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Zhu T, Wang W, Chen Y, Kranzler HR, Li CSR, Bi J. Machine Learning of Functional Connectivity to Biotype Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:326-336. [PMID: 37696489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging provides noninvasive tools to investigate alcohol use disorder (AUD) and nicotine use disorder (NUD) and neural phenotypes for genetic studies. A data-driven transdiagnostic approach could provide a new perspective on the neurobiology of AUD and NUD. METHODS Using samples of individuals with AUD (n = 140), individuals with NUD (n = 249), and healthy control participants (n = 461) from the UK Biobank, we integrated clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic markers to identify biotypes of AUD and NUD. We partitioned participants with AUD and NUD based on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) features associated with clinical metrics. A multitask artificial neural network was trained to evaluate the cluster-defined biotypes and jointly infer AUD and NUD diagnoses. RESULTS Three biotypes-primary NUD, mixed NUD/AUD with depression and anxiety, and mixed AUD/NUD-were identified. Multitask classifiers incorporating biotype knowledge achieved higher area under the curve (AUD: 0.76, NUD: 0.74) than single-task classifiers without biotype differentiation (AUD: 0.61, NUD: 0.64). Cerebellar FC features were important in distinguishing the 3 biotypes. The biotype of mixed NUD/AUD with depression and anxiety demonstrated the largest number of FC features (n = 5), all related to the visual cortex, that significantly differed from healthy control participants and were validated in a replication sample (p < .05). A polymorphism in TNRC6A was associated with the mixed AUD/NUD biotype in both the discovery (p = 7.3 × 10-5) and replication (p = 4.2 × 10-2) sets. CONCLUSIONS Biotyping and multitask learning using FC features can characterize the clinical and genetic profiles of AUD and NUD and help identify cerebellar and visual circuit markers to differentiate the AUD/NUD group from the healthy control group. These markers support a new growing body of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Data Analytics Department, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jinbo Bi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang S, Wang M, Dong H, Chen S, Du X, Dong GH. Deficient dynamics of prefrontal-striatal and striatal-default mode network (DMN) neural circuits in internet gaming disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:336-344. [PMID: 36435399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have proven that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) show impaired cognitive control over game craving; however, the neural mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the dynamic features of brain functional networks of individuals with IGD during rest, which have barely been understood until now. METHODS Resting-state fMRI data were collected from 333 subjects (123 subjects with IGD (males/females: 73/50) and 210 healthy controls (males/females: 135/75)). First, the data-driven methodology, named co-activation pattern analysis, was applied to investigate the dynamic features of nucleus accumbens (the core region involved in craving/reward processing and addiction)-centered brain networks in IGD. Further, machine learning analysis was conducted to investigate the prediction effect of the dynamic features on participants' addiction severity. RESULTS Compared to controls, subjects in the IGD group showed decreased resilience, betweenness centrality and occurrence in the prefrontal-striatal neural circuit, and decreased in-degree in the striatal-default mode network (DMN) circuit. Moreover, these decreased dynamic features could significantly predict participants' addiction severity. LIMITATIONS The causal relationship between IGD and the abnormal dynamic features cannot be identified in this study. All the subjects were university students. CONCLUSIONS The present results revealed the underlying brain networks of uncontrollable craving and game-seeking behaviors in individuals with IGD during rest. The decreased dynamics of the prefrontal-striatal and striatal-DMN neural circuits might be potential biomarkers for predicting the addiction severity of IGD and potential targets for effective interventions to reduce game craving of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhengjie Zhang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Haohao Dong
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuaiyu Chen
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Abstract
Prior findings indicate that trait anhedonia enhances the likelihood of becoming a tobacco smoker, and preliminary evidence suggests that smoking abstinence leads to anhedonic states in some individuals and situations, and nicotine administration reduces anhedonic states. Nevertheless, many vital questions exist concerning relationships between anhedonia and nicotine dependence, including situational and individual difference factors that may moderate the strength of these associations. This chapter provides a critical review of the literature assessing relationships of anhedonia to nicotine dependence and the effects of acute nicotine through the lenses of the Research Domain Criteria's (RDoC) Positive Valence Systems (NIMH, RDoC changes to the matrix (CMAT) workgroup update: proposed positive valence domain revisions. A report by the national advisory mental health council workgroup on changes to the research domain criteria matrix, 2018) and the Situation x Trait Affective Response (STAR) model of nicotine's effects and nicotine dependence (Gilbert, Smoking individual differences, psychopathology, and emotion. Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 1995; Gilbert, Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 12:S89-S102, 1997). The effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on subjective, behavioral, and brain indices vary across the three RDoC Positive Valences Systems (Reward Responsiveness, Reward Learning, and Reward Valuation) in a manner that supports the research and potential clinical utility of using RDoC criteria and the STAR model to guide research and clinical innovation. We provide a revision of the STAR model that incorporates the three RDoC Positive Valence Systems with evidence that nicotine's effects on hedonic and affective processes vary as a function of the dominance/salience of (1) situational hedonic and affective cues and task/active coping cues, and (2) state executive functioning level/capacity and state reward sensitivity such that these effects of nicotine are maximal during states of suboptimal cognitive functioning and reward sensitivity, combined with low situational stimulus salience and low task-related cues/demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Gilbert
- School of Psychological and Social Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Bryant M Stone
- School of Psychological and Social Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
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4
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Dieleman J, Sescousse G, Kleinjan M, Otten R, Luijten M. Investigating the association between smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and reward-related brain activity in adolescent experimental smokers. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13070. [PMID: 34263512 PMCID: PMC9285048 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced anticipatory reward‐related activity, especially in the ventral striatum (VS), may underly adolescent vulnerability to develop nicotine dependence. It remains unclear whether nicotine uptake caused by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, known to be associated with future smoking, might prompt similar changes in the brain's reward system, rendering adolescents vulnerable for development of nicotine dependence. To address this question, we tested whether current ETS exposure and monthly smoking are associated with VS hypoactivity for non‐drug rewards in experimental smoking adolescents. One‐hundred adolescents performed a monetary incentive delay task while brain activity was measured using fMRI. To test the hypothesized relationship, we used a variety of approaches: (1) a whole‐brain voxel‐wise approach, (2) an region‐of‐interest approach in the VS using frequentist and Bayesian statistics and (3) a small volume voxel‐wise approach across the complete striatum. The results converged in revealing no significant relationships between monthly smoking, ETS exposure and reward‐related brain activation across the brain or in the (ventral) striatum specifically. However, Bayesian statistics showed only anecdotal evidence for the null hypothesis in the VS, providing limited insight into the (non‐)existence of the hypothesized relationship. Based on these results, we speculate that blunted VS reward‐related activity might only occur after relatively high levels of exposure or might be associated with more long term effects of smoking. Future studies would benefit from even larger sample sizes to reliably distinguish between the null and alternative models, as well as more objective measures of (environmental) smoking via using devices such as silicone wristbands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Dieleman
- Department of Jeugd Trimbos Institute Utrecht Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands
| | | | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Department of Jeugd Trimbos Institute Utrecht Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Social Sciences Utrecht University Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands
- Pluryn Research and Development Nijmegen Netherlands
- Arizona State University REACH Institute Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands
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5
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Jauhar S, Fortea L, Solanes A, Albajes-Eizagirre A, McKenna PJ, Radua J. Brain activations associated with anticipation and delivery of monetary reward: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fMRI studies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255292. [PMID: 34351957 PMCID: PMC8341642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While multiple studies have examined the brain functional correlates of reward, meta-analyses have either focused on studies using the monetary incentive delay (MID) task, or have adopted a broad strategy, combining data from studies using both monetary and non-monetary reward, as probed using a wide range of tasks. OBJECTIVE To meta-analyze fMRI studies that used monetary reward and in which there was a definable cue-reward contingency. Studies were limited to those using monetary reward in order to avoid potential heterogeneity from use of other rewards, especially social rewards. Studies using gambling or delay discounting tasks were excluded on the grounds that reward anticipation is not easily quantifiable. STUDY ELIGIBILITY English-language fMRI studies (i) that reported fMRI findings on healthy adults; (ii) that used monetary reward; and (iii) in which a cue that was predictive of reward was compared to a no win (or lesser win) condition. Only voxel-based studies were included; those where brain coverage was incomplete were excluded. DATA SOURCES Ovid, Medline and PsycInfo, from 2000 to 2020, plus checking of review articles and meta-analyses. DATA SYNTHESIS Data were pooled using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI). Heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I2 statistic. Publication bias was examined using funnel plots and statistical examination of asymmetries. Moderator variables including whether the task was pre-learnt, sex distribution, amount of money won and width of smoothing kernel were examined. RESULTS Pooled data from 45 studies of reward anticipation revealed activations in the ventral striatum, the middle cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area and the insula. Pooled data from 28 studies of reward delivery again revealed ventral striatal activation, plus cortical activations in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. There was relatively little evidence of publication bias. Among moderating variables, only whether the task was pre-learnt exerted an influence. CONCLUSIONS According to this meta-analysis monetary reward anticipation and delivery both activate the ventral but not the dorsal striatum, and are associated with different patterns of cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Fortea
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Solanes
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Antonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Albajes-Eizagirre
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - P. J. McKenna
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Radua
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Scarlata MJ, Keeley RJ, Stein EA. Nicotine addiction: Translational insights from circuit neuroscience. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 204:173171. [PMID: 33727060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary neuroscience aims to understand how neuronal activity produces internal processes and observable behavioral states. This aim crucially depends on systems-level, circuit-based analyses of the working brain, as behavioral states arise from information flow and connectivity within and between discrete and overlapping brain regions, forming circuits and networks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), offers a key to advance circuit neuroscience; fMRI measures inter and intra- regional circuits at behaviorally relevant spatial-temporal resolution. Herein, we argue that cross-sectional observations in human populations can be best understood via mechanistic and causal insights derived from brain circuitry obtained from preclinical fMRI models. Using nicotine addiction as an exemplar of a circuit-based substance use disorder, we review fMRI-based observations of a circuit that was first shown to be disrupted among human smokers and was recently replicated in rodent models of nicotine dependence. Next, we discuss circuits that predispose to nicotine dependence severity and their interaction with circuits that change as a result of chronic nicotine administration using a rodent model of dependence. Data from both clinical and preclinical fMRI experiments argue for the utility of fMRI studies in translation and reverse translation of a circuit-based understanding of brain disease states. We conclude by discussing the future of circuit neuroscience and functional neuroimaging as an essential bridge between animal models and human populations to the understanding of brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Scarlata
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R J Keeley
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Modak P, Hutslar C, Polk R, Atkinson E, Fisher L, Macy J, Chassin L, Presson C, Finn PR, Brown JW. Neural bases of risky decisions involving nicotine vapor versus monetary reward. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2021; 32:102869. [PMID: 34768145 PMCID: PMC8591353 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
• Most studies of addiction with fMRI use only money reward. • Little is known about the neural basis of real-time drug use decisions. • Subjects gambled for either money or immediate nicotine vape reward in scanner. • The neural response to immediate drug reward is different from monetary reward. • Money reward has limitations as a proxy for studying addiction.
