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Ahmad MI, Amorim CG, Abu Qatouseh LF, Montenegro MCBSM. Nanobody-based immunosensor for the detection of H. pylori in saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 260:116423. [PMID: 38810413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is highly prevalent worldwide, affecting more than 43% of world population. The infection can be transmitted through different routes, like oral-oral, fecal-oral, and gastric-oral. Electrochemical sensors play a crucial role in the early detection of various substances, including biomolecules. In this study, the development of nanobody (Nb)-based immunosensor for the detection of H. pylori antigens in saliva samples was investigated. The D2_Nb was isolated and characterized using Western blot and ELISA and employed in the fabrication of the immunosensor. The sensor was prepared using gold screen-printed electrodes, with the immobilization of Nb achieved through chemical linkage using cysteamine-glutaraldehyde. The surface of the electrode was characterized using EIS, FTIR and SEM. Initially, the Nb-based immunosensor's performance was evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The sensor exhibited excellent linearity with an R2 value of 0.96. However, further assessment with the DPV technique revealed both a low limit of detection (5.9 ng/mL, <1 cfu/mL) and high selectivity when exposed to a mixture of similar antigens. Moreover, the immunosensor demonstrated robust recovery rates (96.2%-103.4%) when spiked into artificial saliva and maintained its functionality when stored at room temperature for 24 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ia Ahmad
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia G Amorim
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luay F Abu Qatouseh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Maria C B S M Montenegro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Boonkaew S, Szot-Karpińska K, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, de Marco A, Jönsson-Niedziółka M. NFC Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Device Integrated with Nanobody Recognition for C-Reactive Protein. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3066-3074. [PMID: 38877998 PMCID: PMC11217940 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices play a crucial role as tools for disease diagnostics, and the integration of biorecognition elements with electronic components into these devices widens their functionalities and facilitates the development of complex quantitative assays. Unfortunately, biosensors that exploit large conventional IgG antibodies to capture relevant biomarkers are often limited in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and storage stability, considerably restricting the use of POCT in real-world applications. Therefore, we used nanobodies as they are more suitable for fabricating electrochemical biosensors with near-field communication (NFC) technology. Moreover, a flow-through microfluidic device was implemented in this system for the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammation biomarker, and a model analyte. The resulting sensors not only have high sensitivity and portability but also retain automated sequential flow properties through capillary transport without the need for an external pump. We also compared the accuracy of CRP quantitative analyses between commercial PalmSens4 and NFC-based potentiostats. Furthermore, the sensor reliability was evaluated using three biological samples (artificial serum, plasma, and whole blood without any pretreatment). This platform will streamline the development of POCT devices by combining operational simplicity, low cost, fast analysis, and portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchanat Boonkaew
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szot-Karpińska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | | | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory
for Environmental and Life Sciences, University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
cesta 13, 5000 Nova
Gorica, Slovenia
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3
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Waheed Y, Mojumdar A, Shafiq M, de Marco A, De March M. The fork remodeler helicase-like transcription factor in cancer development: all at once. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167280. [PMID: 38851303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The Helicase-like Transcription Factor (HLTF) is a member of the SNF2-family of fork remodelers, primarily studied for its capacity to provide DNA Damage Tolerance (DDT) and to induce replication fork reversal (RFR). HLTF is recruited at stalled forks where both its ATPase motor and HIP116 Rad5p N-terminal (HIRAN) domains are necessary for regulating its interaction with DNA. HIRAN bestows specificity to ssDNA 3'-end and imparts branch migration as well as DNA remodeling capabilities facilitating damage repair. Both expression regulation and mutation rate affect HLTF activity. Gene hypermethylation induces loss of HLTF function, in particular in colorectal cancer (CRC), implying a tumour suppressor role. Surprisingly, a correlation between hypermethylation and HLTF mRNA upregulation has also been observed, even within the same cancer type. In many cancers, both complex mutation patterns and the presence of gene Copy Number Variations (CNVs) have been reported. These conditions affect the amount of functional HLTF and question the physiological role of this fork remodeler. This review offers a systematic collection of the presently strewed information regarding HLTF, its structural and functional characteristics, the multiple roles in DDT and the regulation in cancer progression highlighting new research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossma Waheed
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipaska Cesta 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; National Institute of Science and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan
| | - Aditya Mojumdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Victoria, Canada
| | - Mohammad Shafiq
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipaska Cesta 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Ario de Marco
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipaska Cesta 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Matteo De March
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipaska Cesta 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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4
