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Nezhad SM, Pourmousavi SA, Zare EN, Heidari G, Hosseini S, Peyvandtalab M. Magnetic poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene)-nickel nanocatalyst for the synthesis of antioxidant and antibacterial isoxazole-5(4 H)-ones derivatives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15886. [PMID: 37206030 PMCID: PMC10189505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A magnetic poly (1,8-diaminonaphthalene)-nickel (PDAN-Ni@Fe3O4) composite as a multifunctional nanocatalyst was prepared in several steps including (I) synthesis of poly (1,8-diaminonaphthalene) (PDAN), (II) modification of PDAN with NiSO4 (PDAN-Ni) and (III) preparation of magnetic nanocatalyst by iron (I and II) salts in the existence of PDAN-Ni complex (PDAN-Ni@Fe3O4). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (CHNSO), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied to characterize the prepared nanocatalyst. The PDAN-Ni@Fe3O4 was applied as an environmentally friendly nanocatalyst for the isoxazole-5(4H)-ones synthesis via a one-pot reaction between aryl/heteroaryl aldehyde, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and β-ketoester. The nanocomposite was also used for the synthesis of some new alkylene bridging bis 4-benzylidene-3-methyl isoxazole-5(4H)-ones. The catalyst's reusability, and the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of both catalyst and products, were studied. Results showed that the nanocatalyst and isoxazole-5(4H)-ones have antioxidant activity of 75% and 92%, respectively. In addition, the antibacterial test showed that the nanocatalyst and isoxazole-5(4H)-ones have highly active versus Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The reusability and stability of the nanocatalyst, a medium to higher product yield and conversion, a faster reaction time, and the use of green solvents were a few benefits of this study.
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DFT analysis and in vitro studies of isoxazole derivatives as potent antioxidant and antibacterial agents synthesized via one-pot methodology. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Nagaroor V, Gummadi SN. An overview of mammalian and microbial hormone-sensitive lipases (lipolytic family IV): biochemical properties and industrial applications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-30. [PMID: 36154870 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2127071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, hormone-sensitive lipase (EC 3.1.1.79) is an intracellular lipase that significantly regulates lipid metabolism. Mammalian HSL is more active towards diacylglycerol but lacks a lid covering the active site. Dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, cancer, and cancer-associated cachexia are symptoms of HSL pathophysiology. Certain microbial proteins show a sequence homologous to the catalytic domain of mammalian HSL, hence called microbial HSL. They possess a funnel-shaped substrate-binding pocket and restricted length of acyl chain esters, thus known as esterases. These enzymes have broad substrate specificities and are capable of stereo, regio, and enantioselective, making them attractive biocatalysts in a wide range of industrial applications in the production of flavors, pharmaceuticals, biosensors, and fine chemicals. This review will provide insight into mammalian and microbial HSLs, their sources, structural features related to substrate specificity, thermal stability, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Nagaroor
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology laboratory (AIM lab), Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology laboratory (AIM lab), Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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4
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Dutra JK, Foley TL, Huang Z, Fisher EL, Lachapelle EA, Mahapatra S, Ogilvie K, Butler TW, Bellenger J, Devraj Majmudar J, Am Ende CW. Fluorophosphonates on-Demand: A General and Simplified Approach toward Fluorophosphonate Synthesis. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1769-1774. [PMID: 33491295 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a general and simplified synthesis of fluorophosphonates directly from p-nitrophenylphosphonates. This FP on-demand reaction is mediated by a commercially available polymer-supported fluoride reagent that produces a variety (25 examples) of fluorophosphonates in high yields while only requiring reagent filtration for pure fluorophosphonate isolation. This reaction protocol facilitates the rapid profiling of serine hydrolases with diverse and novel sets of activated phosphonates with differential proteome reactivity. Moreover, slight modification of the procedure into a reaction-to-assay format has enabled additional screening efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Dutra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Timothy L Foley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ethan L Fisher
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Erik A Lachapelle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Ogilvie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Todd W Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Justin Bellenger
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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5
