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Chen S, Ren Z, Guo L. Hepatotoxicity of usnic acid and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38904414 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2366737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Since usnic acid was first isolated in 1844 as a prominent secondary lichen metabolite, it has been used for various purposes worldwide. Usnic acid has been claimed to possess numerous therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-proliferative, and antipyretic activities. Approximately two decades ago, crude extracts of usnic acid or pure usnic acid were marketed in the United States as dietary supplements for aiding in weight loss as a "fat-burner" and gained popularity in the bodybuilding community; however, hepatotoxicity was documented for some usnic acid containing products. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received numerous reports of liver toxicity associated with the use of dietary supplements containing usnic acid, leading the FDA to issue a warning letter in 2001 on a product, LipoKinetix. The FDA also sent a recommendation letter to the manufacturer of LipoKinetix, resulting in the withdrawal of LipoKinetix from the market. These events triggered investigations into the hepatotoxicity of usnic acid and its mechanisms. In 2008, we published a review article titled "Usnic Acid and Usnea Barbata Toxicity". This review is an updated version of our previous review article and incorporates additional data published since 2008. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the understanding of the liver toxicity associated with usnic acid, with a particular focus on the current understanding of the putative mechanisms of usnic acid-related hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Igual Gil C, Löser A, Lossow K, Schwarz M, Weber D, Grune T, Kipp AP, Klaus S, Ost M. Temporal dynamics of muscle mitochondrial uncoupling-induced integrated stress response and ferroptosis defense. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1277866. [PMID: 37941910 PMCID: PMC10627798 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1277866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play multifaceted roles in cellular function, and impairments across domains of mitochondrial biology are known to promote cellular integrated stress response (ISR) pathways as well as systemic metabolic adaptations. However, the temporal dynamics of specific mitochondrial ISR related to physiological variations in tissue-specific energy demands remains unknown. Here, we conducted a comprehensive 24-hour muscle and plasma profiling of male and female mice with ectopic mitochondrial respiratory uncoupling in skeletal muscle (mUcp1-transgenic, TG). TG mice are characterized by increased muscle ISR, elevated oxidative stress defense, and increased secretion of FGF21 and GDF15 as ISR-induced myokines. We observed a temporal signature of both cell-autonomous and systemic ISR in the context of endocrine myokine signaling and cellular redox balance, but not of ferroptotic signature which was also increased in TG muscle. We show a progressive increase of muscle ISR on transcriptional level during the active phase (night time), with a subsequent peak in circulating FGF21 and GDF15 in the early resting phase. Moreover, we found highest levels of muscle oxidative defense (GPX and NQO1 activity) between the late active to early resting phase, which could aim to counteract excessive iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in muscle of TG mice. These findings highlight the temporal dynamics of cell-autonomous and endocrine ISR signaling under skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling, emphasizing the importance of considering such dissociation in translational strategies and sample collection for diagnostic biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Igual Gil
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alina Löser
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kristina Lossow
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maria Schwarz
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anna P. Kipp
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mario Ost
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Onikanni SA, Yang CY, Noriega L, Wang CH. U0126 Compound Triggers Thermogenic Differentiation in Preadipocytes via ERK-AMPK Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097987. [PMID: 37175694 PMCID: PMC10178890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, thermogenic differentiation and activation in brown and white adipose tissues have been regarded as one of the major innovative and promising strategies for the treatment and amelioration of obesity. However, the pharmacological approach towards this process has had limited and insufficient commitments, which presents a greater challenge for obesity treatment. This research evaluates the effects of U0126 compound on the activation of thermogenic differentiation during adipogenesis. The results show that U0126 pretreatment primes both white and brown preadipocytes to upregulate thermogenic and mitochondrial genes as well as enhance functions during the differentiation process. We establish that U0126-mediated thermogenic differentiation induction occurs partially via AMPK activation signaling. The findings of this research suggest U0126 as a promising alternative ligand in pursuit of a pharmacological option to increase thermogenic adipocyte formation and improve energy expenditure. Thus it could pave the way for the discovery of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of obesity and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Amos Onikanni
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Cheng-Ying Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Lloyd Noriega
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
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4
