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Demro C, Lahud E, Burton PC, Purcell JR, Simon JJ, Sponheim SR. Reward anticipation-related neural activation following cued reinforcement in adults with psychotic psychopathology and biological relatives. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1441-1451. [PMID: 38197294 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is associated with hypoactivation of reward sensitive brain areas during reward anticipation. However, it is unclear whether these neural functions are similarly impaired in other disorders with psychotic symptomatology or individuals with genetic liability for psychosis. If abnormalities in reward sensitive brain areas are shared across individuals with psychotic psychopathology and people with heightened genetic liability for psychosis, there may be a common neural basis for symptoms of diminished pleasure and motivation. METHODS We compared performance and neural activity in 123 people with a history of psychosis (PwP), 81 of their first-degree biological relatives, and 49 controls during a modified Monetary Incentive Delay task during fMRI. RESULTS PwP exhibited hypoactivation of the striatum and anterior insula (AI) during cueing of potential future rewards with each diagnostic group showing hypoactivations during reward anticipation compared to controls. Despite normative task performance, relatives demonstrated caudate activation intermediate between controls and PwP, nucleus accumbens activation more similar to PwP than controls, but putamen activation on par with controls. Across diagnostic groups of PwP there was less functional connectivity between bilateral caudate and several regions of the salience network (medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, AI) during reward anticipation. CONCLUSIONS Findings implicate less activation and connectivity in reward processing brain regions across a spectrum of disorders involving psychotic psychopathology. Specifically, aberrations in striatal and insular activity during reward anticipation seen in schizophrenia are partially shared with other forms of psychotic psychopathology and associated with genetic liability for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elijah Lahud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philip C Burton
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John R Purcell
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Mellick WH, Tolliver BK, Brenner HM, Anton RF, Prisciandaro JJ. Alcohol Cue Processing in Co-Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80:1150-1159. [PMID: 37556131 PMCID: PMC10413222 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Reward circuitry dysfunction is a candidate mechanism of co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder (BD + AUD) that remains understudied. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research represents the first evaluation of alcohol cue reward processing in BD + AUD. Objective To determine how alcohol cue processing in individuals with BD + AUD may be distinct from that of individuals with AUD or BD alone. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional case-control study (April 2013-June 2018) followed a 2 × 2 factorial design and included individuals with BD + AUD, AUD alone, BD alone, and healthy controls. A well-validated visual alcohol cue reactivity fMRI paradigm was administered to eligible participants following their demonstration of 1 week or more of abstinence from alcohol and drugs assessed via serial biomarker testing. Study procedures were completed at the Medical University of South Carolina. Analysis took place between June and August 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Past-week mood symptoms were rated by clinicians using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale. The Alcohol Dependence Scale, Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were included questionnaires. Functional MRI whole-brain data were analyzed along with percent signal change within a priori regions of interest located in the ventral striatum, dorsal striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Exploratory analyses of associations between cue reactivity and select behavioral correlates (alcohol craving, impulsivity, maximum number of alcohol drinks on a single occasion, and days since last alcohol drink) were also performed. Results Of 112 participants, 28 (25.0%) had BD + AUD, 26 (23.2%) had AUD alone, 31 (27.7%) had BD alone, and 27 (24.1%) were healthy controls. The mean (SD) age was 38.7 (11.6) years, 50 (45.5%) were female, 33 (30%) were smokers, and 37 (34.9%) reported recent alcohol consumption. Whole-brain analyses revealed a BD × AUD interaction (F = 10.64; P = .001; η2 = 0.09) within a cluster spanning portions of the right inferior frontal gyrus and insula. Region of interest analyses revealed a main association of BD (F = 8.02; P = .006; η2 = 0.07) within the dorsal striatum. In each instance, individuals with BD + AUD exhibited reduced activation compared with all other groups who did not significantly differ from one another. These hypoactivations were associated with increased impulsivity and obsessive-compulsive alcohol craving exclusively among individuals with BD + AUD. Conclusion and Relevance The findings of this study suggest conceptualizing reward dysfunction in BD + AUD by the potential interaction between blunted reward responsivity and deficient inhibitory control may help guide treatment development strategies. To this end, reduced right inferior frontal gyrus and insula alcohol cue reactivity represents a novel candidate biomarker of BD + AUD that may respond to pharmacological interventions targeting impulsivity-related neural mechanisms for improved executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan K. Tolliver
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Helena M. Brenner
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Raymond F. Anton
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - James J. Prisciandaro
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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3
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Testing the efficacy of real-time fMRI neurofeedback for training people who smoke daily to upregulate neural responses to nondrug rewards. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:440-456. [PMID: 36788202 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of nondrug rewards (e.g., money) to facilitate smoking cessation is widespread, recent research has found that such rewards may be least effective when people who smoke cigarettes are tempted to do so. Specifically, among people who smoke, the neural response to nondrug rewards appears blunted when access to cigarettes is anticipated, and this blunting is linked to a decrease in willingness to refrain from smoking to earn a monetary incentive. Accordingly, methods to enhance the value of nondrug rewards may be theoretically and clinically important. The current proof-of-concept study tested if real-time fMRI neurofeedback training augments the ability to upregulate responses in reward-related brain areas relative to a no-feedback control condition in people who smoke. Adults (n = 44, age range = 20-44) who reported smoking >5 cigarettes per day completed the study. Those in the intervention group (n = 22, 5 females) were trained to upregulate brain responses using feedback of ongoing striatal activity (i.e., a dynamic "thermometer" that reflected ongoing changes of fMRI signal intensity in the striatum) in a single neurofeedback session with three training runs. The control group (n = 22, 5 females) underwent a nearly identical procedure but received no neurofeedback. Those who received neurofeedback training demonstrated significantly greater increases in striatal BOLD activation while attempting to think about something rewarding compared to controls, but this effect was present only during the first training run. Future neurofeedback research with those who smoke should explore how to make neurofeedback training more effective for the self-regulation of reward-related brain activities.
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4
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Lei W, Liu K, Chen G, Tolomeo S, Liu C, Peng Z, Liu B, Liang X, Huang C, Xiang B, Zhou J, Zhao F, Yu R, Chen J. Blunted reward prediction error signals in internet gaming disorder. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2124-2133. [PMID: 33143778 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000402x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a type of behavioural addictions. One of the key features of addiction is the excessive exposure to addictive objectives (e.g. drugs) reduces the sensitivity of the brain reward system to daily rewards (e.g. money). This is thought to be mediated via the signals expressed as dopaminergic reward prediction error (RPE). Emerging evidence highlights blunted RPE signals in drug addictions. However, no study has examined whether IGD also involves alterations in RPE signals that are observed in other types of addictions. METHODS To fill this gap, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 45 IGD and 42 healthy controls (HCs) during a reward-related prediction-error task and utilised a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to characterise the underlying neural correlates of RPE and related functional connectivity. RESULTS Relative to HCs, IGD individuals showed impaired reinforcement learning, blunted RPE signals in multiple regions of the brain reward system, including the right caudate, left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Moreover, the PPI analysis revealed a pattern of hyperconnectivity between the right caudate, right putamen, bilateral DLPFC, and right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in the IGD group. Finally, linear regression suggested that the connection between the right DLPFC and right dACC could significantly predict the variation of RPE signals in the left OFC. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight disrupted RPE signalling and hyperconnectivity between regions of the brain reward system in IGD. Reinforcement learning deficits may be crucial underlying characteristics of IGD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Kezhi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guangxiang Chen
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
- Radiology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cuizhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhenlei Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Boya Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chaohua Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Humanities and Management Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fulin Zhao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
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5
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Beeler JA, Mourra D, Zanca RM, Kalmbach A, Gellman C, Klein BY, Ravenelle R, Serrano P, Moore H, Rayport S, Mingote S, Burghardt NS. Vulnerable and Resilient Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:829-842. [PMID: 32950210 PMCID: PMC7855473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity is a common feature of anorexia nervosa (AN). Although high activity levels are associated with greater risk of developing AN, particularly when combined with dieting, most individuals who diet and exercise maintain a healthy body weight. It is unclear why some individuals develop AN while most do not. A rodent model of resilience and vulnerability to AN would be valuable to research. Dopamine, which is believed to play a crucial role in AN, regulates both reward and activity and may modulate vulnerability. METHODS Adolescent and young adult female C57BL/6N mice were tested in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model, with an extended period of food restriction in adult mice. ABA was also tested in dopamine transporter knockdown mice and wild-type littermates. Mice that adapted to conditions and maintained a stable body weight were characterized as resilient. RESULTS In adults, vulnerable and resilient phenotypes emerged in both the ABA and food-restricted mice without wheels. Vulnerable mice exhibited a pronounced increase in running throughout the light cycle, which dramatically peaked prior to requiring removal from the experiment. Resilient mice exhibited an adaptive decrease in total running, appropriate food anticipatory activity, and increased consumption, thereby achieving stable body weight. Hyperdopaminergia accelerated progression of the vulnerable phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our demonstration of distinct resilient and vulnerable phenotypes in mouse ABA significantly advances the utility of the model for identifying genes and neural substrates mediating AN risk and resilience. Modulation of dopamine may play a central role in the underlying circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Devry Mourra
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Roseanna M. Zanca
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Abigail Kalmbach
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Celia Gellman
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Klein
