1
|
Atila Karaca S, Temel T, Yeniceli Uğur D. Development of a sensitive and quantitative HPLC-FLD method for the determination of obestatin in human plasma. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3511. [PMID: 37161648 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a gastrointestinal system peptide. The quantification of this peptide is conventionally performed using immunological techniques. In this study, a selective and sensitive HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection for the quantitation of obestatin in human plasma was developed and validated. The separation was obtained on a C18 (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5-μm particles) column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water, both including 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The developed method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 20 to 1000 ng/mL, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9982. The precision results were less than 10%, and the accuracy results were between 92% and 107%. The detection and quantification limit values were obtained as 2.8 and 9.4 ng/mL, respectively. Analyte solutions were found stable for 24 h at room temperature, three freeze-thaw cycles, and 2 weeks at -20°C. The developed method was successfully used for the quantification of obestatin in human plasma samples. In conclusion, the developed method is sensitive and specific for measuring the plasma concentrations of obestatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Atila Karaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Temel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yeniceli Uğur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tural U, Sparpana A, Sullivan E, Iosifescu DV. Comparison of Adiponectin Levels in Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Obesity, Constitutional Thinness, and Healthy Controls: A Network Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051181. [PMID: 37240826 DOI: 10.3390/life13051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is a protein hormone that is produced and secreted primarily by adipose tissue. The levels of adiponectin in those with eating disorders, obesity, and healthy controls have been extensively studied. However, the general picture of the differences in adiponectin levels across the mentioned conditions is still unclear and fragmented. In this study, we pooled previous studies and performed a network meta-analysis to gain a global picture of comparisons of adiponectin levels across eating disorders, obesity, constitutional thinness, and healthy controls. Electronic databases were searched for anorexia nervosa, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder, binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, healthy controls, night eating syndrome, obesity, and constitutional thinness in studies where adiponectin levels were measured. A total of 4262 participants from 50 published studies were included in the network meta-analysis. Adiponectin levels were significantly higher in participants with anorexia nervosa than in healthy controls (Hedges' g = 0.701, p < 0.001). However, adiponectin levels in constitutionally thin participants were not significantly different from those of healthy controls (Hedges' g = 0.470, p = 0.187). Obesity and binge-eating disorder were associated with significantly lower adiponectin levels compared to those of healthy controls (Hedges' g = -0.852, p < 0.001 and Hedges' g = -0.756, p = 0.024, respectively). The disorders characterized by excessive increases or decreases in BMI were associated with significant changes in adiponectin levels. These results suggest that adiponectin may be an important marker of severely disequilibrated homeostasis, especially in fat, glucose, and bone metabolisms. Nonetheless, an increase in adiponectin may not simply be associated with a decrease in BMI, as constitutional thinness is not associated with a significant increase in adiponectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tural
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Allison Sparpana
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sullivan
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tural U, Iosifescu DV. Adiponectin in anorexia nervosa and its modifiers: A meta-regression study. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1279-1290. [PMID: 35689560 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiponectin, which is secreted from adipose tissue, is a protein hormone. Although a large body of studies have found that circulating adiponectin levels increase in anorexia nervosa (AN) and caloric restriction, the effect of subtypes of AN and modifiers of adiponectin in AN are not yet known. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was performed using the search terms "adiponectin," "anorexia nervosa," and "eating disorder" up to January 2021. All studies published in peer-reviewed journals, which included cases and control groups, were selected. The main outcome was the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) in adiponectin levels between cases and controls, using the random-effects model. Modifiers of SMD were tested via meta-regression. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-four studies met all eligibility criteria. The total sample of AN participants (Hedges' g = .765, p < .0001), and specifically the binge-eating/purging (Hedges' g = 1.211, p < .00001) and restrictive subtypes (Hedges' g = .913, p < .00001) of AN have increased adiponectin plasma levels compared with healthy controls. Meta-regression determined that insulin, IGF-1, BMI, triglyceride, resistin, glucose, IL-6 levels are significant modifiers of adiponectin levels. DISCUSSION Compared with controls, adiponectin levels are higher in AN overall, and specifically in the binge-eating/purging and the restrictive AN subtypes. Many of metabolic parameters of glucose metabolism and pro-inflammatory molecules modify the relationship between AN and adiponectin levels. Adipose tissue is important to maintain metabolic stability. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder associated with a severe decrease in body weight and multiple metabolic abnormalities, including an increase in the hormone adiponectin. In this paper, we used meta-analysis, a powerful statistical method, to aggregate data from 34 rigorously selected research reports. This enabled us to understand the value of adiponectin to differentiate clinical subtypes of anorexia nervosa and the relations between adiponectin and other important metabolic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tural
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salem AM, Latif R, Rafique N, Aldawlan MI, Almulla LB, Alghirash DY, Fallatah OA, Alotaibi FM, Aljabbari FH, Yar T. Variations of Ghrelin and Obestatin Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle of Women of Different BMIs. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:1297-1305. [PMID: 36105791 PMCID: PMC9464778 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s375594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cyclical changes of hormones during the menstrual cycle are responsible not only for reproductive function but also have other effects on dietary intake and appetite. The current study aimed to investigate the variations of appetite-related hormones (ghrelin and obestatin) during the menstrual cycle and their association with adipokines, estrogen, and BMI. Methods Fifty-six regularly menstruating female students were grouped into normal weight (BMI ≤24.9; n = 26), and overweight/obese subjects (BMI ≥25; n = 30). Serum ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, adiponectin, and estrogen levels were measured during the early follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle using the ELISA technique. Results There were insignificant differences in the levels of serum ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio across menstrual cycle phases in the whole cohort as well as in each group separately (p > 0.05). Serum ghrelin was significantly less in OW-OB as compared to the NW group (p = 0.005), whereas the average serum obestatin did not show any significant differences between the two groups. No significant correlation was seen between ghrelin and obestatin with the adipokines and estradiol. Conclusion Significant low level of ghrelin was observed in obese group during the follicular phase. This finding may provide new insights into the altered ghrelin patterns in OW-OB individuals, as a cause or a consequence of obesity and related menstrual disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Mohammed Salem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Latif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazish Rafique
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak I Aldawlan
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layan B Almulla
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Y Alghirash
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A Fallatah
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh M Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad H Aljabbari
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talay Yar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Huang P, Xiong J, Liang X, Li M, Ke H, Chen C, Han Y, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Luo Z, Feng D, Chen C. Serum levels of ghrelin and LEAP2 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: correlation with circulating glucose and lipids. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220012. [PMID: 35521798 PMCID: PMC9175609 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Ghrelin regulates body weight, food intake, and blood glucose. It also regulates insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells. LEAP2 is a newly discovered endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue's receptor (GHSR). It not only antagonizes the stimulation of GHSR by ghrelin but also inhibits the constitutive activation of GHSR as an inverse agonist. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients have endocrine disorders with metabolic imbalance. Plasma levels of ghrelin and LEAP2 may be changed in obese and T2D patients. However, there is no report yet on circulating LEAP2 levels or ghrelin/LEAP2 ratio in T2D patients. In this study, fasting serum ghrelin and LEAP2 levels in healthy adults and T2D patients were assessed to clarify the association of two hormones with different clinical anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Design A total of 16 females and 40 males, ages 23-68 years old normal (n = 27), and T2D patients (n = 29) were enrolled as a cross-sectional cohort. Results Serum levels of ghrelin were lower but serum levels of LEAP2 were higher in T2D patients. Ghrelin levels were positively correlated with fasting serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR in healthy adults. LEAP2 levels were positively correlated with age and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in all tested samples. Ghrelin/LEAP2 ratio was negatively correlated with age, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c. Conclusions This study demonstrated a decrease in serum ghrelin levels and an increase in serum LEAP2 levels in T2D patients. LEAP2 levels were positively correlated with HbA1c, suggesting that LEAP2 was associated with T2D development. The ghrelin/LEAP2 ratio was closely associated with glycemic control in T2D patients showing a negative correlation with glucose and HbA1c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pu Huang
