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Qiao M, Zeng C, Liu C, Lei Z, Liu B, Xie H. The advancement of siRNA-based nanomedicine for tumor therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1841-1862. [PMID: 39145477 PMCID: PMC11418284 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2377062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been proved to be able to effectively down-regulate gene expression through the RNAi mechanism. Thus, siRNA-based drugs have become one of the hottest research directions due to their high efficiency and specificity. However, challenges such as instability, off-target effects and immune activation hinder their clinical application. This review explores the mechanisms of siRNA and the challenges in siRNA-based tumor therapy. It highlights the use of various nanomaterials - including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles - as carriers for siRNA delivery in different therapeutic modalities. The application strategies of siRNA-based nanomedicine in chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy are discussed in detail, along with recent clinical advancements. Aiming to provide insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchuan Qiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chenlu Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Ziwei Lei
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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2
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Ridnour LA, Cheng RY, Kedei N, Somasundaram V, Bhattacharyya DD, Basudhar D, Wink AL, Walke AJ, Kim C, Heinz WF, Edmondson EF, Butcher DO, Warner AC, Dorsey TH, Pore M, Kinders RJ, Lipkowitz S, Bryant RJ, Rittscher J, Wong ST, Hewitt SM, Chang JC, Shalaby A, Callagy GM, Glynn SA, Ambs S, Anderson SK, McVicar DW, Lockett SJ, Wink DA. Adjuvant COX inhibition augments STING signaling and cytolytic T cell infiltration in irradiated 4T1 tumors. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e165356. [PMID: 38912586 PMCID: PMC11383366 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune therapy is the new frontier of cancer treatment. Therapeutic radiation is a known inducer of immune response and can be limited by immunosuppressive mediators including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) that is highly expressed in aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). A clinical cohort of TNBC tumors revealed poor radiation therapeutic efficacy in tumors expressing high COX2. Herein, we show that radiation combined with adjuvant NSAID (indomethacin) treatment provides a powerful combination to reduce both primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in aggressive 4T1 TNBC tumors, which occurs in part through increased antitumor immune response. Spatial immunological changes including augmented lymphoid infiltration into the tumor epithelium and locally increased cGAS/STING1 and type I IFN gene expression were observed in radiation-indomethacin-treated 4T1 tumors. Thus, radiation and adjuvant NSAID treatment shifts "immune desert phenotypes" toward antitumor M1/TH1 immune mediators in these immunologically challenging tumors. Importantly, radiation-indomethacin combination treatment improved local control of the primary lesion, reduced metastatic burden, and increased median survival when compared with radiation treatment alone. These results show that clinically available NSAIDs can improve radiation therapeutic efficacy through increased antitumor immune response and augmented local generation of cGAS/STING1 and type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Ys Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource (CPTR) Nanoscale Protein Analysis, OSTR, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adelaide L Wink
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and
| | - Abigail J Walke
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and
| | - Caleb Kim
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna O Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew C Warner
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany H Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Milind Pore
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Richard J Bryant
- Department of Urology, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Big Data Institute, Ludwig Oxford Branch, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Tc Wong
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jenny C Chang
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aliaa Shalaby
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Grace M Callagy
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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3
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Shang Q, Yu X, Sun Q, Li H, Sun C, Liu L. Polysaccharides regulate Th1/Th2 balance: A new strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115976. [PMID: 38043444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells have received extensive attention owing to their indispensable roles in anti-tumor immune responses. Th1 and Th2 cells are two key subsets of Th cells that exist in relative equilibrium through the secretion of cytokines that suppress their respective immune response. When the type of cytokine in the tumor microenvironment is altered, this equilibrium may be disrupted, leading to a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response. Th1/Th2 imbalance is one of the decisive factors in the development of malignant tumors. Therefore, focusing on the balance of Th1/Th2 anti-tumor immune responses may enable future breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy. Polysaccharides can regulate the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells and their characteristic cytokine profiles, thereby improving the tumor immune microenvironment. To our knowledge, this study is the most comprehensive assessment of the regulation of the tumor Th1/Th2 balance by polysaccharides. Herein, we systematically summarized the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of polysaccharides in the regulation of Th1 and Th2 cells to provide a new perspective and potential target drugs for improved anti-tumor immunity and delayed tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Shang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China; Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261000, China.
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261000, China.
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Zhao X, Dong Y, Zhang J, Chen C, Gao L, Shi C, Fu Z, Han M, Tang C, Sun P, Yang Z, Zhang C, Zhao K, Jiang X. Reversing immune evasion using a DNA nano-orchestrator for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:512-523. [PMID: 37150276 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune evasion caused by the paucity of MHCI is a prominent characteristic of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), which is thought to underlie dysfunctional even absent adaptive T cell immunity and is responsible for ineffective immunotherapy. Here, we report a ROS-responsive DNA nano-orchestrator to cascade reverse MHC I-associated immune evasion and boost anti-tumor T cell stimulation, stimulating the activation of tumoricidal immunity against PAAD. Chloroquine phosphate (CQP) as an autophagy inhibitor was first encapsulated with ferritin, and via DNA modular self-assembly technology, the generated ferritin nanocores (FNC) were then caged into ROS-responsive CpG-DNA nanoframe. After systemic injection, the FNC-laden DNA nanoframe (FNC@NF) was passively enriched in tumor tissues in which the DNA nanoframe was cleaved upon the ROS stimulation. Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) with CpG motifs was detached and functioned as a TLR9 agonist. The liberated FNC was then endocytosed in an actively targeted manner by binding to transferrin receptor 1. In the lysosome, CQP was burst released from FNC due to acid-triggering. Through CQP-mediated autophagy abrogation, MHC-I molecules were preserved. We demonstrated that cascade inhibiting autophagy and boosting TLR9 stimulation via our proposed DNA-based hybrid nanosystem restored MHC I on the tumor cell surface and reshaped the antigen presentation of DCs, and ultimately reversed immune evasion and synergistically reinforced the activation of cytotoxic T cells against PAAD cells. In sum, our work provides an alternative strategy for cascade reversing immune evasion and boosting anti-tumor T cell stimulation and holds great potential for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A DNA nano-orchestrator was created by sequentially assembling chloroquine phosphate-laden ferritin nanocores with ROS-responsive CpG-DNA nanoframe. Through cascade inhibiting autophagy and boosting TLR9 stimulation, the nano-orchestrator efficiently reversed MHC I-associated immune evasion and augmented anti-tumor T cell stimulation, which ultimately activated tumoricidal immunity against pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuanmin Dong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lin Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chongdeng Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Maosen Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chunwei Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 University Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Zhenmei Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Kun Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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5
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Gao W, Chen D, Liu J, Zang L, Xiao T, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhu H, Yu X. Interplay of four types of RNA modification writers revealed distinct tumor microenvironment and biological characteristics in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031184. [PMID: 36601127 PMCID: PMC9806142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and carries a dismal mortality and morbidity. Four types of RNA modification (namely m6A, m1A, APA and A-to-I) could be catalyzed by distinct enzymatic compounds ("writers"), mediating numerous epigenetic events in carcinogenesis and immunomodulation. We aim to investigate the interplay mechanism of these writers in immunogenomic features and molecular biological characteristics in PC. Methods We first accessed the specific expression pattern and transcriptional variation of 26 RNA modification writers in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Unsupervised consensus clustering was performed to divide patients into two RNA modification clusters. Then, based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among two clusters, RNA modification score (WM_Score) model was established to determine RNA modification-based subtypes and was validated in International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) dataset. What's more, we manifested the unique status of WM_Score in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, molecular biological characteristics, targeted therapies and immunogenomic patterns. Results We documented the tight-knit correlations between transcriptional expression and variation of RNA modification writers. We classified patients into two distinct RNA modification patterns (WM_Score_high and _low), The WM_Score_high subgroup was correlated with worse prognosis, Th2/Th17 cell polarization and oncogenic pathways (e.g. EMT, TGF-β, and mTORC1 signaling pathways), whereas the WM_Score_low subgroup associated with favorable survival rate and Th1 cell trend. WM_Score model also proved robust predictive power in interpreting transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Additionally, the potential targeted compounds with related pathways for the WM_Score model were further identified. Conclusions Our research unfolds a novel horizon on the interplay network of four RNA modifications in PC. This WM_Score model demonstrated powerful predictive capacity in epigenetic, immunological and biological landscape, providing a theoretical basis for future clinical judgments of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Pancreatic Neoplasms, Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixing Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Longjun Zang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tijun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Shaoyang University Affiliated Second Hospital, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xianlin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Hongwei Zhu, ; Xiao Yu,
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Hongwei Zhu, ; Xiao Yu,
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Emerging concepts in designing next-generation multifunctional nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231373. [PMID: 35638450 PMCID: PMC9272595 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapy has emerged as an improved anticancer therapeutic strategy to circumvent the harmful side effects of chemotherapy. It has been proven to be beneficial to offer multiple advantages, including their capacity to carry different therapeutic agents, longer circulation time and increased therapeutic index with reduced toxicity. Over time, nanotherapy evolved in terms of their designing strategies like geometry, size, composition or chemistry to circumvent the biological barriers. Multifunctional nanoscale materials are widely used as molecular transporter for delivering therapeutics and imaging agents. Nanomedicine involving multi-component chemotherapeutic drug-based combination therapy has been found to be an improved promising approach to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment. Next-generation nanomedicine has also utilized and combined immunotherapy to increase its therapeutic efficacy. It helps in targeting tumor immune response sparing the healthy systemic immune function. In this review, we have summarized the progress of nanotechnology in terms of nanoparticle designing and targeting cancer. We have also discussed its further applications in combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Integrating patient-specific proteomics and biomarker based information and harnessing clinically safe nanotechnology, the development of precision nanomedicine could revolutionize the effective cancer therapy.