Substantial effort has gone into neuroimaging studies of neural mechanisms underlying addiction. Human studies of smoking typically either give monetary reward during an fMRI task or else allow subjects to smoke outside the scanner, after the session. This raises a fundamental issue of construct validity, as it is unclear whether the same neural mechanisms process decisions about nicotine that process decisions about money. To address this, we developed a novel MR-compatible nicotine vaping device, such that access to nicotine vapor could be controlled and monitored. We recruited heavy smokers (Money: 45 subjects, 13 females and 32 males; Nicotine: 21 subjects, 4 females and 17 males) to perform a gambling task with nicotine and monetary reward on separate days. We collected BOLD fMRI data while they performed the task inside the scanner and analyzed it using general linear modeling, with inference based on cluster-size correction. This allowed a direct comparison between the neural mechanisms of choosing and receiving immediate drug vs. monetary reward. We found substantial differences in the neural mechanisms that underlie risky choices about money vs. drug reward, including a reversal of the well-known error effects in the medial prefrontal cortex.
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8
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Qiu Z, Wang J. A voxel-wise meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies on impaired gain and loss processing in adults with addiction. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E128-E146. [PMID: 33185525 PMCID: PMC7955844 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in gain and loss processing have been extensively reported in adults with addiction, a brain disorder characterized by obsession with addictive substances or behaviours. Previous studies have provided conflicting results with respect to neural abnormalities in gain processing in addiction, and few investigations into loss processing. METHODS We conducted voxel-wise meta-analyses of abnormal task-evoked regional activities in adults with substance dependence and gambling addiction during the processing of gains and losses not related to their addiction (mainly monetary). We identified 24 studies, including 465 participants with substance dependence, 81 with gambling addiction and 490 healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, all participants with addictions showed hypoactivations in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and insula and hyperactivations in the default mode network during gain anticipation; hyperactivations in the prefrontal cortex and both hyper- and hypoactivations in the striatum during loss anticipation; and hyperactivations in the occipital lobe during gain outcome. In the substance dependence subgroup, activity in the occipital lobe was increased during gain anticipation but decreased during loss anticipation. LIMITATIONS We were unable to conduct meta-analyses in the gambling addiction subgroup because of a limited data set. We did not investigate the effects of clinical variables because of limited information. CONCLUSION The current study identified altered brain activity associated with higher- and lower-level function during gain and loss processing for non-addiction (mainly monetary) stimuli in adults with substance dependence and gambling addiction. Adults with addiction were more sensitive to anticipatory gains than losses at higher- and lower-level brain areas. These results may help us to better understand the pathology of gain and loss processing in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Qiu
- From the Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China (Qiu, Wang); and the School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia (Qiu)
| | - Junjing Wang
- From the Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China (Qiu, Wang); and the School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia (Qiu)
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Klugah-Brown B, Di X, Zweerings J, Mathiak K, Becker B, Biswal B. Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: A coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4459-4477. [PMID: 32964613 PMCID: PMC7555084 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delineating common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders (SUD) is imperative to understand the neurobiological basis of the addictive process and to inform substance‐specific treatment strategies. Given numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in different SUDs, a meta‐analysis could provide an opportunity to determine robust shared and substance‐specific alterations. The present study employed a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis covering fMRI studies in individuals with addictive cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use. The primary meta‐analysis demonstrated common alterations in primary dorsal striatal, and frontal circuits engaged in reward/salience processing, habit formation, and executive control across different substances and task‐paradigms. Subsequent sub‐analyses revealed substance‐specific alterations in frontal and limbic regions, with marked frontal and insula‐thalamic alterations in alcohol and nicotine use disorders respectively. Examining task‐specific alterations across substances revealed pronounced frontal alterations during cognitive processes yet stronger striatal alterations during reward‐related processes. Finally, an exploratory meta‐analysis revealed that neurofunctional alterations in striatal and frontal reward processing regions can already be determined with a high probability in studies with subjects with comparably short durations of use. Together the findings emphasize the role of dysregulations in frontostriatal circuits and dissociable contributions of these systems in the domains of reward‐related and cognitive processes which may contribute to substance‐specific behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jana Zweerings
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Dieleman J, Kleinjan M, Otten R, van Schie HT, Heuvelmans V, Luijten M. Effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on brain functioning in never-smoking adolescents. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01619. [PMID: 32608084 PMCID: PMC7428475 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain functioning, as indexed by event-related potentials (ERPs) representing smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing, has been found to be compromised in smokers. However, whether environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in never smokers results in similar brain changes is unknown. This question is particularly relevant during adolescence, given ongoing brain maturation and a high risk of smoking initiation. The present study tested the associations between ETS exposure and ERPs reflecting cue reactivity (P3, LPP), inhibitory control (N2, P3), and reward processing (anticipation P3 (P3), feedback-related negativity (FRN)) among never-smoking adolescents. METHODS Eighty-four never-smoking adolescents (nonexposed = 32, exposed = 52) performed a smoking cue reactivity, a Go/NoGo, and a monetary incentive delay (MID) task while ERPs were measured. RESULTS Exposed and nonexposed groups did not differ in ERPs reflecting smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing. A negative correlation between ETS exposure and the anticipatory P3 suggests reduced anticipatory reward sensitivity for nondrug rewards with increased levels of ETS exposure. However, since this effect was not consistent across analyses, no strong conclusions can be formulated. In the current study, few participants reported high levels of ETS exposure; therefore, further study is necessary. CONCLUSIONS Nevertheless, from this study, it can be concluded that low-to-moderate exposure to ETS during adolescence does not result in functional brain changes related to smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Dieleman
- Department of Epidemiology and Research Support, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Department of Epidemiology and Research Support, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pluryn, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hein T van Schie
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Heuvelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Lawn W, Mithchener L, Freeman TP, Benattayallah A, Bisby JA, Wall MB, Dodds CM, Curran HV, Morgan CJA. Value-based decision-making of cigarette and nondrug rewards in dependent and occasional cigarette smokers: An FMRI study. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12802. [PMID: 31328850 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the neural functioning that underpins drug valuation and choice in addiction, including nicotine dependence. Following ad libitum smoking, 19 dependent smokers (smoked≥10/day) and 19 occasional smokers (smoked 0.5-5/week) completed a decision-making task. First, participants stated how much they were willing-to-pay for various amounts of cigarettes and shop vouchers. Second, during functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants decided if they wanted to buy these cigarettes and vouchers for a set amount of money. We examined decision-making behaviour and brain activity when faced with cigarette and voucher decisions, purchasing (vs not purchasing) cigarettes and vouchers, and "value signals" where brain activity correlated with cigarette and voucher value. Dependent smokers had a higher willingness-to-pay for cigarettes and greater activity in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus when faced with cigarette decisions than occasional smokers. Across both groups, the decision to buy cigarettes was associated with activity in the left paracingulate gyrus, right nucleus accumbens, and left amygdala. The decision to buy vouchers was associated with activity in the left superior frontal gyrus, but dependent smokers showed weaker activity in the left posterior cingulate gyrus than occasional smokers. Across both groups, cigarette value signals were observed in the left striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. To summarise, nicotine dependence was associated with greater behavioural valuation of cigarettes and brain activity during cigarette decisions. When purchasing cigarettes and vouchers, reward and decision-related brain regions were activated in both groups. For the first time, we identified value signals for cigarettes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
| | - Ludo Mithchener
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, UK
| | | | - James A Bisby
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Matt B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
- Invicro, Invicro London, UK
| | | | - Helen V Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
| | - Celia J A Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter, UK
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12