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Recazens E, Mouisel E, Langin D. Hormone-sensitive lipase: sixty years later. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 82:101084. [PMID: 33387571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was initially characterized as the hormonally regulated neutral lipase activity responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols into fatty acids in adipose tissue. This review aims at providing up-to-date information on structural properties, regulation of expression, activity and function as well as therapeutic potential. The lipase is expressed as different isoforms produced from tissue-specific alternative promoters. All isoforms are composed of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain within which a regulatory domain containing the phosphorylation sites is embedded. Some isoforms possess additional N-terminal regions. The catalytic domain shares similarities with bacteria, fungus and vascular plant proteins but not with other mammalian lipases. HSL singularity is provided by regulatory and N-terminal domains sharing no homology with other proteins. HSL has a broad substrate specificity compared to other neutral lipases. It hydrolyzes acylglycerols, cholesteryl and retinyl esters among other substrates. A novel role of HSL, independent of its enzymatic function, has recently been described in adipocytes. Clinical studies revealed dysregulations of HSL expression and activity in disorders, such as lipodystrophy, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer-associated cachexia. Development of specific inhibitors positions HSL as a pharmacological target for the treatment of metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Recazens
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France; Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
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6
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Hatvate NT, Ghodse SM. One-pot three-component synthesis of isoxazole using ZSM-5 as a heterogeneous catalyst. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1815786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navnath T. Hatvate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, St John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, India
| | - Shrikant M. Ghodse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prin. K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Anwar T, Nadeem H, Sarwar S, Naureen H, Ahmed S, Khan A, Arif M. Investigation of antioxidant and anti-nociceptive potential of isoxazolone, pyrazolone derivatives, and their molecular docking studies. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:893-903. [PMID: 32662202 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new isoxazolone (3a-d) and pyrazolone (4a-d) derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their antioxidant and analgesic activity. Among synthesized compounds, 3b and 4b having nitro (NO2 ) group show high analgesic activity at a dose of 6 mg/kg. Analgesic activity was further proceeded to explore the contribution of opioidergic mechanisms in the mediation of analgesic effects. Animals were administered with naloxone, a nonselective opioid inverse agonist, at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg. The results obtained suggested that the analgesic effects of the synthesized compounds were not reversed by naloxone, specifying that the compounds 3b and 4b do not follow the opioidergic pathway in order to relieve pain in animal models. Further, the binding interactions of compounds 3b and 4b were analyzed by docking them against nonopioid receptors COX-1 (3N8X) and COX-2 (3LN1). The results demonstrate the analgesic potential of isoxazolone and pyrazolone derivatives, especially compounds 3b and 4b can be considered promising lead molecules for further investigation and development into potent analgesic drugs. In addition, the antioxidant potential of compounds was also found to be related to better analgesic activity, thus providing an insight into the role of oxidative stress in the mediation of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Naureen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - ArifUllah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muazzam Arif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Torán R, Vila C, Sanz-Marco A, Muñoz MC, Pedro JR, Blay G. Organocatalytic Enantioselective 1,6-aza
-Michael Addition of Isoxazolin-5-ones to p
-Quinone Methides. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Torán
- Departament de Química Orgànica; Universitat de València; C/ Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Carlos Vila
- Departament de Química Orgànica; Universitat de València; C/ Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Amparo Sanz-Marco
- Departament de Química Orgànica; Universitat de València; C/ Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - M. Carmen Muñoz
- Departament de Física Aplicada; Universitat Politècnica de València; 46071 València Spain
| | - José R. Pedro
- Departament de Química Orgànica; Universitat de València; C/ Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blay
- Departament de Química Orgànica; Universitat de València; C/ Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot (València) Spain
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9
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Laroum R, Boulcina R, Bensouici C, Debache A. Facile Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of 4-Arylmethylideneisoxazol-5(4H)-ones. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2019.1677993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Laroum
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Molécules d’Intérêts Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri de Constantine, Algeria