- Department of Health Management Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063339. [PMID: 35328759 PMCID: PMC8954280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is a major public health issue worldwide. Currently approved anti-obesity medications and lifestyle interventions lack the efficacy and durability needed to combat obesity, especially in individuals with more severe forms or coexisting metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is considered an effective therapeutic modality with sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, while cumulative evidence has highlighted the gut–brain axis as a complex bidirectional communication axis that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. This has led to increased research on the roles of neuroendocrine signaling pathways and various gastrointestinal peptides as key mediators of the beneficial effects following weight-loss surgery. The accumulate evidence suggests that the development of gut-peptide-based agents can mimic the effects of bariatric surgery and thus is a highly promising treatment strategy that could be explored in future research. This article aims to elucidate the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of the gut–brain axis and comprehensively review the observed changes of gut hormones associated with bariatric surgery. Moreover, the emerging role of post-bariatric gut microbiota modulation is briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Wu Q, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Lei X, Chen Y, Chen Q. Circulating acyl and des-acyl ghrelin levels in obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2679. [PMID: 35177705 PMCID: PMC8854418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic gut hormone, and its synthesis, secretion and degradation are affected by different metabolic statuses. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the potential differences in plasma acyl ghrelin (AG) and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) concentrations between normal weight and obese adults. Systematic literature searches of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science through October 2021 were conducted for articles reporting AG or DAG levels in obesity and normal weight, and 34 studies with 1863 participants who met the eligibility criteria were identified. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate group differences in circulating AG and DAG levels. Pooled effect size showed significantly lower levels of baseline AG (SMD: - 0.85; 95% CI: - 1.13 to - 0.57; PSMD < 0.001) and DAG (SMD: - 1.06; 95% CI: - 1.43 to - 0.69; PSMD < 0.001) in obese groups compared with healthy controls, and similar results were observed when subgroup analyses were stratified by the assay technique or storage procedure. Postprandial AG levels in obese subjects were significantly lower than those in controls when stratified by different time points (SMD 30 min: - 0.85, 95% CI: - 1.18 to - 0.53, PSMD < 0.001; SMD 60 min: - 1.00, 95% CI: - 1.37 to - 0.63, PSMD < 0.001; SMD 120 min: - 1.21, 95% CI: - 1.59 to - 0.83, PSMD < 0.001). In healthy subjects, a postprandial decline in AG was observed at 120 min (SMD: - 0.42; 95% CI: - 0.77 to - 0.06; PSMD = 0.021) but not in obese subjects (SMD: - 0.28; 95% CI: - 0.60 to 0.03; PSMD = 0.074). The mean change in AG concentration was similar in both the obese and lean health groups at each time point (ΔSMD30min: 0.31, 95% CI: - 0.35 to 0.97, PSMD = 0.359; ΔSMD60min: 0.17, 95% CI: - 0.12 to 0.46, PSMD = 0.246; ΔSMD120min: 0.21, 95% CI: - 0.13 to 0.54, PSMD = 0.224). This meta-analysis strengthens the clinical evidence supporting the following: lower baseline levels of circulating AG and DAG in obese individuals; declines in postprandial circulating AG levels, both for the healthy and obese individuals; a shorter duration of AG suppression in obese subjects after meal intake. These conclusions have significance for follow-up studies to elucidate the role of various ghrelin forms in energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China.,Ya'an Polytechnic College, No. 130 Yucai Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianxian Wu
- Ya'an Polytechnic College, No. 130 Yucai Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Halifa Regional Centre for Education, No. 33 Spectacle Lake Dr, Dartmouth, NS, B3B1X7, Canada
| | - Xingxing Lei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanism and pharmacological management. Biochem J 2021; 478:1663-1688. [PMID: 33970218 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia often occurs in malignant tumors and is a multifactorial and complex symptom characterized by wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in weight loss, poor life quality and shorter survival. The pathogenic mechanism of cancer cachexia is complex, involving a variety of molecular substrates and signal pathways. Advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia have provided a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Although recent outcomes of early-phase trials have showed that several drugs presented an ideal curative effect, monotherapy cannot be entirely satisfactory in the treatment of cachexia-associated symptoms due to its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Therefore, the lack of definitive therapeutic strategies for cancer cachexia emphasizes the need to develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidences show that the progression of cachexia is associated with metabolic alternations, which mainly include excessive energy expenditure, increased proteolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we provided an overview of the key mechanisms of cancer cachexia, with a major focus on muscle atrophy, adipose tissue wasting, anorexia and fatigue and updated the latest progress of pharmacological management of cancer cachexia, thereby further advancing the interventions that can counteract cancer cachexia.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schalla MA, Taché Y, Stengel A. Neuroendocrine Peptides of the Gut and Their Role in the Regulation of Food Intake. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1679-1730. [PMID: 33792904 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of food intake encompasses complex interplays between the gut and the brain. Among them, the gastrointestinal tract releases different peptides that communicate the metabolic state to specific nuclei in the hindbrain and the hypothalamus. The present overview gives emphasis on seven peptides that are produced by and secreted from specialized enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in relation with the nutritional status. These established modulators of feeding are ghrelin and nesfatin-1 secreted from gastric X/A-like cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted from duodenal I-cells, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY (PYY) secreted from intestinal L-cells and uroguanylin (UGN) released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1679-1730, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seidel M, Markmann Jensen S, Healy D, Dureja A, Watson HJ, Holst B, Bulik CM, Sjögren JM. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Finds Increased Blood Levels of All Forms of Ghrelin in Both Restricting and Binge-Eating/Purging Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020709. [PMID: 33672297 PMCID: PMC7926807 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric condition associated with high mortality and chronicity. The hunt for state, trait, subtyping, and prognostic biomarkers is ongoing and the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and its different forms, acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, have been proposed to be increased in AN, especially in the restrictive subtype. A systematic literature search was performed using established databases up to 30 November 2020. Forty-nine studies met inclusion criteria for cross-sectional and longitudinal meta-analyses on total ghrelin, acyl ghrelin, and desacyl ghrelin. All forms of ghrelin were increased in the acute stage of anorexia nervosa during fasting compared to healthy controls. Previous notions on differences in ghrelin levels between AN subtypes were not supported by current data. In addition, a significant decrease in total ghrelin was observed pre-treatment to follow-up. However, total ghrelin levels at follow-up were still marginally elevated compared to healthy controls, whereas for acyl ghrelin, no overall effect of treatment was observed. Due to heterogeneity in follow-up designs and only few data on long-term recovered patients, longitudinal results should be interpreted with caution. While the first steps towards a biomarker in acute AN have been completed, the value of ghrelin as a potential indicator of treatment success or recovery status or its use in subtype differentiation are yet to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seidel
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (M.S.); (C.M.B.)
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 1099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Signe Markmann Jensen
- Research Unit Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Center Ballerup, Maglevænget 32, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark; (S.M.J.); (D.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Darren Healy
- Research Unit Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Center Ballerup, Maglevænget 32, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark; (S.M.J.); (D.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Aakriti Dureja
- Research Unit Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Center Ballerup, Maglevænget 32, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark; (S.M.J.); (D.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Hunna J. Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth U1987, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth 6907, Australia
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (M.S.); (C.M.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jan Magnus Sjögren
- Research Unit Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Center Ballerup, Maglevænget 32, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark; (S.M.J.); (D.H.); (A.D.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 N Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Increased plasma asprosin levels in patients with drug-naive anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:313-321. [PMID: 32026376 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Asprosin is a centrally acting appetite-promoting hormone and promotes glucose production in the liver. This study is the first to investigate the difference in asprosin in the plasma between anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls, and to explore the relationship between asprosin changes and plasma glucose levels and AN symptoms. METHODS Plasma asprosin and glucose concentrations were detected in AN patients (n = 46) and healthy control subjects (n = 47). Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) was used to assess subjects' eating disorder symptoms and related personality traits. The patient's concomitant levels of depression and anxiety were also measured using the beck depression inventory and beck anxiety inventory, respectively. RESULTS Results indicate that AN patients had a higher asprosin concentration in their plasma compared to healthy controls (p = 0.033). Among AN patients, plasma asprosin levels correlated positively with EDI-2 interoceptive awareness subscale score (p = 0.030) and negatively with duration of illness (p = 0.036). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that increases in asprosin levels (p = 0.029), glucose levels (p = 0.024) and body mass index (p = 0.003) were associated with an increase of the score of EDI-2 bulimia subscale. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the increase in plasma asprosin concentration in patients with AN may be a compensation for the body's energy shortage, and asprosin may be involved in the development of bulimia and lack of interoceptive awareness in AN patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control analytic study.
Collapse
|
12
|
Can Figen C, Noyan T, Özdemir Ö. The investigation effect of weight loss on serum vaspin, apelin-13, and obestatin levels in obese individual. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2019-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
It was aimed to investigate if there were any significant corresponding changes on adipokine levels in obese subjects who achieved a 10% reduction in body weight.