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Yang C, Zhen Y, Hou J, Mi T. Development of a Rapid Detection Method to Prorocentrum lima by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification with Hydroxy Naphthol Blue. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:475-487. [PMID: 38602600 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima, a widely distributed dinoflagellate known for its production of harmful biotoxins, poses a significant threat to humans, aquaculture, and marine ecosystems. As a result, the detection of this toxic alga in coastal waters has become an urgent research focus. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection method based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed to identify P. lima. In this method, cell extracts of P. lima were diluted and used directly as templates for amplification, eliminating the need for nucleic acid purification and simplifying the detection process. Hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) was incorporated into the reaction mix to facilitate result interpretation, enabling visual determination of the amplification outcome with the naked eye. The entire detection process, from DNA extraction to template amplification and product detection, could be completed within 80 min using a simple constant temperature-control device. This LAMP-based detection method demonstrated excellent reliability, specificity, and a low detection limit of 5.87 cells/mL for DNA crude extract. The assay offered an efficient alternative to PCR for rapid detection of P. lima. By streamlining the detection process and offering a visual readout, this technique holds promise for efficient and routine monitoring of harmful algal species, benefitting both research efforts and environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jialin Hou
- Weifang Bangmao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Tiezhu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Choowongkomon K, Chaisakul J, Seetaha S, Vasaruchapong T, Hodgson WC, Rasri N, Chaeksin K, Boonchaleaw S, Sookprasert N. Development of a Biosensor to Detect Venom of Malayan Krait ( Bungarus candidus). Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:56. [PMID: 38276532 PMCID: PMC10820552 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) envenoming is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in many Southeast Asian countries. If intubation and specific antivenom administration are delayed, the most significant life-threatening outcome may be the inhibition of neuromuscular transmission and subsequent respiratory failure. It is recommended that krait-envenomed victims without indications of neurotoxicity, e.g., skeletal muscle weakness or ptosis, immediately receive 10 vials of antivenom. However, the administration of excess antivenom may lead to hypersensitivity or serum sickness. Therefore, monitoring venom concentrations in patients could be used as an indicator for snake antivenom treatment. In this study, we aimed to develop a screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) biosensor to detect B. candidus venom in experimentally envenomed rats. The gold electrodes were coated with monovalent Malayan krait IgG antivenom and used as venom detection biosensors. Electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) measurements were performed to detect the electrical characterization between B. candidus venom and monovalent IgG antivenom in the biosensor. The EIS measurements showed increases in charge transfer resistance (Rct) following IgG immobilization and incubation with B. candidus venom solution (0.1-0.4 mg/mL); thus, the antibody was immobilized on the electrode surface and venom was successfully detected. The lowest current signal was detected by SWV measurement in rat plasma collected 30 min following B. candidus experimental envenoming, indicating the highest level of venom concentration in blood circulation (4.3 ± 0.7 µg/mL). The present study demonstrates the ability of the SPGE biosensor to detect B. candidus venom in plasma from experimentally envenomed rats. The technology obtained in this work may be developed as a detection tool for use along with the standard treatment of Malayan krait envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.C.); (S.S.); (N.R.)
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Janeyuth Chaisakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supaphorn Seetaha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.C.); (S.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Taksa Vasaruchapong
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Natchaya Rasri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.C.); (S.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Katechawin Chaeksin
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sattawat Boonchaleaw
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Nattapon Sookprasert
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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D’Ercole C, De March M, Veggiani G, Oloketuyi S, Svigelj R, de Marco A. Biological Applications of Synthetic Binders Isolated from a Conceptually New Adhiron Library. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1533. [PMID: 37892215 PMCID: PMC10605594 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhirons are small (10 kDa) synthetic ligands that might represent an alternative to antibody fragments and to alternative scaffolds such as DARPins or affibodies. METHODS We prepared a conceptionally new adhiron phage display library that allows the presence of cysteines in the hypervariable loops and successfully panned it against antigens possessing different characteristics. RESULTS We recovered binders specific for membrane epitopes of plant cells by panning the library directly against pea protoplasts and against soluble C-Reactive Protein and SpyCatcher, a small protein domain for which we failed to isolate binders using pre-immune nanobody libraries. The best binders had a binding constant in the low nM range, were produced easily in bacteria (average yields of 15 mg/L of culture) in combination with different tags, were stable, and had minimal aggregation propensity, independent of the presence or absence of cysteine residues in their loops. DISCUSSION The isolated adhirons were significantly stronger than those isolated previously from other libraries and as good as nanobodies recovered from a naïve library of comparable theoretical diversity. Moreover, they proved to be suitable reagents for ELISA, flow cytometry, the western blot, and also as capture elements in electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D’Ercole
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, Rožna Dolina, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (C.D.); (M.D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Matteo De March
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, Rožna Dolina, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (C.D.); (M.D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Gianluca Veggiani
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Sandra Oloketuyi
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, Rožna Dolina, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (C.D.); (M.D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Ario de Marco
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, Rožna Dolina, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (C.D.); (M.D.M.); (S.O.)