| | - Raouf Boulcina
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Molécules d’Intérêts Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri de Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Abdelmadjid Debache
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Molécules d’Intérêts Biologiques, Université Frères Mentouri de Constantine, Algeria
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10
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Wang C, Abegg D, Dwyer BG, Adibekian A. Discovery and Evaluation of New Activity‐Based Probes for Serine Hydrolases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2212-2216. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
| | - Daniel Abegg
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
| | - Brendan G. Dwyer
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
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11
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Zhang X, Zhang CC, Yang H, Soni KG, Wang SP, Mitchell GA, Wu JW. An Epistatic Interaction between Pnpla2 and Lipe Reveals New Pathways of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050395. [PMID: 31035700 PMCID: PMC6563012 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis contributes to energy balance during fasting. Lipolysis can proceed by the sequential hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), then of diacylglycerols (DGs) by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). We showed that the combined genetic deficiency of ATGL and HSL in mouse adipose tissue produces a striking different phenotype from that of isolated ATGL deficiency, inconsistent with the linear model of lipolysis. We hypothesized that the mechanism might be functional redundancy between ATGL and HSL. To test this, the TG hydrolase activity of HSL was measured in WAT. HSL showed TG hydrolase activity. Then, to test ATGL for activity towards DGs, radiolabeled DGs were incubated with HSL-deficient lipid droplet fractions. The content of TG increased, suggesting DG-to-TG synthesis rather than DG hydrolysis. TG synthesis was abolished by a specific ATGL inhibitor, suggesting that ATGL functions as a transacylase when HSL is deficient, transferring an acyl group from one DG to another, forming a TG plus a monoglyceride (MG) that could be hydrolyzed by monoglyceride lipase. These results reveal a previously unknown physiological redundancy between ATGL and HSL, a mechanism for the epistatic interaction between Pnpla2 and Lipe. It provides an alternative lipolytic pathway, potentially important in patients with deficient lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cong Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Krishnakant G Soni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shu Pei Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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12
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Nakamura H, Hirabayashi K, Miyakawa T, Kikuzato K, Hu W, Xu Y, Jiang K, Takahashi I, Niiyama R, Dohmae N, Tanokura M, Asami T. Triazole Ureas Covalently Bind to Strigolactone Receptor and Antagonize Strigolactone Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:44-58. [PMID: 30391752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones, a class of plant hormones with multiple functions, mediate plant-plant and plant-microorganism communications in the rhizosphere. In this study, we developed potent strigolactone antagonists, which covalently bind to the strigolactone receptor D14, by preparing an array of triazole urea compounds. Using yeast two-hybrid and rice-tillering assays, we identified a triazole urea compound KK094 as a potent inhibitor of strigolactone receptors. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and X-ray crystallography revealed that KK094 was hydrolyzed by D14, and that a reaction product of this degradation covalently binds to the Ser residue of the catalytic triad of D14. Furthermore, we identified two triazole urea compounds KK052 and KK073, whose effects on D14-D53/D14-SLR1 complex formation were opposite due to the absence (KK052) or presence (KK073) of a trifluoromethyl group on their phenyl ring. These results demonstrate that triazole urea compounds are potentially powerful tools for agricultural application and may be useful for the elucidation of the complicated mechanism underlying strigolactone perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kei Hirabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ko Kikuzato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Wenqian Hu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuqun Xu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ruri Niiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Wase N, Black P, DiRusso C. Innovations in improving lipid production: Algal chemical genetics. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:101-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Laroum R, Debache A. New eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of 4-arylmethylene-isoxazol-5(4H)-ones catalyzed by pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in aqueous medium. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1473440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Laroum
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Molécules d’Intérêts Biologiques, Université de Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Abdelmadjid Debache
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Molécules d’Intérêts Biologiques, Université de Constantine 1, Constantine, Algérie
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15