Methods
Thirty obese and 25 healthy adults were enrolled in present study, and serum levels of vaspin, apelin-13, obestatin, and insulin were determined with the ELISA method.
Results
The serum obestatin and apelin-13 values of the obese group obtained as basal and after weight loss was significantly lower than in controls (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively); however, weight loss did not cause significant changes on these parameters in obese groups (p>0.05). The vaspin level did not differ between the groups (p>0.05). The obese group had characterized increased serum insulin and insulin resistance assessment by the homeostatic assay (HOMA-IR) levels compared to controls (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively); also, weight loss caused a significant decrease in these parameters compared to basal levels (p<0.01). No significant correlation was detected among the vaspin, apelin-13 and obestatin levels in the obese group (p>0.05).
Conclusions
Obese individuals exhibited decreased levels of apelin-13 and obestatin. Moreover, 10% weight loss caused a significant reduction of insulin resistance, but no significant change was detected on apelin-13, obestatin, and vaspin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Can Figen
- Ordu University , Faculty of Medicine , Department of Biochemistry , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Tevfik Noyan
- Ordu University , Faculty of Medicine , Department of Biochemistry , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Özlem Özdemir
- Ordu University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , Ordu , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moffett RC, Docherty NG, le Roux CW. The altered enteroendocrine reportoire following roux-en-Y-gastric bypass as an effector of weight loss and improved glycaemic control. Appetite 2020; 156:104807. [PMID: 32871202 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The alarming rise in obesity and relative lack of pharmacotherapies to treat, what is becoming a global epidemic, has necessitated that an increasing number of bariatric procedures be performed. Several surgical techniques have been developed during the last 50 years and the advent of laparoscopic surgery has increased the safety and efficacy of these procedures. Bariatric surgery is by a substantial margin, the most efficacious means of achieving sustained weight loss maintenance in patients with obesity. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) elicits the most favourable metabolic outcomes with attendant benefits for type 2 diabetes and, cardiovascular disease as well as endocrine disorders and cancers in females. RYGB is the most extensively studied bariatric procedure regarding mechanism of action. In this review we catalogue the multiple alterations in secretion of gut hormones (ghrelin, obestatin, cholecystokinin, GLP-1, PYY, GIP, oxyntomodulin, glicentin and GLP-2) occurring after RYGB and summarise evidence indicating that these changes play a role in the reduction of food intake and improvements in glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Investigative Science, Imperial College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karageorgiou V, Furukawa TA, Tsigkaropoulou E, Karavia A, Gournellis R, Soureti A, Bellos I, Douzenis A, Michopoulos I. Adipokines in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 112:104485. [PMID: 31805456 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between adipokine dysregulation and weight loss of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) has been long investigated, in search of a causal relationship. We sought to: a) synthesize the available evidence on potential differences between AN patients and controls with regards to adipokine measurements (namely, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, soluble leptin receptor, visfatin, vaspin and omentin), b) estimate the potential differences between constitutionally thin (CT) subjects and AN patients, and c) present the available evidence with regards to biomarker efficacy of adipokines in AN. METHODS A structured literature search, last updated in 2/2019, was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE, clinicaltrials.gov, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and WHO Registry Network. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference of each adipokine between AN patients and controls of normal BMI. Secondary outcomes included the correlation of leptin with BMI and bone mineral density among AN patients. The study protocol is published in PROSPERO (CRD42018116767). RESULTS In a total of 622 screened studies, after exclusion of non-relevant articles and duplicates, 84 reports on leptin, 31 reports on adiponectin, 12 on resistin, 10 on soluble leptin receptor, 5 on visfatin, 3 on vaspin and omentin were finally included in the meta-analysis. Publication bias assessment underlined the possibility of non-significant studies being underrepresented; still, significant heterogeneity renders this statement inconclusive. Leptin [ELISA: SMD (95% CI): -3.03 (-4, -2.06)], radioimmunoassay [RIA: -3.84 (-4.71, -2.98)] and resistin [-1.67 (-2.85, -0.48)] were significantly lower in patients with AN compared with controls, whereas visfatin decrease did not reach significance (-2.03 (-4.38, 0.3). Mean adiponectin, vaspin and soluble leptin receptor levels were significantly higher. In subgroup analysis, a significantly attenuated SMD was reported in ELISA studies compared with RIA studies. Leptin was significantly lower in AN patients compared to CT subjects and BMI marginally did not appear to confound the result. In all analyses, except for the correlation of leptin with BMI in AN patients, high heterogeneity was present. Meta-regression analysis indicated a potential confounding action of controls' BMI and age on leptin SMD and between-assay differences. Publication bias assessment underlined the possibility of nonsignificant studies being underrepresented; still, further investigation did not corroborate this and significant heterogeneity renders this statement inconclusive. CONCLUSION A distinct profile of adipokine dysregulation is apparent in AN patients, following the anticipated pattern of low BMI. A precise estimation of the magnitude is hindered by heterogeneity, partly caused by varying assays and methodologies. Interestingly, while mean leptin levels are lower in AN subjects compared with constitutionally thin women, there is an overlap in individual levels between the two groups and therefore, they cannot be used to differentiate between these states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Karageorgiou
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Toshiaki A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Evdoxia Tsigkaropoulou
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Karavia
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rossetos Gournellis
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Soureti
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bellos
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Douzenis
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michopoulos
- Eating Disorders Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lucka A, Wysokiński A. Association between adiposity and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: Leptin, neuropeptide Y, desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, and agouti-related protein in nonobese participants. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:217-225. [PMID: 31670286 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_29_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between adiposity parameters and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and agouti-related protein in 30 healthy, non-obese subjects. Thirty European Caucasian adult participants were included in the study (17 men and 13 women). Body composition (body fat and lean body mass) was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Concentrations of peptides in serum were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Women had higher level of leptin (P < 0.001), with no other differences for analyzed peptides. We have found a significant correlation between serum concentrations of CART and NPY (P < 0.001). Fasting leptin level was associated with age (P = 0.002), waist circumference (P < 0.001), and lean body mass (P < 0.001). Levels of ghrelin were lower in participants with dyslipidemia (P = 0.009). Levels of obestatin (P = 0.008) and leptin (P = 0.02) were higher in participants with insulin resistance. Associations between body fat and appetite-regulating peptides are more complex than simple feedback loops. Leptin is probably the first signal in the pathway that regulates body fat content, as of all analyzed peptides leptin was the only one that was associated with body composition or anthropometric measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gilman TL, Owens WA, George CM, Metzel L, Vitela M, Ferreira L, Bowman MA, Gould GG, Toney GM, Daws LC. Age- and Sex-Specific Plasticity in Dopamine Transporter Function Revealed by Food Restriction and Exercise in a Rat Activity-Based Anorexia Paradigm. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:268-277. [PMID: 31481515 PMCID: PMC6795746 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders such as anorexia typically emerge during adolescence, are characterized by engagement in compulsive and detrimental behaviors, and are often comorbid with neuropsychiatric disorders and drug abuse. No effective treatments exist. Moreover, anorexia lacks adolescent animal models, contributing to a poor understanding of underlying age-specific neurophysiological disruptions. To evaluate the contribution of dopaminergic signaling to the emergence of anorexia-related behaviors during the vulnerable adolescent period, we applied an established adult activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm (food restriction plus unlimited exercise access for 4 to 5 days) to adult and adolescent rats of both sexes. At the end of the paradigm, measures of plasma volume, blood hormone levels, dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and function, acute cocaine-induced locomotion, and brain water weight were taken. Adolescents were dramatically more affected by the ABA paradigm than adults in all measures. In vivo chronoamperometry and cocaine locomotor responses revealed sex-specific changes in adolescent DAT function after ABA that were independent of DAT expression differences. Hematocrit, insulin, ghrelin, and corticosterone levels did not resemble shifts typically observed in patients with anorexia, though decreases in leptin levels aligned with human reports. These findings are the first to suggest that food restriction in conjunction with excessive exercise sex-dependently and age-specifically modulate DAT functional plasticity during adolescence. The adolescent vulnerability to this relatively short manipulation, combined with blood measures, evidence need for an optimized age-appropriate ABA paradigm with greater face and predictive validity for the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of anorexia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Adolescent rats exhibit a distinctive, sex-specific plasticity in dopamine transporter function and cocaine response after food restriction and exercise access; this plasticity is both absent in adults and not attributable to changes in dopamine transporter expression levels. These novel findings may help explain sex differences in vulnerability to eating disorders and drug abuse during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Lee Gilman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - W Anthony Owens
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Christina M George
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lauren Metzel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Melissa Vitela
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Livia Ferreira
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Melodi A Bowman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Georgianna G Gould