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10031 USA,Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Holly Moore
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Systems Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Nesha S. Burghardt
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
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6
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Computational Mechanisms of Addiction: Recent Evidence and Its Relevance to Addiction Medicine. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Gueguen MCM, Schweitzer EM, Konova AB. Computational theory-driven studies of reinforcement learning and decision-making in addiction: What have we learned? Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020; 38:40-48. [PMID: 34423103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Computational psychiatry provides a powerful new approach for linking the behavioral manifestations of addiction to their precise cognitive and neurobiological substrates. However, this emerging area of research is still limited in important ways. While research has identified features of reinforcement learning and decision-making in substance users that differ from health, less emphasis has been placed on capturing addiction cycles/states dynamically, within-person. In addition, the focus on few behavioral variables at a time has precluded more detailed consideration of related processes and heterogeneous clinical profiles. We propose that a longitudinal and multidimensional examination of value-based processes, a type of dynamic "computational fingerprint", will provide a more complete understanding of addiction as well as aid in developing better tailored and timed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle C M Gueguen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care, & the Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, USA
| | - Emma M Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care, & the Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, USA.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, USA
| | - Anna B Konova
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care, & the Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, USA
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8
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Lesage E, Sutherland MT, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Nicotine dependence (trait) and acute nicotinic stimulation (state) modulate attention but not inhibitory control: converging fMRI evidence from Go-Nogo and Flanker tasks. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:857-865. [PMID: 31995811 PMCID: PMC7075893 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits during nicotine withdrawal may contribute to smoking relapse. However, interacting effects of chronic nicotine dependence and acute nicotine withdrawal on cognitive control are poorly understood. Here we examine the effects of nicotine dependence (trait; smokers (n = 24) vs. non-smoking controls; n = 20) and acute nicotinic stimulation (state; administration of nicotine and varenicline, two FDA-approved smoking cessation aids, during abstinence), on two well-established tests of inhibitory control, the Go-Nogo task and the Flanker task, during fMRI scanning. We compared performance and neural responses between these four pharmacological manipulations in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. As expected, performance in both tasks was modulated by nicotine dependence, abstinence, and pharmacological manipulation. However, effects were driven entirely by conditions that required less inhibitory control. When demand for inhibitory control was high, abstinent smokers showed no deficits. By contrast, acutely abstinent smokers showed performance deficits in easier conditions and missed more trials. Go-Nogo fMRI results showed decreased inhibition-related neural activity in right anterior insula and right putamen in smokers and decreased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity on nicotine across groups. No effects were found on inhibition-related activity during the Flanker task or on error-related activity in either task. Given robust nicotinic effects on physiology and behavioral deficits in attention, we are confident that pharmacological manipulations were effective. Thus findings fit a recent proposal that abstinent smokers show decreased ability to divert cognitive resources at low or intermediate cognitive demand, while performance at high cognitive demand remains relatively unaffected, suggesting a primary attentional deficit during acute abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lesage
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Gent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M T Sutherland
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B J Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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9
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Flannery JS, Riedel MC, Poudel R, Laird AR, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA, Sutherland MT. Habenular and striatal activity during performance feedback are differentially linked with state-like and trait-like aspects of tobacco use disorder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax2084. [PMID: 31633021 PMCID: PMC6785263 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The habenula, an epithalamic nucleus involved in reward and aversive processing, may contribute to negative reinforcement mechanisms maintaining nicotine use. We used a performance feedback task that differentially activates the striatum and habenula and administered nicotine and varenicline (versus placebos) to overnight-abstinent smokers and nonsmokers to delineate feedback-related functional brain alterations both as a function of smoking trait (smokers versus nonsmokers) and drug administration state (drug versus placebo). Smokers showed less striatal responsivity to positive feedback, an alteration not mitigated by drug administration, but rather correlated with trait-level addiction severity. Conversely, nicotine administration reduced habenula activity following both positive and negative feedback among abstinent smokers, but not nonsmokers, and increased habenula activity among smokers correlated with elevated state-level tobacco cravings. These outcomes highlight a dissociation between neurobiological processes linked with the dependence severity trait and the nicotine withdrawal state. Interventions simultaneously targeting both aspects may improve currently poor cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C. Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjita Poudel
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Lawn W, Freeman TP, East K, Gaule A, Aston ER, Bloomfield MAP, Das RK, Morgan CJA, Curran HV. The Acute Effects of a Dopamine D3 Receptor Preferring Agonist on Motivation for Cigarettes in Dependent and Occasional Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:800-809. [PMID: 29065193 PMCID: PMC5991206 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Dopaminergic functioning is thought to play critical roles in both motivation and addiction. There is preliminary evidence that dopamine agonists reduce the motivation for cigarettes in smokers. However, the effects of pramipexole, a dopamine D3 receptor preferring agonist, have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an acute dose of pramipexole on the motivation to earn cigarettes and nondrug rewards. Methods Twenty dependent and 20 occasional smokers received 0.5 mg pramipexole using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Motivation for cigarettes and consummatory nondrug rewards was measured using the DReaM-Choice task, in which participants earned, and later “consumed,” cigarettes, music, and chocolate. Demand for cigarettes was measured using the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT). Self-reported craving, withdrawal, and drug effects were also recorded. Results Dependent smokers chose (p < .001) and button-pressed for (p < .001) cigarettes more, and chose chocolate less (p < .001), than occasional smokers. Pramipexole did not affect the number of choices for or amount of button-pressing for any reward including cigarettes, which was supported by a Bayesian analysis. The dependent smokers had greater demand for cigarettes than occasional smokers across all CPT outcomes (ps < .021), apart from elasticity. Pramipexole did not affect demand for cigarettes, and this was supported by Bayesian analyses. Pramipexole produced greater subjective “feel drug” and “dislike drug” effects than placebo. Conclusions Dependent and occasional cigarette smokers differed in their motivation for cigarettes but not for the nondrug rewards. Pramipexole did not acutely alter motivation for cigarettes. These findings question the role of dopamine D3 receptors in cigarette-seeking behavior in dependent and occasional smokers. Implications This study adds to the growing literature about cigarette versus nondrug reward processing in nicotine dependence and the role of dopamine in cigarette-seeking behavior. Our results suggest nicotine dependence is associated with a hypersensitivity to cigarette rewards but not a hyposensitivity to nondrug rewards. Furthermore, our results question the importance of dopamine D3 receptors in motivational processing of cigarettes in occasional and dependent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK.,Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie East
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annie Gaule
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Michael A P Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK.,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, London, UK
| | - Ravi K Das
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Celia J A Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Addicott MA, Sweitzer MM, McClernon FJ. The Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco Use on Brain Reward Function: Interaction With Nicotine Dependence Severity. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:764-771. [PMID: 29584917 PMCID: PMC6784410 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the effects of nicotine/tobacco on neural activation during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. AIMS AND METHODS Prior to each scan, nonsmokers received nicotine or placebo nasal spray, and smokers were smoking satiated or 24-hour withdrawn. During the scan, participants made timed responses to reward-related cues and received feedback. Parameter estimates from cue- and feedback-related activation in medial prefrontal regions and the nucleus accumbens were extracted and underwent within- and between-group analyses. Smokers' nicotine dependence severity was included as a continuous predictor variable for neural activation. RESULTS Among smokers (n = 21), withdrawal decreased cue-related activation in the supplementary motor area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the difference in activation (satiety > withdrawal) in these regions negatively correlated with nicotine dependence severity (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence). Among nonsmokers (n = 22), nicotine increased the difference in nucleus accumbens activation between rewarded and nonrewarded feedback phases. Tobacco withdrawal and acute nicotine also had widespread effects on activation throughout the brain during the feedback phase. CONCLUSIONS Acute nicotine in nonsmokers may have increased the salience of feedback information, but produced few effects on reward-related activation overall, perhaps reflecting nicotine's modest, indirect effects on reward processing. Conversely, tobacco withdrawal decreased activation compared with satiety, and this difference between conditions correlated with nicotine dependence severity. This suggests that as smokers become more dependent on nicotine, tobacco withdrawal has a more pronounced effect on reward processing. IMPLICATIONS Relative to the acute effects of nicotine in nonsmokers, withdrawal from daily tobacco use had more significant effects on reward-related brain activation. This study suggests that the effects of tobacco withdrawal on reward-related brain function interact with subjects' level of nicotine dependence severity. These are potentially important sources of variability that could contribute to smoking cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth A Addicott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR
| | - Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Durham, NC
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Durham, NC
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12