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Three-Component Synthesis of Isoxazolone Derivatives in the Presence of 4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)pyridinium Acetate as a Protic Ionic Liquid. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-017-0453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Rondini EA, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Roush WR, Halvorsen GT, Green AE, Granneman JG. Novel Pharmacological Probes Reveal ABHD5 as a Locus of Lipolysis Control in White and Brown Adipocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:367-376. [PMID: 28928121 PMCID: PMC5698943 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge regarding acute regulation of adipocyte lipolysis is largely based on receptor-mediated activation or inhibition of pathways that influence intracellular levels of cAMP, thereby affecting protein kinase A (PKA) activity. We recently identified synthetic ligands of α-β-hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) that directly activate adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by dissociating ABHD5 from its inhibitory regulator, perilipin-1 (PLIN1). In the current study, we used these novel ligands to determine the direct contribution of ABHD5 to various aspects of lipolysis control in white (3T3-L1) and brown adipocytes. ABHD5 ligands stimulated adipocyte lipolysis without affecting PKA-dependent phosphorylation on consensus sites of PLIN1 or hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Cotreatment of adipocytes with synthetic ABHD5 ligands did not alter the potency or maximal lipolysis efficacy of the β-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) agonist isoproterenol (ISO), indicating that both target a common pool of ABHD5. Reducing ADRB/PKA signaling with insulin or desensitizing ADRB suppressed lipolysis responses to a subsequent challenge with ISO, but not to ABHD5 ligands. Lastly, despite strong treatment differences in PKA-dependent phosphorylation of HSL, we found that ligand-mediated activation of ABHD5 led to complete triglyceride hydrolysis, which predominantly involved ATGL, but also HSL. These results indicate that the overall pattern of lipolysis controlled by ABHD5 ligands is similar to that of isoproterenol, and that ABHD5 plays a central role in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. As lipolysis is critical for adaptive thermogenesis and in catabolic tissue remodeling, ABHD5 ligands may provide a means of activating these processes under conditions where receptor signaling is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - William R Roush
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - Geoff T Halvorsen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - Alex E Green
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
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17
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Ogiyama T, Yamaguchi M, Kurikawa N, Honzumi S, Terayama K, Nagaoka N, Yamamoto Y, Kimura T, Sugiyama D, Inoue SI. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of hormone sensitive lipase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4817-4828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Sulfated polyborate catalyzed expeditious and efficient three-component synthesis of 3-methyl-4-(hetero)arylmethylene isoxazole-5(4H)-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Identification of a novel hormone sensitive lipase inhibitor with a reduced potential of reactive metabolites formation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2234-2243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Ogiyama T, Yamaguchi M, Kurikawa N, Honzumi S, Yamamoto Y, Sugiyama D, Inoue S. Identification of a novel boronic acid as a potent, selective, and orally active hormone sensitive lipase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3801-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Gartung A, Zhao J, Chen S, Mottillo E, VanHecke GC, Ahn YH, Maddipati KR, Sorokin A, Granneman J, Lee MJ. Characterization of Eicosanoids Produced by Adipocyte Lipolysis: IMPLICATION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IN ADIPOSE INFLAMMATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16001-10. [PMID: 27246851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive adipocyte lipolysis generates lipid mediators and triggers inflammation in adipose tissue. However, the specific roles of lipolysis-generated mediators in adipose inflammation remain to be elucidated. In the present study, cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with isoproterenol to activate lipolysis and the fatty acyl lipidome of released lipids was determined by using LC-MS/MS. We observed that β-adrenergic activation elevated levels of approximately fifty lipid species, including metabolites of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, epoxygenases, and other sources. Moreover, we found that β-adrenergic activation induced cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), not COX-1, expression in a manner that depended on activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in cultured adipocytes and in the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) of C57BL/6 mice. We found that lipolysis activates the JNK/NFκB signaling pathway and inhibition of the JNK/NFκB axis abrogated the lipolysis-stimulated COX-2 expression. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 activity diminished levels of COX-2 metabolites during lipolytic activation. Inhibition of COX-2 abrogated the induction of CCL2/MCP-1 expression by β-adrenergic activation and prevented recruitment of macrophage/monocyte to adipose tissue. Collectively, our data indicate that excessive adipocyte lipolysis activates the JNK/NFκB pathway leading to the up-regulation of COX-2 expression and recruitment of inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gartung