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (T.L.G., W.A.O., C.M.G., L.M., M.V., L.F., M.A.B., G.G.G., G.M.T., L.C.D.), Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.L.G., L.C.D.), Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (G.M.T., L.C.D.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.C.D.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Szentpéteri A, Lőrincz H, Somodi S, Varga VE, Paragh G, Seres I, Paragh G, Harangi M. Serum obestatin level strongly correlates with lipoprotein subfractions in non-diabetic obese patients. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:39. [PMID: 29506551 PMCID: PMC5838862 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obestatin is a ghrelin-associated peptide, derived from preproghrelin. Although many of its effects are unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. To date, level of obestatin and its correlations to the lipid subfractions in non-diabetic obese (NDO) patients have not been investigated. METHODS Fifty NDO patients (BMI: 41.96 ± 8.6 kg/m2) and thirty-two normal-weight, age- and gender-matched healthy controls (BMI: 24.16 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were enrolled into our study. Obestatin level was measured by ELISA. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and mean LDL size were detected by nongradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Lipoprint). RESULTS Serum level of obestatin was significantly lower in NDO patients compared to controls (3.01 ± 0.5 vs. 3.29 ± 0.6 μg/ml, p < 0.05). We found significant negative correlations between the level of obestatin and BMI (r = - 0.33; p < 0.001), level of serum glucose (r = - 0.27, p < 0.05), HbA1c (r = - 0.38; p < 0.001) and insulin (r = - 0.34; p < 0.05). Significant positive correlation was found between obestatin level and the levels of ApoA1 (r = 0.25; p < 0.05), large HDL subfraction ratio and level (r = 0.23; p < 0.05 and r = 0.24; p < 0.05), IDL (r = 0.25 p < 0.05) and mean LDL size (r = 0.25; p < 0.05). Serum VLDL ratio and level negatively correlated with obestatin (r = - 0.32; p < 0.01 and r = - 0.21; p = 0.05). In multiple regression analysis obestatin was predicted only by VLDL level. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data, measurement of obestatin level in obesity may contribute to understand the interplay between gastrointestinal hormone secretion and metabolic alterations in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Szentpéteri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Lőrincz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Sándor Somodi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Viktória Evelin Varga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ildikó Seres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang R, Han J, Tian S, Cai R, Sun J, Shen Y, Wang S. Association of plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin rs4684677 polymorphism with mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15126-15135. [PMID: 28146431 PMCID: PMC5362472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS People with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risks of cognitive impairment. We aimed to investigate the association of plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin rs4684677 polymorphism with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM patients. RESULTS In addition to elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), T2DM patients with MCI had decreased plasma ghrelin levels compared with their healthy-cognition subjects (all p < 0.05). Further logistic regression analysis showed that ghrelin level was one of independent factors for MCI in T2DM patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, partial correlation analysis demonstrated that ghrelin levels were positively associated with the scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r = 0.196, p = 0.041) and Auditory Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall (r = 0.197, p = 0.040) after adjustment for HbA1c, FBG and HOMA-IR, wherein the latter represented episodic memory functions. No significant differences were found for the distributions of genotype and allele of ghrelin rs4684677 polymorphism between MCI and control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 218 T2DM patients, with 112 patients who satisfied the MCI diagnostic criteria and 106 who exhibited healthy cognition, were enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics, clinical variables and cognitive performances were extensively assessed. Plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin rs4684677 polymorphism were also determined. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that decreased ghrelin levels are associated with MCI, especially with episodic memory dysfunction in T2DM populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| | - Yanjue Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China, 210009
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Llamas-Covarrubias IM, Llamas-Covarrubias MA, Martinez-López E, Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Rivera-León EA, Palmeros-Sánchez B, Alcalá-Zermeño JL, Sánchez-Enríquez S. Association of A-604G ghrelin gene polymorphism and serum ghrelin levels with the risk of obesity in a mexican population. Mol Biol Rep 2017; 44:289-293. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-017-4109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
21
|
Kolodziejski PA, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Sassek M, Kaczmarek P, Szczepankiewicz D, Billert M, Mackowiak P, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Changes in obestatin gene and GPR39 receptor expression in peripheral tissues of rat models of obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2017; 9:353-361. [PMID: 27106635 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obestatin has a role in regulating food intake and energy expenditure, but the roles of obestatin and the GPR39 receptor in obesity and type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively) are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in obestatin and GPR39 in pathophysiological conditions like obesity, T1DM, and T2DM. METHODS Using rat models of diet-induced obesity (DIO), T1DM and T2DM (n = 14 per group), obestatin, its precursor protein preproghrelin, and GPR39 expression was investigated in tissues involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis regulation. Furthermore, serum obestatin and ghrelin concentrations were determined. RESULTS Serum obestatin concentrations were positively correlated with glucagon (r = 0.6456; P < 0.001) and visfatin (r = 0.5560; P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with insulin (r = -0.4362; P < 0.05), adiponectin (r = -0.3998; P < 0.05), and leptin (r = -0.4180; P < 0.05). There were differences in GPR39 and preproghrelin expression in the three animal models. Hepatic GPR39 and preproghrelin mRNA expression was greater in T1DM, T2DM, and obese rats than in lean controls, whereas pancreatic GPR39 mRNA and protein and preproghrelin mRNA expression was decreased in T1DM, T2DM, and DIO rats. Higher GPR39 and preproghrelin protein and mRNA levels were found in adipose tissues of T1DM compared with control. In adipose tissues of T2DM and DIO rats, GPR39 protein levels were lower than in lean or T1DM rats. Preproghrelin mRNA was higher in adipose tissues of T1DM, T2DM, and DIO than lean rats. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that changes in obestatin, GPR39, and ghrelin may contribute to metabolic abnormalities in T1DM, T2DM, and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Antoni Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and the Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackowiak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and the Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic 1, Department of Gastroenterology, Elblandklinik, Meissen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hassouna R, Labarthe A, Tolle V. Hypothalamic regulation of body growth and appetite by ghrelin-derived peptides during balanced nutrition or undernutrition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:42-51. [PMID: 27693419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin plays a unique role as the first one identified to increases appetite and stimulate GH secretion. This review highlights the latest mechanism by which ghrelin modulates body growth, appetite and energy metabolism by exploring pharmacological actions of the hormone and consequences of genetic or pharmacological blockade of the ghrelin/GHS-R (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor) system on physiological responses in specific nutritional situations. Within the hypothalamus, novel mechanisms of action of this hormone involve its interaction with other ghrelin-derived peptides, such as desacyl ghrelin and obestatin, which are thought to act as functional ghrelin antagonists, and possible modulation of the GHS-R with other G-protein coupled receptors. During chronic undernutrition such as anorexia nervosa, variations of ghrelin-derived peptides may be an adaptative metabolic response to maintain normal glycemic control. Interestingly, some of ghrelin's metabolic actions are thought to be relayed through modulation of GH, an anabolic and hyperglycemic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France; Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Çelik N, Cinaz P, Bideci A, Derinkuyu B, Emeksiz HC, Döğer E, Damar Ç, Yüce Ö, Çamurdan O. Endoglin and obestatin levels, cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in children aged 10-18 years. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:1173-1180. [PMID: 27682709 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the early signs of atherosclerosis and to evaluate serum endoglin and obestatin levels as predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children. METHODS A total of 95 children (60 obese and 35 controls) aged 10-18 years were included in the study. Their endoglin and obestatin levels and biochemical parameters were measured. The carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) responses were evaluated. RESULTS The cIMT values were higher (p < 0.001) and FMD responses were lower (p = 0.003) in the obese group than in the control group. A logistic regression multivariate analysis revealed that cIMT was independently associated with the body mass index (BMI) Z-score (β = 0.323, p = 0.003) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (β = 0.29, p = 0.008), while FMD % was independently associated with waist circumference (β = -0.36, p = 0.002). The obese and control groups were similar in endoglin (p = 0.67) and obestatin levels (p = 0.70). The endoglin level was inversely correlated with the cholesterol and LDL levels (r = -0.23, p = 0.032; rho = -0.25, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The cIMT and brachial artery FMD response in obese children are significantly different compared to healthy controls. Circulating endoglin and obestatin levels are not predictive markers for subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children aged 10-18 years old.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wysokiński A. Obestatin may be involved in clozapine-induced changes in glucose metabolism. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:201-202. [PMID: 27427559 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang JL, Xu XH, Zhang XJ, Li WH. The role of obestatin in roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:470-7. [PMID: 26445403 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex and multifactorial disease that is generally characterized by insulin resistance and loss of β-cell function that develops in adulthood. To date, more than 6% of the world's population is affected by T2DM. The main treatments of T2DM are dietary and lifestyle changes. However, only dependent on behaviour modification and oral hypoglycemics, many patients are unable to maintain glycemic control. Emerging evidence indicates that up to 80% of patients with T2DM undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) experience complete remission of their T2DM and the majority of remissions occur almost immediately following the operation. Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid peptide, which is not only thought to suppress food intake and decrease gastric emptying but also found to exert survival effects in pancreatic β cells, increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and reduce insulin resistance and inflammation. In addition, some researchers demonstrated that obestatin is a nutritional marker reflecting body adiposity and insulin resistance. Although results from previous studies were conflicting, the peripheral blood concentrations of obestatin were changed after RYGB. Therefore, regulation of obestatin level may be another mechanism for RYGB-induced remission of T2DM. In this article, we review briefly the effect of RYGB on T2DM in humans and offer an overview of the published data on the effects of RYGB on obestatin level in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, the possible roles of obestatin in the remission of T2DM following RYGB are also reviewed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Wang