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7
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Ionescu RE. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensors Using Nanobodies as Biocompatible Sniffer Tools of Agricultural Contaminants and Human Disease Biomarkers. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1486. [PMID: 37630022 PMCID: PMC10456424 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) are known as camelid single-domain fragments or variable heavy chain antibodies (VHH) that in vitro recognize the antigens (Ag) similar to full-size antibodies (Abs) and in vivo allow immunoreactions with biomolecule cavities inaccessible to conventional Abs. Currently, Nbs are widely used for clinical treatments due to their remarkably improved performance, ease of production, thermal robustness, superior physical and chemical properties. Interestingly, Nbs are also very promising bioreceptors for future rapid and portable immunoassays, compared to those using unstable full-size antibodies. For all these reasons, Nbs are excellent candidates in ecological risk assessments and advanced medicine, enabling the development of ultrasensitive biosensing platforms. In this review, immobilization strategies of Nbs on conductive supports for enhanced electrochemical immune detection of food contaminants (Fcont) and human biomarkers (Hbio) are discussed. In the case of Fcont, the direct competitive immunoassay detection using coating antigen solid surface is the most commonly used approach for efficient Nbs capture which was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) when the signal decays for increasing concentrations of free antigen prepared in aqueous solutions. In contrast, for the Hbio investigations on thiolated gold electrodes, increases in amperometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) signals were recorded, with increases in the antigen concentrations prepared in PBS or spiked real human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Elena Ionescu
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie CS 42060, 10004 Troyes, France
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Tian Q, She Y, Zhu Y, Dai D, Shi M, Chu W, Cai T, Tsai HS, Li H, Jiang N, Fu L, Xia H, Lin CT, Ye C. Highly Sensitive and Selective Dopamine Determination in Real Samples Using Au Nanoparticles Decorated Marimo-like Graphene Microbead-Based Electrochemical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23052870. [PMID: 36905070 PMCID: PMC10007331 DOI: 10.3390/s23052870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective electrochemical dopamine (DA) sensor has been developed using gold nanoparticles decorated marimo-like graphene (Au NP/MG) as a modifier of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Marimo-like graphene (MG) was prepared by partial exfoliation on the mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) through molten KOH intercalation. Characterization via transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the surface of MG is composed of multi-layer graphene nanowalls. The graphene nanowalls structure of MG provided abundant surface area and electroactive sites. Electrochemical properties of Au NP/MG/GCE electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The electrode exhibited high electrochemical activity towards DA oxidation. The oxidation peak current increased linearly in proportion to the DA concentration in a range from 0.02 to 10 μM with a detection limit of 0.016 μM. The detection selectivity was carried out with the presence of 20 μM uric acid in goat serum real samples. This study demonstrated a promising method to fabricate DA sensor-based on MCMB derivatives as electrochemical modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yangguang Zhu
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Dan Dai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Mingjiao Shi
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wubo Chu
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tao Cai
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hsu-Sheng Tsai
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - He Li
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongyan Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (C.-T.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (C.-T.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chen Ye
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (C.-T.L.); (C.Y.)
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Dkhar DS, Kumari R, Mahapatra S, Divya, Kumar R, Tripathi T, Chandra P. Antibody-receptor bioengineering and its implications in designing bioelectronic devices. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:225-242. [PMID: 35870626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in the defense mechanism countering pathogens or foreign antigens in eukaryotes. Its potential as an analytical and diagnostic tool has been exploited for over a century. It forms immunocomplexes with a specific antigen, which is the basis of immunoassays and aids in developing potent biosensors. Antibody-based sensors allow for the quick and accurate detection of various analytes. Though classical antibodies have prolonged been used as bioreceptors in biosensors fabrication due to their increased fragility, they have been engineered into more stable fragments with increased exposure of their antigen-binding sites in the recent era. In biosensing, the formats constructed by antibody engineering can enhance the signal since the resistance offered by a conventional antibody is much more than these fragments. Hence, signal amplification can be observed when antibody fragments are utilized as bioreceptors instead of full-length antibodies. We present the first systematic review on engineered antibodies as bioreceptors with the description of their engineering methods. The detection of various target analytes, including small molecules, macromolecules, and cells using antibody-based biosensors, has been discussed. A comparison of the classical polyclonal, monoclonal, and engineered antibodies as bioreceptors to construct highly accurate, sensitive, and specific sensors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphika S Dkhar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Supratim Mahapatra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Divya
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; Regional Director's Office, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Regional Centre Kohima, Kenuozou, Kohima 797001, India.