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Zarrindast MR, Khakpai F. The modulatory role of nicotine on cognitive and non-cognitive functions. Brain Res 2019; 1710:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Sutherland MT, Stein EA. Functional Neurocircuits and Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Tobacco Use Disorder. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:129-143. [PMID: 29398401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction remain major public health issues, exemplified by the opioid epidemic currently devastating the United States. Treatment outcomes across substance use disorders remain unacceptably poor, wherein drug discovery/development for this multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder focuses on single molecular-level targets. Rather, our opinion is that a systems-level neuroimaging perspective is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets, biomarkers to stratify patients, and individualized treatment strategies. Focusing on tobacco use disorder, we advocate a brain systems-level perspective linking two abuse-related facets (i.e., statelike withdrawal and traitlike addiction severity) with specific neurocircuitry (insula- and striatum-centered networks). To the extent that precise neurocircuits mediate distinct facets of abuse, treatment development must adopt not only a systems-level perspective, but also multi-intervention rather than mono-intervention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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O'Halloran L, Pennie B, Jollans L, Kiiski H, Vahey N, Rai L, Bradley L, Lalor R, Whelan R. A Combination of Impulsivity Subdomains Predict Alcohol Intoxication Frequency. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1530-1540. [PMID: 29905967 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity, broadly characterized as the tendency to act prematurely without foresight, is linked to alcohol misuse in college students. However, impulsivity is a multidimensional construct and different subdomains likely underlie different patterns of alcohol misuse. Here, we quantified the association between alcohol intoxication frequency and alcohol consumption frequency and choice, action, cognitive, and trait domains of impulsivity. METHODS University student drinkers (n = 106) completed a battery of demographic and alcohol-related items, as well as self-report and task-based measures indexing different facets of impulsivity. Two orthogonal latent factors, intoxication frequency and alcohol consumption frequency, were generated. Their validity was demonstrated with respect to adverse consequences of alcohol use. Machine learning with penalized regression and feature selection was then utilized to predict intoxication and alcohol consumption frequency using all impulsivity subdomains. Out-of-sample validation was used to quantify model performance. RESULTS Impulsivity measures alone were significant predictors of intoxication frequency, but not consumption frequency. Propensity for increased intoxication frequency was characterized by increased trait impulsivity, including the Disinhibition subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale, Attentional and Non-planning subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, increased task-based cognitive impulsivity (response time variability), and increased choice impulsivity (steeper delay discounting on a delay discounting questionnaire). A model combining impulsivity domains with other risk factors (gender; nicotine, cannabis, and other drug use; executive functioning; and learning processes) was also significant but did not outperform the model comprising of impulsivity alone. CONCLUSIONS Intoxication frequency, but not consumption frequency, was characterized by a number of impulsivity subdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Pennie
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lee Jollans
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hanni Kiiski
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nigel Vahey
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laura Rai
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Louisa Bradley
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert Lalor
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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15
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Naha N, Gandhi DN, Gautam AK, Prakash JR. Nicotine and cigarette smoke modulate Nrf2-BDNF-dopaminergic signal and neurobehavioral disorders in adult rat cerebral cortex . Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:540-556. [PMID: 28641491 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117698543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine and cigarette smoking (CS) are associated with addiction behavior, drug-seeking, and abuse. However, the mechanisms that mediate this association especially, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine (DA), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in the cerebral cortex, are not fully known. Therefore, we hypothesized that overexpression of BDNF and DA, and suppression of Nrf2 contribute to several pathological and behavioral alterations in adult cerebral cortex. Methodology/Principal Observations: We treated Wistar rats with different doses of oral nicotine and passive CS for 4-week (short-term) and 12-week (long-term) duration, where doses closely mimic the human smoking scenario. Our result showed dose-dependent association of anxiogenic and depressive behavior, and cognitive interference with neurodegeneration and DNA damage in the cerebral cortex upon exposure to nicotine/CS as compared to the control. Further, the results are linked to upregulation of oxidative stress, overexpression of BDNF, DA, and DA marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), with concomitant downregulation of ascorbate and Nrf2 expression in the exposed cerebral cortex when compared with the control. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our data strongly suggest that the intervention of DA and BDNF, and depletion of antioxidants are important factors during nicotine/CS-induced cerebral cortex pathological changes leading to neurobehavioral impairments, which could underpin the novel therapeutic approaches targeted at tobacco smoking/nicotine's neuropsychological disorders including cognition and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D N Gandhi
- DN Gandhi: Former scientist & Head, NBT Div., ICMR-NIOH
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16
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Chronic nicotine exposure impairs uncertainty modulation on reinforcement learning in anterior cingulate cortex and serotonin system. Neuroimage 2018; 169:323-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Nestor LJ, McCabe E, Jones J, Clancy L, Garavan H. Smokers and ex-smokers have shared differences in the neural substrates for potential monetary gains and losses. Addict Biol 2018; 23:369-378. [PMID: 27943592 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increased understanding of nicotine addiction, there is a scarcity of research comparing the neural correlates of non-drug reward between smokers and ex-smokers. Long-term changes in reward-related brain functioning for non-drug incentives may elucidate patterns of functioning that potentially contribute to ongoing smoking behaviour in current smokers. Similarly, examining the effects of previous chronic nicotine exposure during a period of extended abstinence may reveal whether there are neural correlates responsible for non-drug reward processing that are different from current smokers. The current study, therefore, sets out to examine the neural correlates of reward and loss anticipation, and their respective outcomes, in smokers, ex-smokers and matched controls using a monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we report that in the absence of any significant behavioural group differences, both smokers and ex-smokers showed a significantly greater activation change in the lateral orbitofrontal/anterior insular cortex compared with smokers when anticipating both potential monetary gains and losses. We further report that ex-smokers showed a significantly greater activation change in the ventral putamen compared with both controls and smokers and in the caudate compared with controls during the anticipation of potential monetary losses only. The results suggest that smoking may sensitize striato-orbitofrontal circuitry subserving motivational processes for loss avoidance and reward gain in nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Nestor
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology; Imperial College London; UK
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Ella McCabe
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Jennifer Jones
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Luke Clancy
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, DIT; Ireland
| | - Hugh Garavan
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
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18
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MacLean RR, Martino S, Carroll KM, Smyth JM, Pincus AL, Wilson SJ. Momentary Associations Between Reported Craving and Valuing Health in Daily Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:716-722. [PMID: 28486711 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Research suggests that a blunted response to nondrug rewards, especially under conditions associated with strong cigarette cravings, is associated with reduced abstinence motivation in daily smokers. One limitation of previous studies is that they have largely focused on monetary rewards as broad representative of nondrug rewards. It remains unclear whether craving dampens responses to more abstract nondrug rewards, such as personal values. Personal values often have a positive valence and are frequently assumed to remain stable across time and situations. However, there may be time-varying and contextual influences on smokers' appraisal of values in daily life. Characterizing fluctuations in value importance in relation to relapse precipitants (eg, craving) may inform interventions that leverage personal values as motivation for cessation. Methods Daily smokers (n = 18) completed ecological momentary assessment surveys measuring the importance of specific personal values and smoking-related variables during 8 days of monetarily reinforced cigarette abstinence. We hypothesized that value ratings would demonstrate adequate within-person heterogeneity for multilevel modeling and that within-person fluctuations in craving would be negatively related to valuing personal health. Results All values demonstrated adequate within-person variability for multilevel modeling. Within-person craving was negatively related to health valuation (p = .012) and a cross-level interaction (p > .0001) suggested this effect is stronger for individuals who report greater overall craving. Conclusions Greater craving is associated with decreased importance of personal health in the moment, particularly for those with high average levels of craving. Timely interventions that bolster importance of health during moments of elevated craving can potentially improve cessation outcomes. Implications This study builds on research highlighting the positive influence of personal values in motivating behavior change. Values are an often used, but poorly studied, construct that has considerable utility in smoking cessation. Valuing personal health is frequently reported as a primary motivator for a quit attempt. Inasmuch as personal health is a distal nondrug reward used to motivate smoking abstinence, naturalistic evaluation of health importance, and motivators for continued smoking (ie, craving) could inform the timing and content of smoking treatment. This study is among the first to evaluate momentary assessment of personal values and craving within daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.,Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steve Martino
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Aaron L Pincus
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Peechatka AL, Janes AC. Association Between Reward Reactivity and Drug Use Severity is Substance Dependent: Preliminary Evidence From the Human Connectome Project. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:710-715. [PMID: 28486710 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Blunted nucleus accumbens (NAc) reactivity to reward is common across drug users. One theory is that individuals abuse substances due to this reward deficit. However, whether there is a relationship between the amount an individual uses and the severity of NAc dysfunction is unclear. It also is possible that such a relationship is substance specific, as nicotine transiently increases reward system sensitivity while alcohol, another commonly used substance, does not. As smokers may use nicotine to bolster NAc reward function, we hypothesize that NAc reactivity to reward will be related to volume of cigarette use, but not volume of alcohol use. Methods A functional magnetic resonance imaging incentive-processing task collected by the Human Connectome Project was assessed in a cohort of tobacco smokers who reported smoking between 5-20 cigarettes/day and a cohort of alcohol users who reported drinking 7-25 drinks/wk. Number of cigarettes/day and drinks/wk were correlated with right and left NAc reactivity to the receipt of a monetary reward relative to baseline. Results Individuals who smoke greater numbers of cigarettes/day showed lower right NAc reactivity to reward (r = 0.853, p ≤ .001). Left NAc reactivity was not correlated with cigarettes/day. No association was found with drinks/wk. Conclusions A negative association was found between NAc reactivity to reward and cigarettes/day, but not alcohol drinks/wk. Given nicotine's unique ability to increase sensitivity to rewards, these findings suggest that individuals who smoke more cigarettes/day may be compensating for more dysfunctional NAc reward reactivity. Implications The present study demonstrates that a relationship between NAc reactivity to nondrug reward and volume of substance use is present in nicotine but not alcohol use. While prior work has implicated dysfunctional reward processing in addictions, these findings clarify a substance-specific role that blunted reward function has in determining patterns of use among chronic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Peechatka