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Wang KS, Zegel M, Molokotos E, Moran LV, Olson DP, Pizzagalli DA, Janes AC. The acute effects of nicotine on corticostriatal responses to distinct phases of reward processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1207-1214. [PMID: 31931509 PMCID: PMC7235267 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances the reinforcement of non-drug rewards by increasing nucleus accumbens (NAcc) reactivity to anticipatory cues. This anticipatory effect is selective as no clear evidence has emerged showing that nicotine acutely changes reward receipt reactivity. However, repeated rewarding experiences shift peak brain reactivity from hedonic reward outcome to the motivational anticipatory cue yielding more habitual cue-induced behavior. Given nicotine's influence on NAcc reactivity and connectivity, it is plausible that nicotine acutely induces this shift and alters NAcc functional connectivity during reward processing. To evaluate this currently untested hypothesis, a randomized crossover design was used in which healthy non-smokers were administered placebo and nicotine (2-mg lozenge). Brain activation to monetary reward anticipation and outcome was evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Relative to placebo, nicotine induced more NAcc reactivity to reward anticipation. Greater NAcc activation during anticipation was significantly associated with lower NAcc activation to outcome. During outcome, nicotine reduced NAcc functional connectivity with cortical regions including the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. These regions showed the same negative relationship between reward anticipation and outcome as noted in the NAcc. The current findings significantly improve our understanding of how nicotine changes corticostriatal circuit function and communication during distinct phases of reward processing and critically show that these alterations happen acutely following a single dose. The implications of this work explain nicotinic modulation of general reward function, which offer insights into the initial drive to smoke and the subsequent difficulty in cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan S. Wang
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maya Zegel
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Elena Molokotos
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,0000 0001 0684 8852grid.264352.4Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lauren V. Moran
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - David P. Olson
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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13
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Lesage E, Sutherland MT, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Nicotine dependence (trait) and acute nicotinic stimulation (state) modulate attention but not inhibitory control: converging fMRI evidence from Go-Nogo and Flanker tasks. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:857-865. [PMID: 31995811 PMCID: PMC7075893 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits during nicotine withdrawal may contribute to smoking relapse. However, interacting effects of chronic nicotine dependence and acute nicotine withdrawal on cognitive control are poorly understood. Here we examine the effects of nicotine dependence (trait; smokers (n = 24) vs. non-smoking controls; n = 20) and acute nicotinic stimulation (state; administration of nicotine and varenicline, two FDA-approved smoking cessation aids, during abstinence), on two well-established tests of inhibitory control, the Go-Nogo task and the Flanker task, during fMRI scanning. We compared performance and neural responses between these four pharmacological manipulations in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. As expected, performance in both tasks was modulated by nicotine dependence, abstinence, and pharmacological manipulation. However, effects were driven entirely by conditions that required less inhibitory control. When demand for inhibitory control was high, abstinent smokers showed no deficits. By contrast, acutely abstinent smokers showed performance deficits in easier conditions and missed more trials. Go-Nogo fMRI results showed decreased inhibition-related neural activity in right anterior insula and right putamen in smokers and decreased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity on nicotine across groups. No effects were found on inhibition-related activity during the Flanker task or on error-related activity in either task. Given robust nicotinic effects on physiology and behavioral deficits in attention, we are confident that pharmacological manipulations were effective. Thus findings fit a recent proposal that abstinent smokers show decreased ability to divert cognitive resources at low or intermediate cognitive demand, while performance at high cognitive demand remains relatively unaffected, suggesting a primary attentional deficit during acute abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lesage
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Gent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M T Sutherland
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B J Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Flannery JS, Riedel MC, Poudel R, Laird AR, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA, Sutherland MT. Habenular and striatal activity during performance feedback are differentially linked with state-like and trait-like aspects of tobacco use disorder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax2084. [PMID: 31633021 PMCID: PMC6785263 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The habenula, an epithalamic nucleus involved in reward and aversive processing, may contribute to negative reinforcement mechanisms maintaining nicotine use. We used a performance feedback task that differentially activates the striatum and habenula and administered nicotine and varenicline (versus placebos) to overnight-abstinent smokers and nonsmokers to delineate feedback-related functional brain alterations both as a function of smoking trait (smokers versus nonsmokers) and drug administration state (drug versus placebo). Smokers showed less striatal responsivity to positive feedback, an alteration not mitigated by drug administration, but rather correlated with trait-level addiction severity. Conversely, nicotine administration reduced habenula activity following both positive and negative feedback among abstinent smokers, but not nonsmokers, and increased habenula activity among smokers correlated with elevated state-level tobacco cravings. These outcomes highlight a dissociation between neurobiological processes linked with the dependence severity trait and the nicotine withdrawal state. Interventions simultaneously targeting both aspects may improve currently poor cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C. Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjita Poudel
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Addicott MA, Sweitzer MM, McClernon FJ. The Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco Use on Brain Reward Function: Interaction With Nicotine Dependence Severity. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:764-771. [PMID: 29584917 PMCID: PMC6784410 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the effects of nicotine/tobacco on neural activation during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. AIMS AND METHODS Prior to each scan, nonsmokers received nicotine or placebo nasal spray, and smokers were smoking satiated or 24-hour withdrawn. During the scan, participants made timed responses to reward-related cues and received feedback. Parameter estimates from cue- and feedback-related activation in medial prefrontal regions and the nucleus accumbens were extracted and underwent within- and between-group analyses. Smokers' nicotine dependence severity was included as a continuous predictor variable for neural activation. RESULTS Among smokers (n = 21), withdrawal decreased cue-related activation in the supplementary motor area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the difference in activation (satiety > withdrawal) in these regions negatively correlated with nicotine dependence severity (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence). Among nonsmokers (n = 22), nicotine increased the difference in nucleus accumbens activation between rewarded and nonrewarded feedback phases. Tobacco withdrawal and acute nicotine also had widespread effects on activation throughout the brain during the feedback phase. CONCLUSIONS Acute nicotine in nonsmokers may have increased the salience of feedback information, but produced few effects on reward-related activation overall, perhaps reflecting nicotine's modest, indirect effects on reward processing. Conversely, tobacco withdrawal decreased activation compared with satiety, and this difference between conditions correlated with nicotine dependence severity. This suggests that as smokers become more dependent on nicotine, tobacco withdrawal has a more pronounced effect on reward processing. IMPLICATIONS Relative to the acute effects of nicotine in nonsmokers, withdrawal from daily tobacco use had more significant effects on reward-related brain activation. This study suggests that the effects of tobacco withdrawal on reward-related brain function interact with subjects' level of nicotine dependence severity. These are potentially important sources of variability that could contribute to smoking cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth A Addicott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR
| | - Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Durham, NC
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Durham, NC
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16
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Just AL, Meng C, Smith DG, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Effects of familial risk and stimulant drug use on the anticipation of monetary reward: an fMRI study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:65. [PMID: 30718492 PMCID: PMC6362203 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between stimulant drug use and aberrant reward processing is well-documented in the literature, but the nature of these abnormalities remains elusive. The present study aims to disentangle the separate and interacting effects of stimulant drug use and pre-existing familial risk on abnormal reward processing associated with stimulant drug addiction. We used the Monetary Incentive Delay task, a well-validated measure of reward processing, during fMRI scanning in four distinct groups: individuals with familial risk who were either stimulant drug-dependent (N = 41) or had never used stimulant drugs (N = 46); and individuals without familial risk who were either using stimulant drugs (N = 25) or not (N = 48). We first examined task-related whole-brain activation followed by a psychophysiological interaction analysis to further explore brain functional connectivity. For analyses, we used a univariate model with two fixed factors (familial risk and stimulant drug use). Our results showed increased task-related activation in the putamen and motor cortex of stimulant-using participants. We also found altered task-related functional connectivity between the putamen and frontal regions in participants with a familial risk (irrespective of whether they were using stimulant drugs or not). Additionally, we identified an interaction between stimulant drug use and familial risk in task-related functional connectivity between the putamen and motor-related cortical regions in potentially at-risk individuals. Our findings suggest that abnormal task-related activation in motor brain systems is associated with regular stimulant drug use, whereas abnormal task-related functional connectivity in frontostriatal brain systems, in individuals with familial risk, may indicate pre-existing neural vulnerability for developing addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna L. Just
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chun Meng
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dana G. Smith
