase vesicles produced higher yields, they lacked superiority to stationary-phase vesicles as vaccine candidates owing to their similar antigenic protein cargo and comparable uptake into primary human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mehanny
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Tobias Kroniger
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes Department of Microbial Proteomics Institute of Microbiology University Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2.2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes Department of Microbial Proteomics Institute of Microbiology University Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Drug Delivery Department Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Pharmaceutical Biology Department Biology Staudtstr. 5 Erlangen 91058 Germany
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12
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Anuntakarun S, Sawaswong V, Jitvaropas R, Praianantathavorn K, Poomipak W, Suputtamongkol Y, Chirathaworn C, Payungporn S. Comparative genome characterization of Leptospira interrogans from mild and severe leptospirosis patients. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e31. [PMID: 34638178 PMCID: PMC8510873 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In Thailand, Leptospira interrogans is a major cause of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis patients present with a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic, mild infections to severe illness involving organ failure. For better understanding the difference between Leptospira isolates causing mild and severe leptospirosis, illumina sequencing was used to sequence genomic DNA in both serotypes. DNA of Leptospira isolated from two patients, one with mild and another with severe symptoms, were included in this study. The paired-end reads were removed adapters and trimmed with Q30 score using Trimmomatic. Trimmed reads were constructed to contigs and scaffolds using SPAdes. Cross-contamination of scaffolds was evaluated by ContEst16s. Prokka tool for bacterial annotation was used to annotate sequences from both Leptospira isolates. Predicted amino acid sequences from Prokka were searched in EggNOG and David gene ontology database to characterize gene ontology. In addition, Leptospira from mild and severe patients, that passed the criteria e-value < 10e-5 from blastP against virulence factor database, were used to analyze with Venn diagram. From this study, we found 13 and 12 genes that were unique in the isolates from mild and severe patients, respectively. The 12 genes in the severe isolate might be virulence factor genes that affect disease severity. However, these genes should be validated in further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtham Anuntakarun
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungrat Jitvaropas
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Witthaya Poomipak
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yupin Suputtamongkol
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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13
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Zhigis LS, Kotelnikova OV, Zinchenko AA, Karlinsky DM, Prokopenko YA, Rumsh LD. IgA1 Protease as a Vaccine Basis for Prevention of Bacterial Meningitis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202104021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The review covers the study of the protective properties of IgA1 protease and the possibility of creating a vaccine preparation for the prevention of bacterial meningitis of various origins on its basis. Bacterial meningitis belongs to the group of socially dangerous diseases and is characterized by a severe course, numerous complications and high mortality. The approaches used at present in world practice to create antimicrobial vaccines are based on a narrow targeting against a specific pathogen. The development of a monocomponent vaccine against a wide range of bacterial pathogens with a common virulence factor is still relevant. IgA1 protease, a protein that is one of the main virulence factors of a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, can serve as such an antigen. Bacterial IgA1 protease is uniquely specific for immunoglobulins A1 (IgA1), cleaving peptide bonds in the hinge regions of the IgA1 in humans and other higher primates. Bacteria, getting on the mucous membrane, destroy IgA1, which acts as the first barrier to protect the body from infections. Neutralization of IgA1 protease at this stage can become an obstacle to the development of infection, hindering the adhesion of a number of pathogens that produce this protein. The data available in the literature on the mechanism of antibacterial protection are scattered and ambiguous. The review considers the literature data and the results of our own experiments on the protective activity of IgA1 protease. We have shown that the recombinant meningococcal IgA1 protease and some of its fragments protect mice from infection with a live virulent culture not only of meningococci of the main epidemic serogroups (A, B, C, and W135), but also of some of the most common virulent pneumococcal serotypes. The data obtained indicate the possibility of creating a monocomponent vaccine against these and, possibly, other bacterial infections. Currently, significant progress has been made in studying the structure and functions of secreted proteins in the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. In this review we describe protein translocation systems of N. meningitidis, which are related to the secretion of proteins in these bacteria, and also present modern data on the functions of these proteins. Analysis of experimental data on the structure of IgA1 protease of N. meningitidis and the formation of immunity during vaccination is of key importance in the development of prophylactic preparations.
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14
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Ghosh S, Das S, Mukherjee J, Abdullah S, Mondal R, Sultana S, Sehgal A, Behl T. Enumerating the role of properdin in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and its possible therapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107429. [PMID: 33571820 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has become the most prevalent form of glomerulonephritis affecting almost 1.3% of the total population worldwide. It is an autoimmune disorder where the host autoantibody forms an immune complex with the defective galactose-deficient IgA1 and gets deposited at the mesangium and endocapillary region of glomeruli. IgA has the capability to activate alternative and lectin complement cascades which even aggravates the condition. Properdin is directly associated with IgAN by activating and stabilising the alternative complement pathway at the mesangium, thereby causing progressive renal damage. OBJECTIVE The present review mainly focuses on correlating the influence of properdin in activating the complement cascade at glomeruli which is the major cause of disease exacerbation. Secondly, we have described the probable therapies and new targets that are under trials to check their efficacy in IgAN. METHODS An in-depth research was carried out from different peer-reviewed articles till December 2020 from several renowned databases like PubMed, Frontier, and MEDLINE, and the information was analysed and written in a simplified manner. RESULTS Co-deposition of properdin is observed along with IgA and C3 in 75%-100% of the patients. It is not yet fully understood whether properdin inhibition can attenuate IgAN, as many conflicting reports have revealed worsening of IgAN after impeding properdin. CONCLUSION With no specific cure still available, the treatment strategies are of great concern to find a better target to restrict the disease progression. More research and clinical trials are required to find out a prominent target to combat IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Ghosh
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Srijita Das
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Joy Mukherjee
- Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly 712102, West Bengal, India
| | - Salik Abdullah
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupsa Mondal
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Shirin Sultana
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India.