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA.,Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
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20
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Garrison KA, Yip SW, Balodis IM, Carroll KM, Potenza MN, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reward-related frontostriatal activity and smoking behavior among adolescents in treatment for smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177. [PMID: 28651213 PMCID: PMC5564393 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is often initiated during adolescence and continued into adulthood despite desires to quit. A better understanding of the neural correlates of abstinence from smoking in adolescents may inform more effective smoking cessation interventions. Neural reward systems are implicated in tobacco use disorder, and adolescent smokers have shown reduced reward-related ventral striatal activation related to increased smoking. METHODS The current study evaluated nondrug reward anticipation in adolescent smokers using a monetary incentive delay task in fMRI pre- and post- smoking cessation treatment (n=14). This study tested how changes in neural responses to reward anticipation pre- to post-treatment were related to reduced smoking. An exploratory analysis in a larger sample of adolescents with only pre-treatment fMRI (n=28) evaluated how neural responses to reward anticipation were related to behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales. RESULTS Adolescent smokers showed pre- to post-treatment increases in reward anticipation-related activity in the bilateral nucleus accumbens and insula, and medial prefrontal cortex, and greater increases in reward anticipation-related activity were correlated with larger percent days of smoking abstinence during treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reduced smoking during smoking cessation treatment is associated with a "recovery of function" in frontostriatal responses to nondrug reward anticipation in adolescent smokers, although comparison with a developmental control group of adolescent nonsmokers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,Department of Psychology, McMaster University
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine,Connecticut Mental Health Center,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine
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21
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Wen X, Cai W, Li G, Tian J, Zhang YE, Liu J, Yuan K, Zhao J, Wang W, Zhou Z, Ding M, Gold MS, Liu Y, Wang GJ. Granger causality reveals a dominant role of memory circuit in chronic opioid dependence. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1068-1080. [PMID: 26987308 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state magnetic resonance imaging has uncovered abnormal functional connectivity in heroin-dependent individuals (HDIs). However, it remains unclear how brain regions implicated in addictions are related in baseline state without conditioned cues in heroin dependent individuals during opioid maintenance treatment (HDIs-OMT). Previous connectivity analysis assessed the strength of correlated activity between brain regions but lacked the ability to infer directional neural interactions. In the current study, we employed Granger causality analysis to investigate directional causal influences among the brain circuits in HDIs-OMT and non-opioid users. The results revealed a weaker effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus implicated in mediating the reward circuit and other brain regions and also a weaker connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex implicated in mediating inhibitory control. Conversely, HDIs-OMT exhibited stronger effective connectivity between the hippocampus and amygdala implicated in mediating learning-memory, and the anterior cingulate cortex involved in mediating inhibitory control while the putamen mediated learned habits, suggesting that the hippocampus and amygdala may propel the memory circuit to override the control circuit and drive the learned habit in HDIs-OMT. Alterations in learning-memory and inhibitory control may contribute jointly and form a basis for relapse risk even after a period of heroin abstinence. Sustained neural effect of opioid dependence on methadone maintenance including hyperactivation in the memory circuit and impairment in the control circuit support the role of the memory circuitry in relapse and may help redefine targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Xiaotong Wen
- Department of Psychology; Renmin University of China; Beijing China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Guanya Li
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
- Institute of Automation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yi Edi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jixin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Jizheng Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
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Lesage E, Aronson SE, Sutherland MT, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Neural Signatures of Cognitive Flexibility and Reward Sensitivity Following Nicotinic Receptor Stimulation in Dependent Smokers: A Randomized Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:632-640. [PMID: 28403383 PMCID: PMC5539833 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Withdrawal from nicotine is an important contributor to smoking relapse. Understanding how reward-based decision making is affected by abstinence and by pharmacotherapies such as nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline tartrate may aid cessation treatment. OBJECTIVE To independently assess the effects of nicotine dependence and stimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the ability to interpret valence information (reward sensitivity) and subsequently alter behavior as reward contingencies change (cognitive flexibility) in a probabilistic reversal learning task. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nicotine-dependent smokers and nonsmokers completed a probabilistic reversal learning task during acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 2-drug, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design conducted from January 21, 2009, to September 29, 2011. Smokers were abstinent from cigarette smoking for 12 hours for all sessions. In a fully Latin square fashion, participants in both groups underwent MRI twice while receiving varenicline and twice while receiving a placebo pill, wearing either a nicotine or a placebo patch. Imaging analysis was performed from June 15, 2015, to August 10, 2016. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES A well-established computational model captured effects of smoking status and administration of nicotine and varenicline on probabilistic reversal learning choice behavior. Neural effects of smoking status, nicotine, and varenicline were tested for on MRI contrasts that captured reward sensitivity and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS The study included 24 nicotine-dependent smokers (12 women and 12 men; mean [SD] age, 35.8 [9.9] years) and 20 nonsmokers (10 women and 10 men; mean [SD] age, 30.4 [7.2] years). Computational modeling indicated that abstinent smokers were biased toward response shifting and that their decisions were less sensitive to the available evidence, suggesting increased impulsivity during withdrawal. These behavioral impairments were mitigated with nicotine and varenicline. Similarly, decreased mesocorticolimbic activity associated with cognitive flexibility in abstinent smokers was restored to the level of nonsmokers following stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (familywise error-corrected P < .05). Conversely, neural signatures of decreased reward sensitivity in smokers (vs nonsmokers; familywise error-corrected P < .05) in the dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex were not mitigated by nicotine or varenicline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was a double dissociation between the effects of chronic nicotine dependence on neural representations of reward sensitivity and acute effects of stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on behavioral and neural signatures of cognitive flexibility in smokers. These chronic and acute pharmacologic effects were observed in overlapping mesocorticolimbic regions, suggesting that available pharmacotherapies may alleviate deficits in the same circuitry for certain mental computations but not for others. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00830739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lesage
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E. Aronson
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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García-García I, Zeighami Y, Dagher A. Reward Prediction Errors in Drug Addiction and Parkinson's Disease: from Neurophysiology to Neuroimaging. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:46. [PMID: 28417291 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Surprises are important sources of learning. Cognitive scientists often refer to surprises as "reward prediction errors," a parameter that captures discrepancies between expectations and actual outcomes. Here, we integrate neurophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results addressing the processing of reward prediction errors and how they might be altered in drug addiction and Parkinson's disease. RECENT FINDINGS By increasing phasic dopamine responses, drugs might accentuate prediction error signals, causing increases in fMRI activity in mesolimbic areas in response to drugs. Chronic substance dependence, by contrast, has been linked with compromised dopaminergic function, which might be associated with blunted fMRI responses to pleasant non-drug stimuli in mesocorticolimbic areas. In Parkinson's disease, dopamine replacement therapies seem to induce impairments in learning from negative outcomes. The present review provides a holistic overview of reward prediction errors across different pathologies and might inform future clinical strategies targeting impulsive/compulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-García
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Yashar Zeighami
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
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24
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Oliver JA, Evans DE, Addicott MA, Potts GF, Brandon TH, Drobes DJ. Nicotine Withdrawal Induces Neural Deficits in Reward Processing. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:686-693. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nicotine increases anterior insula activation to expected and unexpected outcomes among nonsmokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1145-1154. [PMID: 28190083 PMCID: PMC5986178 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco has a higher rate of dependence than other drugs of abuse. However, the psychopharmacological effects of nicotine are incongruent with the tenacity of tobacco addiction since nicotine does not produce robust euphoria in humans or self-administration in rodents. A potential explanation is that nicotine amplifies the salience of other stimuli that have some incentive value, which could influence the initiation and persistence of smoking. However, the neural mechanisms of this process are unknown. OBJECTIVES One way that nicotine may amplify the salience of other stimuli is by enhancing reward prediction errors. We hypothesized that nicotine would enhance the neural response to unexpected (relative to expected) rewards compared to placebo. METHODS Twenty-three nonsmokers underwent two fMRI scans, following nicotine (1 mg) or placebo administration, while performing an outcome expectation task. In the task, a pair of cues was associated with either a subsequent reward (the image of a $100 bill) or a nonreward (the image of a blurry rectangle). On 20% of trials, the cue was followed by an unexpected outcome. RESULTS Although nicotine did not affect the magnitude of prediction errors relative to placebo, nicotine did increase BOLD activation in the anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus and decrease activation in the caudate across all outcome types (including both rewards and nonrewards). CONCLUSIONS The insula and caudate could play a role in the initial effects of nicotine in nonsmokers, and these changes in baseline may be the mechanism that underlies how nicotine amplifies the salience of nondrug stimuli.