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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10
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Chen Z, Li B, Liu J, Li H, Li C, Xuan X, Li M. A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on a gold-vertical graphene/TiO 2 nanotube electrode for CA125 detection in oxidation/reduction dual channels. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:257. [PMID: 35701556 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A label-free immunosensor was constructed in oxidation and reduction dual channel mode for the trace detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in serum. The gold-vertical graphene/titanium dioxide (Au-VG/TiO2) electrode was used as the signal-amplification platform, and cytosine and dopamine were used as probes in the oxidation and reduction channels, respectively. VG nanosheets were synthesized on a TiO2 nanotube array via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and Au nanoparticles were deeply embedded on the surface and in the root of the VG nanosheets via electrodeposition. The CA125 antibody was then directly immobilized onto the electrode surface, benefitting from its natural affinity for Au nanoparticles. In the oxidation and reduction channels the CA125 antibody-Au-VG/TiO2 immune electrode had the same response concentration range (0.01-1000 mU∙mL-1) for the determination of the CA125 antigen. However, the oxidation channel had a higher sensitivity (14.82 μA•(log(mU•mL-1))-1 at a working potential of ~ 1.25 V vs. SCE), lower detection limit (0.0001 mU∙mL-1), higher stability, and lower performance deviation than the reduction channel. This immunosensor was successfully used for CA125 detection in human serum. The recoveries of spiked serum samples ranged from 99.8 ± 0.5 to 100 ± 0.4%. The study on the difference in the sensing performance between oxidation and reduction channels provides a preliminary experimental reference for exploring dual-channel synchronous detection immunosensors and verifying the accuracy of the assay based on dual-channel data, which will promote the development of reliable electrochemical immunosensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongji Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cuiping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Devices, Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Devices & Communication Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwei Xuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Devices, Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Devices & Communication Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingji Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Devices, Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Devices & Communication Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Chin Chwan Chuong JJ, Rahman M, Ibrahim N, Heng LY, Tan LL, Ahmad A. Harmful Microalgae Detection: Biosensors versus Some Conventional Methods. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093144. [PMID: 35590834 PMCID: PMC9103738 DOI: 10.3390/s22093144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been a steady stream of information on the methods and techniques available for detecting harmful algae species. The conventional approaches to identify harmful algal bloom (HAB), such as microscopy and molecular biological methods are mainly laboratory-based and require long assay times, skilled manpower, and pre-enrichment of samples involving various pre-experimental preparations. As an alternative, biosensors with a simple and rapid detection strategy could be an improvement over conventional methods for the detection of toxic algae species. Moreover, recent biosensors that involve the use of nanomaterials to detect HAB are showing further enhanced detection limits with a broader linear range. The improvement is attributed to nanomaterials’ high surface area to volume ratio, excellent biological compatibility with biomolecules, and being capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal. Hence, this review presents the potential usage of biosensors over conventional methods to detect HABs. The methods reported for the detection of harmful algae species, ranging from conventional detection methods to current biosensor approaches will be discussed, along with their respective advantages and drawbacks to indicate the future prospects of biosensor technology for HAB event management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Jason Chin Chwan Chuong
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.J.C.C.C.); (N.I.); (L.L.T.)
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Department of General Educational Development (GED), Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Nadiah Ibrahim
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.J.C.C.C.); (N.I.); (L.L.T.)
| | - Lee Yook Heng
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-8921-3356; Fax: +60-3-8921-5410
| | - Ling Ling Tan
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (J.J.C.C.C.); (N.I.); (L.L.T.)
| | - Asmat Ahmad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
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Jiao Y, Huang Z, Chen M, Zhou X, Lu H, Wang B, Dai X. A label-free amperometric immunosensor with improved electrocatalytic 3D braided AuPtCu-SWCNTs@MoS 2-rGO for human growth differentiation factor-15 detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1420-1429. [PMID: 35315459 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β family. GDF-15 is overexpressed in cardiovascular diseases and has become a novel biomarker for these diseases. In this study, we fabricated a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of GDF-15. Briefly, a three-dimensional braided composite of AuPtCu-SWCNTs@MoS2-rGO (denoted A@M), which served as a label-free immunosensor platform, was obtained by wrapping single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with trimetallic nanoflowers (AuPtCu NFs) woven on a three-dimensional network nanostructure composed of Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. This optimization improved the ability of the platform to immobilize antibodies, accelerated the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, and promoted the migration rate of electrons on the electrode surface, thereby further amplifying the electrical signal and improving the sensitivity. The constructed sensor exhibited high sensitivity over a wide linear range from 1 pg mL-1 to 50 ng mL-1, with a low detection limit of 0.825 pg mL-1 for GDF-15. The fabricated label-free immunosensor exhibits satisfactory reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. The detection of actual samples was successful, enabling a broad scope of application in the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China.
| | - Mei Chen
- Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Chengdu Coe Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China.
| | - Baogang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P. R. China
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13
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Liu F, Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen G. A review of the current and emerging detection methods of marine harmful microalgae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152913. [PMID: 34999066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the scale and frequency of outbreaks of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased year by year due to the intensification of seawater eutrophication and global climate change. HABs have become a global marine ecological and environmental problem, which poses a serious threat to human health, marine ecological security, and economic development. The establishment of detection technology for harmful microalgae is fundamental to the early warning and prevention of HABs. To date, several detection methods have been developed for harmful microalgae, they however lack a unified classification standard. It is difficult to use a reasonable mix of all the developed methods to improve the accuracy of detection results. Here, all of the established detection methods for harmful microalgae were reviewed, including morphological structure-based detection methods, cytochrome-based detection techniques, immunoassays, and nucleic acid-based detection methods. The principles, advantages, and weaknesses of these methods were highlighted. Their application in the detection of harmful microalgae was summarized. Overall, different detection methods are suitable for different purposes. Further development of more accurate, cost-effective, efficient, and rapid detection technology is required in the future. This review is expected to provide a reference for research related to the monitoring of marine environment, early warning of HABs, and the molecular identification of harmful microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Guofu Chen
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, PR China.