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Ganetzky RD, Markhard AL, Yee I, Clever S, Cahill A, Shah H, Grabarek Z, To TL, Mootha VK. Congenital Hypermetabolism and Uncoupled Oxidative Phosphorylation. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1395-1403. [PMID: 36239646 PMCID: PMC9754853 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2202949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe the case of identical twin boys who presented with low body weight despite excessive caloric intake. An evaluation of their fibroblasts showed elevated oxygen consumption and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Exome analysis revealed a de novo heterozygous variant in ATP5F1B, which encodes the β subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (also called complex V). In yeast, mutations affecting the same region loosen coupling between the proton motive force and ATP synthesis, resulting in high rates of mitochondrial respiration. Expression of the mutant allele in human cell lines recapitulates this phenotype. These data support an autosomal dominant mitochondrial uncoupling syndrome with hypermetabolism. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D. Ganetzky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew L. Markhard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Irene Yee
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sheila Clever
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alan Cahill
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hardik Shah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Zenon Grabarek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Tsz-Leung To
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Vamsi K. Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
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5
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Santoro C, O'Toole A, Finsel P, Alvi A, Musselman LP. Reducing ether lipids improves Drosophila overnutrition-associated pathophysiology phenotypes via a switch from lipid storage to beta-oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13021. [PMID: 35906462 PMCID: PMC9338069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High-calorie diets increase the risk of developing obesity, cardiovascular disease, type-two diabetes (T2D), and other comorbidities. These "overnutrition" diets also promote the accumulation of a variety of harmful lipids in the heart and other peripheral organs, known as lipotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying lipotoxicity and its influence on pathophysiology remain unknown. Our study uses genetics to identify the role of ether lipids, a class of potential lipotoxins, in a Drosophila model of overnutrition. A high-sugar diet (HSD) increases ether lipids and produces T2D-like pathophysiology phenotypes, including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiac failure. Therefore, we targeted ether lipid biosynthesis through the enzyme dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase (encoded by the gene DHAPAT). We found that reducing DHAPAT in the fat body improved TAG and glucose homeostasis, cardiac function, respiration, and insulin signaling in flies fed a HSD. The reduction of DHAPAT may cause a switch in molecular signaling from lipogenesis to fatty acid oxidation via activation of a PPARα-like receptor, as bezafibrate produced similar improvements in HS-fed flies. Taken together, our findings suggest that ether lipids may be lipotoxins that reduce fitness during overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Santoro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Ashley O'Toole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Pilar Finsel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Arsalan Alvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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6
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Christoffersen BØ, Sanchez‐Delgado G, John LM, Ryan DH, Raun K, Ravussin E. Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:841-857. [PMID: 35333444 PMCID: PMC9310705 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New appetite-regulating antiobesity treatments such as semaglutide and agents under investigation such as tirzepatide show promise in achieving weight loss of 15% or more. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation are important determinants of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance beyond appetite regulation. This review discusses prior failures in clinical development of weight-loss drugs targeting energy expenditure and explores novel strategies for targeting energy expenditure: mitochondrial proton leak, uncoupling, dynamics, and biogenesis; futile calcium and substrate cycling; leptin for weight maintenance; increased sympathetic nervous system activity; and browning of white fat. Relevant targets for preserving lean mass are also reviewed: growth hormone, activin type II receptor inhibition, and urocortin 2 and 3. We endorse moderate modulation of energy expenditure and preservation of lean mass in combination with efficient appetite reduction as a means of obtaining a significant, safe, and long-lasting weight loss. Furthermore, we suggest that the regulatory guidelines should be revisited to focus more on the quality of weight loss and its maintenance rather than the absolute weight loss. Commitment to this research focus both from a scientific and from a regulatory point of view could signal the beginning of the next era in obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linu Mary John
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease ResearchGlobal Drug DiscoveryNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
| | - Donna H. Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease ResearchGlobal Drug DiscoveryNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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7
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Vaali K, Tuomela M, Mannerström M, Heinonen T, Tuuminen T. Toxic Indoor Air Is a Potential Risk of Causing Immuno Suppression and Morbidity—A Pilot Study. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020104. [PMID: 35205859 PMCID: PMC8877819 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to establish an etiology-based connection between the symptoms experienced by the occupants of a workplace and the presence in the building of toxic dampness microbiota. The occupants (5/6) underwent a medical examination and urine samples (2/6) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for mycotoxins at two time-points. The magnitude of inhaled water was estimated. Building-derived bacteria and fungi were identified and assessed for toxicity. Separate cytotoxicity tests using human THP-1 macrophages were performed from the office’s indoor air water condensates. Office-derived indoor water samples (n = 4/4) were toxic to human THP-1 macrophages. Penicillium, Acremonium sensu lato, Aspergillus ochraceus group and Aspergillus section Aspergillus grew from the building material samples. These colonies were toxic in boar sperm tests (n = 11/32); four were toxic to BHK-21 cells. Mycophenolic acid, which is a potential immunosuppressant, was detected in the initial and follow-up urine samples of (2/2) office workers who did not take immunosuppressive drugs. Their urinary mycotoxin profiles differed from household and unrelated controls. Our study suggests that the presence of mycotoxins in indoor air is linked to the morbidity of the occupants. The cytotoxicity test of the indoor air condensate is a promising tool for risk assessment in moisture-damaged buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vaali