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15
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García López E, Martín-Galiano AJ. The Versatility of Opportunistic Infections Caused by Gemella Isolates Is Supported by the Carriage of Virulence Factors From Multiple Origins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 32296407 PMCID: PMC7136413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the pathogenesis of the opportunistic invasive infections caused by isolates of the Gemella genus remains largely unknown. Moreover, inconsistencies in the current species assignation were detected after genome-level comparison of 16 public Gemella isolates. A literature search detected that, between the two most pathogenic species, Gemella morbillorum causes about twice the number of cases compared to Gemella haemolysans. These two species shared their mean diseases - sepsis and endocarditis - but differed in causing other syndromes. A number of well-known virulence factors were harbored by all species, such as a manganese transport/adhesin sharing 83% identity from oral endocarditis-causing streptococci. Likewise, all Gemellae carried the genes required for incorporating phosphorylcholine into their cell walls and encoded some choline-binding proteins. In contrast, other proteins were species-specific, which may justify the known epidemiological differences. G. haemolysans, but not G. morbillorum, harbor a gene cluster potentially encoding a polysaccharidic capsule. Species-specific surface determinants also included Rib and MucBP repeats, hemoglobin-binding NEAT domains, peptidases of C5a complement factor and domains that recognize extracellular matrix molecules exposed in damaged heart valves, such as collagen and fibronectin. Surface virulence determinants were associated with several taxonomically dispersed opportunistic genera of the oral microbiota, such as Granulicatella, Parvimonas, and Streptococcus, suggesting the existence of a horizontally transferrable gene reservoir in the oral environment, likely facilitated by close proximity in biofilms and ultimately linked to endocarditis. The identification of the Gemella virulence pool should be implemented in whole genome-based protocols to rationally predict the pathogenic potential in ongoing clinical infections caused by these poorly known bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto García López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martín-Galiano
- Intrahospital Infections Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain
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16
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Davis SK, Selva KJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Serum IgA Fc effector functions in infectious disease and cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:276-286. [PMID: 31785006 PMCID: PMC7217208 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A is the most abundant antibody isotype present at mucosal surfaces and the second most abundant in human serum. In addition to preventing pathogen entry at mucosal surfaces, IgA can control and eradicate bacterial and viral infections through a variety of antibody‐mediated innate effector cell mechanisms. The role of mucosal IgA in infection (e.g. neutralization) and in inflammatory homeostasis (e.g. allergy and autoimmunity) has been extensively investigated; by contrast, serum IgA is comparatively understudied. IgA binding to fragment crystallizable alpha receptor plays a dual role in the activation and inhibition of innate effector cell functions. Mounting evidence suggests that serum IgA induces potent effector functions against various bacterial and some viral infections including Neisseria meningitidis and rotavirus. Furthermore, in the era of immunotherapy, serum IgA provides an interesting alternative to classical IgG monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer and infectious pathogens. Here we discuss the role of serum IgA in infectious diseases with reference to bacterial and viral infections and the potential for IgA as a monoclonal antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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de Sousa-Pereira P, Woof JM. IgA: Structure, Function, and Developability. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040057. [PMID: 31817406 PMCID: PMC6963396 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms. Such sites present a major site of susceptibility due to their vast surface area and their constant exposure to ingested and inhaled material. The importance of IgA to effective immune defence is signalled by the fact that more IgA is produced than all the other immunoglobulin classes combined. Indeed, IgA is not just the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites, but is also present at significant concentrations in serum. The unique structural features of the IgA heavy chain allow IgA to polymerise, resulting in mainly dimeric forms, along with some higher polymers, in secretions. Both serum IgA, which is principally monomeric, and secretory forms of IgA are capable of neutralising and removing pathogens through a range of mechanisms, including triggering the IgA Fc receptor known as FcαRI or CD89 on phagocytes. The effectiveness of these elimination processes is highlighted by the fact that various pathogens have evolved mechanisms to thwart such IgA-mediated clearance. As the structure–function relationships governing the varied capabilities of this immunoglobulin class come into increasingly clear focus, and means to circumvent any inherent limitations are developed, IgA-based monoclonal antibodies are set to emerge as new and potent options in the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382-383389
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18
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Ayalew S, Murdock BK, Snider TA, Confer AW. Mannheimia haemolytica IgA-specific proteases. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108487. [PMID: 31767097 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica colonizes the nasopharynx of cattle and can cause severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia. IgA proteases are metalloendopeptidases released by bacteria that cleave IgA, enhancing colonization of mucosa. The objectives of these studies were to characterize M. haemolytica IgA1 and IgA2 proteases in vitro and in silico, to clone and sequence the genes for these proteases, and to demonstrate immunogenicity of components of the entire IgA protease molecule. Both IgA protease genes were cloned, expressed, and sequenced. Sequences were compared to other published sequences. Components were used to immunize mice to determine immunogenicity. Sera from healthy cattle and cattle that recovered from respiratory disease were examined for antibodies to IgA proteases. In order to assay the cleavage of bovine IgA with IgA1 protease, M. haemolytica culture supernatant was incubated with bovine IgA. Culture supernatant cleaved purified bovine IgA in the presence of ZnCl2. Both IgA proteases contain three domains, 1) IgA peptidase, 2) PL1_Passenger_AT and 3) autotransporter. IgA1 and IgA2 peptidases have molecular weights of 96.5 and 87 kDa, respectively. Convalescent bovine sera with naturally high anti-M. haemolytica antibody titers had high antibodies against all IgA1 & IgA2 protease components. Mouse immunizations indicated high antibodies to the IgA peptidases and autotransporters but not to PL1_Passenger_AT. These data indicate that M. haemolytica produces two IgA proteases that are immunogenic, can cleave bovine IgA, and are produced in vivo, as evidenced by antibodies in convalescent bovine sera. Further studies could focus on IgA protease importance in pathogenesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahlu Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA
| | - Betsy K Murdock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA
| | - Anthony W Confer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA.
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19
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Mannheimia haemolytica in bovine respiratory disease: immunogens, potential immunogens, and vaccines. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 19:79-99. [PMID: 30683173 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica is the major cause of severe pneumonia in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Early M. haemolytica bacterins were either ineffective or even enhanced disease in vaccinated cattle, which led to studies of the bacterium's virulence factors and potential immunogens to determine ways to improve vaccines. Studies have focused on the capsule, lipopolysaccharide, various adhesins, extracellular enzymes, outer membrane proteins, and leukotoxin (LKT) resulting in a strong database for understanding immune responses to the bacterium and production of more efficacious vaccines. The importance of immunity to LKT and to surface antigens in stimulating immunity led to studies of individual native or recombinant antigens, bacterial extracts, live-attenuated or mutant organisms, culture supernatants, combined bacterin-toxoids, outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial ghosts. Efficacy of several of these potential vaccines can be shown following experimental M. haemolytica challenge; however, efficacy in field trials is harder to determine due to the complexity of factors and etiologic agents involved in naturally occurring BRD. Studies of potential vaccines have led current commercial vaccines, which are composed primarily of culture supernatant, bacterin-toxoid, or live mutant bacteria. Several of those can be augmented experimentally by addition of recombinant LKT or outer membrane proteins.