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14
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Cytoplasmic Production of Nanobodies and Nanobody-Based Reagents by Co-Expression of Sulfhydryl Oxidase and DsbC Isomerase. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2446:145-157. [PMID: 35157272 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2075-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies are stable molecules that can often fold correctly even in the absence of the disulfide bond(s) that stabilize their three-dimensional conformation. Nevertheless, some nanobodies require the formation of disulfide bonds, and therefore they are commonly expressed from vectors that promote their secretion into the oxidizing environment of the Escherichia coli periplasm. As an alternative, the bacterial cytoplasm can be an effective compartment for producing correctly folded nanobodies when sulfhydryl oxidase and disulfide-bond isomerase activities are co-expressed from a recombinant vector. The larger volume and wider chaperone/foldase availability of the cytoplasm enable the achievement of high yields of both nanobodies and nanobody-tag fusions, independently of their redox requirements. Among other examples, the protocol described here was used to successfully produce nanobody fusions with fluorescent proteins that do not fold correctly in the periplasm, nanobodies with Fc domains, and nanobodies containing free cysteine tags.
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15
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De March M, Terdoslavich M, Polez S, Guarnaccia C, Poggianella M, Marcello A, Skoko N, de Marco A. Expression, purification and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD in ExpiCHO cells. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 194:106071. [PMID: 35172194 PMCID: PMC8841003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Reliable diagnosis is critical to identify infections of SARS-CoV-2 as well as to evaluate the immune response to virus and vaccines. Consequently, it becomes crucial the isolation of sensitive antibodies to use as immunocapture elements of diagnostic tools. The final bottleneck to achieve these results is the availability of enough antigen of good quality. We have established a robust pipeline for the production of recombinant, functional SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) at high yield and low cost in culture flasks. RBD was expressed in transiently transfected ExpiCHO cells at 32 °C and 5% CO2 and purified up to 40 mg/L. The progressive protein accumulation in the culture medium was monitored with an immunobinding assay in order to identify the optimal collection time. Successively, a two-step chromatographic protocol enabled its selective purification in the monomeric state. RBD quality assessment was positively evaluated by SDS-PAGE, Western Blotting and Mass Spectrometry, while Bio-Layer Interferometry, flow cytometer and ELISA tests confirmed its functionality. This effective protocol for the RBD production in transient eukaryotic system can be immediately extended to the production of RBD mutants.
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16
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Gao S, Guisán JM, Rocha-Martin J. Oriented immobilization of antibodies onto sensing platforms - A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1189:338907. [PMID: 34815045 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunosensor has been proven a versatile tool to detect various analytes, such as food contaminants, pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics and biomarkers related to cancer. To fabricate robust and reproducible immunosensors with high sensitivity, the covalent immobilization of immunoglobulins (IgGs) in a site-specific manner contributes to better performance. Instead of the random IgG orientations result from the direct yet non-selective immobilization techniques, this review for the first time introduces the advances of stepwise yet site-selective conjugation strategies to give better biosensing efficiency. Noncovalently adsorbing IgGs is the first but decisive step to interact specifically with the Fc fragment, then following covalent conjugate can fix this uniform and antigens-favorable orientation irreversibly. In this review, we first categorized this stepwise strategy into two parts based on the different noncovalent interactions, namely adhesive layer-mediated interaction onto homofunctional support and layer-free interaction onto heterofunctional support (which displays several different functionalities on its surface that are capable to interact with IgGs). Further, the influence of ligands characteristics (synthesis strategies, spacer requirements and matrices selection) on the heterofunctional support has also been discussed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives for the real-world application of stepwise covalent conjugation are discussed. This review provides more insights into the fabrication of high-efficiency immunosensor, and special attention has been devoted to the well-orientation of full-length IgGs onto the sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Gao
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Guisán
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Oloketuyi S, Bernedo R, Christmann A, Borkowska J, Cazzaniga G, Schuchmann HW, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Szot-Karpińska K, Kolmar H, de Marco A. Native llama Nanobody Library Panning Performed by Phage and Yeast Display Provides Binders Suitable for C-Reactive Protein Detection. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120496. [PMID: 34940253 PMCID: PMC8699515 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammation biomarker that should be quantified accurately during infections and healing processes. Nanobodies are good candidates to replace conventional antibodies in immunodiagnostics due to their inexpensive production, simple engineering, and the possibility to obtain higher binder density on capture surfaces. Starting from the same pre-immune library, we compared the selection output resulting from two independent panning strategies, one exclusively exploiting the phage display and another in which a first round of phage display was followed by a second round of yeast display. There was a partial output convergence between the two methods, since two clones were identified using both panning protocols but the first provided several further different sequences, whereas the second favored the recovery of many copies of few clones. The isolated anti-CRP nanobodies had affinity in the low nanomolar range and were suitable for ELISA and immunoprecipitation. One of them was fused to SpyTag and exploited in combination with SpyCatcher as the immunocapture element to quantify CRP using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the biosensor was calculated as low as 0.21 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oloketuyi