- SelexLab Oy, Kalevankatu 17 A, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-550-1131
| | - Marja Tuomela
- Co-op Bionautit, Viikinkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Mannerström
- The Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Tuula Heinonen
- The Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Tamara Tuuminen
- Medical Center Kruunuhaka Oy, Kaisaniemenkatu 8B a, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
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8
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Shamsi F, Wang CH, Tseng YH. The evolving view of thermogenic adipocytes - ontogeny, niche and function. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:726-744. [PMID: 34625737 PMCID: PMC8814904 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of obesity and its sequelae, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, have reached pandemic levels. Central to the development of these metabolic disorders is adipose tissue. White adipose tissue stores excess energy, whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige (also known as brite) adipose tissue dissipate energy to generate heat in a process known as thermogenesis. Strategies that activate and expand BAT and beige adipose tissue increase energy expenditure in animal models and offer therapeutic promise to treat obesity. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of BAT and beige adipose tissue and the activation of thermogenic function is the key to creating practical therapeutic interventions for obesity and metabolic disorders. In this Review, we discuss the regulation of the tissue microenvironment (the adipose niche) and inter-organ communication between BAT and other tissues. We also cover the activation of BAT and beige adipose tissue in response to physiological cues (such as cold exposure, exercise and diet). We highlight advances in harnessing the therapeutic potential of BAT and beige adipose tissue by genetic, pharmacological and cell-based approaches in obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Shamsi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112990. [PMID: 34831213 PMCID: PMC8616340 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels. In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15–GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiac effects. Metabolic and behavioral outcomes of GDF15 signaling can be beneficial or detrimental, likely depending on the magnitude and duration of the GDF15 signal. This is especially apparent for GDF15 production in muscle, which can be induced both by exercise and by muscle disease states such as sarcopenia and mitochondrial myopathy.
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10
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Neuroprotective Potential of Mild Uncoupling in Mitochondria. Pros and Cons. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081050. [PMID: 34439669 PMCID: PMC8392724 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an explosion of interest in the use of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria in the treatment of several pathologies, including neurological ones. In this review, we analyzed all the mechanisms associated with mitochondrial uncoupling and the metabolic and signaling cascades triggered by uncouplers. We provide a full set of positive and negative effects that should be taken into account when using uncouplers in experiments and clinical practice.
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11
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Therapeutic Perspectives of Thermogenic Adipocytes in Obesity and Related Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137177. [PMID: 34281227 PMCID: PMC8267903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes worldwide. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess energy, whereas brown and beige adipose tissues consume energy to generate heat in the process of thermogenesis. Adaptive thermogenesis occurs in response to environmental cues as a means of generating heat by dissipating stored chemical energy. Due to its cumulative nature, very small differences in energy expenditure from adaptive thermogenesis can have a significant impact on systemic metabolism over time. Targeting brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and converting WAT to beige fat as a method to increase energy expenditure is one of the promising strategies to combat obesity. In this review, we discuss the activation of the thermogenic process in response to physiological conditions. We highlight recent advances in harnessing the therapeutic potential of thermogenic adipocytes by genetic, pharmacological and cell-based approaches in the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders in mice and the human.
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12
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Wang CH, Lundh M, Fu A, Kriszt R, Huang TL, Lynes MD, Leiria LO, Shamsi F, Darcy J, Greenwood BP, Narain NR, Tolstikov V, Smith KL, Emanuelli B, Chang YT, Hagen S, Danial NN, Kiebish MA, Tseng YH. CRISPR-engineered human brown-like adipocytes prevent diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/558/eaaz8664. [PMID: 32848096 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brown and brown-like beige/brite adipocytes dissipate energy and have been proposed as therapeutic targets to combat metabolic disorders. However, the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapy in humans remain unclear. Here, we created human brown-like (HUMBLE) cells by engineering human white preadipocytes using CRISPR-Cas9-SAM-gRNA to activate endogenous uncoupling protein 1 expression. Obese mice that received HUMBLE cell transplants showed a sustained improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as increased energy expenditure. Mechanistically, increased arginine/nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in HUMBLE adipocytes promoted the production of NO that was carried by S-nitrosothiols and nitrite in red blood cells to activate endogenous brown fat and improved glucose homeostasis in recipient animals. Together, these data demonstrate the utility of using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to engineer human white adipocytes to display brown fat-like phenotypes and may open up cell-based therapeutic opportunities to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Morten Lundh