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20
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Paukovich N, Redzic JS, Chi YC, Rahkola JT, Issaian A, Blue A, Hansen KC, Janoff EN, Eisenmesser EZ. Streptococcus pneumoniae G5 domains bind different ligands. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1797-1805. [PMID: 31390088 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens express small G5 domains that exist in the context of various membrane-anchored proteins and these G5 domains have been associated with colonization, cellular adhesion, and biofilm formation. However, despite over a decade since the computational prediction of these G5 domains, many remain uncharacterized, particularly those from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Of five previously predicted G5 domains we found that four of these, all derived from S. pneumoniae, are independently folded modules. As one of these exhibits extreme line broadening due to self-association, we were able to use NMR solution studies to probe the potential ligand interactions of the remaining three G5 domains. None of these G5 domains engage N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) as previously predicted but do interact with other small molecules that may modulate adherence to both bacteria and host cells. Specifically, while all G5 domains tested engage Zn, only one of these G5 domains engage heparin. NMR solution structural studies of the IgA1 Protease G5 (IgA1P-G5) and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase-D G5 (ENDD-G5) also facilitated identification of the ligand binding sites and confirm the typical G5 fold that comprises two connected β-sheets with no canonical core. NMR relaxation experiments indicate flexibility on both ends and within the connecting regions between the β-sheets. Our studies thus establish a basis for future biological experiments to test whether the ligands presented here are involved in bacterial adherence, either to bacteria or to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasia Paukovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jasmina S Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ying-Chih Chi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeremy T Rahkola
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC) & Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aaron Issaian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ashley Blue
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC) & Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elan Z Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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21
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Intranasal Immunization with the Commensal Streptococcus mitis Confers Protective Immunity against Pneumococcal Lung Infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02235-18. [PMID: 30683742 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen that causes various diseases of public health concern worldwide. Current pneumococcal vaccines target the capsular polysaccharide surrounding the cells. However, only up to 13 of more than 90 pneumococcal capsular serotypes are represented in the current conjugate vaccines. In this study, we used two experimental approaches to evaluate the potential of Streptococcus mitis, a commensal that exhibits immune cross-reactivity with S. pneumoniae, to confer protective immunity to S. pneumoniae lung infection in mice. First, we assessed the immune response and protective effect of wild-type S. mitis against lung infection by S. pneumoniae strains D39 (serotype 2) and TIGR4 (serotype 4). Second, we examined the ability of an S. mitis mutant expressing the S. pneumoniae type 4 capsule (S. mitis TIGR4cps) to elicit focused protection against S. pneumoniae TIGR4. Our results showed that intranasal immunization of mice with S. mitis produced significantly higher levels of serum IgG and IgA antibodies reactive to both S. mitis and S. pneumoniae, as well as enhanced production of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), but not gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-4, compared with control mice. The immunization resulted in a reduced bacterial load in respiratory tissues following lung infection with S. pneumoniae TIGR4 or D39 compared with control mice. With S. mitis TIGR4cps, protection upon challenge with S. pneumoniae TIGR4 was superior. Thus, these findings show the potential of S. mitis to elicit natural serotype-independent protection against two pneumococcal serotypes and to provide the benefits of the well-recognized protective effect of capsule-targeting vaccines.IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae causes various diseases worldwide. Current pneumococcal vaccines protect against a limited number of more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes, accentuating the urgent need to develop novel prophylactic strategies. S. pneumoniae and the commensal Streptococcus mitis share immunogenic characteristics that make S. mitis an attractive vaccine candidate against S. pneumoniae In this study, we evaluated the potential of S. mitis and its mutant expressing pneumococcal capsule type 4 (S. mitis TIGR4cps) to induce protection against S. pneumoniae lung infection in mice. Our findings show that intranasal vaccination with S. mitis protects against S. pneumoniae strains D39 (serotype 2) and TIGR4 (serotype 4) in a serotype-independent fashion, which is associated with enhanced antibody and T cell responses. Furthermore, S. mitis TIGR4cps conferred additional protection against S. pneumoniae TIGR4, but not against D39. The findings highlight the potential of S. mitis to generate protection that combines both serotype-independent and serotype-specific responses.
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Kotelnikova O, Alliluev A, Zinchenko A, Zhigis L, Prokopenko Y, Nokel E, Razgulyaeva O, Zueva V, Tokarskaya M, Yastrebova N, Gordeeva E, Melikhova T, Kaliberda E, Rumsh L. Protective potency of recombinant meningococcal IgA1 protease and its structural derivatives upon animal invasion with meningococcal and pneumococcal infections. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:336-340. [PMID: 30797878 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of mice with recombinant IgA1 protease of Neisseria meningitidis or several structural derivatives thereof protects the animals infected with a variety of deadly pathogens, including N. meningitidis serogroups A, B, and C and 3 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia. In sera of rabbits immunized with inactivated pneumococcal cultures, antibodies binding IgA1-protease from N. meningitidis serogroup B were detected. Thus, the cross-reactive protection against meningococcal and pneumococcal infections has been demonstrated in vivo. Presumably it indicates the presence of common epitopes in the N. meningitidis IgA1 protease and S. pneumoniae surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kotelnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander Alliluev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, ul. Novogireevskaya 3a, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - Alexei Zinchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Larisa Zhigis
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Yuri Prokopenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Elena Nokel
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Razgulyaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Vera Zueva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Marina Tokarskaya
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Malyi Kazennyi per. 5a, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Natalia Yastrebova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Malyi Kazennyi per. 5a, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Elena Gordeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Tatyana Melikhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Elena Kaliberda
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Lev Rumsh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Liu J, Fu Z, Hellman L, Svärd SG. Cleavage specificity of recombinant Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases: Degradation of immunoglobulins and defensins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 227:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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CpaA Is a Glycan-Specific Adamalysin-like Protease Secreted by Acinetobacter baumannii That Inactivates Coagulation Factor XII. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01606-18. [PMID: 30563903 PMCID: PMC6299215 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01606-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-related bacteremia are the most common and severe infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Besides the capsule, lipopolysaccharides, and the outer membrane porin OmpA, little is known about the contribution of secreted proteins to A. baumannii survival in vivo. Here we focus on CpaA, a potentially recently acquired virulence factor that inhibits blood coagulation in vitro. We identify coagulation factor XII as a target of CpaA, map the cleavage sites, and show that glycosylation is a prerequisite for CpaA-mediated inactivation of factor XII. We propose adding CpaA to a small, but growing list of bacterial proteases that are specific for highly glycosylated components of the host defense system. Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is increasingly recognized as a cause of difficult-to-treat nosocomial infections, including pneumonia, wound infections, and bacteremia. Previous studies have demonstrated that the metalloprotease CpaA contributes to virulence and prolongs clotting time when added to human plasma as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay. Here, we show that CpaA interferes with the intrinsic coagulation pathway, also called the contact activation system, in human as well as murine plasma, but has no discernible effect on the extrinsic pathway. By utilizing a modified aPTT assay, we demonstrate that coagulation factor XII (fXII) is a target of CpaA. In addition, we map the cleavage by CpaA to two positions, 279-280 and 308-309, within the highly glycosylated proline-rich region of human fXII, and show that cleavage at the 308-309 site is responsible for inactivation of fXII. At both sites, cleavage occurs between proline and an O-linked glycosylated threonine, and deglycosylation of fXII prevents cleavage by CpaA. Consistent with this, mutant fXII (fXII-Thr309Lys) from patients with hereditary angioedema type III (HAEIII) is protected from CpaA inactivation. This raises the possibility that individuals with HAEIII who harbor this mutation may be partially protected from A. baumannii infection if CpaA contributes to human disease. By inactivating fXII, CpaA may attenuate important antimicrobial defense mechanisms such as intravascular thrombus formation, thus allowing A. baumannii to disseminate.