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of General Surgery 1, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, China
| | - Xian-Hui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, No. 401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery 1, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, China
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- Department of General Surgery, No. 401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cowan E, Burch KJ, Green BD, Grieve DJ. Obestatin as a key regulator of metabolism and cardiovascular function with emerging therapeutic potential for diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2165-81. [PMID: 27111465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated gastrointestinal peptide derived from preproghrelin and which forms an α helix. Although obestatin has a short biological half-life and is rapidly degraded, it is proposed to exert wide-ranging pathophysiological actions. Whilst the precise nature of many of its effects is unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. For example, obestatin has been reported to inhibit food and water intake, body weight gain and gastrointestinal motility and also to mediate promotion of cell survival and prevention of apoptosis. Obestatin-induced increases in beta cell mass, enhanced adipogenesis and improved lipid metabolism have been noted along with up-regulation of genes associated with beta cell regeneration, insulin production and adipogenesis. Furthermore, human circulating obestatin levels generally demonstrate an inverse association with obesity and diabetes, whilst the peptide has been shown to confer protective metabolic effects in experimental diabetes, suggesting that it may hold therapeutic potential in this setting. Obestatin also appears to be involved in blood pressure regulation and to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function, with experimental studies indicating that it may also promote cardioprotective actions against, for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This review will present a critical appraisal of the expanding obestatin research area and discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of this peptide for both metabolic and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Kerry J Burch
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beauloye V, Diene G, Kuppens R, Zech F, Winandy C, Molinas C, Faye S, Kieffer I, Beckers D, Nergårdh R, Hauffa B, Derycke C, Delhanty P, Hokken-Koelega A, Tauber M. High unacylated ghrelin levels support the concept of anorexia in infants with prader-willi syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:56. [PMID: 27146407 PMCID: PMC4855494 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with different nutritional phases from suckling deficit with failure to thrive to early onset of obesity. Hyperghrelinemia has been described in PWS long before the development of obesity. Ghrelin is found in both acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) forms in the circulation. In contrast to AG, UAG has been shown to inhibit food intake and to be elevated in anorexia nervosa. The present project is aiming to determine the underlying mechanisms driving the different nutritional phases in PWS. Methods Measurement of at least 4 h-fasting plasma acylated and unacylated ghrelin in 37 infants with a genetic diagnosis of PWS aged from 1 month to 4 years and in 100 age-matched controls without endocrine disorder recruited prior to minor surgery. One blood sampling was analysed for each patient/control and clinical data were recorded. Eleven PWS infants underwent repetitive blood samples at 3 or 6-month intervals during routine visits. Results In infants with PWS, AG is not elevated (p = 0.45), UAG is significantly higher (p = 0.0044; confidence interval 1.06;1.33) resulting in a low AG/UAG ratio (p = 0.0056; confidence interval 0.76;0.95) compared to controls. Conclusion Unlike children and adults with PWS that have high AG and AG/UAG ratio, infants with PWS have elevated UAG that supports the concept of anorexia in the early phases of the disease. The change in AG/UAG ratio possibly drives the switch from failure to thrive to obesity. Clinical trial registration NCT02529085. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0440-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Beauloye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1300, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gwenaelle Diene
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Renske Kuppens
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Zech
- IREC, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Coralie Winandy
- Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1300, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Molinas
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandy Faye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Kieffer
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Beckers
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, CHU Dinant Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Ricard Nergårdh
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Berthold Hauffa
- Department of Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Derycke
- BESPEED (Belgian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital des Enfants, 330, Avenue de Grande Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2016; 24:416-436. [PMID: 27824637 PMCID: PMC5485261 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness with minimal effective treatments and a very high rate of mortality. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of the disease is imperative for improving outcomes and can be aided by the study of animal models. The activity-based anorexia rodent model (ABA) is the current best parallel for the study of AN. This review describes the basic neurobiology of feeding and hyperactivity seen in both ABA and AN, and compiles the research on the role that stress-response and reward pathways play in modulating the homeostatic drive to eat and to expend energy, which become dysfunctional in ABA and AN.
Collapse
|
29
|
Moraes C, Borges NA, Barboza J, Barros AF, Mafra D. Effects of acute resistance exercise on acyl-ghrelin and obestatin levels in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Ren Fail 2015; 37:338-42. [PMID: 26381714 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1087805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic physical exercises may be beneficial to modulate appetite hormones as acyl-ghrelin (orexigenic) and obestatin (anorexigenic) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients; however, there are no data about the effects of acute exercises on these hormones. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of acute resistance exercise on appetite hormones (acyl-ghrelin and obestatin) of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Twenty-five patients (44.7 ± 12.9 years, 68% women) on regular HD program were enrolled into two groups, 16 patients performed exercises and 9 patients comprised the control group. The patients performed the exercises in both lower limbs with ankle-cuffs and elastic bands, 30 min after the initiation of hemodialysis session. Blood samples of both the groups were drawn in the morning before and after 30 min with exercise session (exercise group) and, before and after the same time without exercise (control group). Acyl-ghrelin and obestatin plasma levels were measured using an enzyme immunometric assay. Acyl-ghrelin plasma levels did not change in both the groups. However, when stratified by gender the acyl-ghrelin increased significantly right after exercise in men [32.1 pg/mL (25.6-41.2) to 46.0 pg/mL (39.0-59.5)] (p = 0.04). Obestatin plasma levels reduced after a single bout of exercise and changes remained significantly when the sample was stratified by gender. There was no change in obestatin plasma levels in control group. A single bout of resistance exercise seems to modulate the levels of appetite hormones in HD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Moraes
- a Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , Brazil and
| | - Natália A Borges
- b Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , Brazil
| | - Jorge Barboza
- b Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , Brazil
| | - Amanda F Barros
- a Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , Brazil and
| | - Denise Mafra
- a Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , Brazil and.,b Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mondello P, Mian M, Aloisi C, Famà F, Mondello S, Pitini V. Cancer Cachexia Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and New Therapeutic Options. Nutr Cancer 2014; 67:12-26. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.976318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
31
|
Circulating obestatin levels correlate with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR but not with hypertension in elderly men. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 69:89-92. [PMID: 24197679 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin, encoded by the same gene as ghrelin, was first described as a physiological opponent of ghrelin. The association between circulating obestatin levels and blood pressure remains unclear. Furthermore, adequate information is non-existent regarding the older male population with hypertension. For this purpose, we enrolled 185 unrelated hypertensive male patients aged ≥ 80 years (range 80-102 years). One hundred seventy nine age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Plasma levels of obestatin and insulin were measured using commercial ELISA and RIA. HOMA-IR was calculated using standard method. We found that plasma obestatin levels correlated significantly with insulin levels (P = 0.034) and homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: P = 0.028). However, plasma obestatin differed non-significantly between hypertensive (5.06 ± 0.68 ng/mL) and non-hypertensive (4.72 ± 0.82 ng/mL) individuals. Plasma obestatin levels were not associated with systolic (P = 0.818) or diastolic (P = 0.564) blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR: P = 0.725), uric acid (P = 0.603), total cholesterol (TC: P = 0.589), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C: P = 0.057); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C: P = 0.432), triglyceride (TG: P = 0.418), and fasting blood glucose (FBG: P = 0.101). We, therefore, concluded that fasting circulating obestatin levels did not directly correlate with blood pressure in men aged ≥ 80 years.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mondello P, Lacquaniti A, Mondello S, Bolignano D, Pitini V, Aloisi C, Buemi M. Emerging markers of cachexia predict survival in cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:828. [PMID: 25400234 PMCID: PMC4239407 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia may occur in 40% of cancer patients, representing the major cause of death in more than 20% of them. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of leptin, ghrelin and obestatin as diagnostic and predictive markers of cachexia in oncologic patients. Their impact on patient survival was also evaluated. METHODS 140 adults with different cancer diagnoses were recruited. Thirty healthy volunteers served as control. Serum ghrelin, obestatin and leptin were tested at baseline and after a follow-up period of 18 months. RESULTS Ghrelin levels were significantly higher in cancer patients than in healthy subjects (573.31 ± 130 vs 320.20 ± 66.48 ng/ml, p < 0.0001), while obestatin (17.42 ± 7.12 vs 24.89 ± 5.54 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and leptin (38.4 ± 21.2 vs 76.28 ± 17.48 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) values were lower. At ROC analyses the diagnostic profile of ghrelin (AUC 0.962; sensitivity 83%; specificity 98%), obestatin (AUC 0.798; sensitivity 74.5%; specificity 81.5%) and leptin (AUC 0.828; sensitivity 79%; specificity 73%) was superior to that of albumin (AUC 0.547; sensitivity 63%, specificity 69.4%) for detecting cachexia among cancer patients. On Cox multivariate analyses ghrelin (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.03; p < 0.0001) and leptin (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.92 - 0.96; p < 0.0001) were significant predictors of death even after correction for other known risk factors such as presence of metastasis and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION Ghrelin and leptin are promising biomarkers to diagnose cachexia and to predict survival in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Mondello