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.,Gubra Aps, Hørsholm, DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Accalia Fu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rókus Kriszt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Tian Lian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Luiz O Leiria
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.,Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyle L Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 34126, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Oliveira V, Kwitek AE, Sigmund CD, Morselli LL, Grobe JL. Recent Advances in Hypertension: Intersection of Metabolic and Blood Pressure Regulatory Circuits in the Central Nervous System. Hypertension 2021; 77:1061-1068. [PMID: 33611936 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents the single greatest ongoing roadblock to improving cardiovascular health. Prolonged obesity is associated with fundamental changes in the integrative control of energy balance, including the development of selective leptin resistance, which is thought to contribute to obesity-associated hypertension, and adaptation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) when excess weight is reduced. Leptin and the melanocortin system within the hypothalamus contribute to the control of both energy balance and blood pressure. While the development of drugs to stimulate RMR and thereby reverse obesity through activation of the melanocortin system has been pursued, most of the resulting compounds simultaneously cause hypertension. Evidence supports the concept that although feeding behaviors, RMR, and blood pressure are controlled through mechanisms that utilize similar molecular mediators, these mechanisms exist in anatomically dissociable networks. New evidence supports a major change in molecular signaling within AgRP (Agouti-related peptide) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during prolonged obesity and the existence of multiple distinct subtypes of AgRP neurons that individually contribute to control of feeding, RMR, or blood pressure. Finally, ongoing work by our laboratory and others support a unique role for AT1 (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) within one specific subtype of AgRP neuron for the control of RMR. We propose that understanding the unique biology of the AT1-expressing, RMR-controlling subtype of AgRP neurons will help to resolve the selective dysfunctions in RMR control that develop during prolonged obesity and potentially point toward novel druggable antiobesity targets that will not simultaneously cause hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Oliveira
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Neuroscience Research Center (C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.L.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Neuroscience Research Center (C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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14
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Schumann T, König J, Henke C, Willmes DM, Bornstein SR, Jordan J, Fromm MF, Birkenfeld AL. Solute Carrier Transporters as Potential Targets for the Treatment of Metabolic Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:343-379. [PMID: 31882442 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily comprises more than 400 transport proteins mediating the influx and efflux of substances such as ions, nucleotides, and sugars across biological membranes. Over 80 SLC transporters have been linked to human diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This observation highlights the importance of SLCs for human (patho)physiology. Yet, only a small number of SLC proteins are validated drug targets. The most recent drug class approved for the treatment of T2D targets sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, product of the SLC5A2 gene. There is great interest in identifying other SLC transporters as potential targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Finding better treatments will prove essential in future years, given the enormous personal and socioeconomic burden posed by more than 500 million patients with T2D by 2040 worldwide. In this review, we summarize the evidence for SLC transporters as target structures in metabolic disease. To this end, we identified SLC13A5/sodium-coupled citrate transporter, and recent proof-of-concept studies confirm its therapeutic potential in T2D and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further SLC transporters were linked in multiple genome-wide association studies to T2D or related metabolic disorders. In addition to presenting better-characterized potential therapeutic targets, we discuss the likely unnoticed link between other SLC transporters and metabolic disease. Recognition of their potential may promote research on these proteins for future medical management of human metabolic diseases such as obesity, fatty liver disease, and T2D. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Given the fact that the prevalence of human metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes has dramatically risen, pharmacological intervention will be a key future approach to managing their burden and reducing mortality. In this review, we present the evidence for solute carrier (SLC) genes associated with human metabolic diseases and discuss the potential of SLC transporters as therapeutic target structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schumann
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Jörg König
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Christine Henke
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Diana M Willmes
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Jens Jordan
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., S.R.B.), and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (T.S., C.H., D.M.W.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., Neuherberg, Germany (T.S., C.H., D.M.W., A.L.B.); Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (J.K., M.F.F.); Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and Chair for Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.J.); Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (S.R.B., A.L.B.); Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.L.B.)