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Bade AN, Gendelman HE, Boska MD, Liu Y. MEMRI is a biomarker defining nicotine-specific neuronal responses in subregions of the rodent brain. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:601-610. [PMID: 28337287 PMCID: PMC5340694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is defined by dopaminergic neuronal activation within the nucleus accumbens (ACB) and by affected neural projections from nicotine-stimulated neurons. Control of any subsequent neural activities would underpin any smoking cessation strategy. While extensive efforts have been made to study the pathophysiology of nicotine addiction, more limited works were developed to find imaging biomarkers. If such biomarkers are made available, addictive behaviors could be monitored noninvasively. To such ends, we employed manganese (Mn2+)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to determine whether it could be used to monitor neuronal activities after acute and chronic nicotine exposure in rats. The following were observed. Mn2+ infusion identified ACB and hippocampal (HIP) neuronal activities following acute nicotine administration. Chronic exposure was achieved by week long subcutaneously implanted nicotine mini-pump. Here nicotine was shown to activate neurons in the ACB, HIP, and the prefrontal and insular cortex. These are all central nervous system reward regions linked to drug addiction. In conclusion, MEMRI is demonstrated to be a powerful imaging tool to study brain subregion specific neuronal activities affected by nicotine. Thus, we posit that MEMRI could be used to assess smoking-associated tolerance, withdrawal and as such serve as a pre-clinical screening tool for addiction cessation strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
| | - Michael D Boska
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
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Goulet-Kennedy J, Labbe S, Fecteau S. The involvement of the striatum in decision making. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27069380 PMCID: PMC4826771 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.1/sfecteau] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Decision making has been extensively studied in the context of economics and from a group perspective, but still little is known on individual decision making. Here we discuss the different cognitive processes involved in decision making and its associated neural substrates. The putative conductors in decision making appear to be the prefrontal cortex and the striatum. Impaired decision-making skills in various clinical populations have been associated with activity in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum. We highlight the importance of strengthening the degree of integration of both cognitive and neural substrates in order to further our understanding of decision-making skills. In terms of cognitive paradigms, there is a need to improve the ecological value of experimental tasks that assess decision making in various contexts and with rewards; this would help translate laboratory learnings into real-life benefits. In terms of neural substrates, the use of neuroimaging techniques helps characterize the neural networks associated with decision making; more recently, ways to modulate brain activity, such as in the prefrontal cortex and connected regions (eg, striatum), with noninvasive brain stimulation have also shed light on the neural and cognitive substrates of decision making. Together, these cognitive and neural approaches might be useful for patients with impaired decision-making skills. The drive behind this line of work is that decision-making abilities underlie important aspects of wellness, health, security, and financial and social choices in our daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Goulet-Kennedy
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale. Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Labbe
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale. Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale. Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Jollans L, Zhipeng C, Icke I, Greene C, Kelly C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Walter H, Schumann G, Whelan R. Ventral Striatum Connectivity During Reward Anticipation in Adolescent Smokers. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:6-21. [PMID: 27074029 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1164172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Substance misusers, including adolescent smokers, often have reduced reward system activity during processing of non-drug rewards. Using a psychophysiological interaction approach, we examined functional connectivity with the ventral striatum during reward anticipation in a large (N = 206) sample of adolescent smokers. Increased smoking frequency was associated with (1) increased connectivity with regions involved in saliency and valuation, including the orbitofrontal cortex and (2) reduced connectivity between the ventral striatum and regions associated with inhibition and risk aversion, including the right inferior frontal gyrus. These results demonstrate that functional connectivity during reward processing is relevant to adolescent addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jollans
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Cao Zhipeng
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ilknur Icke
- b Bioimaging, School of Medicine , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts
| | - Ciara Greene
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Clare Kelly
- c Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- c Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- e University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- e University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- h Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- f Department of Psychiatry , Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,g Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- u Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- i Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- j Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique , CEA-Saclay Center , Paris , France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- k Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- l Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- m Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- n Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte , Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- o Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig and Berlin , Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- p Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn , Paris , France
| | - Eric Artiges
- q Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital , Paris , France
| | - Frauke Nees
- d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany.,i Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- r Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Michael N Smolka
- s Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- n Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte , Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- t Department of Psychiatry , Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Robert Whelan
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Blunted striatal response to monetary reward anticipation during smoking abstinence predicts lapse during a contingency-managed quit attempt. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:751-60. [PMID: 26660448 PMCID: PMC5330670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco smoking is associated with dysregulated reward processing within the striatum, characterized by hypersensitivity to smoking rewards and hyposensitivity to non-smoking rewards. This bias toward smoking reward at the expense of alternative rewards is further exacerbated by deprivation from smoking, which may contribute to difficulty maintaining abstinence during a quit attempt. OBJECTIVE We examined whether abstinence-induced changes in striatal processing of rewards predicted lapse likelihood during a quit attempt supported by contingency management (CM), in which abstinence from smoking was reinforced with money. METHODS Thirty-six non-treatment-seeking smokers participated in two functional MRI (fMRI) sessions, one following 24-h abstinence and one following smoking as usual. During each scan, participants completed a rewarded guessing task designed to elicit striatal activation in which they could earn smoking and monetary rewards delivered after the scan. Participants then engaged in a 3-week CM-supported quit attempt. RESULTS As previously reported, 24-h abstinence was associated with increased striatal activation in anticipation of smoking reward and decreased activation in anticipation of monetary reward. Individuals exhibiting greater decrements in right striatal activation to monetary reward during abstinence (controlling for activation during non-abstinence) were more likely to lapse during CM (p < 0.025), even when controlling for other predictors of lapse outcome (e.g., craving); no association was seen for smoking reward. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a growing number of studies indicating the specific importance of disrupted striatal processing of non-drug reward in nicotine dependence and highlight the importance of individual differences in abstinence-induced deficits in striatal function for smoking cessation.
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Placzek AN, Molfese DL, Khatiwada S, Viana Di Prisco G, Huang W, Sidrauski C, Krnjević K, Amos CL, Ray R, Dani JA, Walter P, Salas R, Costa-Mattioli M. Translational control of nicotine-evoked synaptic potentiation in mice and neuronal responses in human smokers by eIF2α. eLife 2016; 5:e12056. [PMID: 26928076 PMCID: PMC4786418 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to nicotine, the principal addictive component driving tobacco smoking. In a companion study, we found that reduced activity of the translation initiation factor eIF2α underlies the hypersensitivity of adolescent mice to the effects of cocaine. Here we report that nicotine potentiates excitatory synaptic transmission in ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons more readily in adolescent mice compared to adults. Adult mice with genetic or pharmacological reduction in p-eIF2α-mediated translation are more susceptible to nicotine's synaptic effects, like adolescents. When we investigated the influence of allelic variability of the Eif2s1 gene (encoding eIF2α) on reward-related neuronal responses in human smokers, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Eif2s1 gene modulates mesolimbic neuronal reward responses in human smokers. These findings suggest that p-eIF2α regulates synaptic actions of nicotine in both mice and humans, and that reduced p-eIF2α may enhance susceptibility to nicotine (and other drugs of abuse) during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andon N Placzek
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - David L Molfese
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Administration Medical Center, Houston, United States
| | - Sanjeev Khatiwada
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Carmela Sidrauski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Christopher L Amos
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, United States
| | - Russell Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - John A Dani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ramiro Salas
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Administration Medical Center, Houston, United States
| | - Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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Resting-state functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus is associated with risky decision-making in nicotine addicts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21778. [PMID: 26879047 PMCID: PMC4755012 DOI: 10.1038/srep21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is associated with risky behaviors and abnormalities in local brain areas related to risky decision-making such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior insula (AI), and thalamus. Although these brain abnormalities are anatomically separated, they may in fact belong to one neural network. However, it is unclear whether circuit-level abnormalities lead to risky decision-making in smokers. In the current study, we used task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and examined resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) to study how connectivity between the dACC, insula, and thalamus influence risky decision-making in nicotine addicts. We found that an increase in risky decision-making was associated with stronger nicotine dependence and stronger RSFC of the dACC-rAI (right AI), the dACC-thalamus, the dACC-lAI (left AI), and the rAI-lAI, but that risky decision-making was not associated with risk level-related activation. Furthermore, the severity of nicotine dependence positively correlated with RSFC of the dACC-thalamus but was not associated with risk level-related activation. Importantly, the dACC-thalamus coupling fully mediated the effect of nicotine-dependent severity on risky decision-making. These results suggest that circuit-level connectivity may be a critical neural link between risky decision-making and severity of nicotine dependence in smokers.