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology
| | - Simon Chen
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrey Sorokin
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - James Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics
| | - Menq-Jer Lee
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
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22
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Expeditious green synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted isoxazole-5(4H)-ones catalyzed by nano-MgO. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Doler C, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Chemical Genetic Approaches for the Investigation of Neutral Lipid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2016; 17:358-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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24
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Verma A, Wong DM, Islam R, Tong F, Ghavami M, Mutunga JM, Slebodnick C, Li J, Viayna E, Lam PCH, Totrov MM, Bloomquist JR, Carlier PR. 3-Oxoisoxazole-2(3H)-carboxamides and isoxazol-3-yl carbamates: Resistance-breaking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors targeting the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1321-40. [PMID: 25684426 PMCID: PMC4346421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify potential selective and resistance-breaking mosquitocides against the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, we investigated the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and mosquitocidal properties of isoxazol-3-yl dimethylcarbamates (15), and the corresponding 3-oxoisoxazole-2(3H)-dimethylcarboxamide isomers (14). In both series, compounds were found with excellent contact toxicity to wild-type susceptible (G3) strain and multiply resistant (Akron) strain mosquitoes that carry the G119S resistance mutation of AChE. Compounds possessing good to excellent toxicity to Akron strain mosquitoes inhibit the G119S mutant of An. gambiae AChE (AgAChE) with ki values at least 10- to 600-fold higher than that of propoxur, a compound that does not kill Akron mosquitoes at the highest concentration tested. On average, inactivation of WT AgAChE by dimethylcarboxamides 14 was 10-20 fold faster than that of the corresponding isoxazol-3-yl dimethylcarbamates 15. X-ray crystallography of dimethylcarboxamide 14d provided insight into that reactivity, a finding that may explain the inhibitory power of structurally-related inhibitors of hormone-sensitive lipase. Finally, human/An. gambiae AChE inhibition selectivities of these compounds were low, suggesting the need for additional structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dawn M Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafique Islam
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Fan Tong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maryam Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carla Slebodnick
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Polo C-H Lam
- Molsoft LLC, 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Maxim M Totrov
- Molsoft LLC, 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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25
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Vasilieva E, Dutta S, Malla RK, Martin BP, Spilling CD, Dupureur CM. Rat hormone sensitive lipase inhibition by cyclipostins and their analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:944-52. [PMID: 25678014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclipostins are bicyclic lipophilic phosphate natural products. We report here that synthesized individual diastereomers of cyclipostins P and R have nanomolar IC50s toward hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The less potent diastereomers of these compounds have 10-fold weaker IC50s. The monocyclic phosphate analog of cyclipostin P is nearly as potent as the bicyclic natural product. Bicyclic phosphonate analogs of both cyclipostins exhibit IC50s similar to those of the weaker diastereomer phosphates (about 400nM). The monocyclic phosphonate analog of cyclipostin P has similar potency. A series of monocyclic phosphonate analogs in which a hydrophobic tail extends from the lactone side of the ring are considerably poorer inhibitors, with IC50s around 50μM. Finally cyclophostin, a related natural product inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that lacks the hydrocarbon tail of cyclipostins, is not active against HSL. These results indicate a critical SAR for these compounds, the hydrophobic tail. The smaller lactone ring is not critical to activity, a similarity shared with cyclophostin and AChE. The HSL kinetics of inhibition for the cyclipostin P trans diastereomer were examined in detail. The reaction is irreversible with a KI of 40nM and a rate constant for inactivation of 0.2min(-1). These results are similar to those observed for cyclophostin and AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilieva
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Supratik Dutta
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Raj K Malla
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Benjamin P Martin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Cynthia M Dupureur
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States.