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15
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Alesutan I, Moritz F, Haider T, Shouxuan S, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Holfeld J, Pieske B, Lang F, Eckardt KU, Heinzmann SS, Voelkl J. Impact of β-glycerophosphate on the bioenergetic profile of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:985-997. [PMID: 32488546 PMCID: PMC7343738 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In chronic kidney disease, hyperphosphatemia is a key pathological factor promoting medial vascular calcification, a common complication associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. This active pathophysiological process involves osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via complex intracellular mechanisms that are still incompletely understood. Little is known about the effects of phosphate on the bioenergetic profile of VSMCs during the onset of this process. Therefore, the present study explored the effects of the phosphate donor β-glycerophosphate on cellular bioenergetics of VSMCs. Mitochondrial and glycolytic functions were determined utilizing extracellular flux analysis in primary human aortic VSMCs following exposure to β-glycerophosphate. In VSMCs, β-glycerophosphate increased basal respiration, mitochondrial ATP production as well as proton leak and decreased spare respiratory capacity and coupling efficiency, but did not modify non-mitochondrial or maximal respiration. β-Glycerophosphate-treated VSMCs had higher ability to increase mitochondrial glutamine and long-chain fatty acid usage as oxidation substrates to meet their energy demand. β-Glycerophosphate did not modify glycolytic function or basal and glycolytic proton efflux rate. In contrast, β-glycerophosphate increased non-glycolytic acidification. β-Glycerophosphate-treated VSMCs had a more oxidative and less glycolytic phenotype, but a reduced ability to respond to stressed conditions via mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, compounds targeting components of mitochondrial respiration modulated β-glycerophosphate-induced oxidative stress, osteo-/chondrogenic signalling and mineralization of VSMCs. In conclusion, β-glycerophosphate modifies key parameters of mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics in VSMCs that may contribute to the onset of phenotypical transdifferentiation and calcification. These observations advance the understanding of the role of energy metabolism in VSMC physiology and pathophysiology of vascular calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Key messages β-Glycerophosphate modifies key parameters of mitochondrial respiration in VSMCs. β-Glycerophosphate induces changes in mitochondrial fuel choice in VSMCs. β-Glycerophosphate promotes a more oxidative and less glycolytic phenotype of VSMCs. β-Glycerophosphate triggers mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress in VSMCs. Bioenergetics impact β-glycerophosphate-induced VSMC calcification.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-020-01925-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Alesutan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franco Moritz
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Haider
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Sun Shouxuan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- University Clinic of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Holfeld
- University Clinic of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Burkert Pieske
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Sophie Heinzmann
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Huang D, Narayanan N, Cano-Vega MA, Jia Z, Ajuwon KM, Kuang S, Deng M. Nanoparticle-Mediated Inhibition of Notch Signaling Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Reduces Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Expansion in Pigs. iScience 2020; 23:101167. [PMID: 32480124 PMCID: PMC7262558 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Notch signaling has been shown to induce white to beige transformation of adipocytes and reduce the risk of obesity in mice. However, it remains unknown whether the metabolic benefits of Notch inhibition are dependent on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated thermogenesis and evolutionarily relevant in other mammalian species. Here we report the effect of Notch inhibition in adipocytes of pigs, which lost the UCP1 gene during evolution. Notch inhibition using a γ-secretase inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ) promoted beige adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenic gene expression in porcine adipocytes. Moreover, encapsulation of DBZ into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles enabled rapid cellular internalization and enhanced bioactivity to achieve sustained Notch inhibition, thereby inducing beige-specific gene expression and reducing subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion in pigs. These results demonstrate for the first time a role of Notch signaling in regulating adipose plasticity in large animals, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting Notch signaling in obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Naagarajan Narayanan
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mario A Cano-Vega
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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17
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Anilinopyrazines as potential mitochondrial uncouplers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Nazarov PA, Kirsanov RS, Denisov SS, Khailova LS, Karakozova MV, Lyamzaev KG, Korshunova GA, Lukyanov KA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Fluorescein Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents Acting via Membrane Depolarization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020309. [PMID: 32075319 PMCID: PMC7072581 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Appending a lipophylic alkyl chain by ester bond to fluorescein has been previously shown to convert this popular dye into an effective protonophoric uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, exhibiting neuro- and nephroprotective effects in murine models. In line with this finding, we here report data on the pronounced depolarizing effect of a series of fluorescein decyl esters on bacterial cells. The binding of the fluorescein derivatives to Bacillus subtilis cells was monitored by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS revealed the energy-dependent accumulation of the fluorescein esters with decyl(triphenyl)- and decyl(tri-p-tolyl)phosphonium cations in the bacterial cells. The latter compound proved to be the most potent in suppressing B. subtilis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.N.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Roman S. Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Stepan S. Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ljudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Marina V. Karakozova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (K.A.L.)
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Galina A. Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (K.A.L.)