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0004 0412 9303grid.450563.1Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0001 2162 0389grid.418236.aGlaxoSmithKline, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area Unit, Stevenage, UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Destoop M, Morrens M, Coppens V, Dom G. Addiction, Anhedonia, and Comorbid Mood Disorder. A Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 31178763 PMCID: PMC6538808 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, anhedonia has been recognized as an important Research Domain Criterion (RDoC) by the National Institute of Mental Health. Anhedonia is proposed to play an essential role in the pathogenies of both addictive and mood disorders, and possibly their co-occurrence with a single individual. However, up to now, comprehensive information about anhedonia concerning its underlying neurobiological circuitries, the neurocognitive correlates, and their role in addiction, mood disorder, and comorbidity remains scarce. Aim: In this literature review of human studies, we bring together the current state of knowledge with respect to anhedonia in its relationship with disorders in the use of substances (DUS) and the comorbidity with mood disorders. Method: A PubMed search was conducted using the following search terms: (Anhedonia OR Reward Deficiency) AND ((Drug Dependence OR Abuse) OR Alcohol OR Nicotine OR Addiction OR Gambling OR (Internet Gaming)). Thirty-two articles were included in the review. Results: Anhedonia is associated with substance use disorders, and their severity is especially prominent in DUS with comorbid depression. Anhedonia may be both a trait and a state dimension in its relation to DUS and tends to impact DUS treatment outcome negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Destoop
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Psychiatric Hospital Multiversum, Campus Alexianen, Boechout, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Psychiatric Hospital Multiversum, Campus Alexianen, Boechout, Belgium
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18
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Sutherland MT, Stein EA. Functional Neurocircuits and Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Tobacco Use Disorder. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:129-143. [PMID: 29398401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction remain major public health issues, exemplified by the opioid epidemic currently devastating the United States. Treatment outcomes across substance use disorders remain unacceptably poor, wherein drug discovery/development for this multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder focuses on single molecular-level targets. Rather, our opinion is that a systems-level neuroimaging perspective is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets, biomarkers to stratify patients, and individualized treatment strategies. Focusing on tobacco use disorder, we advocate a brain systems-level perspective linking two abuse-related facets (i.e., statelike withdrawal and traitlike addiction severity) with specific neurocircuitry (insula- and striatum-centered networks). To the extent that precise neurocircuits mediate distinct facets of abuse, treatment development must adopt not only a systems-level perspective, but also multi-intervention rather than mono-intervention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Szczypiński JJ, Gola M. Dopamine dysregulation hypothesis: the common basis for motivational anhedonia in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia? Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:727-744. [PMID: 29573379 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in reward processing are crucial symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCH). Recent neuroscientific findings regarding MDD have led to conclusions about two different symptoms related to reward processing: motivational and consummatory anhedonia, corresponding, respectively, to impaired motivation to obtain rewards ('wanting'), and diminished satisfaction from consuming them ('liking'). One can ask: which of these is common for MDD and SCH. In our review of the latest neuroscientific studies, we show that MDD and SCH do not share consummatory anhedonia, as SCH patients usually have unaltered liking. Therefore, we investigated whether motivational anhedonia is the common symptom across MDD and SCH. With regard to the similarities and differences between the neural mechanisms of MDD and SCH, here we expand the current knowledge of motivation deficits and present the common underlying mechanism of motivational anhedonia - the dopamine dysregulation hypothesis - stating that any prolonged dysregulation in tonic dopamine signaling that exceeds the given equilibrium can lead to striatal dysfunction and motivational anhedonia. The implications for further research and treatment of MDD and SCH are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Józef Szczypiński
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093Warsaw, Poland.,Medical University of Warsaw, Chair of Psychiatry, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Neurocognitive Laboratory, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gola
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0559, La Jolla, CA 92093-0559, USA.,Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Clinical Neuroscience Lab, Jaracza 1, 00-001, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Sharp BM, Chen H. Neurogenetic determinants and mechanisms of addiction to nicotine and smoked tobacco. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2164-2179. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burt M. Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center 19 S. Manassas, CRB #220 Memphis TN 38103 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
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21
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Moran LV, Stoeckel LE, Wang K, Caine CE, Villafuerte R, Calderon V, Baker JT, Ongur D, Janes AC, Pizzagalli DA, Eden Evins A. Nicotine Increases Activation to Anticipatory Valence Cues in Anterior Insula and Striatum. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:851-858. [PMID: 29059451 PMCID: PMC5991218 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Smoking is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the neurobiology of the rewarding effects of nicotine promises to aid treatment development for nicotine dependence. Through its actions on mesolimbic dopaminergic systems, nicotine engenders enhanced responses to drug-related cues signaling rewards, a mechanism hypothesized to underlie the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction. Methods We evaluated the effects of acute nicotine on neural responses to anticipatory cues signaling (nondrug) monetary reward or loss among 11 nonsmokers who had no prior history of tobacco smoking. In a double-blind, crossover design, participants completed study procedures while wearing nicotine or placebo patches at least 1 week apart. In each drug condition, participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the monetary incentive delay task and performed a probabilistic monetary reward task, probing reward responsiveness as measured by response bias toward a more frequently rewarded stimulus. Results Nicotine administration was associated with enhanced activation, compared with placebo, of right fronto-anterior insular cortex and striatal regions in response to cues predicting possible rewards or losses and to dorsal anterior cingulate for rewards. Response bias toward rewarded stimuli correlated positively with insular activation to anticipatory cues. Conclusion Nicotinic enhancement of monetary reward-related brain activation in the insula and striatum in nonsmokers dissociated acute effects of nicotine from effects on reward processing due to chronic smoking. Reward responsiveness predicted a greater nicotinic effect on insular activation to salient stimuli. Implications Previous research demonstrates that nicotine enhances anticipatory responses to rewards in regions targeted by midbrain dopaminergic systems. The current study provides evidence that nicotine also enhances responses to rewards and losses in the anterior insula. A previous study found enhanced insular activation to rewards and losses in smokers and ex-smokers, a finding that could be due to nicotine sensitization or factors related to current or past smoking. Our finding of enhanced anterior insula response after acute administration of nicotine in nonsmokers provides support for nicotine-induced sensitization of insular response to rewards and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Moran
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luke E Stoeckel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa Calderon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Justin T Baker
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - A Eden Evins
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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22
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Franklin TR, Jagannathan K, Hager N, Fang Z, Xu S, Wong J, Childress AR, Detre JA, Rao H, Wetherill R. Brain substrates of early (4h) cigarette abstinence: Identification of treatment targets. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:78-85. [PMID: 29172122 PMCID: PMC5763480 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research indicates that overnight nicotine abstinence disrupts neural activity in the mesocorticolimbic reward network; however, less is known about the time course of abstinence-induced brain changes. To examine the potential neural effects of early abstinence, we used arterial spin labeling perfusion fMRI, to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes in the resting brain induced by 4h of nicotine abstinence. METHODS In a repeated measures design, 5min of resting perfusion fMRI data were acquired in awake nicotine-dependent individuals (eyes open) during 'smoking as usual' (SMK) and following 4h of monitored nicotine abstinence (ABS) conditions (N=20). Conditions were compared using a paired t test in SPM8. Craving was assessed prior to each condition. RESULTS Compared to SMK, ABS significantly increased craving and reduced rCBF in select regions, including the hippocampus and ventral striatum (cluster corr, α=0.01, 943 contiguous voxels). The magnitude of the abstinence-induced change in rCBF correlated with the magnitude of the change in craving across conditions in select regions, including the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices and the anterior ventral insula (r values ranging from 0.59-0.74). CONCLUSIONS Results show that as few as 4h of abstinence can reduce resting rCBF in multiple nodes of the brain's mesocorticolimbic network, disrupting neural processing. Identifying early withdrawal treatment targets has far-reaching implications, which include thwarting relapse proclivities. Results parallel those of the extant human literature and are in agreement with an extensive preclinical literature showing compromised mesolimbic dopaminergic function and impairments in reward function during nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R. Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Corresponding author at: Center for the Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. (T.R. Franklin)
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nathan Hager