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Li G, Tao T, Deng D, Zhang S, Chao Y, Dai Y, Li Y, Tao R, Yuan S, Liu Z, Wu S. Collagen-targeted tumor-specific transepithelial penetration enhancer mediated intravesical chemoimmunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li K, Zhang Z, Mei Y, Li M, Yang Q, WU Q, Yang H, HE LIANGCAN, Liu S. Targeting innate immune system by nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1709-1733. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various cancer therapies have advanced remarkably over the past decade. Unlike the direct therapeutic targeting of tumor cells, cancer immunotherapy is a new strategy that boosts the host's immune system...
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Xu X, Gan M, Ge Y, Yi C, Feng T, Liu M, Wu C, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhao L, Zou J. Multifaceted glycoadjuvant@AuNPs inhibits tumor metastasis through promoting T cell activation and remodeling tumor microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:376. [PMID: 34794428 PMCID: PMC8600715 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTARCT BACKGROUND: Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides has been used as adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. However, unmodified CpG are not very efficient in clinical trials. Glucose, ligand of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), can promote DC maturation and antigen presentation, which is the first step of induction of adaptive immune responses. Therefore, conjugation of type B CpG DNA to glucose-containing glycopolymers may enhance the therapeutic effects against tumor by CpG-based vaccine. METHODS gCpG was developed by chemical conjugation of type B CpG DNA to glucose-containing glycopolymers. The therapeutic effects of gCpG-based vaccine were tested in both murine primary melanoma model and its metastasis model. RESULTS gCpG based tumor vaccine inhibited both primary and metastasis of melanoma in mice which was dependent on CD8 + T cells and IFNγ. In tumor microenvironment, gCpG treatment increased Th1 and CTL infiltration, increased M1 macrophages, decreased Tregs and MDSCs populations, and promoted inflammatory milieu with enhanced secretion of IFNγ and TNFα. The anti-tumor efficacy of gCpG was dramatically enhanced when combined with anti-PD1 immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that gCpG was a promising adjuvant for vaccine formulation by activating both tumor-specific Th1 and Tc1 responses, and regulating tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfeng Gan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youzhen Ge
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yi
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyun Feng
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Cenhao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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Phung CD, Tran TH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TT, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Yong CS, Choi HG, Kim JO. Nanovaccines silencing IL-10 production at priming phase for boosting immune responses to melanoma. J Control Release 2021; 338:211-223. [PMID: 34419495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant efforts in developing cancer vaccines, there are still numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their clinical efficacy. Herein, a lymphatic dendritic cell (DC)-targeted artificial nanovaccine mimicking tumor cell membrane (ATM-NV) is developed to boost effector immune response and control immunosuppression simultaneously. The NVs are formulated with lipids, tumor cell membrane proteins, imiquimod (IMQ), and IL-10 siRNA. IL-10 siRNA is incorporated to inhibit the secretion of IL-10, an immunosuppressive cytokine, of maturated DCs upon IMQ. To enhance the DC targeting ability, the nanovaccine surface was non-covalently conjugated with the anti-CD205 antibody. The IMQ and IL-10 siRNA co-loaded, CD205 receptor-targeted artificial tumor membrane NVs (IMQ/siR@ATM-NVs) efficiently migrate to the tumor-draining lymph node and target DCs. Furthermore, immunization with IMQ/siR@ATM-NVs reduces the production of IL-10 and increases Th1-driven antitumor immunity resulted in a great tumor inhibition efficacy. Our results suggest a potential strategy to promote the vaccination's antitumor efficacy by blocking the intrinsic negative regulators in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Dai Phung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tien Tiep Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Jeong S, Choi Y, Kim K. Engineering Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy via Exogenous Delivery of Toll-like Receptor Agonists. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1374. [PMID: 34575449 PMCID: PMC8466827 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a currently spotlighted method for cancer treatment, cancer immunotherapy has made a lot of progress in recent years. Among tremendous cancer immunotherapy boosters available nowadays, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists were specifically selected, because of their effective activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and macrophages. TLR agonists can activate signaling pathways of DCs to express CD80 and CD86 molecules, and secrete various cytokines and chemokines. The maturation of DCs stimulates naïve T cells to differentiate into functional cells, and induces B cell activation. Although TLR agonists have anti-tumor ability by activating the immune system of the host, their drawbacks, which include poor efficiency and remarkably short retention time in the body, must be overcome. In this review, we classify and summarize the recently reported delivery strategies using (1) exogenous TLR agonists to maintain the biological and physiological signaling activities of cargo agonists, (2) usage of multiple TLR agonists for synergistic immune responses, and (3) co-delivery using the combination with other immunomodulators or stimulants. In contrast to naked TLR agonists, these exogenous TLR delivery strategies successfully facilitated immune responses and subsequently mediated anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.C.)