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.N.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
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19
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Klaus S, Ost M. Mitochondrial uncoupling and longevity - A role for mitokines? Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110796. [PMID: 31786315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been viewed both as a random process due to accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time and as a programmed process linked to cellular pathway important for growth and maturation. These views converge on mitochondria as both the major producer of damaging reactive oxidant species (ROS) and as signaling organelles. A finite proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to a slight uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and respiration is an intrinsic property of all mitochondria and according to the "uncoupling to survive" hypothesis it has evolved to protect against ROS production to minimize oxidative damage. This hypothesis is supported by evidence linking an increased endogenous, uncoupling protein (UCP1) mediated, as well as experimentally induced mitochondrial uncoupling to an increased lifespan in rodents. This is possibly due to the synergistic activation of molecular pathways linked to life extending effects of caloric restriction as well as a mitohormetic response. Mitohormesis is an adaptive stress response through mitonuclear signaling which increases stress resistance resulting in health promoting effects. Part of this response is the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), two stress-induced mitokines which elicit beneficial systemic metabolic effects via endocrine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mario Ost
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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20
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Ugur K, Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Artas G, Kocdor MA, Sahin İ, Yardim M, Ozercan İH. Comparison of irisin hormone expression between thyroid cancer tissues and oncocytic variant cells. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2595-2603. [PMID: 31114326 PMCID: PMC6497896 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s201979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The incidence of thyroid cancer has been continuously increasing. The main objective of this study was to investigate irisin expression in various thyroid pathologies and to compare these expression patterns with irisin expression in healthy thyroid tissues. Methods: The study groups consisted of 20 cases each of control thyroid tissue, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid papillary carcinoma, oncocytic papillary carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Irisin expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Irisin levels in thyroid tissue supernatants were measured using ELISA. Results: Patients with HT showed increased irisin expression compared with controls (p<0.05). In addition, mild immunoreactivity was observed in the thyroid tissues of patients with papillary carcinoma while significantly increased irisin immunoreactivity was observed tissues of patients with oncocytic papillary carcinoma (p<0.05). There was no difference in irisin immunoreactivity in thyroid tissues between patients with follicular carcinoma and controls. However, irisin immunoreactivity was higher in tissues of patients with oncocytic follicular carcinoma than in tissues of patients with follicular carcinoma (p<0.05). No irisin immunoreactivity was observed in tissues of patients with medullary carcinoma, a malignant tumor the thyroid; however, irisin expression was significantly increased in tissues of patients with anaplastic carcinoma compared with that in tissues of controls (p<0.05). Furthermore, in all thyroid tissues with irisin expression, irisin immunoreactivity was observed in follicular cells, indicating that irisin is produced by these cells. Conclusion: Irisin is a novel potential immunohistochemical marker for differentiating oncocytic variants of papillary and FTCs from papillary and follicular thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kader Ugur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research group), Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Artas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Kocdor
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research group), Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yardim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research group), Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
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21
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Srivastava S, Veech RL. Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761017 PMCID: PMC6363669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed to maintain thermal homeostasis through dissipation of chemical energy as heat by the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) present in their mitochondria. The recent demonstration of the presence of BAT in humans has invigorated research in this area. The research has provided many new insights into the biology and functioning of this tissue and the biological implications of its altered activities. Another finding of interest is browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting in what is known as beige/brite cells, which have increased mitochondrial proteins and UCPs. In general, it has been observed that the activation of BAT is associated with various physiological improvements such as a reduction in blood glucose levels increased resting energy expenditure and reduced weight. Given the similar physiological functions of BAT and beige/ brite cells and the higher mass of WAT compared to BAT, it is likely that increasing the brite/beige cells in WATs may also lead to greater metabolic benefits. However, development of treatments targeting brown fat or WAT browning would require not only a substantial understanding of the biology of these tissues but also the effect of altering their activity levels on whole body metabolism and physiology. In this review, we present evidence from recent literature on the substrates utilized by BAT, regulation of BAT activity and browning by circulating molecules. We also present dietary and pharmacological activators of brown and beige/brite adipose tissue and the effect of physical exercise on BAT activity and browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Tran VC, Cho SY, Kwon J, Kim D. Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) improves immuno-metabolic systems by inhibiting STOML2 overexpression in high-fat-diet-induced obese zebrafish. Food Funct 2019; 10:4636-4648. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AOS improves immuno-metabolism systems in high-fat-died-induced obese zebrafish by regulating STOML2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Cuong Tran
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Post-harvest Technology
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju
- Republic of Korea
- Foodborne Virus Research Center
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23