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Abstract
Learning can be guided by unexpected success or failure, signaled via dopaminergic positive reward prediction error (+RPE) and negative reward-prediction error (-RPE) signals, respectively. Despite conflicting empirical evidence, RPE signaling is thought to be impaired in drug addiction. To resolve this outstanding question, we studied as a measure of RPE the feedback negativity (FN) that is sensitive to both reward and the violation of expectation. We examined FN in 25 healthy controls; 25 individuals with cocaine-use disorder (CUD) who tested positive for cocaine on the study day (CUD+), indicating cocaine use within the past 72 h; and in 25 individuals with CUD who tested negative for cocaine (CUD-). EEG was acquired while the participants performed a gambling task predicting whether they would win or lose money on each trial given three known win probabilities (25, 50, or 75%). FN was scored for the period in each trial when the actual outcome (win or loss) was revealed. A significant interaction between prediction, outcome, and group revealed that controls showed increased FN to unpredicted compared with predicted wins (i.e., intact +RPE) and decreased FN to unpredicted compared with predicted losses (i.e., intact -RPE). However, neither CUD subgroup showed FN modulation to loss (i.e., impaired -RPE), and unlike CUD+ individuals, CUD- individuals also did not show FN modulation to win (i.e., impaired +RPE). Thus, using FN, the current study directly documents -RPE deficits in CUD individuals. The mechanisms underlying -RPE signaling impairments in addiction may contribute to the disadvantageous nature of excessive drug use, which can persist despite repeated unfavorable life experiences (e.g., frequent incarcerations).
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Wilson SJ, Delgado MR, McKee SA, Grigson PS, MacLean RR, Nichols TT, Henry SL. Weak ventral striatal responses to monetary outcomes predict an unwillingness to resist cigarette smoking. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:1196-207. [PMID: 24777394 PMCID: PMC4213351 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As a group, cigarette smokers exhibit blunted subjective, behavioral, and neurobiological responses to nondrug incentives and rewards, relative to nonsmokers. Findings from recent studies suggest, however, that there are large individual differences in the devaluation of nondrug rewards among smokers. Moreover, this variability appears to have significant clinical implications, since reduced sensitivity to nondrug rewards is associated with poorer smoking cessation outcomes. Currently, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie these individual differences in the responsiveness to nondrug rewards. Here, we tested the hypothesis that individual variability in reward devaluation among smokers is linked to the functioning of the striatum. Specifically, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine variability in the neural response to monetary outcomes in nicotine-deprived smokers anticipating an opportunity to smoke-circumstances found to heighten the devaluation of nondrug rewards by smokers in prior work. We also investigated whether individual differences in reward-related brain activity in those expecting to have access to cigarettes were associated with the degree to which the same individuals subsequently were willing to resist smoking in order to earn additional money. Our key finding was that deprived smokers who exhibited the weakest response to rewards (i.e., monetary gains) in the ventral striatum were least willing to refrain from smoking for monetary reinforcement. These results provide evidence that outcome-related signals in the ventral striatum serve as a marker for clinically meaningful individual differences in reward-motivated behavior among nicotine-deprived smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,
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Sweitzer MM, Geier CF, Joel DL, McGurrin P, Denlinger R, Forbes E, Donny EC. Dissociated effects of anticipating smoking versus monetary reward in the caudate as a function of smoking abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:681-8. [PMID: 24342923 PMCID: PMC4026339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theories of addiction suggest that chronic smoking may be associated with both hypersensitivity to smoking and related cues and hyposensitivity to alternative reinforcers. However, neural responses to smoking and nonsmoking rewards are rarely evaluated within the same paradigm, leaving the extent to which both processes operate simultaneously uncertain. Behavioral evidence and theoretical models suggest that dysregulated reward processing may be more pronounced during deprivation from nicotine, but neuroimaging evidence on the effects of deprivation on reward processing is limited. The current study examined the impact of deprivation from smoking on neural processing of both smoking and monetary rewards. METHODS Two separate functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in 38 daily smokers, one after smoking without restriction and one following 24 hours of abstinence. A rewarded guessing task was conducted during each scan to evaluate striatal blood oxygen level-dependent response during anticipation of both smoking and monetary rewards. RESULTS A significant reward type by abstinence interaction was observed in the bilateral caudate and medial prefrontal cortex during reward anticipation. The blood oxygen level-dependent response to anticipation of smoking reward was significantly higher and anticipation of monetary rewards was significantly lower during abstinence compared with nonabstinence. Attenuation of monetary reward-related activation during abstinence was significantly correlated with abstinence-induced increases in craving and withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first direct evidence of dissociated effects of smoking versus monetary rewards as a function of abstinence. The findings suggest an important neural pathway that may underlie the choice to smoke in lieu of alternative reinforcement during a quit attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Charles F. Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Penn State University
| | | | | | | | - Erika Forbes
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University
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Tsurumi K, Kawada R, Yokoyama N, Sugihara G, Sawamoto N, Aso T, Fukuyama H, Murai T, Takahashi H. Insular activation during reward anticipation reflects duration of illness in abstinent pathological gamblers. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1013. [PMID: 25250011 PMCID: PMC4158979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by a difficulty restraining gambling behavior despite negative consequences. Although brain abnormalities in patients with substance use disorders are caused by repetitive drug use and recover partly with drug abstinence, the relationship between brain activity and duration of illness or abstinence of gambling behavior in PG patients remains unclear. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared the brain activity of 23 PG patients recruited from a treatment facility with 27 demographically-matched healthy control subjects during reward anticipation, and examined the correlations between brain activity and duration of illness or abstinence in PG patients. During reward anticipation, PG patients showed decreased activity compared to healthy controls in a broad range of the reward system regions, including the insula cortex. In PG patients, activation in the left insula showed a significant negative correlation with illness duration. Our findings suggest that insular activation during reward anticipation may serve as a marker of progression of pathological gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tsurumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosaku Kawada
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Yokoyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Sawamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aso
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
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36
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Jasinska AJ, Zorick T, Brody AL, Stein EA. Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: a review of neuroimaging studies in humans. Neuropharmacology 2014; 84:111-22. [PMID: 23474015 PMCID: PMC3710300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates both nicotine's addiction liability and its cognition-enhancing effects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine's impact on brain function and behavior remain incompletely understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is of high clinical importance and may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation as well as for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which make it possible to study the actions of nicotine in the human brain in vivo, play an increasingly important role in identifying these dual mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and discuss outstanding questions and future directions in human neuroimaging research on nicotine and tobacco. This research spans from receptor-level PET and SPECT studies demonstrating nicotine occupancy at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and upregulation of nAChRs induced by chronic smoking; through nicotine's interactions with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system believed to mediate nicotine's reinforcing effects leading to dependence; to functional activity and connectivity fMRI studies documenting nicotine's complex behavioral and cognitive effects manifest by its actions on large-scale brain networks engaged both during task performance and at rest. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J Jasinska
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Todd Zorick
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States
| | - Arthur L Brody
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States.