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12
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Ngamcherdtrakul W, Reda M, Nelson MA, Wang R, Zaidan HY, Bejan DS, Hoang NH, Lane RS, Luoh SW, Leachman SA, Mills GB, Gray JW, Lund AW, Yantasee W. In Situ Tumor Vaccination with Nanoparticle Co-Delivering CpG and STAT3 siRNA to Effectively Induce Whole-Body Antitumor Immune Response. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100628. [PMID: 34118167 PMCID: PMC8424660 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The success of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in a subset of individuals has been very exciting. However, in many cancers, responses to current ICIs are modest and are seen only in a small subsets of patients. Herein, a widely applicable approach that increases the benefit of ICIs is reported. Intratumoral administration of augmenting immune response and inhibiting suppressive environment of tumors-AIRISE-02 nanotherapeutic that co-delivers CpG and STAT3 siRNA-results in not only regression of the injected tumor, but also tumors at distant sites in multiple tumor model systems. In particular, three doses of AIRISE-02 in combination with systemic ICIs completely cure both treated and untreated aggressive melanoma tumors in 63% of mice, while ICIs alone do not cure any mice. A long-term memory immune effect is also reported. AIRISE-02 is effective in breast and colon tumor models as well. Lastly, AIRISE-02 is well tolerated in mice and nonhuman primates. This approach combines multiple therapeutic agents into a single nanoconstruct to create whole-body immune responses across multiple cancer types. Being a local therapeutic, AIRISE-02 circumvents regulatory challenges of systemic nanoparticle delivery, facilitating rapid translation to the clinic. AIRISE-02 is under investigational new drug (IND)-enabling studies, and clinical trials will soon follow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moataz Reda
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Ruijie Wang
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | | | - Ngoc Ha Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ryan S Lane
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Shiuh-Wen Luoh
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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13
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Atalis A, Dixon JB, Roy K. Soluble and Microparticle-Based Delivery of TLR4 and TLR9 Agonists Differentially Modulate 3D Chemotaxis of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001899. [PMID: 33928762 PMCID: PMC9211062 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are commonly administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and local immune cells, notably dendritic cells (DCs), play a significant role in transporting vaccine antigens and adjuvants to draining lymph nodes. Here, it is compared how soluble and biomaterial-mediated delivery of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-targeted adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA, TLR4 ligand) and 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' DNA (CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand), modulate 3D chemotaxis of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) toward lymphatic chemokine gradients. Within microfluidic devices containing 3D collagen-based matrices to mimic tissue conditions, soluble MPLA increases BMDC chemotaxis toward gradients of CCL19 and CCL21, while soluble CpG has no effect. Delivering CpG on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles (MPs) enhances BMDC chemotaxis compared to MPLA-encapsulated MPs, and when co-delivered, MPLA and CpG do not synergistically enhance BMDC migration. It is concluded that supplementing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-derived BMDC culture with interleukin-4 is necessary to induce CCR7 expression and chemotaxis of BMDCs. Different cell subsets in BMDC culture upregulate CCR7 in response to soluble versus biomaterial-loaded MPLA and CpG, and CCR7 expression does not consistently correlate with functional migration. The results show both adjuvant type and delivery method influence chemotaxis of DCs, and these findings uncover new directions for the rational design of vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Atalis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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14
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Zhao H, Wang H, Hu Y, Xu D, Yin C, Han Q, Zhang J. Chitosan Nanovaccines as Efficient Carrier Adjuvant System for IL-12 with Enhanced Protection Against HBV. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4913-4928. [PMID: 34321879 PMCID: PMC8312321 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alum adjuvant in HBV prophylactic vaccines is poor in inducing cellular immunity with the inhibition of IL-12 secretion, and approximately 5–10% of immunised individuals fail to clear HBV upon infection. IL-12 plasmids (pIL-12) as adjuvants enhance significant humoral and cellular immune response in vaccines. However, finding a novel delivery system to protect pIL-12 from enzymatic degradation and achieve efficient delivery remains a major challenge. Methods We prepared the chitosan nanovaccine-loaded IL-12 expression plasmid (termed as “Ng(-)pIL-12”) and analysed the physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency and safety. Then, we evaluated the efficiency of Ng(-)pIL-12 for prophylactic HBV vaccine. Serum samples were collected and analysed for IL-12, HBsAg, anti-HBs IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b. Liver tissues were collected and analysed for HBV DNA and RNA. BMDCs and lymphocytes were collected and analysed for HBV-specific immune responses. To further confirm the long-term protective immune response against HBV, these immunised mice were challenged with hydrodynamic injection of pAAV/HBV 1.2 plasmid on day 56 after the initiation of immunisation. Results Chitosan nanovaccine prepared with CS and γ-PGA could load pIL-12 effectively and safely, and IL-12 was efficiently produced in vivo. Interestingly, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant combined with HBsAg induced higher levels of anti-HBs IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b, promoted maturation and presentation capacity of DCs, especially CD8α+/CD103+ DCs. Meanwhile, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant generated robust HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses. More importantly, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant triggered terminally differentiated effector memory responses with strong anti-HBV effects. Conclusion Chitosan nanovaccines as an efficient carrier adjuvant system for pIL-12 combined with HBsAg induced protective anti-HBs IgG and enhanced HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses, and achieved long-term memory response against HBV, making it a promising candidate for prophylactic HBV vaccines. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/RZZ_0Z5j7Yc
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haigang Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Yin
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Han L, Peng K, Qiu LY, Li M, Ruan JH, He LL, Yuan ZX. Hitchhiking on Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Opportunities and Challenges for Cancer Vaccines. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679602. [PMID: 34040536 PMCID: PMC8141731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines represent among the most promising strategies in the battle against cancers. However, the clinical efficacy of current cancer vaccines is largely limited by the lack of optimized delivery systems to generate strong and persistent antitumor immune responses. Moreover, most cancer vaccines require multiple injections to boost the immune responses, leading to poor patient compliance. Controlled-release drug delivery systems are able to address these issues by presenting drugs in a controlled spatiotemporal manner, which allows co-delivery of multiple drugs, reduction of dosing frequency and avoidance of significant systemic toxicities. In this review, we outline the recent progress in cancer vaccines including subunit vaccines, genetic vaccines, dendritic cell-based vaccines, tumor cell-based vaccines and in situ vaccines. Furthermore, we highlight the efforts and challenges of controlled or sustained release drug delivery systems (e.g., microparticles, scaffolds, injectable gels, and microneedles) in ameliorating the safety, effectiveness and operability of cancer vaccines. Finally, we briefly discuss the correlations of vaccine release kinetics and the immune responses to enlighten the rational design of the next-generation platforms for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Peng
- School of pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Ying Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Hua Ruan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Li-Li He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Preclinical models and technologies to advance nanovaccine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:148-182. [PMID: 33711401 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of targeted immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, in addition to several tumor-associated immunosuppression mechanisms are among the major factors that have precluded the success of cancer vaccines as targeted cancer immunotherapies. The exciting outcomes obtained in patients upon the injection of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants intratumorally, reinvigorated interest in the use of nanotechnology to foster the delivery of vaccines to address cancer unmet needs. Thus, bridging nano-based vaccine platform development and predicted clinical outcomes the selection of the proper preclinical model will be fundamental. Preclinical models have revealed promising outcomes for cancer vaccines. However, only few cases were associated with clinical responses. This review addresses the major challenges related to the translation of cancer nano-based vaccines to the clinic, discussing the requirements for ex vivo and in vivo models of cancer to ensure the translation of preclinical success to patients.
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17
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Oakes RS, Tostanoski LH, Kapnick SM, Froimchuk E, Black SK, Zeng X, Jewell CM. Exploiting Rational Assembly to Map Distinct Roles of Regulatory Cues during Autoimmune Therapy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4305-4320. [PMID: 33645967 PMCID: PMC8116774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes, and lupus occur when the immune system attacks host tissue. Immunotherapies that promote selective tolerance without suppressing normal immune function are of tremendous interest. Here, nanotechnology was used for rational assembly of peptides and modulatory immune cues into immune complexes. Complexes containing self-peptides and regulatory nucleic acids reverse established paralysis in a preclinical MS model. Importantly, mice responding to immunotherapy maintain healthy, antigen-specific B and T cell responses during a foreign antigen challenge. A therapeutic library isolating specific components reveals that regulatory nucleic acids suppress inflammatory genes in innate immune cells, while disease-matched peptide sequences control specificity of tolerance. Distinct gene expression profiles in cells and animals are associated with the immune signals administered in particulate and soluble forms, highlighting the impact of biophysical presentation of signals. This work provides insight into the rational manipulation of immune signaling to drive tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 N Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Senta M. Kapnick
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Eugene Froimchuk
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sheneil K. Black
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiangbin Zeng
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 N Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 5102 A. James Clark Hall, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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18