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Robert Bernedo
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Andreas Christmann
- Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64200 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.C.); (H.W.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Justyna Borkowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (J.N.-J.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Giulia Cazzaniga
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Horst Wilhelm Schuchmann
- Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64200 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.C.); (H.W.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Joanna Niedziółka-Jönsson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (J.N.-J.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Szot-Karpińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (J.N.-J.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64200 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.C.); (H.W.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
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Trashin S, Morales-Yánez F, Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Paredis L, Carrión EN, Sariego I, Muyldermans S, Polman K, Gorun SM, De Wael K. Nanobody-Based Immunosensor Detection Enhanced by Photocatalytic-Electrochemical Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13606-13614. [PMID: 34585567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic method despite its worldwide occurrence. The currently used serology tests may stay positive even years after a possibly unnoticed infection, whereas the direct detection of a re-infection or a still active infection remains a diagnostic challenge due to the low concentration of circulating parasitic antigens. We report a time-efficient sandwich immunosensor using small recombinant single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies specific to Toxocara canis antigens. An enhanced sensitivity to pg/mL levels is achieved by using a redox cycle consisting of a photocatalytic oxidation and electrochemical reduction steps. The photocatalytic oxidation is achieved by a photosensitizer generating singlet oxygen (1O2) that, in turn, readily reacts with p-nitrophenol enzymatically produced under alkaline conditions. The photooxidation produces benzoquinone that is electrochemically reduced to hydroquinone, generating an amperometric response. The light-driven process could be easily separated from the background, thus making amperometric detection more reliable. The proposed method for detection of the toxocariasis antigen marker shows superior performances compared to other detection schemes with the same nanobodies and outperforms by at least two orders of magnitude the assays based on regular antibodies, thus suggesting new opportunities for electrochemical immunoassays of challenging low levels of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Paredis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik N Carrión
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, 17100 Havana, Cuba
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergiu M Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
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Klangprapan S, Weng CC, Huang WT, Li YK, Choowongkomon K. Selection and Characterization of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid and Impedimetric Immunosensor Development. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24233-24243. [PMID: 34568701 PMCID: PMC8459408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) that causes huge global economic losses for the swine industry. Effective strategies or rapid detection of PCV2 in pig are essential to control PCVAD. Here, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) were selected and characterized against the PCV2 capsid using phage display technology. Phage scFv clones were selected from the human scFv phagemid library (Tomlinson I + J) for direct panning against the PCV2 capsid. Eighty-four monoclonal phage scFvs were individually tested for binding to the PCV2 capsid by ELISA. Eight scFv clones showed significant binding to the PCV2 capsid and only three clones (clone nos. 13, 37, and 81) contained both VHCDRs and VLCDRs in the sequence. Clone scFv no. 81 had the highest reactivity to the PCV2 capsid and was constructed in the pET22b (+) expression vector. The recombinant was transformed to Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for expression and purification. The scFv showed appropriate affinity to the PCV2 capsid by western blot analysis. Kinetics of scFv and the PCV2 capsid were determined using surface plasmon resonance and showed binding affinity in the nanomolar range (K D = 57.2 nM). Our scFv was first applied in the development of an impedimetric immunosensor for PCV2 capsid detection, and results showed that impedance increased with increasing PCV2 capsid expression with limit of detection = 114 nM. Findings demonstrated that our scFv has potential for use as a receptor for biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Klangprapan
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chang-Ching Weng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Kanno Y, Zhou Y, Fukuma T, Takahashi Y. Alkaline Phosphatase‐based Electrochemical Analysis for Point‐of‐Care Testing. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanno
- Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Kanagawa 226-8503 Japan
| | - Yuanshu Zhou
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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21
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Zhang J, Sun H, Pei W, Jiang H, Chen J. Nanobody-based immunosensing methods for safeguarding public health. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:318-326. [PMID: 34421007 PMCID: PMC8383166 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20210108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosensing methods are biosensing techniques based on specific recognition of an antigen-antibody immunocomplex, which have become commonly used in safeguarding public health. Taking advantage of antibody-related biotechnological advances, the utilization of an antigen-binding fragment of a heavy-chain-only antibody termed as 'nanobody' holds significant biomedical potential. Compared with the conventional full-length antibody, a single-domain nanobody retaining cognate antigen specificity possesses remarkable physicochemical stability and structural adaptability, which enables a flexible and efficient molecular design of the immunosensing strategy. This minireview aims to summarize the recent progress in immunosensing methods using nanobody targeting tumor markers, environmental pollutants, and foodborne microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhang