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhuo Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sihua Xu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joyce Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John A. Detre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Reagan Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Xia J, Meyers AM, Beeler JA. Chronic Nicotine Alters Corticostriatal Plasticity in the Striatopallidal Pathway Mediated By NR2B-Containing Silent Synapses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2314-2324. [PMID: 28462940 PMCID: PMC5645753 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and success rates for quitting remain low. High relapse rates are attributed to pervasive nicotine-reinforced associative learning of incentive cues that is highly resistant to extinction. Why such learning is so persistent is poorly understood but may arise as a consequence of neuroadaptations in synaptic plasticity induced by chronic nicotine. We used whole-cell patch clamp recording to investigate the effect of chronic nicotine (cNIC) on synaptic plasticity in dopamine D2 receptor-expressing medium-spiny neurons in the indirect, striatopallidal pathway in dorsolateral striatum. Mice exposed to cNIC exhibited long-term potentiation in response to high-frequency stimulation instead of the expected depression. cNIC decreased baseline AMPA/NMDA ratio, arising from increased NMDA currents enriched in the NR2B subunit with a concomitant upregulation of NMDA-only, silent synapses. These data demonstrate that cNIC can increase silent synapses in MSNs, as observed with cocaine and opiates, and alter the regulation of corticostriatal plasticity. Prior work has characterized cocaine- and morphine-induced upregulation of silent synapses in the ventral striatum; we show it can occur in the dorsal striatum, a region associated with later stages of addiction, craving, and cue-induced relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Xia
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Allison M Meyers
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens, NY 11367, USA, Tel: +718 570 0517, Fax: +773 793 2588, E-mail:
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Lesage E, Aronson SE, Sutherland MT, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Neural Signatures of Cognitive Flexibility and Reward Sensitivity Following Nicotinic Receptor Stimulation in Dependent Smokers: A Randomized Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:632-640. [PMID: 28403383 PMCID: PMC5539833 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Withdrawal from nicotine is an important contributor to smoking relapse. Understanding how reward-based decision making is affected by abstinence and by pharmacotherapies such as nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline tartrate may aid cessation treatment. OBJECTIVE To independently assess the effects of nicotine dependence and stimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the ability to interpret valence information (reward sensitivity) and subsequently alter behavior as reward contingencies change (cognitive flexibility) in a probabilistic reversal learning task. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nicotine-dependent smokers and nonsmokers completed a probabilistic reversal learning task during acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 2-drug, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design conducted from January 21, 2009, to September 29, 2011. Smokers were abstinent from cigarette smoking for 12 hours for all sessions. In a fully Latin square fashion, participants in both groups underwent MRI twice while receiving varenicline and twice while receiving a placebo pill, wearing either a nicotine or a placebo patch. Imaging analysis was performed from June 15, 2015, to August 10, 2016. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES A well-established computational model captured effects of smoking status and administration of nicotine and varenicline on probabilistic reversal learning choice behavior. Neural effects of smoking status, nicotine, and varenicline were tested for on MRI contrasts that captured reward sensitivity and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS The study included 24 nicotine-dependent smokers (12 women and 12 men; mean [SD] age, 35.8 [9.9] years) and 20 nonsmokers (10 women and 10 men; mean [SD] age, 30.4 [7.2] years). Computational modeling indicated that abstinent smokers were biased toward response shifting and that their decisions were less sensitive to the available evidence, suggesting increased impulsivity during withdrawal. These behavioral impairments were mitigated with nicotine and varenicline. Similarly, decreased mesocorticolimbic activity associated with cognitive flexibility in abstinent smokers was restored to the level of nonsmokers following stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (familywise error-corrected P < .05). Conversely, neural signatures of decreased reward sensitivity in smokers (vs nonsmokers; familywise error-corrected P < .05) in the dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex were not mitigated by nicotine or varenicline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was a double dissociation between the effects of chronic nicotine dependence on neural representations of reward sensitivity and acute effects of stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on behavioral and neural signatures of cognitive flexibility in smokers. These chronic and acute pharmacologic effects were observed in overlapping mesocorticolimbic regions, suggesting that available pharmacotherapies may alleviate deficits in the same circuitry for certain mental computations but not for others. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00830739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lesage
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E. Aronson
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Li S, Yang Y, Hoffmann E, Tyndale RF, Stein EA. CYP2A6 Genetic Variation Alters Striatal-Cingulate Circuits, Network Hubs, and Executive Processing in Smokers. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:554-563. [PMID: 27865452 PMCID: PMC5346346 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the CYP2A6 gene alters the rate of nicotine metabolic inactivation and is associated with smoking behaviors and cessation success rates. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this genetic influence are unknown. METHODS Intrinsic functional connectivity strength, a whole-brain, data-driven, graph theory-based method, was applied to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in 66 smokers and 92 nonsmokers. A subset of subjects (n = 23/20; smokers/nonsmokers) performed the monetary incentive delay task, probing reward anticipation, and a go/no-go task, probing response inhibition, on two occasions, in the presence and absence of a nicotine patch. RESULTS A significant CYP2A6 genotype × smoking effect was found in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum, such that the normal (vs. slow) genotype individuals showed greater functional connectivity strength among smokers but not nonsmokers. Functional connectivity strength was negatively associated with severity of nicotine dependence in slow metabolizers. Both hubs were biased by inputs from the insula identified from seed-based connectivity. Similar gene × environment interactions were seen in ventral striatum during smoking abstinence when subjects performed the monetary incentive delay task and in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex when they performed the go/no-go task; both reductions were "normalized" in smokers (and increased in nonsmokers) after acute nicotine administration. CONCLUSIONS Because the CYP2A6 effect was seen only in smokers, these data suggest that the rate of nicotine metabolism-and thus the concentration of nicotine presented to the brain over the course of nicotine addiction-shapes brain circuits that, among other functions, compute reward and impulsivity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Li
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ewa Hoffmann
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Corresponding authors. Elliot A. Stein, PhD, , Tel: (443)740-2650 Fax: (443)740-2734, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding authors. Elliot A. Stein, PhD, , Tel: (443)740-2650 Fax: (443)740-2734, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Nicotine increases anterior insula activation to expected and unexpected outcomes among nonsmokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1145-1154. [PMID: 28190083 PMCID: PMC5986178 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco has a higher rate of dependence than other drugs of abuse. However, the psychopharmacological effects of nicotine are incongruent with the tenacity of tobacco addiction since nicotine does not produce robust euphoria in humans or self-administration in rodents. A potential explanation is that nicotine amplifies the salience of other stimuli that have some incentive value, which could influence the initiation and persistence of smoking. However, the neural mechanisms of this process are unknown. OBJECTIVES One way that nicotine may amplify the salience of other stimuli is by enhancing reward prediction errors. We hypothesized that nicotine would enhance the neural response to unexpected (relative to expected) rewards compared to placebo. METHODS Twenty-three nonsmokers underwent two fMRI scans, following nicotine (1 mg) or placebo administration, while performing an outcome expectation task. In the task, a pair of cues was associated with either a subsequent reward (the image of a $100 bill) or a nonreward (the image of a blurry rectangle). On 20% of trials, the cue was followed by an unexpected outcome. RESULTS Although nicotine did not affect the magnitude of prediction errors relative to placebo, nicotine did increase BOLD activation in the anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus and decrease activation in the caudate across all outcome types (including both rewards and nonrewards). CONCLUSIONS The insula and caudate could play a role in the initial effects of nicotine in nonsmokers, and these changes in baseline may be the mechanism that underlies how nicotine amplifies the salience of nondrug stimuli.
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Eveningness among late adolescent males predicts neural reactivity to reward and alcohol dependence 2 years later. Behav Brain Res 2017; 327:112-120. [PMID: 28254633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eveningness, a preference for later sleep-wake timing, is linked to altered reward function, which may explain a consistent association with substance abuse. Notably, the extant literature rests largely on cross-sectional data, yet both eveningness and reward function show developmental changes. We examined whether circadian preference during late adolescence predicted the neural response to reward 2 years later. A sample of 93 males reported circadian preference and completed a monetary reward fMRI paradigm at ages 20 and 22. Primary analyses examined longitudinal paths from circadian preference to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral striatal (VS) reward responses. We also explored whether reward responses mediated longitudinal associations between circadian preference and alcohol dependence, frequency of alcohol use, and/or frequency of cannabis use. Age 20 eveningness was positively associated with age 22 mPFC and VS responses to win, but not associated with age 22 reactivity to reward anticipation. Age 20 eveningness was indirectly related to age 22 alcohol dependence via age 22 mPFC response to win. Our findings provide novel evidence that altered reward-related brain function could underlie associations between eveningness and alcohol use problems. Eveningness may be an under-recognized but modifiable risk factor for reward-related problems such as mood and substance use disorders.