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Cuzzubbo S, Mangsbo S, Nagarajan D, Habra K, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615240. [PMID: 33679703 PMCID: PMC7927599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that ‘depot’ antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation—inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Clinical pathology Rudbeck laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinana Habra
- The School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Lin G, Revia RA, Zhang M. Inorganic Nanomaterial-Mediated Gene Therapy in Combination with Other Antitumor Treatment Modalities. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2007096. [PMID: 34366761 PMCID: PMC8336227 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202007096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease originating from the accumulation of gene mutations in a cellular subpopulation. Although many therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat cancer, recent studies have revealed an irrefutable challenge that tumors evolve defenses against some therapies. Gene therapy may prove to be the ultimate panacea for cancer by correcting the fundamental genetic errors in tumors. The engineering of nanoscale inorganic carriers of cancer therapeutics has shown promising results in the efficacious and safe delivery of nucleic acids to treat oncological diseases in small-animal models. When these nanocarriers are used for co-delivery of gene therapeutics along with auxiliary treatments, the synergistic combination of therapies often leads to an amplified health benefit. In this review, an overview of the inorganic nanomaterials developed for combinatorial therapies of gene and other treatment modalities is presented. First, the main principles of using nucleic acids as therapeutics, inorganic nanocarriers for medical applications and delivery of gene/drug payloads are introduced. Next, the utility of recently developed inorganic nanomaterials in different combinations of gene therapy with each of chemo, immune, hyperthermal, and radio therapy is examined. Finally, current challenges in the clinical translation of inorganic nanomaterial-mediated therapies are presented and outlooks for the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyou Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard A Revia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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20
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Pradhan P, Toy R, Jhita N, Atalis A, Pandey B, Beach A, Blanchard EL, Moore SG, Gaul DA, Santangelo PJ, Shayakhmetov DM, Roy K. TRAF6-IRF5 kinetics, TRIF, and biophysical factors drive synergistic innate responses to particle-mediated MPLA-CpG co-presentation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd4235. [PMID: 33523878 PMCID: PMC7806213 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses to pathogens are driven by co-presentation of multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Combinations of PAMPs can trigger synergistic immune responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of synergy are poorly understood. Here, we used synthetic particulate carriers co-loaded with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and CpG as pathogen-like particles (PLPs) to dissect the signaling pathways responsible for dual adjuvant immune responses. PLP-based co-delivery of MPLA and CpG to GM-CSF-driven mouse bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (BM-APCs) elicited synergistic interferon-β (IFN-β) and interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) responses, which were strongly influenced by the biophysical properties of PLPs. Mechanistically, we found that MyD88 and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) were necessary for IFN-β and IL-12p70 production, while TRIF signaling was required for the synergistic response. Both the kinetics and magnitude of downstream TRAF6 and IRF5 signaling drove the synergy. These results identify the key mechanisms of synergistic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-TLR9 co-signaling in mouse BM-APCs and underscore the critical role of signaling kinetics and biophysical properties on the integrated response to combination adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pradhan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Toy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Jhita
- Lowance Center of Human Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Atalis
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B Pandey
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Beach
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E L Blanchard
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S G Moore
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D A Gaul
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P J Santangelo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D M Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center of Human Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Skibba M, Drelich A, Poellmann M, Hong S, Brasier AR. Nanoapproaches to Modifying Epigenetics of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition for Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:607689. [PMID: 33384604 PMCID: PMC7770469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronically progressive interstitial lung that affects over 3 M people worldwide and rising in incidence. With a median survival of 2-3 years, IPF is consequently associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Although two antifibrotic therapies, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are approved for human use, these agents reduce the rate of decline of pulmonary function but are not curative and do not reverse established fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the prevailing epithelial injury hypothesis, wherein pathogenic airway epithelial cell-state changes known as Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) promotes the expansion of myofibroblast populations. Myofibroblasts are principal components of extracellular matrix production that result in airspace loss and mortality. We review the epigenetic transition driving EMT, a process produced by changes in histone acetylation regulating mesenchymal gene expression programs. This mechanistic work has focused on the central role of bromodomain-containing protein 4 in mediating EMT and myofibroblast transition and initial preclinical work has provided evidence of efficacy. As nanomedicine presents a promising approach to enhancing the efficacy of such anti-IPF agents, we then focus on the state of nanomedicine formulations for inhalable delivery in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), inorganic NPs, and exosomes. These nanoscale agents potentially provide unique properties to existing pulmonary therapeutics, including controlled release, reduced systemic toxicity, and combination delivery. NP-based approaches for pulmonary delivery thus offer substantial promise to modify epigenetic regulators of EMT and advance treatments for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Skibba
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adam Drelich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael Poellmann
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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22
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Xu Y, Ma S, Si X, Zhao J, Yu H, Ma L, Song W, Tang Z. Polyethyleneimine-CpG Nanocomplex as an In Situ Vaccine for Boosting Anticancer Immunity in Melanoma. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000207. [PMID: 33107202 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is redefining the field of cancer therapy. However, current cancer immunotherapies are limited by insufficient immune activation, which results in low response rate. Herein, polyethyleneimine-CpG nanocomplex (CpG@PEI) is reported as an in situ vaccine for boosting anticancer immunity in melanoma. CpG, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonist, can activate antigen-presenting cells and increase the expression of costimulatory molecules, while PEI can help to enhance the stability and cellular internalization of CpG. It is proved that PEI loading can significantly enhance the cellular internalization and immune stimulation ability of CpG, and the CpG@PEI nanocomplex can effectively inhibit murine B16F10 melanoma growth after intratumoral injection. Further analysis reveals that this CpG@PEI nanocomplex therapy elicits both innate and adaptive immunity, with much increased natural killer (NK) cells and T cells infiltration in the tumor, as well as CD80 expression on the dendritic cells (DCs). This study will inspire more attempts in directly using single nanoparticle-loaded pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xinghui Si
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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23
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Shofolawe-Bakare OT, Stokes LD, Hossain M, Smith AE, Werfel TA. Immunostimulatory biomaterials to boost tumor immunogenicity. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5516-5537. [PMID: 33049007 PMCID: PMC7837217 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is exhibiting great promise as a new therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. However, immunotherapies are limited by the inability of some tumors to provoke an immune response. These tumors with a 'cold' immunological phenotype are characterized by low numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, high numbers of immunosuppressive leukocytes (e.g. regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages), and high production of immune-dampening signals (e.g. IL-10, TGF-β, IDO-1). Strategies to boost the aptitude of tumors to initiate an immune response (i.e. boost tumor immunogenicity) will turn 'cold' tumors 'hot' and augment the anti-tumor efficacy of current immunotherapies. Approaches to boost tumor immunogenicity already show promise; however, multifaceted delivery and immunobiology challenges exist. For instance, systemic delivery of many immune-stimulating agents causes off-target toxicity and/or the development of autoimmunity, limiting the administrable dose below the threshold needed to achieve efficacy. Moreover, once administered in vivo, molecules such as the nucleic acid-based agonists for many pattern recognition receptors are either rapidly cleared or degraded, and don't efficiently traffic to the intracellular compartments where the receptors are located. Thus, these nucleic acid-based drugs are ineffective without a delivery system. Biomaterials-based approaches aim to enhance current strategies to boost tumor immunogenicity, enable novel strategies, and spare dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we review recent progress to improve cancer immunotherapies by boosting immunogenicity within tumors using immunostimulatory biomaterials.
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24