| | - Elliot A Stein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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37
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Geier CF, Sweitzer MM, Denlinger R, Sparacino G, Donny EC. Abstinent adult daily smokers show reduced anticipatory but elevated saccade-related brain responses during a rewarded antisaccade task. Psychiatry Res 2014; 223:140-7. [PMID: 24914005 PMCID: PMC5428387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic smoking may result in reduced sensitivity to non-drug rewards (e.g., money), a phenomenon particularly salient during abstinence. During a quit attempt, this effect may contribute to biased decision-making (smoking>alternative reinforcers) and relapse. Although relevant for quitting, characterization of reduced reward function in abstinent smokers remains limited. Moreover, how attenuated reward function affects other brain systems supporting decision-making has not been established. Here, we use a rewarded antisaccade (rAS) task to characterize non-drug reward processing and its influence on inhibitory control, key elements underlying decision-making, in abstinent smokers vs. non-smokers. Abstinent (12-hours) adult daily smokers (N=23) and non-smokers (N=11) underwent fMRI while performing the rAS. Behavioral performances improved on reward vs. neutral trials. Smokers showed attenuated activation in ventral striatum during the reward cue and in superior precentral sulcus and posterior parietal cortex during response preparation, but greater responses during the saccade response in posterior cingulate and parietal cortices. Smokers' attenuated anticipatory responses suggest reduced motivation from monetary reward, while heightened activation during the saccade response suggests that additional circuitry may be engaged later to enhance inhibitory task performance. Overall, this preliminary study highlights group differences in decision-making components and the utility of the rAS to characterize these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rachel Denlinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Gina Sparacino
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Rose EJ, Salmeron BJ, Ross TJ, Waltz J, Schweitzer JB, McClure SM, Stein EA. Temporal difference error prediction signal dysregulation in cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1732-42. [PMID: 24569319 PMCID: PMC4023147 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine dependence impacts drug-related, dopamine-dependent reward processing, yet its influence on non-drug reward processing is unclear. Here, we investigated cocaine-mediated effects on reward learning using a natural food reinforcer. Cocaine-dependent subjects (N = 14) and healthy controls (N = 14) learned to associate a visual cue with a juice reward. In subsequent functional imaging sessions they were exposed to trials where juice was received as learned, withheld (negative temporal difference error (NTDE)), or received unexpectedly (positive temporal difference error (PTDE)). Subjects were scanned twice in sessions that were identical, except that cocaine-dependent participants received cocaine or saline 10 min before task onset. In the insula, precentral and postcentral gyri NTDE signals were greater, and PTDE-related function was reduced in cocaine-dependent subjects. Compared with healthy controls, in the cocaine-dependent group PTDE signals were also reduced in medial frontal gyrus and reward-related function, irrespective of predictability, was reduced in the putamen. Group differences in error-related activity were predicted by the time as last self-administered cocaine use, but TDE function was not influenced by acute cocaine. Thus, cocaine dependence seems to engender increased responsiveness to unexpected negative outcomes and reduced sensitivity to positive events in dopaminergic reward regions. Although it remains to be established if these effects are a consequence of or antecedent to cocaine dependence, they likely have implications for the high-cocaine use recidivism rates by contributing to the drive to consume cocaine, perhaps via influence on dopamine-related reward computations. The fact that these effects do not acquiesce to acute cocaine administration might factor in binge-related escalated consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Rose
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA,Center for Translational Research on Adversity, Neurodevelopment and Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 4th Floor, 110 S.Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel: +410 328 6803, Fax: +410 328 3693, E-mail:
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Samuel M McClure
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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39
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Tau GZ, Marsh R, Wang Z, Torres-Sanchez T, Graniello B, Hao X, Xu D, Packard MG, Duan Y, Kangarlu A, Martinez D, Peterson BS. Neural correlates of reward-based spatial learning in persons with cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:545-55. [PMID: 23917430 PMCID: PMC3895231 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional learning systems are thought to be central to the pathogenesis of and impair recovery from addictions. The functioning of the brain circuits for episodic memory or learning that support goal-directed behavior has not been studied previously in persons with cocaine dependence (CD). Thirteen abstinent CD and 13 healthy participants underwent MRI scanning while performing a task that requires the use of spatial cues to navigate a virtual-reality environment and find monetary rewards, allowing the functional assessment of the brain systems for spatial learning, a form of episodic memory. Whereas both groups performed similarly on the reward-based spatial learning task, we identified disturbances in brain regions involved in learning and reward in CD participants. In particular, CD was associated with impaired functioning of medial temporal lobe (MTL), a brain region that is crucial for spatial learning (and episodic memory) with concomitant recruitment of striatum (which normally participates in stimulus-response, or habit, learning), and prefrontal cortex. CD was also associated with enhanced sensitivity of the ventral striatum to unexpected rewards but not to expected rewards earned during spatial learning. We provide evidence that spatial learning in CD is characterized by disturbances in functioning of an MTL-based system for episodic memory and a striatum-based system for stimulus-response learning and reward. We have found additional abnormalities in distributed cortical regions. Consistent with findings from animal studies, we provide the first evidence in humans describing the disruptive effects of cocaine on the coordinated functioning of multiple neural systems for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Z Tau
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhishun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tania Torres-Sanchez
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Graniello
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejun Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongrong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark G Packard
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yunsuo Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alayar Kangarlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Division on Substance Abuse, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley S Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Quick SL, Olausson P, Addy NA, Taylor JR. Repeated nicotine exposure during adolescence alters reward-related learning in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:171-6. [PMID: 24333376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated nicotine exposure causes neuroadaptations in limbic cortico-striatal circuits involved in learning and motivation. Such alterations are relevant to addiction because they are suggested to mediate the ability of smoking-associated stimuli to control behavior and to enhance nicotine-seeking and -taking behaviors. Female smokers report higher cue reactivity relative to their male counter parts, yet little is known about putative gender-specific effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on reward-related learning. Prior repeated nicotine exposure in adult male rats enhances Pavlovian approach behavior and conditioned reinforcement. OBJECTIVE Given that smoking is typically initiated during adolescence, here we assessed the extent to which adolescent nicotine exposure impacts Pavlovian approach and conditioned reinforcement in male and female rats. METHODS Rats were injected with nicotine on postnatal days 31-45 prior to training on Pavlovian approach behavior starting on day 51. They were trained to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS), illumination of a magazine light, and tone, with an unconditioned stimulus (US), the delivery of water, for 10-daily sessions, and then were tested on the acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement. RESULTS Adolescent nicotine exposure selectively increased approach to the magazine during the CS in males but decreased approach to the magazine during the CS in female rats. Vehicle-exposed female rats, however, showed greater magazine approach during the CS than did male control rats. Prior nicotine exposure also enhanced conditioned reinforcement in both male and female rats. CONCLUSIONS Repeated exposure to nicotine during adolescence had opposite effects on Pavlovian approach behavior in male and female rats but enhanced acquisition of a new response with conditioned reinforcement. Novel information on how nicotine exposure influences reward-related learning during adolescence may increase our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms involved in the initiation of smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Quick
- Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Peter Olausson
- Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University Ribicoff Research Facilities CMHC, 34 Park St New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
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Menossi HS, Goudriaan AE, de Azevedo-Marques Périco C, Nicastri S, de Andrade AG, D'Elia G, Li CSR, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Neural bases of pharmacological treatment of nicotine dependence - insights from functional brain imaging: a systematic review. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:921-41. [PMID: 23853032 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine dependence is difficult to treat, and the biological mechanisms that are involved are not entirely clear. There is an urgent need to develop better drugs and more effective treatments for clinical practice. A critical step towards accelerating progress in medication development is to understand the neurobehavioral effects of pharmacotherapies on clinical characteristics associated with nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVES This review sought to summarize the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature on smoking cessation with the aim to better understand the neural processes underlying the effects of nicotinic and non-nicotinic pharmacological smoking cessation treatments on specific symptoms of nicotine dependence and withdrawal. DATA SOURCES We conducted a search in Pubmed, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases with the keywords 'fMRI' or 'functional magnetic resonance imaging' and 'tobacco' or 'nicotine' or 'smok*'. The date of the most recent search was May 2012. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS The original studies that were included were those of smokers or nicotine-dependent individuals, published in the English language, with pharmacological treatment for nicotine dependence and use of fMRI with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging or continuous arterial spin labelling (CASL). No date limit was applied. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Two of the authors read the abstracts of all studies found in the search (n = 1,260). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 1,224 articles were excluded. In a second step, the same authors read the remaining 36 studies. Nineteen of the 36 articles were excluded. The results were tabulated by the number of individuals and their mean age, the main sample characteristics, smoking status, study type and methodology, and the main fMRI findings. RESULTS Seventeen original fMRI studies involving pharmacological treatment of smokers were selected. The anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, amygdala, thalamus and insula are heavily involved in the maintenance of smoking and nicotine withdrawal. The effects of varenicline and bupropion in alleviating withdrawal symptoms and decreasing smoking correlated with modulation of the activities of these areas. Nicotine replacement therapy seems to improve cognitive symptoms related to withdrawal especially by modulating activities of the default-network regions; however, nicotine replacement does not necessarily alter the activities of neural circuits, such as the cingulate cortices, that are associated with nicotine addiction. LIMITATIONS The risk of bias in individual studies, and across studies, was not assessed, and no method of handling data and combining results of studies was carried out. Most importantly, positron emission tomography (PET) studies were not included in this review. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION OF KEY FINDINGS fMRI studies delineate brain systems that contribute to cognitive deficits and reactivity to stimuli that generate the desire to smoke. Nicotinic and non-nicotinic pharmacotherapy may reduce smoking via distinct neural mechanisms of action. These findings should contribute to the development of new medications and discovery of early markers of the therapeutic response of cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Soila Menossi
- Disciplinas de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000 - Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo André, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
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42