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Bade AN, Gendelman HE, Boska MD, Liu Y. MEMRI is a biomarker defining nicotine-specific neuronal responses in subregions of the rodent brain. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:601-610. [PMID: 28337287 PMCID: PMC5340694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is defined by dopaminergic neuronal activation within the nucleus accumbens (ACB) and by affected neural projections from nicotine-stimulated neurons. Control of any subsequent neural activities would underpin any smoking cessation strategy. While extensive efforts have been made to study the pathophysiology of nicotine addiction, more limited works were developed to find imaging biomarkers. If such biomarkers are made available, addictive behaviors could be monitored noninvasively. To such ends, we employed manganese (Mn2+)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to determine whether it could be used to monitor neuronal activities after acute and chronic nicotine exposure in rats. The following were observed. Mn2+ infusion identified ACB and hippocampal (HIP) neuronal activities following acute nicotine administration. Chronic exposure was achieved by week long subcutaneously implanted nicotine mini-pump. Here nicotine was shown to activate neurons in the ACB, HIP, and the prefrontal and insular cortex. These are all central nervous system reward regions linked to drug addiction. In conclusion, MEMRI is demonstrated to be a powerful imaging tool to study brain subregion specific neuronal activities affected by nicotine. Thus, we posit that MEMRI could be used to assess smoking-associated tolerance, withdrawal and as such serve as a pre-clinical screening tool for addiction cessation strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
| | - Michael D Boska
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, United States
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Dissociable Effects of Cocaine Dependence on Reward Processes: The Role of Acute Cocaine and Craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:736-747. [PMID: 27545986 PMCID: PMC5240179 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The relative impact of chronic vs acute cocaine on dependence-related variability in reward processing in cocaine-dependent individuals (CD) is not well understood, despite the relevance of such effects to long-term outcomes. To dissociate these effects, CD (N=15) and healthy controls (HC; N=15) underwent MRI two times while performing a monetary incentive delay task. Both scans were identical across subjects/groups, except that, in a single-blind, counterbalanced design, CD received intravenous cocaine (30 mg/70 kg) before one session (CD+cocaine) and saline in another (CD+saline). Imaging analyses focused on activity related to anticipatory valence (gain/loss), anticipatory magnitude (small/medium/large), and reinforcing outcomes (successful/unsuccessful). Drug condition (cocaine vs saline) and group (HC vs CD+cocaine or CD+saline) did not influence valence-related activity. However, compared with HC, magnitude-related activity for gains was reduced in CD in the left cingulate gyrus post-cocaine and in the left putamen in the abstinence/saline condition. In contrast, magnitude-dependent activity for losses increased in CD vs HC in the right inferior parietal lobe post-cocaine and in the left superior frontal gyrus post-saline. Across outcomes (ie, successful and unsuccessful) activity in the right habenula decreased in CD in the abstinence/saline condition vs acute cocaine and HC. Cocaine-dependent variability in outcome- and loss-magnitude activity correlated negatively with ratings of cocaine craving and positively with how high subjects felt during the scanning session. Collectively, these data suggest dissociable effects of acute cocaine on non-drug reward processes, with cocaine consumption partially ameliorating dependence-related insensitivity to reinforcing outcomes/'liking', but having no discernible effect on dependence-related alterations in incentive salience/'wanting'. The relationship of drug-related affective sequelae to non-drug reward processing suggests that CD experience a general alteration of reward function and may be motivated to continue using cocaine for reasons beyond desired drug-related effects. This may have implications for individual differences in treatment efficacy for approaches that rely on reinforcement strategies (eg, contingency management) and for the long-term success of treatment.
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30
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Bischoff-Grethe A, Connolly CG, Jordan SJ, Brown GG, Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Heaton RK, Woods SP, Grant I. Altered reward expectancy in individuals with recent methamphetamine dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:17-30. [PMID: 27649775 PMCID: PMC5225125 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic methamphetamine use may lead to changes in reward-related function of the ventral striatum and caudate nucleus. Whether methamphetamine-dependent individuals show heightened reactivity to positively valenced stimuli (i.e. positive reinforcement mechanisms), or an exaggerated response to negatively valenced stimuli (i.e. driven by negative reinforcement mechanisms) remains unclear. This study investigated neural functioning of expectancy and receipt for gains and losses in adults with (METH+) and without (METH-) histories of methamphetamine dependence. METHODS Participants (17 METH+; 23 METH-) performed a probabilistic feedback expectancy task during blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were given visual cues probabilistically associated with monetary gain, loss, or neutral outcomes. General linear models examined the BOLD response to: (1) anticipation of gains and losses, and (2) gain and loss monetary outcomes. RESULTS METH+ had less BOLD response to loss anticipation than METH- in the ventral striatum and posterior caudate. METH+ also showed more BOLD response to loss outcomes than to gain outcomes in the anterior and posterior caudate, whereas METH- did not show differential responses to the valence of outcomes. DISCUSSION METH+ individuals showed attenuated neural response to anticipated gains and losses, but their response to loss outcomes was greater than to gain outcomes. A decreased response to loss anticipation, along with a greater response to loss outcomes, suggests an altered ability to evaluate future risks and benefits based upon prior experience, which may underlie suboptimal decision-making in METH+ individuals that increases the likelihood of risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephan J Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Jollans L, Zhipeng C, Icke I, Greene C, Kelly C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Walter H, Schumann G, Whelan R. Ventral Striatum Connectivity During Reward Anticipation in Adolescent Smokers. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:6-21. [PMID: 27074029 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1164172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Substance misusers, including adolescent smokers, often have reduced reward system activity during processing of non-drug rewards. Using a psychophysiological interaction approach, we examined functional connectivity with the ventral striatum during reward anticipation in a large (N = 206) sample of adolescent smokers. Increased smoking frequency was associated with (1) increased connectivity with regions involved in saliency and valuation, including the orbitofrontal cortex and (2) reduced connectivity between the ventral striatum and regions associated with inhibition and risk aversion, including the right inferior frontal gyrus. These results demonstrate that functional connectivity during reward processing is relevant to adolescent addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jollans
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Cao Zhipeng
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ilknur Icke
- b Bioimaging, School of Medicine , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts
| | - Ciara Greene
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Clare Kelly
- c Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- c Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- e University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- e University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- h Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- f Department of Psychiatry , Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,g Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- u Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- i Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- j Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique , CEA-Saclay Center , Paris , France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- k Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- l Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- m Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- n Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte , Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- o Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig and Berlin , Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- p Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn , Paris , France
| | - Eric Artiges
- q Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital , Paris , France
| | - Frauke Nees
- d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany.,i Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- r Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Michael N Smolka
- s Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- n Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte , Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- t Department of Psychiatry , Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Robert Whelan
- a Department of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Li Q, Nan W, Taxer J, Dai W, Zheng Y, Liu X. Problematic Internet Users Show Impaired Inhibitory Control and Risk Taking with Losses: Evidence from Stop Signal and Mixed Gambles Tasks. Front Psychol 2016; 7:370. [PMID: 27014170 PMCID: PMC4794503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the balance model of self-regulation, dysfunction of the inhibitory control and reward processing might be a behavioral marker for addiction and problematic behaviors. Although several studies have separately examined the inhibitory control or reward processing of individuals exhibiting problematic Internet use (PIU), no study has explored these two functions simultaneously to examine the potential imbalance of these functions. This study aimed to investigate whether the self-regulatory failure of PIU individuals results from deficits in both inhibitory control [indexed with the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in a stop signal task] and risk taking with losses (measured as the acceptance rates of risky gables or the ratio of win/loss in a mixed gambles task). The results revealed that PIU individuals, compared with controls, showed decreased SSRT and increased error rates as well as reduced risk taking with losses. Correlational analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between the SSRT and risk taking with losses. These findings suggest that both the inhibitory control and reward functions are impaired in PIU individuals and reveal an association between these two systems. These results strengthen the balance model of self-regulation theory's argument that deficits in inhibitory control and risk taking with losses may assist in identifying risk markers for early diagnosis, progression, and prediction of PIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Weizhi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jamie Taxer
- Stanford Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weine Dai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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Biases in the Explore-Exploit Tradeoff in Addictions: The Role of Avoidance of Uncertainty. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:940-8. [PMID: 26174598 PMCID: PMC4650253 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We focus on exploratory decisions across disorders of compulsivity, a potential dimensional construct for the classification of mental disorders. Behaviors associated with the pathological use of alcohol or food, in alcohol use disorders (AUD) or binge-eating disorder (BED), suggest a disturbance in explore-exploit decision-making, whereby strategic exploratory decisions in an attempt to improve long-term outcomes may diminish in favor of more repetitive or exploitatory choices. We compare exploration vs exploitation across disorders of natural (obesity with and without BED) and drug rewards (AUD). We separately acquired resting state functional MRI data using a novel multi-echo planar imaging sequence and independent components analysis from healthy individuals to assess the neural correlates underlying exploration. Participants with AUD showed reduced exploratory behavior across gain and loss environments, leading to lower-yielding exploitatory choices. Obese subjects with and without BED did not differ from healthy volunteers but when compared with each other or to AUD subjects, BED had enhanced exploratory behaviors particularly in the loss domain. All subject groups had decreased exploration or greater uncertainty avoidance to losses compared with rewards. More exploratory decisions in the context of reward were associated with frontal polar and ventral striatal connectivity. For losses, exploration was associated with frontal polar and precuneus connectivity. We further implicate the relevance and dimensionality of constructs of compulsivity across disorders of both natural and drug rewards.