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Lee SN, Jin SM, Shin HS, Lim YT. Chemical Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Toll-like Receptor Agonist Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2081-2093. [PMID: 32966047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the fields of biomedical chemistry and immune bioengineering have enabled innovative therapeutic approaches that can enhance the efficacy, accuracy, and safety of cancer immunotherapy. Among the numerous strategies utilized in cancer immunotherapy, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-based approaches have been studied for a long time since they trigger the innate immune system and generate antigen-specific T cell responses to fight against tumors. In addition to these immunostimulatory functions, TLR agonists also contribute to the reprogramming of immune suppressive tumor microenvironments. Although TLR agonists are now being intensively studied in clinical trials due to their substantial immunomodulatory properties, they still show a low therapeutic index. Nonspecific and random stimulation of various immune cells produces excess levels of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in cytokine storms and chronic diseases. Therefore, the development of chemical strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy as well as the safety of TLR agonist-based immunotherapy is essential and in high demand.In this Account, we summarize and discuss recent developments in biomedical chemistry and bioengineering techniques for the immunomodulation of TLR agonists that have addressed the limitations in current cancer immunotherapy. Immunomodulation of TLR agonists can be classified into two different approaches: (1) molecular modulation via chemical structure modification and (2) macroscopic modulation via an engineered drug delivery system. In molecular modulation, based on prodrug and antedrug principles, activity is modulated (active or inactive) through immolative chemical linkers that can respond to extrinsic or intrinsic biological stimulation and the plasmatic environment, respectively. To increase the effectiveness of TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents, researchers have conjugated TLR agonists with other immunotherapeutic moieties (antigen, antibody, other TLR agonist, etc.). For macroscopic modulation, bioengineering of delivery carriers differing in size or with albumin hitchhiking moieties has been utilized to increase the efficiency of the targeting of these carriers to secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen). The conjugation of specific targeting ligands and incorporation of stimulus-triggering moieties can promote the delivery of TLR agonists into specific cells or intracellular compartments. Implantable porous scaffolds for specific immune cell recruitment and in situ depot-forming gel systems for controlled release of immunomodulatory drugs can increase the therapeutic efficacy of TLR agonists while reducing systemic toxicity. Taken together, these findings show that well-designed and precisely controlled chemical strategies for the immunomodulation of TLR agonists at both the molecular and macroscopic levels are expected to play key roles in improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy while minimizing immune-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Nam Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mo Jin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sik Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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25
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Li Z, Li Y, Wang X, Yang Q. Identification of a Six-Immune-Related Long Non-coding RNA Signature for Predicting Survival and Immune Infiltrating Status in Breast Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32733537 PMCID: PMC7358358 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in tumor immunity; however, the functional roles of immune-related lncRNAs in breast cancer (BC) remain elusive. To further explore the immune-related lncRNAs in BC, whole genomic expression data and corresponding clinical information were obtained from multiple BC datasets. Based on correlation with the immune-related genes within the training set, we screened out the most promising immune-related lncRNAs. Subsequently, Lasso penalized Cox regression analysis followed by stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis identified six survival-related lncRNAs (AC116366.1, AC244502.1, AC100810.1, MIAT, AC093297.2, and AL356417.2) and constructed a prognostic signature. The cohorts in the high-risk group had significantly poor survival time compared to those in the low-risk group. In addition, a nomogram integrated with clinical features and the prognostic signature was developed on the basis of the training set. Importantly, all the findings had a similar performance in three validated datasets. In the following studies, our integrative analyses indicated that the infiltration of CD8-positive (CD8) T cells associated with a good prognosis was strikingly activated in the low-risk group. To further provide an interpretation of biological mechanisms for the prognostic signature, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) followed by KEGG pathway-enrichment analysis. Our results showed that the antigen presentation pathway involved in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and antigen processing and presentation was markedly altered in the high-risk group, which might promote tumor immune evasion and associate with poor clinical outcomes in BC patients with high risk scores. In conclusion, we aimed to take advantage of bioinformatics analyses to explore immune-related lncRNAs, which could function as prognostic indicators and promising therapeutic targets for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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26
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Huang W, Shu C, Hua L, Zhao Y, Xie H, Qi J, Gao F, Gao R, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Li W, Yuan M, Ye C, Ma Y. Modified bacterial outer membrane vesicles induce autoantibodies for tumor therapy. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:300-312. [PMID: 32251780 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using monoclonal antibodies to block tumor angiogenesis has yielded effective antitumor effects. However, this treatment method has long cycles and is very expensive; therefore, its long-term and extensive application is limited. In this study, we developed a nanovaccine using bacterial biomembranes as carriers for antitumor therapy. The whole basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) molecule (154 amino acids (aa)) was loaded onto bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) using gene recombination technology. The strong adjuvant effect of OMVs was used to induce the host to produce anti-BFGF autoantibodies. We proved that persistent anti-BFGF autoantibodies can be induced in mice after only 3 immunizations to antagonize BFGF functions. The effects included multiple tumor suppression functions, including inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, induction of tumor cell apoptosis, reversal of tumor immune barriers, and promotion of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), eventually causing tumor regression. We confirmed that bacterial biomembranes can be used as a vaccine delivery system to induce the production of antibodies against autoantigens, which may be used for tumor therapy. This study expands the application fields of bacterial biomembrane systems and provides insight for tumor immunotherapy other than monoclonal antibody technology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we proved that bacteria-released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) modified via genetic engineering can be used as a vaccine carrier to break autoimmune tolerance and induce the body to produce autoantibodies to antagonize pathological molecules and block pathological signaling pathways for tumor therapy. OMVs naturally released by bacteria were used to successfully load the full-length BFGF protein (154 aa). We proved that persistent anti-BFGF autoantibodies can be induced in tumor-bearing mice after only 3 immunizations to effectively inhibit tumors. Furthermore, the production of these antibodies successfully inhibited tumor angiogenesis, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, reversed the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, increased the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reaction, and eventually inhibited tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Congyan Shu
- Sichuan Institute for food and drug control, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangqun Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanghang Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jialong Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Fulan Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ruiyu Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qishu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Mingcui Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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27
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Eppler HB, Jewell CM. Biomaterials as Tools to Decode Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903367. [PMID: 31782844 PMCID: PMC7124992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has remarkable capabilities to combat disease with exquisite selectivity. This feature has enabled vaccines that provide protection for decades and, more recently, advances in immunotherapies that can cure some cancers. Greater control over how immune signals are presented, delivered, and processed will help drive even more powerful options that are also safe. Such advances will be underpinned by new tools that probe how immune signals are integrated by immune cells and tissues. Biomaterials are valuable resources to support this goal, offering robust, tunable properties. The growing role of biomaterials as tools to dissect immune function in fundamental and translational contexts is highlighted. These technologies can serve as tools to understand the immune system across molecular, cellular, and tissue length scales. A common theme is exploiting biomaterial features to rationally direct how specific immune cells or organs encounter a signal. This precision strategy, enabled by distinct material properties, allows isolation of immunological parameters or processes in a way that is challenging with conventional approaches. The utility of these capabilities is demonstrated through examples in vaccines for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy, as well as settings of immune regulation that include autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh B Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, 1247 Biology Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, 1247 Biology Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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28
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Sioud M. Unleashing the Therapeutic Potential of Dendritic and T Cell Therapies Using RNA Interference. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:259-280. [PMID: 32006406 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines work to boost the body's immune system to fight a cancer. Although this type of immunotherapy often leads to the activation of tumor-specfic T cells, clinical responses are fairly low, arguing for the need to improve the design of DC-based vaccines. Recent studies revealed a promising strategy of combining DC vaccines with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting immunosuppressive signals such as checkpoint receptors. Similarly, incorporating checkpoint siRNA blockers in adoptive T-cell therapy to amplify cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses is now being tested in the clinic. The development of the next generation of cancer immunotherapies using siRNA technology will hopefuly benefit patients with various cancer types including those who did not respond to current therapies. This review highlights the latest advances in RNA interference technology to improve the therapeutic efficacy of DC cancer vaccines and T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernchausseen 70, Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Toll-Like Receptors and Relevant Emerging Therapeutics with Reference to Delivery Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090441. [PMID: 31480568 PMCID: PMC6781272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The built-in innate immunity in the human body combats various diseases and their causative agents. One of the components of this system is Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and/or endogenous molecules. Nonetheless, under certain conditions, these TLRs become hypofunctional or hyperfunctional, thus leading to a disease-like condition because their normal activity is compromised. In this regard, various small-molecule drugs and recombinant therapeutic proteins have been developed to treat the relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergy. Some drugs for these diseases have been clinically approved; however, their efficacy can be enhanced by conventional or targeted drug delivery systems. Certain delivery vehicles such as liposomes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, dendrimers, or cyclodextrins can be employed to enhance the targeted drug delivery. This review summarizes the TLR signaling pathway, associated diseases and their treatments, and the ways to efficiently deliver the drugs to a target site.