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Gould TJ, Leach PT. Cellular, molecular, and genetic substrates underlying the impact of nicotine on learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 107:108-32. [PMID: 23973448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder marked by long-lasting maladaptive changes in behavior and in reward system function. However, the factors that contribute to the behavioral and biological changes that occur with addiction are complex and go beyond reward. Addiction involves changes in cognitive control and the development of disruptive drug-stimuli associations that can drive behavior. A reason for the strong influence drugs of abuse can exert on cognition may be the striking overlap between the neurobiological substrates of addiction and of learning and memory, especially areas involved in declarative memory. Declarative memories are critically involved in the formation of autobiographical memories, and the ability of drugs of abuse to alter these memories could be particularly detrimental. A key structure in this memory system is the hippocampus, which is critically involved in binding multimodal stimuli together to form complex long-term memories. While all drugs of abuse can alter hippocampal function, this review focuses on nicotine. Addiction to tobacco products is insidious, with the majority of smokers wanting to quit; yet the majority of those that attempt to quit fail. Nicotine addiction is associated with the presence of drug-context and drug-cue associations that trigger drug seeking behavior and altered cognition during periods of abstinence, which contributes to relapse. This suggests that understanding the effects of nicotine on learning and memory will advance understanding and potentially facilitate treating nicotine addiction. The following sections examine: (1) how the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning change as nicotine administration transitions from acute to chronic and then to withdrawal from chronic treatment and the potential impact of these changes on addiction, (2) how nicotine usurps the cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, (3) the physiological changes in the hippocampus that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal deficits in learning, and (4) the role of genetics and developmental stage (i.e., adolescence) in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gould
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Prescott T Leach
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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43
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Pujara M, Koenigs M. Mechanisms of reward circuit dysfunction in psychiatric illness: prefrontal-striatal interactions. Neuroscientist 2013; 20:82-95. [PMID: 23924665 DOI: 10.1177/1073858413499407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain's "reward circuit" has been widely implicated in the pathophysiology of mental illness. Although there has been significant progress in identifying the functional characteristics of individual nodes within the circuit and linking dysfunction of these brain areas to various forms of psychopathology, there remains a substantial gap in understanding how the nodes of the circuit interact with one another, and how the growing neurobiological knowledge may be applied to improve psychiatric patient care. In this article, we summarize what is currently known about the functions and interactions of two key nodes of this circuit-the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal/orbital frontal cortex-in relation to mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Pujara
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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44
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Ho N, Sommers M. Anhedonia: a concept analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2013; 27:121-9. [PMID: 23706888 PMCID: PMC3664836 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia presents itself in a myriad of disease processes. To further develop our understanding of anhedonia and effective ways to manage it, the concept requires clear boundaries. This paper critically examined the current scientific literature and conducted a concept analysis of anhedonia to provide a more accurate and lucid understanding of the concept. As part of the concept analysis, this paper also provides model, borderline, related, and contrary examples of anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ho
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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45
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Yamamoto RT, Rohan ML, Goletiani N, Olson D, Peltier M, Renshaw PF, Mello NK. Nicotine related brain activity: the influence of smoking history and blood nicotine levels, an exploratory study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:137-44. [PMID: 23117126 PMCID: PMC3582808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to explore brain activity in nicotine-dependent men in response to acute intravenous nicotine using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI). METHODS phMRI was used to evaluate brain activity in response to 1.5 mg/70 kg intravenous nicotine or saline. The nicotine and saline were administered on different visits. The time courses of individual subjects' nicotine levels were used as regressors to assess neural activity relating to the infusions. The influence of smoking history and physiological measures on the response to nicotine were also investigated. RESULTS Greater lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking was significantly correlated with higher peak serum nicotine levels. PhMRI analysis of the differential response of nicotine compared to the saline condition showed distinctive activation patterns when analyzed with the (a) nicotine time course, (b) nicotine time course controlling for smoking history (pack years), and (c) pack years controlling for nicotine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that smoking exposure history influences serum nicotine levels and the brain's response to nicotine. Alterations in brain activity may be a result of vascular and neuro-adaptations involved in drug exposure and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinah T Yamamoto
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
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46
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Jansma JM, van Hell HH, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Bossong MG, Jager G, Kahn RS, Ramsey NF. THC reduces the anticipatory nucleus accumbens response to reward in subjects with a nicotine addiction. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e234. [PMID: 23443360 PMCID: PMC3590996 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in nicotine addiction. The eCB system also has an important role in reward mechanisms, and nicotine addiction has been associated with aberrant reward processing. Motivated by this evidence, we tested the hypothesis that eCB modulation of reward processing is altered in subjects with a nicotine addiction (NAD). For this purpose, we compared reward-related activity in NAD with healthy controls (HC) in a pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study using Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration to challenge the eCB system. Eleven HC and 10 NAD participated in a 3-T functional MRI (fMRI) study with a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled design, using a Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) paradigm with three reward levels. Reward activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and caudate putamen during anticipation and feedback of reward was compared after THC and placebo. fMRI results indicated a significant reduction of reward anticipation activity in the NAcc in NAD after THC administration, which was not present in HC. This is indicated by a significant group by drug by reward interaction. Our data show that THC significantly reduces the NAcc response to monetary reward anticipation in NAD. These results suggest that nicotine addiction is associated with altered eCB modulation of reward processing in the NAcc. This study adds important human data to existing evidence implicating the eCB system in nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Jansma
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H H van Hell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht,The Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M G Bossong
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - G Jager
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N F Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Martin-Soelch C. Neuroadaptive changes associated with smoking: structural and functional neural changes in nicotine dependence. Brain Sci 2013; 3:159-76. [PMID: 24961312 PMCID: PMC4061825 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the most frequent form of substance abuse. We provide a review of the neuroadaptive changes evidenced in human smokers with regard to the current neurobiological models of addiction. Addiction is thought to result from an interplay between positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcing effects of the drugs are mediated by striatal dopamine release, while negative reinforcement involves the relief of withdrawal symptoms and neurobiological stress systems. In addition, drug-related stimuli are attributed with excessive motivational value and are thought to exert a control on the behavior. This mechanism plays a central role in drug maintenance and relapse. Further neuroadaptive changes associated with chronic use of the drug consist of reduced responses to natural rewards and in the activation of an antireward system, related to neurobiological stress systems. Reduced inhibitory cognitive control is believed to support the development and the maintenance of addiction. The findings observed in human nicotine dependence are generally in line with these models. The current state of the research indicates specific neuroadaptive changes associated with nicotine addiction that need to be further elucidated with regard to their role in the treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Martin-Soelch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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48
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Rose EJ, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Lee M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA, Stein EA. Acute nicotine differentially impacts anticipatory valence- and magnitude-related striatal activity. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:280-8. [PMID: 22939991 PMCID: PMC9361221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic activity plays a role in mediating the rewarding aspects of abused drugs, including nicotine. Nicotine modulates the reinforcing properties of other motivational stimuli, yet the mechanisms of this interaction are poorly understood. This study aimed to ascertain the impact of nicotine exposure on neuronal activity associated with reinforcing outcomes in dependent smokers. METHODS Smokers (n = 28) and control subjects (n = 28) underwent functional imaging during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Using a randomized, counterbalanced design, smokers completed scanning after placement of a nicotine or placebo patch; nonsmokers were scanned twice without nicotine manipulation. In regions along dopaminergic pathway trajectories, we considered event-related activity for valence (reward/gain vs. punishment/loss), magnitude (small, medium, large), and outcome (successful vs. unsuccessful). RESULTS Both nicotine and placebo patch conditions were associated with reduced activity in regions supporting anticipatory valence, including ventral striatum. In contrast, relative to controls, acute nicotine increased activity in dorsal striatum for anticipated magnitude. Across conditions, anticipatory valence-related activity in the striatum was negatively associated with plasma nicotine concentration, whereas the number of cigarettes daily correlated negatively with loss anticipation activity in the medial prefrontal cortex only during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a partial dissociation in the state- and trait-specific effects of smoking and nicotine exposure on magnitude- and valence-dependent anticipatory activity within discrete reward processing brain regions. Such variability may help explain, in part, nicotine's impact on the reinforcing properties of nondrug stimuli and speak to the continued motivation to smoke and cessation difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Rose
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Lee
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, NIDA - IRP, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, NIDA - IRP, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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CID: a valid incentive delay paradigm for children. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1259-70. [PMID: 23338669 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite several modifications and the wide use of the monetary incentive delay paradigm (MID; Knutson et al. in J Neurosci 21(16):RC159, 2001a) for assessing reward processing, evidence concerning its application in children is scarce. A first child-friendly MID modification has been introduced by Gotlib et al. (Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(4): 380-387, 2010); however, comparability in the results of different tasks and validity across different age groups remains unclear. We investigated the validity of a newly modified MID task for children (CID) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The CID comprises the integration of a more age appropriate feedback phase. We focused on reward anticipation and their neural correlates. Twenty healthy young adults completed the MID and the CID. Additionally, 10 healthy children completed the CID. As expected, both paradigms elicited significant ventral and dorsal striatal activity in young adults during reward anticipation. No differential effects of the tasks on reaction times, accuracy rates or on the total amount of gain were observed. Furthermore, the CID elicited significant ventral striatal activity in healthy children. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate evidence for the validity of the CID paradigm. The CID can be recommended for the application in future studies on reward processing in children, adolescents, and in adults.
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