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Wei Pei
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Huijun Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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22
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An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143930. [PMID: 34300848 PMCID: PMC8306424 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Difenacoum (DIF) is one of the most widely used anticoagulant rodenticides. However, accidental or intentional ingestion of DIF seriously threatens humans and other non-target species. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive detection method to quantify DIF is urgently needed. In this study, one anti-DIF nanobody (Nb) was assembled on the surface of a gold interdigitated microelectrode (IDME) using an Au–S bond to fabricate a bioimpedance sensor. To improve the immobilization amount of Nbs on the electrode, a polycrystalline gold IDME was prepared to provide a larger surface and better biocompatibility. Thus, a novel and ultrasensitive bioimpedance sensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was designed for the determination of DIF, and it displayed good reproducibility and stability in human serum. The proposed bioimpedance sensor displayed a wide working range, between 0.1–1000 pg/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 pg/mL of DIF. This method exhibited excellent performance, good sensitivity, and reproducibility and achieved the highest sensitivity of all currently existing methods used to quantify DIF. The highly sensitive DIF detection of this proposed bioimpedance sensor indicates its potential as an efficacious approach for DIF monitoring in human serum with high accuracy and precision.
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23
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Rapid single-molecule detection of COVID-19 and MERS antigens via nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:666-677. [PMID: 34031558 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need for rapid and sensitive protein detection and quantification in simple and robust formats for widespread point-of-care applications. Here, we report on nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors with a modular architecture for the rapid quantification of single-molecule-to-nanomolar levels of specific antigens in complex bodily fluids. The sensors combine a solution-processable conjugated polymer in the transistor channel and high-density and orientation-controlled bioconjugation of nanobody-SpyCatcher fusion proteins on disposable gate electrodes. The devices provide results after 10 min of exposure to 5 μl of unprocessed samples, maintain high specificity and single-molecule sensitivity in human saliva and serum, and can be reprogrammed to detect any protein antigen if a corresponding specific nanobody is available. We used the sensors to detect green fluorescent protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike proteins, and for the COVID-19 screening of unprocessed clinical nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples with a wide range of viral loads.
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24
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Halicka K, Cabaj J. Electrospun Nanofibers for Sensing and Biosensing Applications-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6357. [PMID: 34198611 PMCID: PMC8232165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors and biosensors have found applications in many areas, e.g., in medicine and clinical diagnostics, or in environmental monitoring. To expand this field, nanotechnology has been employed in the construction of sensing platforms. Because of their properties, such as high surface area to volume ratio, nanofibers (NFs) have been studied and used to develop sensors with higher loading capacity, better sensitivity, and faster response time. They also allow to miniaturize designed platforms. One of the most commonly used techniques of the fabrication of NFs is electrospinning. Electrospun NFs can be used in different types of sensors and biosensors. This review presents recent studies concerning electrospun nanofiber-based electrochemical and optical sensing platforms for the detection of various medically and environmentally relevant compounds, including glucose, drugs, microorganisms, and toxic metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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25
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Nanobody-Dependent Detection of Microcystis aeruginosa by ELISA and Thermal Lens Spectrometry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2729-2741. [PMID: 33871768 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies against cell surface antigens of toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa were recovered by whole-cell biopanning of a naïve phage display library of nanobodies. Six unique sequences were identified and three sub-cloned and purified as fusion immunoreagents together with either green fluorescent protein or AviTag to be used for diagnostics. The yields of nanobody constructs were in the range of 5-10 mg/l and their specificity and sensitivity was initially evaluated by immunofluorescence and by fluorescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using fluorescent nanobodies. The ELISA data confirmed the nanobody specificity but showed that the saturation of the fluorescence signal already in the presence of few hundreds of cells limited the dynamic range of the method. As an alternative, Avi-tagged nanobodies were used in combination with streptavidin-linked horseradish peroxidase for developing a diagnostic colorimetric cell ELISA, the limit-of-detection of which was 3.2 and 4.5 cells/ml for the two tested cyanobacteria strains, whereas the linear range of the assay was expanded from 10 to 10,000 cells. The fluorescent nanobodies were finally exploited for quantifying cyanobacteria by thermal lens spectrometry (TLS) that enabled to reach a limit-of-detection of 1.2 cells/ml and provided a linear range of measurement between 0 and 10,000 cells. No cross-reactivity with unrelated microalgae was detected and both colorimetric ELISA and TLS provided a linear range of detection of few logs. The data indicate that nanobodies are suitable capture reagents and that both TLS and colorimetric ELISA are reliable to monitor variations of cyanobacteria populations.