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30
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Nigar S, Shimosato T. Cooperation of Oligodeoxynucleotides and Synthetic Molecules as Enhanced Immune Modulators. Front Nutr 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31508424 PMCID: PMC6718720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine–guanine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are potent stimulators of the host immune response. Cellular recognition of CpG motifs occurs via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which normally activates immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) indicative of infection. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpGs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of viral/microbial DNA. Synthetic ODNs harboring CpG motifs resembling those identified in viral/microbial DNA trigger an identical response, such that these immunomodulatory ODNs have therapeutic potential. CpG DNA has been investigated as an agent for the management of malignancy, asthma, allergy, and contagious diseases, and as an adjuvant in immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the potential synergy between synthetic ODNs and other synthetic molecules and their immunomodulatory effects. We also summarize the different synthetic molecules that function as immune modulators and outline the phenomenon of TLR-mediated immune responses. We previously reported a novel synthetic ODN that acts synergistically with other synthetic molecules (including CpG ODNs, the synthetic triacylated lipopeptide Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide, and zymosan) that could serve as an immune therapy. Additionally, several clinical trials have evaluated the use of CpG ODNs with other immune factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines, and both endosomal and cell-surface TLR ligands as adjuvants for the augmentation of vaccine activity. Furthermore, we discuss the structural recognition of ODNs by TLRs and the mechanism of functional modulation of TLRs in the context of the potential application of ODNs as wide-spectrum therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Nigar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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31
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Huang CH, Mendez N, Echeagaray OH, Weeks J, Wang J, Vallez CN, Gude N, Trogler WC, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Kummel AC. Conjugation of a Small-Molecule TLR7 Agonist to Silica Nanoshells Enhances Adjuvant Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26637-26647. [PMID: 31276378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and/or NOD-like receptors on immune cells initiates and directs immune responses that are essential for vaccine adjuvants. The small-molecule TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, has been approved by the FDA as an immune response modifier but is limited to topical application due to its poor pharmacokinetics that causes undesired adverse effects. Nanoparticles are increasingly used with innate immune stimulators to mitigate side effects and enhance adjuvant efficacy. In this study, a potent small-molecule TLR7 agonist, 2-methoxyethoxy-8-oxo-9-(4-carboxybenzyl)adenine (1V209), was conjugated to hollow silica nanoshells (NS). Proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-12) release by mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that the potency of silica nanoshells-TLR7 conjugates (NS-TLR) depends on nanoshell size and ligand coating density. Silica nanoshells of 100 nm diameter coated with a minimum of ∼6000 1V209 ligands/particle displayed 3-fold higher potency with no observed cytotoxicity when compared to an unconjugated TLR7 agonist. NS-TLR activated the TLR7-signaling pathway, triggered caspase activity, and stimulated IL-1β release, while neither unconjugated TLR7 ligands nor silica shells alone produced IL-1β. An in vivo murine immunization study, using the model antigen ovalbumin, demonstrated that NS-TLR increased antigen-specific IgG antibody induction by 1000× with a Th1-biased immune response, compared to unconjugated TLR7 agonists. The results show that the TLR7 ligand conjugated to silica nanoshells is capable of activating an inflammasome pathway to enhance both innate immune-stimulatory and adjuvant potencies of the TLR7 agonist, thereby broadening applications of innate immune stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Natalie Mendez
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Oscar Hernandez Echeagaray
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Joi Weeks
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - James Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Charles N Vallez
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Natalie Gude
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - William C Trogler
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Andrew C Kummel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
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Zhang J, Liu N, Lu Y, Huang Z, Zang Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Ding Z. Phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide suppressing interleukin-10 is a safe and potent vaccine adjuvant. Vaccine 2019; 37:4081-4088. [PMID: 31164303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While vaccination is highly effective for the prevention of many infectious diseases, the number of adjuvants licensed for human use is currently very limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and to clarify the mechanism of a phosphorothioated interleukin (IL)-10-targeted antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) as an immune adjuvant in intradermal vaccination. The cytotoxicity of IL-10 ASO and its ability to promote T cell proliferation were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The contents of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 in inoculated local tissue and the antigen-specific antibody titers in mouse serum samples were determined by ELISA. The target cells of IL-10 ASO were observed using immunofluorescent staining. The results showed that the specific antibody titer of ovalbumin (OVA), a model antigen, was increased 100-fold upon addition of IL-10 ASO as an adjuvant compared to that of OVA alone. IL-10 ASO showed an immunopotentiation efficacy similar to that of Freund's incomplete adjuvant, with no detectable cell or tissue toxicity. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that IL-10 ASO enhances immune responses by temporarily suppressing IL-10 expression from local dendritic cells and consequently promoting T cell proliferation. In conclusion, IL-10 ASO significantly enhances immune responses against co-delivered vaccine antigens with high efficacy and low toxicity. It has the potential to be developed into a safe and efficient immune adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ninghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuhui Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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Engineered biomaterials to mitigate growth factor cost in cell biomanufacturing. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang W, Saeed M, Zhou Y, Yang L, Wang D, Yu H. Non‐viral gene delivery for cancer immunotherapy. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3092. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Wang
- School of PharmacyNantong University Nantong China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Madiha Saeed
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Yao Zhou
- School of PharmacyNantong University Nantong China
| | - Lili Yang
- School of PharmacyNantong University Nantong China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Haijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Zuo J, Jiang Y, Zhang E, Chen Y, Liang Z, Zhu J, Zhao Y, Xu H, Liu G, Liu J, Wang W, Zhang S, Zhen Y. Synergistic effects of 7-O-geranylquercetin and siRNAs on the treatment of human breast cancer. Life Sci 2019; 227:145-152. [PMID: 31009625 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antitumor effect of 7-O-geranylquercetin (GQ) combining with survivin siRNA (siSuvi) or IL-10 siRNA (siIL-10) to breast cancer. MAIN METHODS Xenograft tumor model was established by subcutaneously inoculating human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in BALB/c nude mice. Transfection efficiency of siRNA mediated by cationic liposome CDO14 in MCF-7 cells and tumor bearing mice was measured by flow cytometer and living imaging sysytem, respectively. Cell viability was detected using CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst33342 staining and AV-PI staining. Tumors bearing mice were administered with GQ by gavage, and/or with liposome CDO14 mediated siRNAs via tail intravenous injection. Expression levels of proteins and cytokines were detected by western blot and ELISA, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Liposome CDO14 could deliver siRNA to tumor effectively. Combination of GQ and siSuvi promoted the antiproliferation and pro-apoptosis effects of GQ or siSuvi to MCF-7 cells, and reduced the level of survivin and raised the level of caspase-7 in cells. GQ combining with siSuvi inhibited the growth of tumor, down-regulated the expression of survivin and up-regulated the expression of caspase-7 in tumor tissue. Similarly, GQ combining with siIL-10 inhibited the growth of tumor, decreased the level of IL-10 and increased the level of TNF-α. These results revealed that GQ enhanced the pro-apoptosis effect of siSuvi on tumor cells and the modulating effect of siIL-10 on tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCES Synergistic anti-tumor effect of GQ and siRNAs against breast cancer proved that chemical drugs combining with siRNAs is a promising antitumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zuo
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yameng Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Enxia Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ze Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Yinan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jiasi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Yuan D, Tie J, Xu Z, Liu G, Ge X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Gong S, Liu G, Meng Q, Lin F, Liu Z, Fan H, Zhou X. Dynamic Profile of CD4 + T-Cell-Associated Cytokines/Chemokines following Murine Myocardial Infarction/Reperfusion. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:9483647. [PMID: 31011288 PMCID: PMC6442492 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9483647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cells play crucial roles in the injured heart. However, the way in which different CD4+ T subtypes function in the myocardial infarction/reperfusion (MI/R) heart is still poorly understood. We aimed to detect the dynamic profile of distinct CD4+ subpopulation-associated cytokines/chemokines by relying on a closed-chest acute murine MI/R model. The protein levels of 26 CD4+ T-cell-associated cytokines/chemokines were detected in the heart tissues and serum of mice at day 7 and day 14 post-MI/R or sham surgery. The mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-27, MIP-1β, MCP-3, and GRO-α were measured in blood mononuclear cells. The protein levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-27, MIP-1β, MCP-3, and GRO-α increased in both injured heart tissues and serum, while IFN-γ, IL-12P70, IL-2, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-10, eotaxin, MIP-1α, RANTES, MCP-1, and MIP-2 increased only in MI/R heart tissues in the day 7 and day 14 groups compared to the sham group. In serum, the IFN-γ, IL-23, and IL-10 levels were downregulated in the MI/R model at both day 7 and day 14 compared to the sham. Compared with the protein expressions in injured heart tissues at day 7, IFN-γ, IL-12P70, IL-2, IL-18, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-27, IL-10, eotaxin, IP-10, RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-3, and GRO-α were reduced, while IL-1β and MIP-2 were elevated at day 14. IL-13 and MIP-1β showed higher levels in the MI/R serum at day 14 than at day 7. mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, and IL-27 were increased in the day 7 group compared to the sham, while MIP-1β, MCP-3, and GRO-α mRNA levels showed no significant difference between the MI/R and sham groups in blood mononuclear cells. Multiple CD4+ T-cell-associated cytokines/chemokines were upregulated in the MI/R hearts at the chronic stage. These results provided important evidence necessary for developing future immunomodulatory therapies after MI/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Yuan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinjun Tie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhican Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guanya Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinyu Ge