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Wang H, Zhong X, Li J, Zhu M, Wang L, Ji X, Fan J, Wang L. Cloning and Expression of H. influenzae 49247 IgA Protease in E. coli. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:134-140. [PMID: 29318516 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
IgA protease is secreted by various mucosal pathogenic bacteria which can cleave human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in its hinge region. In addition to be considered as a virulence factor, it's reported that IgA protease can also be used for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) treatment. Our previous study identified bacteria H. influenzae 49247 expressed high activity of IgA protease with promised application in IgAN therapy. In this study, we cloned the IgA protease gene of H. influenzae 49247 with degenerate primers. Alignment analysis indicated that H. influenzae 49247 IgA protease showed unique DNA and amino acid sequence but with typical endopeptidase domain and beta transporter domain compared with known IgA proteases from the same species. To facilitate expression and purification, the H. influenzae 49247 IgA protease gene was sub-cloned into the pET28-A(+) vector with insertion of a 6xHis tag downstream of the endopeptidase domain and upstream of the potential autocleavage site. The recombined IgA protease can be constitutively expressed in E. coli and secreted into the culture medium. With a simple nickel affinity binding, the secreted IgA protease can be purified with high purity (95%) and a molecular weight of about 130 kDa. The identity of the IgA protease was validated by the presence of 6xHis tag in the purified protein by western blotting and its ability to cleave human IgA1 molecule. Collectively, the successful cloning, expression and purification of H. influenzae 49247 IgA protease will augment its therapeutic study in IgAN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Menglian Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingli Ji
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Zinchenko AA, Kotelnikova OV, Gordeeva EA, Prokopenko YA, Razgulyaeva OA, Serova OV, Melikhova TD, Nokel EA, Zhigis LS, Zueva VS, Alliluev AP, Rumsh LD. Immunogenic and Protective Properties of Neisseria meningitidis IgA1 Protease and of Its Truncated Fragments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Genomic, Network, and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Oomycete Effector Arsenal. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00408-17. [PMID: 29202039 PMCID: PMC5700374 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00408-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycetes are a class of microscopic, filamentous eukaryotes and include ecologically significant animal and plant pathogens. Oomycetes secrete large arsenals of effector proteins that degrade host cell components, manipulate host immune responses, and induce necrosis, enabling parasitic colonization. In this study, we catalogued the number and evolution of effectors in 37 oomycete species whose genomes have been completely sequenced. Large expansions of effector protein families in Phytophthora species, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinases, and necrosis-inducing proteins, were observed. Species-specific expansions were detected, including chitinases in Aphanomyces astaci and Pythium oligandrum. Novel effectors which may be involved in suppressing animal immune responses were identified in Ap. astaci and Py. oligandrum. Type 2 necrosis-inducing proteins with an unusual phylogenetic history were also located. This work represents an up-to-date in silico catalogue of the effector arsenal of the oomycetes based on the 37 genomes currently available. The oomycetes are a class of microscopic, filamentous eukaryotes within the stramenopiles-alveolate-Rhizaria (SAR) supergroup and include ecologically significant animal and plant pathogens. Oomycetes secrete large arsenals of effector proteins that degrade host cell components, manipulate host immune responses, and induce necrosis, enabling parasitic colonization. This study investigated the expansion and evolution of effectors in 37 oomycete species in 4 oomycete orders, including Albuginales, Peronosporales, Pythiales, and Saprolegniales species. Our results highlight the large expansions of effector protein families, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinases, and necrosis-inducing proteins, in Phytophthora species. Species-specific expansions, including expansions of chitinases in Aphanomyces astaci and Pythium oligandrum, were detected. Novel effectors which may be involved in suppressing animal immune responses in Ap. astaci and Py. insidiosum were also identified. Type 2 necrosis-inducing proteins with an unusual phylogenetic history were also located in a number of oomycete species. We also investigated the "RxLR" effector complement of all 37 species and, as expected, observed large expansions in Phytophthora species numbers. Our results provide in-depth sequence information on all putative RxLR effectors from all 37 species. This work represents an up-to-date in silico catalogue of the effector arsenal of the oomycetes based on the 37 genomes currently available. IMPORTANCE The oomycetes are a class of microscopic, filamentous eukaryotes and include ecologically significant animal and plant pathogens. Oomycetes secrete large arsenals of effector proteins that degrade host cell components, manipulate host immune responses, and induce necrosis, enabling parasitic colonization. In this study, we catalogued the number and evolution of effectors in 37 oomycete species whose genomes have been completely sequenced. Large expansions of effector protein families in Phytophthora species, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinases, and necrosis-inducing proteins, were observed. Species-specific expansions were detected, including chitinases in Aphanomyces astaci and Pythium oligandrum. Novel effectors which may be involved in suppressing animal immune responses were identified in Ap. astaci and Py. oligandrum. Type 2 necrosis-inducing proteins with an unusual phylogenetic history were also located. This work represents an up-to-date in silico catalogue of the effector arsenal of the oomycetes based on the 37 genomes currently available.
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Redesigning of Microbial Cell Surface and Its Application to Whole-Cell Biocatalysis and Biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:396-418. [PMID: 29168153 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface display technology can redesign cell surfaces with functional proteins and peptides to endow cells some unique features. Foreign peptides or proteins are transported out of cells and immobilized on cell surface by fusing with anchoring proteins, which is an effective solution to avoid substance transfer limitation, enzyme purification, and enzyme instability. As the most frequently used prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein surface display system, bacterial and yeast surface display systems have been widely applied in vaccine, biocatalysis, biosensor, bioadsorption, and polypeptide library screening. In this review of bacterial and yeast surface display systems, different cell surface display mechanisms and their applications in biocatalysis as well as biosensors are described with their strengths and shortcomings. In addition to single enzyme display systems, multi-enzyme co-display systems are presented here. Finally, future developments based on our and other previous reports are discussed.