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26
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The role of the surface ligand on the performance of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 antigen biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:103-113. [PMID: 33616686 PMCID: PMC7897554 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) technologies and testing programs hold great potential to significantly improve diagnosis and disease surveillance. POC tests have the intrinsic advantage of being able to be performed near the patient or treatment facility, owing to their portable character. With rapid results often in minutes, these diagnostic platforms have a high positive impact on disease management. POC tests are, in addition, advantageous in situations of a shortage of skilled personnel and restricted availability of laboratory-based analytics. While POC testing programs are widely considered in addressing health care challenges in low-income health systems, the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections could largely benefit from fast, efficient, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for limiting COVID-19 spreading. The unrestrained availability of SARS-CoV-2 POC tests is indeed one of the adequate means of better managing the COVID-19 outbreak. A large number of novel and innovative solutions to address this medical need have emerged over the last months. Here, we critically elaborate the role of the surface ligands in the design of biosensors to cope with the current viral outbreak situation. Their notable effect on electrical and electrochemical sensors' design will be discussed in some given examples. Graphical abstract.
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27
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Malla P, Chen GC, Liao HP, Liu CH, Wu WC. Label-free parathyroid hormone immunosensor using nanocomposite modified carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Ambrosetti E, Bernardinelli G, Hoffecker I, Hartmanis L, Kiriako G, de Marco A, Sandberg R, Högberg B, Teixeira AI. A DNA-nanoassembly-based approach to map membrane protein nanoenvironments. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:85-95. [PMID: 33139936 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins at the plasma membrane are not uniformly distributed but localize to dynamic domains of nanoscale dimensions. To investigate their functional relevance, there is a need for methods that enable comprehensive analysis of the compositions and spatial organizations of membrane protein nanodomains in cell populations. Here we describe the development of a non-microscopy-based method for ensemble analysis of membrane protein nanodomains. The method, termed nanoscale deciphering of membrane protein nanodomains (NanoDeep), is based on the use of DNA nanoassemblies to translate membrane protein organization information into a DNA sequencing readout. Using NanoDeep, we characterized the nanoenvironments of Her2, a membrane receptor of critical relevance in cancer. Importantly, we were able to modulate by design the inventory of proteins analysed by NanoDeep. NanoDeep has the potential to provide new insights into the roles of the composition and spatial organization of protein nanoenvironments in the regulation of membrane protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrosetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulio Bernardinelli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Hoffecker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Hartmanis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Kiriako
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Högberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Bastos-Soares EA, Sousa RMO, Gómez AF, Alfonso J, Kayano AM, Zanchi FB, Funes-Huacca ME, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Pereira SS, Fernandes CFC. Single domain antibodies in the development of immunosensors for diagnostics. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2244-2252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Abstract
In recent years, advances in immunosensor device fabrication have significantly expanded the use of this technology in a broad range of applications including clinical diagnosis, food analysis, quality control, environmental studies and industrial monitoring. The most important aspect in fabrication is to obtain a design that provides a low detection limit. The utilization of nanomaterials as a label, catalyst and biosensing transducer is, perhaps, the most popular approach in ultrasensitive devices. This chapter reviews recent advances in immunosensor fabrication and summarizes the most recent studies. Strategies employed to significantly improve sensitivity and specificity of immunosensor technology and the advantages and limitations thereof are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Aydin
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Elif Burcu Aydin
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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31
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de Marco A. Recombinant expression of nanobodies and nanobody-derived immunoreagents. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 172:105645. [PMID: 32289357 PMCID: PMC7151424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody fragments for which the sequence is available are suitable for straightforward engineering and expression in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. When produced as fusions with convenient tags, they become reagents which pair their selective binding capacity to an orthogonal function. Several kinds of immunoreagents composed by nanobodies and either large proteins or short sequences have been designed for providing inexpensive ready-to-use biological tools. The possibility to choose among alternative expression strategies is critical because the fusion moieties might require specific conditions for correct folding or post-translational modifications. In the case of nanobody production, the trend is towards simpler but reliable (bacterial) methods that can substitute for more cumbersome processes requiring the use of eukaryotic systems. The use of these will not disappear, but will be restricted to those cases in which the final immunoconstructs must have features that cannot be obtained in prokaryotic cells. At the same time, bacterial expression has evolved from the conventional procedure which considered exclusively the nanobody and nanobody-fusion accumulation in the periplasm. Several reports show the advantage of cytoplasmic expression, surface-display and secretion for at least some applications. Finally, there is an increasing interest to use as a model the short nanobody sequence for the development of in silico methodologies aimed at optimizing the yields, stability and affinity of recombinant antibodies. There is an increasing request for immunoreagents based on nanobodies. The multiplicity of their applications requires constructs with different structural complexity. Alternative expression methods are necessary to achieve such structural requirements. In silico optimization of nanobody biophysical characteristics becomes more and more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, S-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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