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Department of Child Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shiyu Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qingshu Meng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai 200120, China
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Banerjee K, Gautam SK, Kshirsagar P, Ross KA, Spagnol G, Sorgen P, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B, Solheim JC, Kumar S, Batra SK, Jain M. Amphiphilic polyanhydride-based recombinant MUC4β-nanovaccine activates dendritic cells. Genes Cancer 2019; 10:52-62. [PMID: 31258832 PMCID: PMC6584211 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 4 (MUC4) is a high molecular weight glycoprotein that is differentially overexpressed in pancreatic cancer (PC), functionally contributes to disease progression, and correlates with poor survival. Further, due to its aberrant glycosylation and extensive splicing, MUC4 is a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Our previous studies have demonstrated the utility of amphiphilic polyanhydride nanoparticles as a useful platform for the development of protein-based prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. In the present study, we encapsulated purified recombinant human MUC4-beta (MUC4β) protein in polyanhydride (20:80 CPTEG:CPH) nanoparticles (MUC4β-nanovaccine) and evaluated its ability to activate dendritic cells and induce adaptive immunity. Immature dendritic cells when pulsed with MUC4β-nanovaccine exhibited significant increase in the surface expressions of MHC I and MHC II and costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), as well as, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-12) as compared to cells exposed to MUC4β alone or MUC4β mixed with blank nanoparticles (MUC4β+NP). Following immunization, as compared to the other formulations, MUC4β-nanovaccine elicited higher IgG2b to IgG1 ratio of anti-MUC4β-antibodies suggesting a predominantly Th1-like class switching. Thus, our findings demonstrate MUC4β-nanovaccine as a novel platform for PC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Prakash Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gaelle Spagnol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul Sorgen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA and Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA and Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joyce C Solheim
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA and Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA and Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA and Omaha, NE, USA
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Sioud M. Releasing the Immune System Brakes Using siRNAs Enhances Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020176. [PMID: 30717461 PMCID: PMC6406640 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines rely on the immune system to eradicate tumour cells. Although tumour antigen-specific T cell responses have been observed in most studies, clinical responses are fairly low, arguing for the need to improve the design of DC-based vaccines. The incorporation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against immunosuppressive factors in the manufacturing process of DCs can turn the vaccine into potent immune stimulators. Additionally, siRNA modification of ex vivo-expanded T cells for adoptive immunotherapy enhanced their killing potency. Most of the siRNA-targeted immune inhibitory factors have been successful in that their blockade produced the strongest cytotoxic T cell responses in preclinical and clinical studies. Cancer patients treated with the siRNA-modified DC vaccines showed promising clinical benefits providing a strong rationale for further development of these immunogenic vaccine formulations. This review covers the progress in combining siRNAs with DC vaccines or T cell therapy to boost anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Huang P, Wang X, Liang X, Yang J, Zhang C, Kong D, Wang W. Nano-, micro-, and macroscale drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:1-26. [PMID: 30579043 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is moving to the frontier of cancer treatment. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) have greatly advanced the development of cancer immunotherapeutic regimen and combination treatment. DDSs can spatiotemporally present tumor antigens, drugs, immunostimulatory molecules, or adjuvants, thus enabling the modulation of immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs) or T-cells directly in vivo and thereby provoking robust antitumor immune responses. Cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade, and adoptive cell transfer have shown promising therapeutic efficiency in clinic, and the incorporation of DDSs may further increase antitumor efficiency while decreasing adverse side effects. This review focuses on the use of nano-, micro-, and macroscale DDSs for co-delivery of different immunostimulatory factors to reprogram the immune system to combat cancer. Regarding to nanoparticle-based DDSs, we emphasize the nanoparticle-based tumor immune environment modulation or as an addition to gene therapy, photodynamic therapy, or photothermal therapy. For microparticle or capsule-based DDSs, an overview of the carrier type, fabrication approach, and co-delivery of tumor vaccines and adjuvants is introduced. Finally, macroscale DDSs including hydrogels and scaffolds are also included and their role in personalized vaccine delivery and adoptive cell transfer therapy are described. Perspective and clinical translation of DDS-based cancer immunotherapy is also discussed. We believe that DDSs hold great potential in advancing the fundamental research and clinical translation of cancer immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Immunotherapy is moving to the frontier of cancer treatment. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) have greatly advanced the development of cancer immunotherapeutic regimen and combination treatment. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the use of nano-, micro-, and macroscale DDSs for the co-delivery of different immunostimulatory factors to reprogram the immune system to combat cancer. We also propose the perspective on the development of next-generation DDS-based cancer immunotherapy. This review indicates that DDSs can augment the antitumor T-cell immunity and hold great potential in advancing the fundamental research and clinical translation of cancer immunotherapy by simultaneously delivering dual or multiple immunostimulatory drugs.
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Kroll AV, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Holay M, Fang RH, Zhang L. Biomimetic Nanoparticle Vaccines for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1800219. [PMID: 31728404 PMCID: PMC6855307 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is currently understood that, in order for a tumor to successfully grow, it must evolve means of evading immune surveillance. In the past several decades, researchers have leveraged increases in our knowledge of tumor immunology to develop therapies capable of augmenting endogenous immunity and eliciting strong antitumor responses. In particular, the goal of anticancer vaccination is to train the immune system to properly utilize its own resources in the fight against cancer. Although attractive in principle, there are currently only limited examples of anticancer vaccines that have been successfully translated to the clinic. Recently, there has been a significant push towards the use of nanotechnology for designing vaccine candidates that exhibit enhanced potency and specificity. In this progress report, we discuss recent developments in the field of anticancer nanovaccines. By taking advantage of the flexibility offered by nanomedicine to purposefully program immune responses, this new generation of vaccines has the potential to address many of the hurdles facing traditional platforms. A specific emphasis is placed on the emergence of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, a novel biomimetic platform that can be used to generate personalized nanovaccines that elicit strong, multi-antigenic antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Kroll
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Phung CD, Nguyen HT, Tran TH, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Rational combination immunotherapeutic approaches for effective cancer treatment. J Control Release 2018; 294:114-130. [PMID: 30553850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important mode of cancer treatment. Over the past decades, immunotherapy has improved the clinical outcome for cancer patients. However, in many cases, mutations in cancer cells, lack of selectivity, insufficiency of tumor-reactive T cells, and host immunosuppression limit the clinical benefit of immunotherapy. Combination approaches in immunotherapy may overcome these obstacles. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that combination immunotherapy is the future of cancer treatment. However, designing safe and rational combinations of immunotherapy with other treatment modalities is critical. This review will discuss the optimal immunotherapy-based combinations mainly with respect to the mechanisms of action of individual therapeutic agents that target multiple steps in evasion and progression of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Dai Phung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Robust mucosal and systemic responses against HTLV-1 by delivery of multi-epitope vaccine in PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:321-330. [PMID: 30408519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, the immunogenicity of HTLV-1 fusion epitope-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed in the absence or presence of co-encapsulated CpG ODN adjuvant, in a mice model. For this purpose, the multi-epitope chimera including Tax, env, and gag immunodominant HTLV-1 epitopes was encapsulated in biodegradable PLGA NPs with or without CpG adjuvant. PLGA nanospheres produced by a double emulsion method had a size of <200 nm, and encapsulation efficiency of chimera antigen was 85%. The release profile of radiolabeled chimera indicated that only 17.4% and 20.1% of chimera were released from PLGA NPs without or with co-encapsulated CPG ODN during one month, respectively. The PLGA formulations significantly elevated titers of IgG1, IgG2a, and sIgA antibodies, as well as IL-10, and IFN-γ cytokines and also reduced the amount of TGF-β1 production relative to the other vaccines. Additionally, co-delivery of chimera and CpG ODN in PLGA NPs significantly promoted cellular and mucosal responses compared to the incorporation of CpG and chimera antigen. In summary, these results revealed that the sustained release of chimera from PLGA as an efficient polymeric system elicited potent cell-mediated and mucosal immunity without inflammatory responses against HTLV-1. Therefore, the proper design of vaccine formulation and immunization strategy are crucial factors to construct an efficient vaccine.