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Stevens JF, Revel JS, Maier CS. Mitochondria-Centric Review of Polyphenol Bioactivity in Cancer Models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1589-1611. [PMID: 29084444 PMCID: PMC6207154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Humans are exposed daily to polyphenols in milligram-to-gram amounts through dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables. Polyphenols are also available as components of dietary supplements for improving general health. Although polyphenols are often advertised as antioxidants to explain health benefits, experimental evidence shows that their beneficial cancer preventing and controlling properties are more likely due to stimulation of pro-oxidant and proapoptotic pathways. Recent Advances: The understanding of the biological differences between cancer and normal cell, and especially the role that mitochondria play in carcinogenesis, has greatly advanced in recent years. These advances have resulted in a wealth of new information on polyphenol bioactivity in cell culture and animal models of cancer. Polyphenols appear to target oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glycolysis, pro-oxidant pathways, and antioxidant (adaptive) stress responses with greater selectivity in tumorigenic cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of polyphenols to dissipate the MMP (Δψm) by a protonophore mechanism has been known for more than 50 years. However, researchers focus primarily on the downstream molecular effects of Δψm dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We argue that the physicochemical properties of polyphenols are responsible for their anticancer properties by virtue of their protonophoric and pro-oxidant properties rather than their specific effects on downstream molecular targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Polyphenol-induced dissipation of Δψm is a physicochemical process that cancer cells cannot develop resistance against by gene mutation. Therefore, polyphenols should receive more attention as agents for cotherapy with cancer drugs to gain synergistic activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Johana S. Revel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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24
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Chathoth S, Ismail MH, Vatte C, Cyrus C, Al Ali Z, Ahmed KA, Acharya S, Al Barqi AM, Al Ali A. Association of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) gene polymorphism with obesity: a case-control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:203. [PMID: 30458724 PMCID: PMC6247512 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. More than 120 genes have been shown to be associated with obesity related phenotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected genetic polymorphisms in Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) genes in an obese population in Saudi Arabia. METHODS The genotypes of rs1800592, rs10011540 and rs3811791 (UCP1 gene) and rs1805081 and rs1805082 (NPC1 gene) were determined in a total of 492 subjects using TaqMan chemistry by Real-time PCR. In addition, capillary sequencing assay was performed to identify two specific polymorphisms viz., rs45539933 (exon 2) and rs2270565 (exon 5) of UCP1 gene. RESULTS A significant association of UCP1 polymorphisms rs1800592 [OR, 1.52 (1.10-2.08); p = 0.009] was observed in the obese cohort after adjusting with age, sex and type 2 diabetes. Further BMI based stratification revealed that this association was inconsistent with both moderate and extreme obese cohort. A significant association of UCP1 polymorphisms rs3811791 was observed only in the moderate-obese cohort [OR = 2.89 (1.33-6.25); p = 0.007] but not in the extreme-obese cohort indicating an overlying genetic complexity between moderate-obesity and extreme-obesity. The risk allele frequencies, which were higher in moderate-obese cohort, had abnormal HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSION The rs1800592 and rs3811791 of UCP1 gene are associated with obesity in general and in the moderate-obese group in particular. The associated UCP1 polymorphisms in the moderate-obese group may regulate the impaired energy metabolism which plays a significant role in the initial stages of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanas Chathoth
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona H. Ismail
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chittibabu Vatte
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Cyril Cyrus
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhara Al Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sadananda Acharya
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Mohammed Al Barqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amein Al Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
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25
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Alonso-Garrido M, Escrivá L, Manyes L, Font G. Enniatin B induces expression changes in the electron transport chain pathway related genes in lymphoblastic T-cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:437-443. [PMID: 30227181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enniatin B is a ionophoric and lipophilic mycotoxin which reaches the bloodstream and has the ability to penetrate into cellular membranes. The purpose of this study was to reveal changes in the gene expression profile caused by enniatin B in human Jurkat lymphoblastic T-cells after 24 h of exposure at 1.5, 3 and 5 μM by next generation sequencing. It was found that up to 27% of human genome expression levels were significantly altered (5750 genes for both down-regulation and up-regulation). In the three enniatin B concentrations studied 245 differentially expressed genes were found to be overlapped, 83 were down and 162 up-regulated. ConsensusPathDB analysis of over-representation of differentially expressed genes provided a list of gene ontology terms in which several biological processes related to nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process, respiratory chain complex, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration were the most altered. Also, an interesting correlation was found between enniatin B toxicity and the up-regulation of the UCP protein complex. In summary, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that mitochondria are the organelles showing more related differentially expressed genes. Consequently, differentially expressed genes involved in biological processes, molecular functions and pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism and respiration were significantly changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alonso-Garrido
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - L Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - L Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - G Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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26
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Bleasdale EE, Thrower SN, Petróczi A. Would You Use It With a Seal of Approval? Important Attributes of 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) as a Hypothetical Pharmaceutical Product. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:124. [PMID: 29731723 PMCID: PMC5919945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is an effective but highly dangerous fat burner, not licensed for human consumption. Death cases reported for 2,4-DNP overdose, particularly among young adults, have raised concerns about the ineffective regulatory control, lack of education and risks associated with impurity, and the unknown concentration of 2,4-DNP purchased on the Internet. METHODS Using a sequential mixed method design and based on a hypothetical scenario as if 2,4-DNP was a licensed pharmaceutical drug, first we conducted a qualitative study to explore what product attributes people consider when buying a weight-loss aid. Focus group interviews with six females and three males (mean age = 21.6 ± 1.8 years) were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to thematic analysis. Sixteen attributes were identified for the Best-Worst Scale (BWS) in the quantitative survey with 106 participants (64% female, mean age = 27.1 ± 11.9 years), focusing on 2,4-DNP. Demographics, weight satisfaction, and risk for eating disorder data were collected. RESULTS In contrast to experienced users such as bodybuilders, our study participants approached 2,4-DNP cautiously. Attributes of 2,4-DNP as a hypothetical weight-loss drug comprised a range of desirable and avoidable features. Of the 16 selected attributes, BWS suggested that long-term side effects were the most and branding was the least important attribute. Effectiveness and short-term side effects were also essential. Those in the >25 year group showed least concerns for legality. Neutral BWS scores for cost, treatment, degree of lifestyle changes required, and specificity required for the hypothetical weight-loss drug to be effective were likely caused by disagreement about their importance among the participants, not indifference. CONCLUSION With advances in research, 2,4-DNP as a pharmaceutical drug in the future for treating neurodegenerative diseases and potentially for weight loss is not inconceivable. Caution is warranted for interpreting the BWS scores. Owing to the difference in what data represent at individual vs. population levels, with pooled data, the method correctly identifies attributes by which most people are satisfied but misrepresents attributes that are individually very important but not universally agreed. Whilst this may be an advantage in marketing applications, it limits the utility of BWS as a research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Bleasdale
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Sam N. Thrower
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
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27
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Partial involvement of Nrf2 in skeletal muscle mitohormesis as an adaptive response to mitochondrial uncoupling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2446. [PMID: 29402993 PMCID: PMC5799251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is usually associated with various metabolic disorders and ageing. However, salutary effects in response to mild mitochondrial perturbations have been reported in multiple organisms, whereas molecular regulators of cell-autonomous stress responses remain elusive. We addressed this question by asking whether the nuclear factor erythroid-derived-like 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor and master regulator of cellular redox status is involved in adaptive physiological responses including muscle mitohormesis. Using a transgenic mouse model with skeletal muscle-specific mitochondrial uncoupling and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inefficiency (UCP1-transgenic, TG) we show that additional genetic ablation of Nrf2 abolishes an adaptive muscle NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and catalase induction. Deficiency of Nrf2 also leads to decreased mitochondrial respiratory performance although muscle functional integrity, fiber-type profile and mitochondrial biogenesis were not significantly altered. Importantly, Nrf2 ablation did not abolish the induction of key genes and proteins of muscle integrated stress response including the serine, one-carbon cycle, and glycine synthesis (SOG) pathway in TG mice while further increasing glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity linked to increased GPX1 protein levels. Conclusively, our results tune down the functions controlled by Nrf2 in muscle mitohormesis and oxidative stress defense during mitochondrial OXPHOS inefficiency.
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28
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Bond LM, Ntambi JM. UCP1 deficiency increases adipose tissue monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis and trafficking to the liver. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:224-236. [PMID: 29203476 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) facilitates thermogenesis in brown and beige adipocytes and can promote energy expenditure by decreasing mitochondrial respiratory efficiency. Defects in UCP1 and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis subject animals to chronic cold stress and elicit compensatory responses to generate heat. How UCP1 regulates white adipose tissue (WAT) lipid biology and tissue crosstalk is not completely understood. Here, we probed the effect of UCP1 deficiency on FA metabolism in inguinal and epididymal WAT and investigated how these metabolic perturbations influence hepatic lipid homeostasis. We report that at standard housing temperature (21°C), loss of UCP1 induces inguinal WAT de novo lipogenesis through transcriptional activation of the lipogenic gene program and elevated GLUT4. Inguinal adipocyte hyperplasia and depot expansion accompany the increase in lipid synthesis. We also found that UCP1 deficiency elevates adipose stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression, and increased inguinal WAT lipolysis supports the transport of adipose-derived palmitoleate (16:1n7) to the liver and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. The observed WAT and liver phenotypes were resolved by housing animals at thermoneutral housing (30°C). These data illustrate depot-specific responses to impaired BAT thermogenesis and communication between WAT and liver in UCP1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Bond
- Departments of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - James M Ntambi
- Departments of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 .,Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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29
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Childress ES, Alexopoulos SJ, Hoehn KL, Santos WL. Small Molecule Mitochondrial Uncouplers and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2017; 61:4641-4655. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Childress
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Stephanie J. Alexopoulos
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Kyle L. Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, and Emily Couric Clinical Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Webster L. Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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30
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Lark DS, Wasserman DH. Meta-fibrosis links positive energy balance and mitochondrial metabolism to insulin resistance. F1000Res 2017; 6:1758. [PMID: 29043068 PMCID: PMC5621108 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11653.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance often emerge from positive energy balance and generally are linked to low-grade inflammation. This low-grade inflammation has been called “meta-inflammation” because it is a consequence of the metabolic dysregulation that can accompany overnutrition. One means by which meta-inflammation is linked to insulin resistance is extracellular matrix expansion secondary to meta-inflammation, which we define here as “meta-fibrosis”. The significance of meta-fibrosis is that it reflects a situation in which the extracellular matrix functions as a multi-level integrator of local (for example, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production) and systemic (for example, inflammation) inputs that couple to cellular processes creating insulin resistance. While adipose tissue extracellular matrix remodeling has received considerable attention, it is becoming increasingly apparent that liver and skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling also contributes to insulin resistance. In this review, we address recent advances in our understanding of energy balance, mitochondrial energetics, meta-inflammation, and meta-fibrosis in the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Lark
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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