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Blunted striatal response to monetary reward anticipation during smoking abstinence predicts lapse during a contingency-managed quit attempt. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:751-60. [PMID: 26660448 PMCID: PMC5330670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco smoking is associated with dysregulated reward processing within the striatum, characterized by hypersensitivity to smoking rewards and hyposensitivity to non-smoking rewards. This bias toward smoking reward at the expense of alternative rewards is further exacerbated by deprivation from smoking, which may contribute to difficulty maintaining abstinence during a quit attempt. OBJECTIVE We examined whether abstinence-induced changes in striatal processing of rewards predicted lapse likelihood during a quit attempt supported by contingency management (CM), in which abstinence from smoking was reinforced with money. METHODS Thirty-six non-treatment-seeking smokers participated in two functional MRI (fMRI) sessions, one following 24-h abstinence and one following smoking as usual. During each scan, participants completed a rewarded guessing task designed to elicit striatal activation in which they could earn smoking and monetary rewards delivered after the scan. Participants then engaged in a 3-week CM-supported quit attempt. RESULTS As previously reported, 24-h abstinence was associated with increased striatal activation in anticipation of smoking reward and decreased activation in anticipation of monetary reward. Individuals exhibiting greater decrements in right striatal activation to monetary reward during abstinence (controlling for activation during non-abstinence) were more likely to lapse during CM (p < 0.025), even when controlling for other predictors of lapse outcome (e.g., craving); no association was seen for smoking reward. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a growing number of studies indicating the specific importance of disrupted striatal processing of non-drug reward in nicotine dependence and highlight the importance of individual differences in abstinence-induced deficits in striatal function for smoking cessation.
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Karoly HC, Bryan AD, Weiland BJ, Mayer A, Dodd A, Feldstein Ewing SW. Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:5-15. [PMID: 26070843 PMCID: PMC4657439 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous questions surround the nature of reward processing in the developing adolescent brain, particularly in regard to polysubstance use. We therefore sought to examine incentive-elicited brain activation in the context of three common substances of abuse (cannabis, tobacco, and alcohol). Due to the role of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in incentive processing, we compared activation in this region during anticipation of reward and loss using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Adolescents (ages 14-18; 66% male) were matched on age, gender, and frequency of use of any common substances within six distinct groups: cannabis-only (n=14), tobacco-only (n=34), alcohol-only (n=12), cannabis+tobacco (n=17), cannabis+tobacco+alcohol (n=17), and non-using controls (n=38). All groups showed comparable behavioral performance on the MID task. The tobacco-only group showed decreased bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation during reward anticipation as compared to the alcohol-only group, the control group, and both polysubstance groups. Interestingly, no differences emerged between the cannabis-only group and any of the other groups. Results from this study suggest that youth who tend toward single-substance tobacco use may possess behavioral and/or neurobiological characteristics that differentiate them from both their substance-using and non-substance-using peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Angela D Bryan
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Barbara J Weiland
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Andrew Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/LBERI, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; Neurology Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Andrew Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/LBERI, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Fedota JR, Stein EA. Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: prospects for biomarker development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:64-82. [PMID: 26348486 PMCID: PMC4563817 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given conceptual frameworks of addiction as a disease of intercommunicating brain networks, examinations of network interactions may provide a holistic characterization of addiction-related dysfunction. One such methodological approach is the examination of resting-state functional connectivity, which quantifies correlations in low-frequency fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging signal between disparate brain regions in the absence of task performance. Here, evidence of differentiated effects of chronic nicotine exposure, which reduces the efficiency of network communication across the brain, and acute nicotine exposure, which increases connectivity within specific limbic circuits, is discussed. Several large-scale resting networks, including the salience, default, and executive control networks, have also been implicated in nicotine addiction. The dynamics of connectivity changes among and between these large-scale networks during nicotine withdrawal and satiety provide a heuristic framework with which to characterize the neurobiological mechanism of addiction. The ability to simultaneously quantify effects of both chronic (trait) and acute (state) nicotine exposure provides a platform to develop a neuroimaging-based addiction biomarker. While such development remains in its early stages, evidence of coherent modulations in resting-state functional connectivity at various stages of nicotine addiction suggests potential network interactions on which to focus future addiction biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Fedota
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Reward Anticipation Is Differentially Modulated by Varenicline and Nicotine in Smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2038-46. [PMID: 25742873 PMCID: PMC4839527 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recidivism rates for cigarette smokers following treatment often exceed 80%. Varenicline is the most efficacious pharmacotherapy currently available with cessation rates of 25-35% following a year of treatment. Although the in vivo binding properties are well known, varenicline's neurobiological mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. Varenicline acts as a nicotinic receptor partial agonist or antagonist depending on the presence or absence of nicotine and has been implicated in the reduction of reward signaling more broadly. The current study probed anticipatory reward processing using a revised monetary incentive delay task during fMRI in cohorts of smokers and non-smokers who completed a two-drug, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. All participants underwent ~17 days of order-balanced varenicline and placebo pill administration and were scanned under each condition wearing a transdermal nicotine or placebo patch. Consistent with nicotine's ability to enhance the rewarding properties of nondrug stimuli, acute nicotine administration enhanced activation in response to reward-predicting monetary cues in both smokers and non-smokers. In contrast, varenicline reduced gain magnitude processing, but did so only in smokers. These results suggest that varenicline's downregulation of anticipatory reward processing in smokers, in addition to its previously demonstrated reduction in the negative affect associated with withdrawal, independently and additively alter distinct brain circuits. These effects likely contribute to varenicline's efficacy as a pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.
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38
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Balodis IM, Potenza MN. Anticipatory reward processing in addicted populations: a focus on the monetary incentive delay task. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:434-44. [PMID: 25481621 PMCID: PMC4315733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in brain imaging techniques have allowed neurobiological research to temporally analyze signals coding for the anticipation of reward. In addicted populations, both hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness of brain regions (e.g., ventral striatum) implicated in drug effects and reward system processing have been reported during anticipation of generalized reward. We discuss the current state of knowledge of reward processing in addictive disorders from a widely used and validated task: the monetary incentive delay task. Only studies applying the monetary incentive delay task in addicted and at-risk adult populations are reviewed, with a focus on anticipatory processing and striatal regions activated during task performance as well as the relationship of these regions with individual difference (e.g., impulsivity) and treatment outcome variables. We further review drug influences in challenge studies as a means to examine acute influences on reward processing in abstinent, recreationally using, and addicted populations. Generalized reward processing in addicted and at-risk populations is often characterized by divergent anticipatory signaling in the ventral striatum. Although methodologic and task variations may underlie some discrepant findings, anticipatory signaling in the ventral striatum may also be influenced by smoking status, drug metabolites, and treatment status in addicted populations. Divergent results across abstinent, recreationally using, and addicted populations demonstrate complexities in interpreting findings. Future studies would benefit from focusing on characterizing how impulsivity and other addiction-related features relate to anticipatory striatal signaling over time. Additionally, identifying how anticipatory signals recover or adjust after protracted abstinence will be important in understanding recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M. Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding Author: Iris M. Balodis, PhD, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Rm 731, New Haven, CT 06519, Tel: 203-737-2668,
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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39
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García-García I, Horstmann A, Jurado MA, Garolera M, Chaudhry SJ, Margulies DS, Villringer A, Neumann J. Reward processing in obesity, substance addiction and non-substance addiction. Obes Rev 2014; 15:853-69. [PMID: 25263466 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Similarities and differences between obesity and addiction are a prominent topic of ongoing research. We conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis on 87 studies in order to map the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to reward in participants with obesity, substance addiction and non-substance (or behavioural) addiction, and to identify commonalities and differences between them. Our study confirms the existence of alterations during reward processing in obesity, non-substance addiction and substance addiction. Specifically, participants with obesity or with addictions differed from controls in several brain regions including prefrontal areas, subcortical structures and sensory areas. Additionally, participants with obesity and substance addictions exhibited similar blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI hyperactivity in the amygdala and striatum when processing either general rewarding stimuli or the problematic stimuli (food and drug-related stimuli, respectively). We propose that these similarities may be associated with an enhanced focus on reward--especially with regard to food or drug-related stimuli--in obesity and substance addiction. Ultimately, this enhancement of reward processes may facilitate the presence of compulsive-like behaviour in some individuals or under some specific circumstances. We hope that increasing knowledge about the neurobehavioural correlates of obesity and addictions will lead to practical strategies that target the high prevalence of these central public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-García