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29
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Jackson LA, Day M, Allen J, Scott E, Dyer DW. Iron-regulated small RNA expression as Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA 1090 transitions into stationary phase growth. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:317. [PMID: 28431495 PMCID: PMC5399841 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For most pathogens, iron (Fe) homeostasis is crucial for maintenance within the host and the ability to cause disease. The primary transcriptional regulator that controls intracellular Fe levels is the Fur (ferric uptake regulator) protein, which exerts its action on transcription by binding to a promoter-proximal sequence termed the Fur box. Fur-regulated transcriptional responses are often fine-tuned at the post-transcriptional level through the action of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs). Consequently, identifying sRNAs contributing to the control of Fe homeostasis is important for understanding the Fur-controlled bacterial Fe-response network. RESULTS In this study, we sequenced size-selected directional libraries representing sRNA samples from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain FA 1090, and examined the Fe- and temporal regulation of these sRNAs. RNA-seq data for all time points identified a pool of at least 340 potential sRNAs. Differential analysis demonstrated that expression appeared to be regulated by Fe availability for at least fifteen of these sRNAs. Fourteen sRNAs were induced in high Fe conditions, consisting of both cis and trans sRNAs, some of which are predicted to control expression of a known virulence factor, and one SAM riboswitch. An additional putative cis-acting sRNA was repressed by Fe availability. In the pathogenic Neisseria species, one sRNA that contributes to Fe-regulated post-transcriptional control is the Fur-repressible sRNA NrrF. The expression of five Fe-induced sRNAs appeared to be at least partially controlled by NrrF, while the remainder was expressed independently of NrrF. The expression of the 14 Fe-induced sRNAs also exhibited temporal control, as their expression levels increased dramatically as the bacteria entered stationary phase. CONCLUSIONS Here we report the temporal expression of Fe-regulated sRNAs in N. gonorrhoeae FA 1090 with several appearing to be controlled by the Fe-repressible sRNA NrrF. Temporal regulation of these sRNAs suggests a regulatory role in controlling functions necessary for survival, and may be important for phenotypes often associated with altered growth rates, such as biofilm formation or intracellular survival. Future functional studies will be needed to understand how these regulatory sRNAs contribute to gonococcal biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydgia A. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Michael Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Jennie Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Edgar Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - David W. Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
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Critical Streptococcus suis Virulence Factors: Are They All Really Critical? Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:585-599. [PMID: 28274524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen that can be transmitted to humans by contact with diseased animals or contaminated raw pork products. This pathogen possesses a coat of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) that confers protection against the immune system. Yet, the CPS is not the only virulence factor enabling this bacterium to successfully colonize, invade, and disseminate in its host leading to severe systemic diseases such as meningitis and toxic shock-like syndrome. Indeed, recent research developments, cautiously inventoried in this review, have revealed over 100 'putative virulence factors or traits' (surface-associated or secreted components, regulatory genes or metabolic pathways), of which at least 37 have been claimed as being 'critical' for virulence. In this review we discuss the current contradictions and controversies raised by this explosion of virulence factors and the future directions that may be conceived to advance and enlighten research on S. suis pathogenesis.
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31
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Walsh SI, Craney A, Romesberg FE. Not just an antibiotic target: Exploring the role of type I signal peptidase in bacterial virulence. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6370-6378. [PMID: 27769673 PMCID: PMC5279723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The looming antibiotic crisis has prompted the development of new strategies towards fighting infection. Traditional antibiotics target bacterial processes essential for viability, whereas proposed antivirulence approaches rely on the inhibition of factors that are required only for the initiation and propagation of infection within a host. Although antivirulence compounds have yet to prove their efficacy in the clinic, bacterial signal peptidase I (SPase) represents an attractive target in that SPase inhibitors exhibit broad-spectrum antibiotic activity, but even at sub-MIC doses also impair the secretion of essential virulence factors. The potential consequences of SPase inhibition on bacterial virulence have not been thoroughly examined, and are explored within this review. In addition, we review growing evidence that SPase has relevant biological functions outside of mediating secretion, and discuss how the inhibition of these functions may be clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn I Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arryn Craney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Rasche FM, Keller F, Rasche WG, Schiekofer S, Boldt A, Sack U, Fahnert J. Why, when and how should immunosuppressive therapy considered in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy? Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:115-133. [PMID: 27283488 PMCID: PMC5054563 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Lifelong mesangial deposition of IgA1 complexes subsist inflammation and nephron loss, but the complex pathogenesis in detail remains unclear. In regard to the heterogeneous course, classical immunosuppressive and specific therapeutic regimens adapted to the loss of renal function will here be discussed in addition to the essential common renal supportive therapy. Renal supportive therapy alleviates secondary, surrogate effects or sequelae on renal function and proteinuria of high intraglomerular pressure and subsequent nephrosclerosis by inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAASB). In patients with physiological (ΔGFR < 1·5 ml/min/year) or mild (ΔGFR 1·5-5 ml/min/year) decrease of renal function and proteinuric forms (> 1 g/day after RAASB), corticosteroids have shown a reduction of proteinuria and might protect further loss of renal function. In patients with progressive loss of renal function (ΔGFR > 3 ml/min within 3 months) or a rapidly progressive course with or without crescents in renal biopsy, cyclophosphamide with high-dose corticosteroids as induction therapy and azathioprine maintenance has proved effective in one randomized controlled study of a homogeneous cohort in loss of renal function (ΔGFR). Mycophenolic acid provided further maintenance in non-randomized trials. Differentiated, precise, larger, randomized, placebo-controlled studies focused on the loss of renal function in the heterogeneous forms of IgAN are still lacking. Prospectively, fewer toxic agents will be necessary in the treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology, Dermatology, Clinic for Endocrinology, Nephrology, Section of Nephrology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Keller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - W G Rasche
- Department of Head Medicine and Oral Health, Department of Ophthalmology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Schiekofer
- Center for Geriatric Medicine at Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Fahnert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Segura M, Calzas C, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. Initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis: fighting against nonspecific defenses. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3772-3799. [PMID: 27539145 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between a bacterial pathogen and its potentially susceptible host are initiated with the colonization step. During respiratory/oral infection, the pathogens must compete with the normal microflora, resist defense mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity, and finally reach, adhere, and breach the mucosal epithelial cell barrier in order to induce invasive disease. This is the case during infection by the swine and zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis, which is able to counteract mucosal barriers to induce severe meningitis and sepsis in swine and in humans. The initial steps of the pathogenesis of S. suis infection has been a neglected area of research, overshadowed by studies on the systemic and central nervous phases of the disease. In this Review article, we provide for the first time, an exclusive focus on S. suis colonization and the potential mechanisms involved in S. suis establishment at the mucosa, as well as the mechanisms regulating mucosal barrier breakdown. The role of mucosal immunity is also addressed. Finally, we demystify the extensive list of putative adhesins and virulence factors reported to be involved in the initial steps of pathogenesis by S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Calzas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Serological Analysis of Immunogenic Properties of Recombinant Meningococcus IgA1 Protease-Based Proteins. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:391-4. [PMID: 27496029 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the genome sequence of IgA1 protease of N. meningitidis of serogroup B, four recombinant proteins of different structure and molecular weight were constructed. These proteins were equal in inducing the formation of specific antibodies to IgA1 protease and had protective properties against meningococci. In the sera of immunized mice, anti-IgA1 protease antibodies were detected by whole-cell ELISA, which indicated the presence of IgA1 protease on the surface of these bacteria. We hypothesized that the protective properties of IgA1 protease-based antigens and IgA1 protease analogs could be realized not only via impairment of bacterium adhesion to the mucosa, but also via suppression of this pathogen in the organism. The presented findings seem promising for using these proteins as the basis for anti-meningococcus vaccine.