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26
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Schweiger M, Eichmann TO, Taschler U, Zimmermann R, Zechner R, Lass A. Measurement of lipolysis. Methods Enzymol 2014; 538:171-93. [PMID: 24529439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800280-3.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipolysis is defined as the hydrolytic cleavage of ester bonds in triglycerides (TGs), resulting in the generation of fatty acids (FAs) and glycerol. The two major TG pools in the body of vertebrates comprise intracellular TGs and plasma/nutritional TGs. Accordingly, this leads to the discrimination between intracellular and intravascular/gastrointestinal lipolysis, respectively. This chapter focuses exclusively on intracellular lipolysis, referred to as lipolysis herein. The lipolytic cleavage of TGs occurs in essentially all cells and tissues of the body. In all of them, the resulting FAs are utilized endogenously for energy production or biosynthetic pathways with one exception, white adipose tissue (WAT). WAT releases FAs and glycerol to supply nonadipose tissues at times of nutrient deprivation. The fundamental role of lipolysis in lipid and energy homeostasis requires the accurate measurement of lipase activities and lipolytic rates. The recent discovery of new enzymes and regulators that mediate the hydrolysis of TG has made these measurements more complex. Here, we describe detailed methodology for how to measure lipolysis and specific enzymes' activities in cells, organs, and their respective extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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27
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Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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28
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Al-Shawabkeh JD, Al-Nadaf AH, Dahabiyeh LA, Taha MO. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of new HSL inhibitors guided by pharmacophore models. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Rider MH, Hussain N, Dilworth SM, Storey JM, Storey KB. AMP-activated protein kinase and metabolic regulation in cold-hardy insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1453-1462. [PMID: 21787782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Winter survival for many insects depends on cold hardiness adaptations as well as entry into a hypometabolic diapause state that minimizes energy expenditure. We investigated whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could be involved in this adaptation in larvae of two cold-hardy insects, Eurosta solidaginis that is freeze tolerant and Epiblema scudderiana that uses a freeze avoidance strategy. AMPK activity was almost 2-fold higher in winter larvae (February) compared with animals collected in September. Immunoblotting revealed that phosphorylation of AMPK in the activation loop and phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a key target of AMPK, were higher in Epiblema during midwinter whereas no seasonal change was seen in Eurosta. Immunoblotting also revealed a significant increase in ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in overwintering Epiblema larvae, and in both Eurosta and Epiblema, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 dramatically increased in the winter. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1α subunit site 1 phosphorylation was 2-fold higher in extracts of Eurosta larvae collected in February versus September while PDH activity decreased by about 50% in Eurosta and 80% in February Eurosta larvae compared with animals collected in September. Glycogen phosphorylase phosphorylation was 3-fold higher in Epiblema larvae collected in February compared with September and also in these animals, triglyceride lipase activity increased by 70% during winter. Overall, our study suggests a re-sculpting of metabolism during insect diapause, which shifted to a more catabolic poise in freeze-avoiding overwintering Epiblema larvae, possibly involving AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Rider
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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31
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Adibekian A, Martin BR, Wang C, Hsu KL, Bachovchin DA, Niessen S, Hoover H, Cravatt BF. Click-generated triazole ureas as ultrapotent in vivo-active serine hydrolase inhibitors. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:469-78. [PMID: 21572424 PMCID: PMC3118922 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases are a diverse enzyme class representing ∼1% of all human proteins. The biological functions of most serine hydrolases remain poorly characterized owing to a lack of selective inhibitors to probe their activity in living systems. Here we show that a substantial number of serine hydrolases can be irreversibly inactivated by 1,2,3-triazole ureas, which show negligible cross-reactivity with other protein classes. Rapid lead optimization by click chemistry-enabled synthesis and competitive activity-based profiling identified 1,2,3-triazole ureas that selectively inhibit enzymes from diverse branches of the serine hydrolase class, including peptidases (acyl-peptide hydrolase, or APEH), lipases (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase-2, or PAFAH2) and uncharacterized hydrolases (α,β-hydrolase-11, or ABHD11), with exceptional potency in cells (sub-nanomolar) and mice (<1 mg kg(-1)). We show that APEH inhibition leads to accumulation of N-acetylated proteins and promotes proliferation in T cells. These data indicate 1,2,3-triazole ureas are a pharmacologically privileged chemotype for serine hydrolase inhibition, combining broad activity across the serine hydrolase class with tunable selectivity for individual enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Adibekian
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brent R. Martin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chu Wang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel A. Bachovchin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Center for Physiological Proteomics, and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Heather Hoover