- />Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Lacquaniti
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Mondello
- />Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Pitini
- />Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Aloisi
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations Are Negatively Correlated With Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Med Sci 2014; 348:382-6. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
34
|
Huang L, Tong Y, Zhang F, Yang Q, Li D, Xie S, Li Y, Cao H, Tang L, Zhang X, Tong N. Increased acyl ghrelin but decreased total ghrelin and unacyl ghrelin in Chinese Han people with impaired fasting glucose combined with impaired glucose tolerance. Peptides 2014; 60:86-94. [PMID: 25102450 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the plasma acyl ghrelin (AG), unacyl ghrelin (UAG), and total ghrelin (TGhr) levels in Chinese adults with pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDDM) after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and abdominal subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured. Fasting AG level was increased in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) combined with impaired glucose tolerance (IFG+IGT) and NDDM groups. AG, UAG, and TGhr levels were significantly decreased post-OGTT, and the decrements of 30-min AG, UAG, and TGhr post-OGTT were not significantly different among groups. UAG and TGhr levels did not differ significantly among the normal glucose tolerance (NGT), IFG and NDDM groups, but they decreased obviously in the IFG+IGT and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) groups. The NDDM group had larger VFA than the NGT, IGT, and IFG+IGT groups, even after adjustment for height, it was still larger than the NGT group. The factors such as dyslipidemia and obesity which are prone to develop insulin resistance (IR) and decrease insulin sensitivity (IS) were negatively correlated with UAG and TGhr, positively with AG/UAG, while no correlations with AG. In terms of evaluating IS and IR, AG/UAG ratio may be superior in AG concentration. Our findings suggest that relative sufficiency of AG, the deficiency of TGhr and UAG are already present in IFG+IGT patients. We speculate that there is UAG resistance in severe hyperglycemia (diabetic state), which could produce elevated TGhr and UAG compared to IFG+IGT group. In the development of T2D, increase of VFA could be the initiating factor, leading elevated AG, reduced UAG, IR, decreased IS, and finally hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuzhen Tong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daigang Li
- Chengdu Yincao Community Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shugui Xie
- Chengdu Aerospace Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610100, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lizhi Tang
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiangxun Zhang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zabarovskaja S, Freda P, Williams JJ, Kunavarapu C, Lamanca J, Mancini D, Lund LH. Acylation of ghrelin is increased in heart failure and decreases post heart transplantation. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2014; 48:343-8. [PMID: 25130063 DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2014.955052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin is an anabolic hormone that is elevated in heart failure (HF), with resistance to its anabolic effects. This resolves after heart transplantation (HTx). Ghrelin exists in acylated and des-acyl forms, with the acylated form being primarily responsible for endocrine actions. We tested the hypothesis that ghrelin derangements in HF are due to inadequate acylation and that this resolves post transplantation. DESIGN Plasma levels of des-acyl and acylated ghrelin and acylated/total ratios were assessed in HF (n = 20), post-HTx (n = 35), and healthy controls (n = 4), and correlated with each other and with clinical parameters. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) of des-acyl ghrelin level, was 167 (121-195) pg/ml in HF versus 149 (130-223) pg/ml in post-HTx, p = NS. Acylated ghrelin level was 76 (51-99) pg/ml versus 13 (0-30) pg/ml, p < 0.001. Acylated/total ratios were 0.33 (0.20-0.47) versus 0.08 (0-0.13), p < 0.001. The correlation between acylated and total ghrelin levels was greater in HF than that in HTx. Acyl ghrelin correlated inversely with body mass index in HF, but not in HTx. CONCLUSION Acylated ghrelin and the acylated/total ratio were dramatically higher in HF compared with those in HTx. Acylation rather than secretion of ghrelin is upregulated in HF and the resistance to ghrelin's anabolic and appetite-stimulating effects is not at the level of acylation, but downstream at the ghrelin-receptor level.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang S, Zhai G, Zhang J, Zhou J, Chen C. Ghrelin and obestatin plasma levels and ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide gene polymorphisms in small for gestational age infants. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:1232-42. [PMID: 25223427 DOI: 10.1177/0300060514533525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels, and ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide gene polymorphisms, in sequentially enrolled small for gestational age (SGA) infants. METHODS Neonates were sequentially enrolled into this study and were then subdivided into different groups, according to different study aims and availability of study materials. Consequently, plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels were measured in term SGA, term appropriate for gestational age (AGA), term large for gestational age (LGA), preterm SGA and preterm AGA neonates. Levels of both peptides were also measured in AGA infants of different gestational ages, and in term AGA neonates at different days following birth. Three ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Arg51Gln, Leu72Met, and Gln90Leu, were measured in neonates. RESULTS The study involved a total cohort of 581 neonates. Out of 150 neonates (30 term AGA, 30 term SGA, 30 term LGA, 30 preterm AGA, and 30 preterm SGA), plasma obestatin levels were significantly higher in term SGA versus term LGA neonates (0.21 ± 0.02 ng/ml versus 0.17 ± 0.01 ng/ml, respectively). Out of a wider cohort, there were no significant differences in genotypes and allele frequencies of Arg51Gln, Leu72Met, and Gln90Leu SNPs between term SGA and AGA neonates, or between preterm SGA and AGA neonates. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide polymorphisms were not found to be associated with SGA status in neonates; however, ghrelin and obestatin levels may be involved in growth and development. Further studies are required to understand the relationship between ghrelin, obestatin and prenatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulian Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanpeng Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Minhang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang WM, Li SM, Du FM, Zhu ZC, Zhang JC, Li YX. Ghrelin and obestatin levels in hypertensive obese patients. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:1202-8. [PMID: 25186095 DOI: 10.1177/0300060514543040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate plasma total ghrelin and obestatin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio prospectively, in hypertensive obese patients. Methods Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured in hypertensive and normotensive obese patients and matched healthy controls; the body mass index and waist to hip ratio were calculated. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined. Fasting ghrelin and obestatin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio was calculated. Results A total of 38 hypertensive obese patients, 40 normotensive obese patients and 38 controls were enrolled. Hypertensive obese patients had lower plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin than normotensive obese patients or controls. In addition, normotensive obese patients had lower plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels than controls. In hypertensive obese patients, ghrelin and obestatin levels were negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. In normotensive obese patients, ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio were negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. In both patient groups, fasting obestatin and ghrelin concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Conclusion Changes in the levels of ghrelin and obestatin may play a role in the pathophysiology of obesity and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shu-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fu-Man Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ji-Chang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang-Xue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is prevalent in adolescents and young adults, and endocrine changes include hypothalamic amenorrhoea; a nutritionally acquired growth-hormone resistance leading to low concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1); relative hypercortisolaemia; decreases in leptin, insulin, amylin, and incretins; and increases in ghrelin, peptide YY, and adiponectin. These changes in turn have harmful effects on bone and might affect neurocognition, anxiety, depression, and the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa. Low bone-mineral density (BMD) is particularly concerning, because it is associated with changes in bone microarchitecture, strength, and clinical fractures. Recovery leads to improvements in many--but not all--hormonal changes, and deficits in bone accrual can persist. Oestrogen-replacement therapy, primarily via the transdermal route, increases BMD in adolescents, although catch-up is incomplete. In adults, oral oestrogen--combined with recombinant human IGF-1 in one study and bisphosphonates in another--increased BMD, but not to the normal range. More studies are necessary to investigate the optimum therapeutic approach in patients with, or recovering from, anorexia nervosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tortorella A, Brambilla F, Fabrazzo M, Volpe U, Monteleone AM, Mastromo D, Monteleone P. Central and peripheral peptides regulating eating behaviour and energy homeostasis in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a literature review. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 22:307-20. [PMID: 24942507 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A large body of literature suggests the occurrence of a dysregulation in both central and peripheral modulators of appetite in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), but at the moment, the state or trait-dependent nature of those changes is far from being clear. It has been proposed, although not definitively proved, that peptide alterations, even when secondary to malnutrition and/or to aberrant eating behaviours, might contribute to the genesis and the maintenance of some symptomatic aspects of AN and BN, thus affecting the course and the prognosis of these disorders. This review focuses on the most significant literature studies that explored the physiology of those central and peripheral peptides, which have prominent effects on eating behaviour, body weight and energy homeostasis in patients with AN and BN. The relevance of peptide dysfunctions for the pathophysiology of eating disorders is critically discussed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin and obestatin are 2 gastric hormones with opposite effects on food intake and body weight. We investigated plasma ghrelin and obestatin in children with failure to thrive (FTT) and obesity as compared with age-matched controls. METHODS A total of 63 children were included in the study: 13 with FTT, 17 with obesity, and 33 age-matched controls. Children fasted for at least 8 hours before specimen collection. Both hormones were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits. RESULTS Ghrelin and obestatin levels in children with FTT were not significantly different from that of the age-matched controls (P >0.05). In children with obesity, the total ghrelin levels were significantly lower (P = 0.0003) and the obestatin levels significantly higher (P = 0.029) compared with those in controls. In the control group, the fasting ghrelin level was significantly higher in the younger (<3 years) than in the older children (>3 years; P = 0.0004). Obestatin levels correlated positively with weight-for-age percentiles in the obese group (P = 0.011) and negatively in the control group >3 years (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Compared with the levels in age-matched controls, fasting ghrelin and obestatin levels did not differ significantly in children with FTT. In the children with obesity, the decreased ghrelin and increased obestatin levels suggest a possible adaptive process to positive energy balance. Ghrelin had pronounced age-related changes, and obestatin was associated with the weight status. This may suggest that these 2 hormones use different mechanisms to regulate energy balance and weight.
Collapse
|
42
|
Shen C, Yu T, Tang ZH, Wu KM. Changes in ghrelin and obestatin levels before and after a meal in children with simple obesity and anorexia. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 79:341-6. [PMID: 23774845 DOI: 10.1159/000351464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obestatin and ghrelin both have effects on the hypothalamus which controls food intake. We hypothesize that the circulating levels of obestatin and ghrelin may change after a meal and might be different between obesity and anorexia, which might be relevant to anorexia or obesity. METHOD Fifteen children with obesity, 25 children with anorexia and 17 normal-weight healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The preprandial and postprandial glucose, insulin, total ghrelin and obestatin tests were completed in the three groups. The values of these indices were compared. RESULTS The obesity group had the highest values for BMI and fasting glucose (p < 0.001), while the anorexia group had the highest values for obestatin and ghrelin, followed by the control and obesity groups. No differences in ratios of ghrelin to obestatin were found between the anorexia and obesity groups (p > 0.05), but both were higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). BMI was negatively correlated with preprandial obestatin (r = -0.8413, p < 0.001) and ghrelin (r = -0.7400, p < 0.001), but showed no significant correlations with the ghrelin-to-obestatin ratio. CONCLUSION Although there is still controversy between the present and previous studies, the present study show that levels of obestatin and ghrelin are inversely correlated with BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhou D, Jiang X, Ding W, Zhang D, Yang L, Zhen C, Lu L. Impact of bariatric surgery on ghrelin and obestatin levels in obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:569435. [PMID: 24672803 PMCID: PMC3941146 DOI: 10.1155/2014/569435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy on weight control by different bariatric surgeries and investigate the ghrelin and obestatin changes after these surgeries in obesity and nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Obese rats were randomly assigned to receive sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 8), minigastric bypass (MGBP, n = 8), roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP, n = 8), and sham operation (SO, n = 4). Another 4 rats served as control. Besides, Goto-Kakisaki (GK) rats were also randomly divided into similar groups except for total gastrectomy (TG, n = 8) group. The results showed that in obese rats, weigh loss in RYGBP group was similar to that in MGBP group but larger than that in SG group. Ghrelin significantly increased in RYGB group, but obestatin increased in MGBP group. Ghrelin/obestatin ratio significantly decreased in SG group. In GK rats, weight loss was most obvious in TG group. Postoperatively, ghrelin was significantly increased in MGBP and RYGB groups but decreased in TG group. Obestatin also showed an increase in MGBP and RYGB groups. Ghrelin/obestatin in TG group decreased significantly. In conclusion, RYGB and MGBP may be more suitable for obese rats, but TG may be the best strategy for T2DM rats to control weight with different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Weixing Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- August First Physical Culture and Sports Team, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chengzhu Zhen
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liesheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Labarthe A, Fiquet O, Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Lanfumey L, Ramoz N, Grouselle D, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Ghrelin-Derived Peptides: A Link between Appetite/Reward, GH Axis, and Psychiatric Disorders? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:163. [PMID: 25386163 PMCID: PMC4209873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are often associated with metabolic and hormonal alterations, including obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome as well as modifications in several biological rhythms including appetite, stress, sleep-wake cycles, and secretion of their corresponding endocrine regulators. Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate appetite and adapt the metabolism in response to nutritional, hedonic, and emotional dysfunctions, at the interface between endocrine, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders, ghrelin plays a unique role as the only one increasing appetite. The secretion of ghrelin is altered in several psychiatric disorders (anorexia, schizophrenia) as well as in metabolic disorders (obesity) and in animal models in response to emotional triggers (psychological stress …) but the relationship between these modifications and the physiopathology of psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Recently, a large literature showed that this key metabolic/endocrine regulator is involved in stress and reward-oriented behaviors and regulates anxiety and mood. In addition, preproghrelin is a complex prohormone but the roles of the other ghrelin-derived peptides, thought to act as functional ghrelin antagonists, are largely unknown. Altered ghrelin secretion and/or signaling in psychiatric diseases are thought to participate in altered appetite, hedonic response and reward. Whether this can contribute to the mechanism responsible for the development of the disease or can help to minimize some symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is discussed in the present review. We will thus describe (1) the biological actions of ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides on food and drugs reward, anxiety and depression, and the physiological consequences of ghrelin invalidation on these parameters, (2) how ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides are regulated in animal models of psychiatric diseases and in human psychiatric disorders in relation with the GH axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Tolle, UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 2 ter rue d’Alésia, Paris 75014, France e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mora M, Granada ML, Palomera E, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Obestatin is associated to muscle strength, functional capacity and cognitive status in old women. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2515-2523. [PMID: 23604919 PMCID: PMC3824982 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin has been proposed to have anorexigenic and anti-ghrelin actions. The objective was to study obestatin concentrations in relation to handgrip strength, functional capacity and cognitive state in old women. The prospective study included 110 women (age, 76.93 ± 6.32) from the Mataró Ageing Study. Individuals were characterized by anthropometric variables, grip strength, Barthel and assessment of cognitive impairment [Mini Cognoscitive Examination (MCE) Spanish version], depressive status by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and frailty by the Fried criteria. Obestatin was measured by IRMA. Obestatin showed negative correlation to handgrip at basal time point (r = -0.220, p = 0.023) and at 2-year follow-up (r = -0.344, p = 0.002). Obestatin, divided into quartiles, showed a negative lineal association with handgrip: 11.03 ± 4.88 kg in first, 8.75 ± 4.08 kg in second, 8.11 ± 3.66 kg in third and 7.61 ± 4.08 kg in fourth quartile (p = 0.018). Higher obestatin levels were associated to increased weakness (categorized by handgrip of frailty criteria): 2.24 ± 0.42 ng/ml in weak vs. 1.87 ± 0.57 ng/ml in non-weak (p = 0.01). The decrease of either MCE or Barthel scores at 2-year follow-up was significantly higher in individuals in the fourth quartile of obestatin in comparison with individuals in the first quartile (p = 0.046 and p = 0.019, respectively). No association was found between obestatin and GDS score and neither with frailty as a condition. Obestatin is associated to low muscle strength, and impaired functional and cognitive capacity in old women participating in the Mataró Ageing Study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mora
- />Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic i Universitari of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Granada
- />Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- />Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. del Canyet, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kubo Y, Koji T, Kashimura H, Otawara Y, Ogawa A, Ogasawara K. Appetite loss may be induced by lower serum ghrelin and higher serum leptin concentrations in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:230-3. [PMID: 24075245 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) typically develop appetite loss. However, the mechanisms regulating appetite are not understood. Ghrelin and leptin, both of which signal nutritional status and energy storage levels to the hypothalamus, are essential elements of the appetite system. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between appetite and ghrelin and leptin concentrations in patients with SAH. METHODS Blood plasma or serum profiles and appetite status were measured in 19 patients with SAH who underwent aneurysmal clipping within 48 hours of SAH onset. Appetite status was measured using dietary oral calorie intake. All outcome variables were measured at an early (day 3) and late (day 8) time point after SAH onset (day 0). RESULTS Of the 19 patients studied, 6 (31.6%) showed lower dietary oral calorie intake at the late time point than at the early time point. In these patients with appetite loss, plasma hemoglobin (P < 0.02), albumin (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.01), plasma insulin (P < 0.04), and serum ghrelin (P < 0.03) concentrations were lower at the late time point than at the early time point. Serum leptin was higher at the late time point than at the early time point (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION In SAH patients, appetite loss may be induced by lower serum ghrelin and higher serum leptin concentrations resulting from high plasma glucose and insulin levels due to a catecholamine surge following SAH.