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Wang L, Li X, Shen H, Mao N, Wang H, Cui L, Cheng Y, Fan J. Bacterial IgA protease-mediated degradation of agIgA1 and agIgA1 immune complexes as a potential therapy for IgA Nephropathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30964. [PMID: 27485391 PMCID: PMC4971536 DOI: 10.1038/srep30964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangial deposition of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 (agIgA1) and its immune complexes is a key pathogenic mechanism of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). However, treatment of IgAN remains ineffective. We report here that bacteria-derived IgA proteases are capable of degrading these pathogenic agIgA1 and derived immune complexes in vitro and in vivo. By screening 14 different bacterial strains (6 species), we found that 4 bacterial IgA proteases from H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis exhibited high cleaving activities on serum agIgA1 and artificial galactose-depleted IgA1 in vitro and the deposited agIgA1-containing immune complexes in the mesangium of renal biopsy from IgAN patients and in a passive mouse model of IgAN in vitro. In the modified mouse model of passive IgAN with abundant in situ mesangial deposition of the agIgA-IgG immune complexes, a single intravenous delivery of IgA protease from H. influenzae was able to effectively degrade the deposited agIgA-IgG immune complexes within the glomerulus, demonstrating a therapeutic potential for IgAN. In conclusion, the bacteria-derived IgA proteases are biologically active enzymes capable of cleaving the circulating agIgA and the deposited agIgA-IgG immune complexes within the kidney of IgAN. Thus, the use of such IgA proteases may represent a novel therapy for IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Hongchun Shen
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Nan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Honglian Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Luke Cui
- Department of Nephrology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Junming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
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36
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Ormerod KL, Wood DLA, Lachner N, Gellatly SL, Daly JN, Parsons JD, Dal'Molin CGO, Palfreyman RW, Nielsen LK, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hansbro PM, Hugenholtz P. Genomic characterization of the uncultured Bacteroidales family S24-7 inhabiting the guts of homeothermic animals. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:36. [PMID: 27388460 PMCID: PMC4936053 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our view of host-associated microbiota remains incomplete due to the presence of as yet uncultured constituents. The Bacteroidales family S24-7 is a prominent example of one of these groups. Marker gene surveys indicate that members of this family are highly localized to the gastrointestinal tracts of homeothermic animals and are increasingly being recognized as a numerically predominant member of the gut microbiota; however, little is known about the nature of their interactions with the host. RESULTS Here, we provide the first whole genome exploration of this family, for which we propose the name "Candidatus Homeothermaceae," using 30 population genomes extracted from fecal samples of four different animal hosts: human, mouse, koala, and guinea pig. We infer the core metabolism of "Ca. Homeothermaceae" to be that of fermentative or nanaerobic bacteria, resembling that of related Bacteroidales families. In addition, we describe three trophic guilds within the family, plant glycan (hemicellulose and pectin), host glycan, and α-glucan, each broadly defined by increased abundance of enzymes involved in the degradation of particular carbohydrates. CONCLUSIONS "Ca. Homeothermaceae" representatives constitute a substantial component of the murine gut microbiota, as well as being present within the human gut, and this study provides important first insights into the nature of their residency. The presence of trophic guilds within the family indicates the potential for niche partitioning and specific roles for each guild in gut health and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Ormerod
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David L A Wood
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nancy Lachner
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaan L Gellatly
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joshua N Daly
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Parsons
- QFAB Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cristiana G O Dal'Molin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robin W Palfreyman
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- Microbial Biology and Metagenomics, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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MIB-MIP is a mycoplasma system that captures and cleaves immunoglobulin G. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5406-11. [PMID: 27114507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600546113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are "minimal" bacteria able to infect humans, wildlife, and a large number of economically important livestock species. Mycoplasma infections include a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from simple fever to fulminant inflammatory diseases with high mortality rates. These infections are mostly chronic, suggesting that mycoplasmas have developed means to evade the host immune response. Here we present and functionally characterize a two-protein system from Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri that is involved in the capture and cleavage of IgG. The first component, Mycoplasma Ig binding protein (MIB), is an 83-kDa protein that is able to tightly bind to the Fv region of a wide range of IgG. The second component, Mycoplasma Ig protease (MIP), is a 97-kDa serine protease that is able to cleave off the VH domain of IgG. We demonstrate that MIB is necessary for the proteolytic activity of MIP. Cleavage of IgG requires a sequential interaction of the different partners of the system: first MIB captures the IgG, and then MIP is recruited to the MIB-IgG complex, enabling protease activity. MIB and MIP are encoded by two genes organized in tandem, with homologs found in the majority of pathogenic mycoplasmas and often in multiple copies. Phylogenetic studies suggest that genes encoding the MIB-MIP system are specific to mycoplasmas and have been disseminated by horizontal gene transfer. These results highlight an original and complex system targeting the host immunoglobulins, playing a potentially key role in the immunity evasion by mycoplasmas.