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de Hoop H, Yoon H, Kubelick K, Emelianov S. Photoacoustic speckle tracking for motion estimation and flow analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30215245 PMCID: PMC6170141 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.096001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study explores photoacoustic (PA) speckle tracking to characterize flow as an alternative to ultrasound (US) speckle tracking or current PA flow imaging methods. In cases where tracking of submicrometer particles is required, the US signal-to-noise ratio and contrast might be low due to limited reflectivity of subwavelength size targets at low concentrations. However, it may be possible to perform more accurate velocimetry using PAs due to different contrast mechanisms utilized in PA imaging. Here, we introduce a PA-based speckle tracking method that overcomes the directional dependence of Doppler imaging and the limited field of view of current correlation-based methods used in PA flow imaging. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated in a potential application-minimally invasive diagnosis of ventricular shunt malfunction, where the velocity of optically absorbing particles was estimated in a shunt catheter using block matching of PA and US signals. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of the PA-based motion tracking method under various flow rates where US imaging cannot be effectively used for specking tracking because of its low contrast and low signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein de Hoop
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, The Netherlands
| | - Heechul Yoon
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kelsey Kubelick
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Stanislav Emelianov
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Mainini F, Larsen DS, Webster GA, Young SL, Eccles MR. MIS416 as a siRNA Delivery System with the Ability to Target Antigen-Presenting Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:225-232. [PMID: 29893623 PMCID: PMC6080116 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MIS416 is a microparticulate formulation derived from propionibacterium acnes cell wall skeletons with intrinsic adjuvant activity. Conjugates of MIS416-SS-peptide containing a disulfide linkage facilitate the cytoplasmic delivery and release of peptides in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We hypothesized that MIS416-siRNA (small interfering RNA) conjugates, containing a disulfide linkage between MIS416 and the siRNA, would allow cytoplasmic release of siRNA in APCs. MIS416-SS-siStat3 conjugates added to cell culture medium of monolayers of DCs in culture flasks successfully targeted Stat3 mRNA in DCs in vitro without transfection, downregulating Stat3 mRNA and protein levels. These results suggest that MIS416-SS-siRNA conjugates can be used as a novel siRNA delivery system for the knockdown of mRNA levels in APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mainini
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David S Larsen
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah L Young
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand .,4 Maurice Wilkins Center for Molecular Biodiscovery , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Eccles
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand .,4 Maurice Wilkins Center for Molecular Biodiscovery , Auckland, New Zealand
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45
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El-Murr T, Patel A, Sedlak C, D'Souza-Lobo B. Evaluating dendritic cells as an in vitro screening tool for immunotherapeutic formulations. J Immunol Methods 2018; 459:55-62. [PMID: 29800576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches targeting dendritic cells (DCs) are being studied as treatment options in cancer. This project focused on utilizing DCs as a valuable in vitro screening tool for efficacious microparticle formulations containing tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and adjuvants as immunotherapy alternatives. The innate immune system, including DCs, distinctly responds to the particulate matter and adjuvants in these formulations which stimulates the adaptive immune system to eliminate resident cancer cells. We formulated microparticles (MPs) co-loaded with TAAs along with the adjuvants, AddaVax™ and Imiquimod, and measured their effect on DCs in eliciting a cell-mediated immune response towards tumors. The MP zeta potential was measured as -24.0 mV and -26.5 mV for blank and TAA/adjuvant co-loaded microparticles, and the average particle size was 671.2 nm and 854.4 nm respectively. We determined that nitric oxide (NO) secretion was significantly higher in the adjuvant MP treated DCs group and was dose dependent with 1 mg/mL demonstrating the highest secretion levels. TNF-α release was highest in AddaVax™/TAA and Imiquimod/TAA MPs treated DCs, while IL-6 secretion was highest from Imiquimod/TAA MPs as well as from combined AddaVax™/TAA and Imiquimod/TAA MPs. Overall, the cell surface marker expressions of CD80, CD86, CD40, CD54, MHC-I and MHC-II levels were highest with combined AddaVax™/TAA and Imiquimod/TAA MPs. The results of our experiments suggest that a combination of adjuvants targeting different DC receptors loaded with TAA MPs creates an efficient delivery system to T-cells that could improve adaptive immune responses. Our studies also confirm that DCs are potent innate immune cells that can be used successfully as an in vitro tool to screen novel delivery formulations focused on immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa El-Murr
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr, Birmingham, AL 35229, United States
| | - Ankita Patel
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr, Birmingham, AL 35229, United States
| | - Carrie Sedlak
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr, Birmingham, AL 35229, United States
| | - Bernadette D'Souza-Lobo
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Dr, Birmingham, AL 35229, United States.
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47
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Leleux JA, Pradhan P, Roy K. Biophysical Attributes of CpG Presentation Control TLR9 Signaling to Differentially Polarize Systemic Immune Responses. Cell Rep 2017; 18:700-710. [PMID: 28099848 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently unknown whether and how mammalian pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) respond to biophysical patterns of pathogen-associated molecular danger signals. Using synthetic pathogen-like particles (PLPs) that mimic physical properties of bacteria or large viruses, we have discovered that the quality and quantity of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling by CpG in mouse dendritic cells (mDCs) are uniquely dependent on biophysical attributes; specifically, the surface density of CpG and size of the presenting PLP. These physical patterns control DC programming by regulating the kinetics and magnitude of MyD88-IRAK4 signaling, NF-κB-driven responses, and STAT3 phosphorylation, which, in turn, controls differential T cell responses and in vivo immune polarization, especially T helper 1 (Th1) versus T helper 2 (Th2) antibody responses. Our findings suggest that innate immune cells can sense and respond not only to molecular but also pathogen-associated physical patterns (PAPPs), broadening the tools for modulating immunity and helping to better understand innate response mechanisms to pathogens and develop improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin A Leleux
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering at Georgia Tech, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering at Georgia Tech, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering at Georgia Tech, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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48
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Gammon JM, Dold NM, Jewell CM. Improving the clinical impact of biomaterials in cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15421-43. [PMID: 26871948 PMCID: PMC4941251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies for cancer have progressed enormously over the past few decades, and hold great promise for the future. The successes of these therapies, with some patients showing durable and complete remission, demonstrate the power of harnessing the immune system to eradicate tumors. However, the effectiveness of current immunotherapies is limited by hurdles ranging from immunosuppressive strategies employed by tumors, to inadequate specificity of existing therapies, to heterogeneity of disease. Further, the vast majority of approved immunotherapies employ systemic delivery of immunomodulators or cells that make addressing some of these challenges more difficult. Natural and synthetic biomaterials–such as biocompatible polymers, self-assembled lipid particles, and implantable biodegradable devices–offer unique potential to address these hurdles by harnessing the benefits of therapeutic targeting, tissue engineering, co-delivery, controlled release, and sensing. However, despite the enormous investment in new materials and nanotechnology, translation of these ideas to the clinic is still an uncommon outcome. Here we review the major challenges facing immunotherapies and discuss how the newest biomaterials and nanotechnologies could help overcome these challenges to create new clinical options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Neil M Dold
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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49
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Pradhan P, Leleux J, Liu J, Roy K. A simple, clinically relevant therapeutic vaccine shows long-term protection in an aggressive, delayed-treatment B lymphoma model. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92522. [PMID: 29202455 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite initial remission after successful treatments, B lymphoma patients often encounter relapses and resistance causing high mortality. Thus, there is a need to develop therapies that prevent relapse by providing long-term protection and, ultimately, lead to functional cure. In this study, our goal was to develop a simple, clinically relevant, and easily translatable therapeutic vaccine that provides durable immune protection against aggressive B cell lymphoma and identify critical immune biomarkers that are predictive of long-term survival. In a delayed-treatment, aggressive, murine model of A20 B lymphoma that mimics human diffuse large B cell lymphoma, we show that therapeutic A20 lysate vaccine adjuvanted with an NKT cell agonist, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), provides long-term immune protection against lethal tumor challenges and the antitumor immunity is primarily CD8 T cell dependent. Using experimental and computational methods, we demonstrate that the initial strength of germinal center reaction and the magnitude of class-switching into a Th1 type humoral response are the best predictors for the long-term immunity of B lymphoma lysate vaccine. Our results not only provide fundamentally insights for successful immunotherapy and long-term protection against B lymphomas, but also present a simple, therapeutic vaccine that can be translated easily due to the facile and inexpensive method of preparation.
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50
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Huang G, Li F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Li Y, Lin M, Jin G, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F. Functional and Biomimetic Materials for Engineering of the Three-Dimensional Cell Microenvironment. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12764-12850. [PMID: 28991456 PMCID: PMC6494624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the cell microenvironment serves not only as a structural foundation for cells but also as a source of three-dimensional (3D) biochemical and biophysical cues that trigger and regulate cell behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that the 3D character of the microenvironment is required for development of many critical cell responses observed in vivo, fueling a surge in the development of functional and biomimetic materials for engineering the 3D cell microenvironment. Progress in the design of such materials has improved control of cell behaviors in 3D and advanced the fields of tissue regeneration, in vitro tissue models, large-scale cell differentiation, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. However, the field is still in its infancy, and discoveries about the nature of cell-microenvironment interactions continue to overturn much early progress in the field. Key challenges continue to be dissecting the roles of chemistry, structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology in the cell microenvironment, and understanding and harnessing the roles of periodicity and drift in these factors. This review encapsulates where recent advances appear to leave the ever-shifting state of the art, and it highlights areas in which substantial potential and uncertainty remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guorui Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering &
Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO,
USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for
Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130,
MO, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
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