Collapse
|
47
|
Gu PY, Kang DM, Wang WD, Chen Y, Zhao ZH, Zheng H, Ye SD. Relevance of plasma obestatin and early arteriosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:563919. [PMID: 24350300 PMCID: PMC3855972 DOI: 10.1155/2013/563919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the correlation between obestatin and metabolic parameters and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We collected 103 patients aged from 60 to 83 years (69.26 ± 5.83 years) form January, 2007 to May, 2009. All patients were divided into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and T2DM according to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We found that higher levels of fasting insulin (Fins), fasting blood glucose, 2 h OGTT glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin, and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as lower obestatin level and higher intima-media thickness level (IMT), existed in T2DM group compared with NGT group and IGT group (P < 0.01). Also, obestatin level was independently associated with HOMA-IR and CRP, while IMT level was independently associated with HOMA-IR, triglyceride, Fins, and obestatin (P < 0.01), based on stepwise multiple regression analysis. Therefore, we deduced that the low level of plasma obestatin might be related to early arteriosclerosis in patients with T2DM via increasing IMT level, and elevated plasma obestatin levels might protect T2DM patients against carotid atherosclerosis to some extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-ying Gu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Dong-mei Kang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Wei-dong Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrine Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhao
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Shan-dong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gesmundo I, Gallo D, Favaro E, Ghigo E, Granata R. Obestatin: a new metabolic player in the pancreas and white adipose tissue. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:976-82. [PMID: 24217898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23 amino acid amidated peptide, member of the preproghrelin gene-derived peptides. Initially, obestatin was reported to exert opposite effects to those of ghrelin on food intake and body weight gain, through interaction with GPR39; however, these findings are still strongly debated and obestatin biological role remains largely unknown. Interestingly, binding of obestatin to the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor has been recently suggested. Despite being a controversial peptide, recent findings have clearly indicated that obestatin is indeed a multifunctional peptide, exerting a variety of effects, such as stimulation of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, influence on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Its positive effects on glucose and lipid metabolism candidate this peptide as a potential therapeutic tool in pathological conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Siejka A, Jankiewicz-Wika J, Kołomecki K, Cywiński J, Piestrzeniewicz K, Swiętosławski J, Stępień H, Komorowski J. Long-term impact of vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) on plasma concentration of leptin, soluble leptin receptor, ghrelin, omentin-1, obestatin, and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) in patients with severe obesity. Cytokine 2013; 64:490-3. [PMID: 24011638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Restrictive type bariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic approach that decreases overall mortality in patients with severe obesity. Several new cytokines, including adipocytokines that control energy metabolism, have been discovered recently, but their role in obesity is not fully recognized. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), one of restrictive type bariatric surgery, on peripheral blood concentrations of some adipocytokines and hormones involved in the control of food intake and energy turnover. The studied group comprised 12 females and 2 males aged from 31 to 59years (46.6±7.4) with simple obesity (BMI: 44.9±7.2) and metabolic syndrome. The patients were examined both before and 3, 6, 12, 24months after bariatric surgery (eight patients were also checked after 36 and six patients after 48months). Measurements of peripheral blood concentration of glucose, insulin, leptin, soluble leptin receptor, obestatin, ghrelin, omentin-1, and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) by ELISA method have been performed. After the surgery body weight, BMI and waist circumference significantly decreased. Positive changes considering the components of metabolic syndrome have been noted. Namely glucose, insulin and triglycerides' levels decreased, accompanied by the significantly lower HOMA index. Conversely, HDL cholesterol concentrations increased. Furthermore, peripheral blood concentration of leptin decreased, but the blood levels of soluble leptin receptor and ghrelin gradually increased. The positive correlations between leptin and body weight and BMI were noted as well as between the RBP4 and total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. We did not observe significant differences in levels of obestatin, omentin-1 and RBP4 after surgery. In conclusion, VBG is an effective type of bariatric surgery. Fast decrease of body weight in morbidly obese patients treated by restrictive bariatric surgery leads to significant changes in peripheral blood levels of some adipokines and hormones controlling energy turnover and appetite (leptin and soluble leptin receptor) as well as ghrelin but not omentin-1, obestatin or retinol binding protein (RBP-4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Siejka
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-425 Lodz, Sterlinga 1/3, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mora M, Granada ML, Roca M, Palomera E, Puig R, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Obestatin does not modify weight and nutritional behaviour but is associated with metabolic syndrome in old women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:882-90. [PMID: 22775400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin and obestatin have apparent opposite orexigenic and anorexigenic effects, although the latter has not been firmly demonstrated in humans. So far, little data have been reported in relation to its potential association with metabolic syndrome (MS). The objective was to study obestatin concentrations in relation to nutritional parameters and eating behaviours in old women. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Prospective study; a total of 110 women (age: 76.93 ± 6.32) from the Mataró Ageing Study were included. Individuals were characterized by anthropometric variables, lipids, glucose, blood pressure, MS components (Adult Treatment Panel III criteria), anorexia and nutritional status by Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and re-evaluated at 2-year follow-up. Obestatin was measured by IRMA. RESULTS 58.2% of the subjects had MS; at 2-year follow-up 24.1% had a weight loss >5%, 7.2% >10%, and 26.4% changed their MNA-SF score to risk of malnutrition category. Anorexia was present in 38.4%. Obestatin levels were not related to either change of weight, MNA-SF or anorexia, but a positive correlation was found with the absolute difference between basal and 2-year waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.429; P < 0.001) and relative difference between basal and 2-year WC (r = 0.420; P < 0.001); both remained significant after adjusting for age and body mass index. When obestatin was divided into quartiles, a significant lineal trend was observed in relation to WC (P = 0.049), absolute and relative difference between basal and 2-year WC (both P < 0.001). Obestatin was associated with glucose impairment (69.0% in 4th quartile vs 47.5% in 1st to 3rd, P = 0.047; after adjustment, P = 0.098) and MS (77.8% in 4th vs 51.3% in 1st to 3rd, P = 0.017; after adjustment, P = 0.046, OR 2.90 (1.02-8.25) 4th vs 1st to 3rd). CONCLUSIONS Obestatin is elevated in aged women bearing MS but is otherwise not associated with other nutritional parameters, weight loss or anorexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mora
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic i Universitari of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|