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38
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Virdi V, Juarez P, Boudolf V, Depicker A. Recombinant IgA production for mucosal passive immunization, advancing beyond the hurdles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:535-45. [PMID: 26511868 PMCID: PMC11108522 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a successful strategy to proactively develop immunity to a certain pathogen, but most vaccines fail to trigger a specific immune response at the mucosal surfaces, which are the first port of entry for infectious agents. At the mucosal surfaces, the predominant immunoglobulin is secretory IgA (SIgA) that specifically neutralizes viruses and prevents bacterial colonization. Mucosal passive immunization, i.e. the application of pathogen-specific SIgAs at the mucosae, can be an effective alternative to achieve mucosal protection. However, this approach is not straightforward, mainly because SIgAs are difficult to obtain from convalescent sources, while recombinant SIgA production is challenging due to its complex structure. This review provides an overview of manufacturing difficulties presented by the unique structural diversity of SIgAs, and the innovative solutions being explored for SIgA production in mammalian and plant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Virdi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Paloma Juarez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Boudolf
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Depicker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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39
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A new methodological approach to estimation of IgA1 and IgA2 content in human serum using recombinant IgA1 protease from Neisseria meningitidis. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2289-93. [PMID: 26343028 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A new approach to estimation of IgA subclass levels and IgA1/IgA2 ratio using enzymatically active and inactive forms of Neisseria meningitidis IgA1 protease was developed. RESULTS The approach was tested using the sera of healthy volunteers and patients with meningococcal meningitis. There was a significant increase in the IgA1 level in patients with meningitis (mean titer 1:1546 ± 352) compared to healthy volunteers (mean titer 1:546 ± 282), while the IgA2 content remained unchanged. The IgA1/IgA2 ratio was 6.3 for the healthy volunteers and 12.8 for patients with meningitis. IgA2 for the patients with meningitis and the healthy volunteers were almost unchanged, 1:86 ± 61 and 1:121 ± 46, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is economical and reliable and can be used for evaluation of IgA1 and IgA2 in clinical laboratories or for research purposes.
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40
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Shen Y, Zhang G, Yang J, Qiu Y, McCauley T, Pan L, Wu J. Online 2D-LC-MS/MS Assay To Quantify Therapeutic Protein in Human Serum in the Presence of Pre-existing Antidrug Antibodies. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8555-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Shen
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Jinsong Yang
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Yongchang Qiu
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Thomas McCauley
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Luying Pan
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Jiang Wu
- Bioanalytical and
Biomarker
Development, Research and Nonclinical Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
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41
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Murphy TF, Kirkham C, Jones MM, Sethi S, Kong Y, Pettigrew MM. Expression of IgA Proteases by Haemophilus influenzae in the Respiratory Tract of Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1798-805. [PMID: 25995193 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin (Ig)A proteases of Haemophilus influenzae are highly specific endopeptidases that cleave the hinge region of human IgA1 and also mediate invasion and trafficking in human respiratory epithelial cells, facilitating persistence of H. influenzae. Little is known about the expression of IgA proteases in clinical settings of H. influenzae infection. METHODS We identified and characterized IgA protease genes in H. influenzae and studied their expression and proteolytic specificity, in vitro and in vivo in 169 independent strains of H. influenzae collected longitudinally over 10 years from adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESULTS The H. influenzae pangenome has 2 alleles of IgA protease genes; all strains have igaA, and 40% of strains have igaB. Each allele has 2 variants with differing proteolytic specificities for human IgA1. A total of 88% of 169 strains express IgA protease activity. Expression of the 4 forms of IgA protease varies among strains. Based on the presence of IgA1 fragments in sputum samples, each of the different forms of IgA protease is selectively expressed in the human airways during infection. CONCLUSIONS Four variants of IgA proteases are variably expressed by H. influenzae during infection of the human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Microbiology and Immunology Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Charmaine Kirkham
- Division of Infectious Diseases Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Megan M Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory
| | - Melinda M Pettigrew
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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42
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Olsen I, Potempa J. Strategies for the inhibition of gingipains for the potential treatment of periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24800. [PMID: 25206939 PMCID: PMC4138498 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are the major virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main periodontopathogen. It is expected that inhibition of gingipain activity in vivo could prevent or slow down the progression of adult periodontitis. To date, several classes of gingipain inhibitors have been recognized. These include gingipain N-terminal prodomains, synthetic compounds, inhibitors from natural sources, antibiotics, antiseptics, antibodies, and bacteria. Several synthetic compounds are potent gingipain inhibitors but inhibit a broad spectrum of host proteases and have undesirable side effects. Synthetic compounds with high specificity for gingipains have unknown toxicity effects, making natural inhibitors more promising as therapeutic gingipain blockers. Cranberry and rice extracts interfere with gingipain activity and prevent the growth and biofilm formation of periodontopathogens. Although the ideal gingipain inhibitor has yet to be discovered, gingipain inhibition represents a novel approach to treat and prevent periodontitis. Gingipain inhibitors may also help treat systemic disorders that are associated with periodontitis, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, aspiration pneumonia, pre-term birth, and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland ; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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43
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Takahashi K, Raska M, Stuchlova Horynova M, Hall SD, Poulsen K, Kilian M, Hiki Y, Yuzawa Y, Moldoveanu Z, Julian BA, Renfrow MB, Novak J. Enzymatic sialylation of IgA1 O-glycans: implications for studies of IgA nephropathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99026. [PMID: 24918438 PMCID: PMC4053367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) have elevated circulating levels of IgA1 with some O-glycans consisting of galactose (Gal)-deficient N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) with or without N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc). We have analyzed O-glycosylation heterogeneity of naturally asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein that mimics Gal-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) of patients with IgAN, except that IgA1 O-glycans of IgAN patients are frequently sialylated. Specifically, serum IgA1 of healthy controls has more α2,3-sialylated O-glycans (NeuAc attached to Gal) than α2,6-sialylated O-glycans (NeuAc attached to GalNAc). As IgA1-producing cells from IgAN patients have an increased activity of α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GalNAc), we hypothesize that such activity may promote premature sialylation of GalNAc and, thus, production of Gd-IgA1, as sialylation of GalNAc prevents subsequent Gal attachment. Distribution of NeuAc in IgA1 O-glycans may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgAN. To better understand biological functions of NeuAc in IgA1, we established protocols for enzymatic sialylation leading to α2,3- or α2,6-sialylation of IgA1 O-glycans. Sialylation of Gal-deficient asialo-IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein by an ST6GalNAc enzyme generated sialylated IgA1 that mimics the Gal-deficient IgA1 glycoforms in patients with IgAN, characterized by α2,6-sialylated Gal-deficient GalNAc. In contrast, sialylation of the same myeloma protein by an α2,3-sialyltransferase yielded IgA1 typical for healthy controls, characterized by α2,3-sialylated Gal. The GalNAc-specific lectin from Helix aspersa (HAA) is used to measure levels of Gd-IgA1. We assessed HAA binding to IgA1 sialylated at Gal or GalNAc. As expected, α2,6-sialylation of IgA1 markedly decreased reactivity with HAA. Notably, α2,3-sialylation also decreased reactivity with HAA. Neuraminidase treatment recovered the original HAA reactivity in both instances. These results suggest that binding of a GalNAc-specific lectin is modulated by sialylation of GalNAc as well as Gal in the clustered IgA1 O-glycans. Thus, enzymatic sialylation offers a useful model to test the role of NeuAc in reactivities of the clustered O-glycans with lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Immunology, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Stuchlova Horynova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Immunology, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stacy D. Hall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Knud Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Kilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yoshiyuki Hiki
- Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yukio Yuzawa
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Julian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Renfrow
- UAB Biomedical FT-ICR MS Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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44
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Comparative proteome analysis of the extracellular proteins of two Haemophilus parasuis strains Nagasaki and SW114. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:997-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nørskov-Lauritsen N. Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with host specificity for humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:214-40. [PMID: 24696434 PMCID: PMC3993099 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the current classification and identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with exclusive or predominant host specificity for humans. Haemophilus influenzae and some of the other Haemophilus species are commonly encountered in the clinical microbiology laboratory and demonstrate a wide range of pathogenicity, from life-threatening invasive disease to respiratory infections to a nonpathogenic, commensal lifestyle. New species of Haemophilus have been described (Haemophilus pittmaniae and Haemophilus sputorum), and the new genus Aggregatibacter was created to accommodate some former Haemophilus and Actinobacillus species (Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter segnis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). Aggregatibacter species are now a dominant etiology of infective endocarditis caused by fastidious organisms (HACEK endocarditis), and A. aphrophilus has emerged as an important cause of brain abscesses. Correct identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species based on phenotypic characterization can be challenging. It has become clear that 15 to 20% of presumptive H. influenzae isolates from the respiratory tracts of healthy individuals do not belong to this species but represent nonhemolytic variants of Haemophilus haemolyticus. Due to the limited pathogenicity of H. haemolyticus, the proportion of misidentified strains may be lower in clinical samples, but even among invasive strains, a misidentification rate of 0.5 to 2% can be found. Several methods have been investigated for differentiation of H. influenzae from its less pathogenic relatives, but a simple method for reliable discrimination is not available. With the implementation of identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, the more rarely encountered species of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter will increasingly be identified in clinical microbiology practice. However, identification of some strains will still be problematic, necessitating DNA sequencing of multiple housekeeping gene fragments or full-length 16S rRNA genes.
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Kovalchuk O, Walz P, Kovalchuk I. Does bacterial infection cause genome instability and cancer in the host cell? Mutat Res 2014; 761:1-14. [PMID: 24472301 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Research of the past several decades suggests that bacterial infection can lead to genome instability of the host cell often resulting in cancer development. However, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge regarding possible mechanisms involved in the development of genomic instability. Several questions remain unanswered, namely: Why has the causative relationship between the bacterial infection and cancer been established only for a small number of cancers? What is the mechanism responsible for the induction of genome instability and cancer? Is the infection process required to cause genome instability and cancer? In this review, we present a hypothesis that the bacterial infection, exposure to heat-killed bacteria or even some bacterial determinants may trigger genome instability of exposed and distal cells, and thus may cause cancer. We will discuss the mechanisms of host responses to the bacterial infection and present the possible pathways leading to genome instability and cancer through exposure to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Paul Walz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada.
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47
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Kotel’nikova O, Alliluev A, Drozhzhina E, Koroleva I, Sitnikova E, Zinchenko A, Gordeeva E, Melikhova T, Nokel E, Zhigis L, Zueva V, Razgulyaeva O, Serova O, Yagudaeva E, Rumsh L. Protective properties of recombinant igA1 protease from meningococcus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:479-86. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of enzymatic and protective properties of recombinant IgA1 protease in active and mutant form showed that active form of IgA1 protease exhibited species – and type-specificity for mouse and human immunoglobulins. Mutant form, which did not exhibit enzymatic activity, had protective properties against meningococcal infection, induced by meningococcus serogroup A, B and C protecting the mice from lethal infection by living virulent culture of heterologous serogroups of meningococcus. Obtained results make it possible to consider IgA1 protease as a perspective preparation at the stages of development of polyvalent vaccine for protection the people from meningococcal infection of various etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- O.V. Kotel’nikova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.P. Alliluev
- Medical Faculty, Russian University of Peoples’ Friendship
| | - E.Yu. Drozhzhina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - I.S. Koroleva
- Municipal infectious deceases hospital №2, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.A. Sitnikova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.A. Zinchenko
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E.A. Gordeeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - T.D. Melikhova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E.A. Nokel
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - L.S. Zhigis
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - V.S. Zueva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - O.A. Razgulyaeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - O.V. Serova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E.Yu. Yagudaeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - L.D. Rumsh
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
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48
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Costa-Hurtado M, Aragon V. Advances in the quest for virulence factors of Haemophilus parasuis. Vet J 2013; 198:571-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Choudary SK, Qiu J, Plaut AG, Kritzer JA. Versatile Substrates and Probes for IgA1 Protease Activity. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2007-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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50
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Harrison A, Santana EA, Szelestey BR, Newsom DE, White P, Mason KM. Ferric uptake regulator and its role in the pathogenesis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1221-33. [PMID: 23381990 PMCID: PMC3639608 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01227-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a commensal microorganism of the human nasopharynx, and yet is also an opportunistic pathogen of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Host microenvironments influence gene expression patterns, likely critical for NTHi persistence. The host sequesters iron as a mechanism to control microbial growth, and yet iron limitation influences gene expression and subsequent production of proteins involved in iron homeostasis. Careful regulation of iron uptake, via the ferric uptake regulator Fur, is essential in multiple bacteria, including NTHi. We hypothesized therefore that Fur contributes to iron homeostasis in NTHi, is critical for bacterial persistence, and likely regulates expression of virulence factors. Toward this end, fur was deleted in the prototypic NTHi clinical isolate, 86-028NP, and we assessed gene expression regulated by Fur. As expected, expression of the majority of genes that encode proteins with predicted roles in iron utilization was repressed by Fur. However, 14 Fur-regulated genes encode proteins with no known function, and yet may contribute to iron utilization or other biological functions. In a mammalian model of human otitis media, we determined that Fur was critical for bacterial persistence, indicating an important role for Fur-mediated iron homeostasis in disease progression. These data provide a profile of genes regulated by Fur in NTHi and likely identify additional regulatory pathways involved in iron utilization. Identification of such pathways will increase our understanding of how this pathogen can persist within host microenvironments, as a common commensal and, importantly, as a pathogen with significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Harrison
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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