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (IR3C), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Liverant GI, Sloan DM, Pizzagalli DA, Harte CB, Kamholz BW, Rosebrock LE, Cohen AL, Fava M, Kaplan GB. Associations among smoking, anhedonia, and reward learning in depression. Behav Ther 2014; 45:651-63. [PMID: 25022776 PMCID: PMC4446716 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression and cigarette smoking co-occur at high rates. However, the etiological mechanisms that contribute to this relationship remain unclear. Anhedonia and associated impairments in reward learning are key features of depression, which also have been linked to the onset and maintenance of cigarette smoking. However, few studies have investigated differences in anhedonia and reward learning among depressed smokers and depressed nonsmokers. The goal of this study was to examine putative differences in anhedonia and reward learning in depressed smokers (n=36) and depressed nonsmokers (n=44). To this end, participants completed self-report measures of anhedonia and behavioral activation (BAS reward responsiveness scores) and as well as a probabilistic reward task rooted in signal detection theory, which measures reward learning (Pizzagalli, Jahn, & O'Shea, 2005). When considering self-report measures, depressed smokers reported higher trait anhedonia and reduced BAS reward responsiveness scores compared to depressed nonsmokers. In contrast to self-report measures, nicotine-satiated depressed smokers demonstrated greater acquisition of reward-based learning compared to depressed nonsmokers as indexed by the probabilistic reward task. Findings may point to a potential mechanism underlying the frequent co-occurrence of smoking and depression. These results highlight the importance of continued investigation of the role of anhedonia and reward system functioning in the co-occurrence of depression and nicotine abuse. Results also may support the use of treatments targeting reward learning (e.g., behavioral activation) to enhance smoking cessation among individuals with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle I. Liverant
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Denise M. Sloan
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- McLean Hospital, Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research,Harvard Medical School
| | - Christopher B. Harte
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,Research Service VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Barbara W. Kamholz
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,Department of Psychology, Boston University
| | - Laina E. Rosebrock
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Andrew L. Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Gary B. Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
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41
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Jasinska AJ, Zorick T, Brody AL, Stein EA. Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: a review of neuroimaging studies in humans. Neuropharmacology 2014; 84:111-22. [PMID: 23474015 PMCID: PMC3710300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates both nicotine's addiction liability and its cognition-enhancing effects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine's impact on brain function and behavior remain incompletely understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is of high clinical importance and may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation as well as for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which make it possible to study the actions of nicotine in the human brain in vivo, play an increasingly important role in identifying these dual mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and discuss outstanding questions and future directions in human neuroimaging research on nicotine and tobacco. This research spans from receptor-level PET and SPECT studies demonstrating nicotine occupancy at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and upregulation of nAChRs induced by chronic smoking; through nicotine's interactions with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system believed to mediate nicotine's reinforcing effects leading to dependence; to functional activity and connectivity fMRI studies documenting nicotine's complex behavioral and cognitive effects manifest by its actions on large-scale brain networks engaged both during task performance and at rest. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J Jasinska
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Todd Zorick
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States
| | - Arthur L Brody
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States.
| | - Elliot A Stein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Versace F, Engelmann JM, Robinson JD, Jackson EF, Green CE, Lam CY, Minnix JA, Karam-Hage MA, Brown VL, Wetter DW, Cinciripini PM. Prequit fMRI responses to pleasant cues and cigarette-related cues predict smoking cessation outcome. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:697-708. [PMID: 24376278 PMCID: PMC4015090 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reasons that some smokers find it harder to quit than others are unclear. Understanding how individual differences predict smoking cessation outcomes may allow the development of more successful personalized treatments for nicotine dependence. Theoretical models suggest that drug users might be characterized by increased sensitivity to drug cues and by reduced sensitivity to nondrug-related natural rewards. We hypothesized that baseline differences in brain sensitivity to natural rewards and cigarette-related cues would predict the outcome of a smoking cessation attempt. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we recorded prequit brain responses to neutral, emotional (pleasant and unpleasant), and cigarette-related cues from 55 smokers interested in quitting. We then assessed smoking abstinence, mood, and nicotine withdrawal symptoms during the course of a smoking cessation attempt. RESULTS Using cluster analysis, we identified 2 groups of smokers who differed in their baseline responses to pleasant cues and cigarette-related cues in the posterior visual association areas, the dorsal striatum, and the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Smokers who showed lower prequit levels of brain reactivity to pleasant stimuli than to cigarette-related cues were less likely to be abstinent 6 months after their quit attempt, and they had higher levels of negative affect during the course of the quit attempt. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with blunted brain responses to pleasant stimuli, relative to cigarette-related stimuli, had more difficulty quitting smoking. For these individuals, the lack of alternative forms of reinforcement when nicotine deprived might be an important factor underlying relapse. Normalizing these pathological neuroadaptations may help them achieve abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cho Y. Lam
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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43
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Casement MD, Shaw DS, Sitnick SL, Musselman SC, Forbes EE. Life stress in adolescence predicts early adult reward-related brain function and alcohol dependence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:416-23. [PMID: 24795442 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events increase vulnerability to problematic alcohol use, and they may do this by disrupting reward-related neural circuitry. This is particularly relevant for adolescents because alcohol use rises sharply after mid-adolescence and alcohol abuse peaks at age 20. Adolescents also report more stressors compared with children, and neural reward circuitry may be especially vulnerable to stressors during adolescence because of prefrontal cortex remodeling. Using a large sample of male participants in a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study (N = 157), we evaluated whether cumulative stressful life events between the ages of 15 and 18 were associated with reward-related brain function and problematic alcohol use at age 20 years. Higher cumulative stressful life events during adolescence were associated with decreased response in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during monetary reward anticipation and following the receipt of monetary rewards. Stress-related decreases in mPFC response during reward anticipation and following rewarding outcomes were associated with the severity of alcohol dependence. Furthermore, mPFC response mediated the association between stressful life events and later symptoms of alcohol dependence. These data are consistent with neurobiological models of addiction that propose that stressors during adolescence increase risk for problematic alcohol use by disrupting reward circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melynda D Casement
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Stephanie L Sitnick
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Samuel C Musselman
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
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Abstract
Neuroimaging, including PET, MRI, and MRS, is a powerful approach to the study of brain function. This article reviews neuroimaging findings related to alcohol and other drugs of abuse that have been published since 2011. Uses of neuroimaging are to characterize patients to determine who will fare better in treatment and to investigate the reasons underlying the effect on outcomes. Neuroimaging is also used to characterize the acute and chronic effects of substances on the brain and how those effects are related to dependence, relapse, and other drug effects. The data can be used to provide encouraging information for patients, as several studies have shown that long-term abstinence is associated with at least partial normalization of neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Niciu
- National Institutes of Health and Department of Health and Human Services, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Dr., Building 10/CRC, Room 7-5545, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Yale University Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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45
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Martin LE, Cox LS, Brooks WM, Savage CR. Winning and losing: differences in reward and punishment sensitivity between smokers and nonsmokers. Brain Behav 2014; 4:915-24. [PMID: 25365800 PMCID: PMC4178298 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokers show increased brain activation in reward processing regions in response to smoking-related cues, yet few studies have examined secondary rewards not associated with smoking (i.e., money). Inconsistencies exist in the studies that do examine secondary rewards with some studies showing increased brain activation in reward processing brain regions, while others show decreased activation or no difference in activation between smokers and nonsmokers. AIMS The goal of the current study is to see if smokers process the evaluation and delivery of equally salient real world rewards similarly or differently than nonsmokers. METHODS The current study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain responses in smokers and nonsmokers during the evaluation and delivery of monetary gains and losses. RESULTS In comparison to nonsmokers, smokers showed increased activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the evaluation of anticipated monetary losses and the brain response. Moreover, smokers compared to nonsmokers showed decreased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus to the delivery of expected monetary gains. Brain activations to both the evaluation of anticipated monetary losses and the delivery of expected monetary gains correlated with increased self-reported smoking craving to relieve negative withdrawal symptoms and craving related to positive aspects of smoking, respectively. DISCUSSION Together these results indicate that smokers are hyperresponsive to the evaluation of anticipated punishment and hyporesponsive to the delivery of expected rewards. Although further research is needed, this hypersensitivity to punishments coupled with increased craving may negatively impact quit attempts as smokers anticipate the negative withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martin
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas ; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lisa S Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas
| | - William M Brooks
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas ; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Cary R Savage
- Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas
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Addy NA, Picciotto MR. Nicotine, striatum, and reward. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:205-6. [PMID: 23337022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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