- Center for Physiological Proteomics, and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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32
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Zhang X, Wang L, Zhan Y, Fu Y, Zhai G, Wen Z. Synthesis and structural studies of 4-[(5-methoxy-1H-indole-3-yl)-methylene]-3-methyl-isoxazole-5-one by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Stenson BM, Rydén M, Venteclef N, Dahlman I, Pettersson AML, Mairal A, Aström G, Blomqvist L, Wang V, Jocken JWE, Clément K, Langin D, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. Liver X receptor (LXR) regulates human adipocyte lipolysis. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:370-9. [PMID: 21030586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.179499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Liver X receptor (LXR) is an important regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in humans and mice. We have recently shown that activation of LXR regulates cellular fuel utilization in adipocytes. In contrast, the role of LXR in human adipocyte lipolysis, the major function of human white fat cells, is not clear. In the present study, we stimulated in vitro differentiated human and murine adipocytes with the LXR agonist GW3965 and observed an increase in basal lipolysis. Microarray analysis of human adipocyte mRNA following LXR activation revealed an altered gene expression of several lipolysis-regulating proteins, which was also confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. We show that expression and intracellular localization of perilipin1 (PLIN1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) are affected by GW3965. Although LXR activation does not influence phosphorylation status of HSL, HSL activity is required for the lipolytic effect of GW3965. This effect is abolished by PLIN1 knockdown. In addition, we demonstrate that upon activation, LXR binds to the proximal regions of the PLIN1 and HSL promoters. By selective knock-down of either LXR isoform, we show that LXRα is the major isoform mediating the lipolysis-related effects of LXR. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that activation of LXRα up-regulates basal human adipocyte lipolysis. This is at least partially mediated through LXR binding to the PLIN1 promoter and down-regulation of PLIN1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta M Stenson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, S-14186, Sweden
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34
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Minkkilä A, Savinainen JR, Käsnänen H, Xhaard H, Nevalainen T, Laitinen JT, Poso A, Leppänen J, Saario SM. Screening of various hormone-sensitive lipase inhibitors as endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1253-9. [PMID: 19472270 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minkkilä
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Bezaire V, Mairal A, Ribet C, Lefort C, Girousse A, Jocken J, Laurencikiene J, Anesia R, Rodriguez AM, Ryden M, Stenson BM, Dani C, Ailhaud G, Arner P, Langin D. Contribution of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase to lipolysis in hMADS adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18282-91. [PMID: 19433586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.008631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipolysis is the catabolic pathway by which triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) have the capacity to hydrolyze in vitro the first ester bond of triglycerides, but their respective contributions to whole cell lipolysis in human adipocytes is unclear. Here, we have investigated the roles of HSL, ATGL, and its coactivator CGI-58 in basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis in a human white adipocyte model, the hMADS cells. The hMADS adipocytes express the various components of fatty acid metabolism and show lipolytic capacity similar to primary cultured adipocytes. We show that lipolysis and fatty acid esterification are tightly coupled except in conditions of stimulated lipolysis. Immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that acute forskolin treatment promotes HSL translocation from the cytosol to small lipid droplets and redistribution of ATGL from the cytosol and large lipid droplets to small lipid droplets, resulting in enriched colocalization of the two lipases. HSL or ATGL overexpression resulted in increased triglyceride-specific hydrolase capacity, but only ATGL overexpression increased whole cell lipolysis. HSL silencing had no effect on basal lipolysis and only partially reduced forskolin-stimulated lipolysis. Conversely, silencing of ATGL or CGI-58 significantly reduced basal lipolysis and essentially abolished forskolin-stimulated lipolysis. Altogether, these results suggest that ATGL/CGI-58 acts independently of HSL and precedes its action in the sequential hydrolysis of triglycerides in human hMADS adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronic Bezaire
- INSERM U858, Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Obésités, F-31432 Toulouse, France
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Wertheimer SJ, Bolin D, Erickson S, Conde-Knape K, Belunis C, Konkar A, Taub R, Rondinone CM. Fatty acid modulators for the treatment of diabesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rydén M, Jocken J, van Harmelen V, Dicker A, Hoffstedt J, Wirén M, Blomqvist L, Mairal A, Langin D, Blaak E, Arner P. Comparative studies of the role of hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase in human fat cell lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1847-55. [PMID: 17327373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00040.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) regulate adipocyte lipolysis in rodents. The purpose of this study was to compare the roles of these lipases for lipolysis in human adipocytes. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was investigated. HSL and ATGL protein expression were related to lipolysis in isolated mature fat cells. ATGL or HSL were knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi) or selectively inhibited, and effects on lipolysis were studied in differentiated preadipocytes or adipocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Subjects were all women. There were 12 lean controls, 8 lean with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and 27 otherwise healthy obese subjects. We found that norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was positively correlated with HSL protein levels (P < 0.0001) but not with ATGL protein. Women with PCOS or obesity had significantly decreased norepinephrine-induced lipolysis and HSL protein expression but no change in ATGL protein expression. HSL knock down by RNAi reduced basal and catecholamine-induced lipolysis. Knock down of ATGL decreased basal lipolysis but did not change catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. Treatment of hMSC with a selective HSL inhibitor during and/or after differentiation in adipocytes reduced basal lipolysis by 50%, but stimulated lipolysis was inhibited completely. In contrast to findings in rodents, ATGL is of less importance than HSL in regulating catecholamine-induced lipolysis and cannot replace HSL when this enzyme is continuously inhibited. However, both lipases regulate basal lipolysis in human adipocytes. ATGL expression, unlike HSL, is not influenced by obesity or PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Moro C, Klimcakova E, Lolmède K, Berlan M, Lafontan M, Stich V, Bouloumié A, Galitzky J, Arner P, Langin D. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the production of adipokines and cytokines linked to inflammation and insulin resistance in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1038-47. [PMID: 17318625 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased adipose tissue secretion of adipokines and cytokines has been implicated in the chronic low-grade inflammation state and insulin resistance associated with obesity. We tested here whether the cardiovascular and metabolic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was able to modulate adipose tissue secretion of several adipokines (derived from adipocytes) and cytokines (derived from adipose tissue macrophages). SUBJECTS AND METHODS We used protein array to measure the secretion of adipokines and cytokines after a 24-h culture of human subcutaneous adipose tissue pieces treated or not with a physiological concentration of ANP. The effect of ANP on protein secretion was also directly studied on isolated adipocytes and macrophages. Gene expression was measured by real-time RT-quantitative PCR. RESULTS ANP decreased the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, of several chemokines, and of the adipokines leptin and retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4). The secretion of the anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and adiponectin remained unaffected. The cytokines were mainly expressed in macrophages that expressed all components of the ANP-dependent signalling pathway. The adipokines, leptin, adiponectin and RBP-4 were specifically expressed in mature adipocytes. ANP directly inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by macrophages. The inhibitory effects of ANP on leptin and growth-related oncogene-alpha secretions were not seen under selective hormone-sensitive lipase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We suggest that ANP, either by direct action on adipocytes and macrophages or through activation of adipocyte hormone-sensitive lipase, inhibits the secretion of factors involved in inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moro
- INSERM, U586, Obesity Research Unit, Toulouse, France
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Langin D, Arner P. Importance of TNFalpha and neutral lipases in human adipose tissue lipolysis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:314-20. [PMID: 16938460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines and natriuretic peptides stimulate human adipocyte lipolysis through an increase in cAMP and cGMP levels, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of hormone-sensitive lipase. A defect in hormone-sensitive lipase expression might contribute to the resistance to catecholamine-induced lipolysis observed in obesity. The respective roles and regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase in spontaneous and hormone-stimulated lipolysis remain to be determined. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates triglyceride hydrolysis by multiple intracellular pathways acting on insulin signaling, G proteins and perilipins, and might contribute to enhanced plasma fatty acid levels in obesity. Characterization of the lipolytic pathways might provide novel strategies to decrease free fatty acid production and reverse insulin resistance and other obesity-related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langin
- INSERM U586, Unité de Recherches sur les Obésités, F-31432 Toulouse, France.
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Wang M, Fotsch C. Small-Molecule Compounds that Modulate Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue: Targeting Strategies and Molecular Classes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:1019-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mairal A, Langin D, Arner P, Hoffstedt J. Human adipose triglyceride lipase (PNPLA2) is not regulated by obesity and exhibits low in vitro triglyceride hydrolase activity. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1629-36. [PMID: 16752181 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The recent identification of murine adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, now known as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 [PNPLA2]), gene product of Pnpla2, has questioned the unique role of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL, now known as LIPE), gene product of Lipe, in fat cell lipolysis. Here, we investigated human ATGL and HSL adipose tissue gene expression and in vitro lipase activity. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Levels of mRNA in adipose tissue from healthy obese and non-obese subjects were measured and lipase activity and adipocyte lipolytic capacity determined. HSL and ATGL cDNAs were transfected into Cos-7 cells and the relative tri- and diglyceride hydrolase activities were measured. RESULTS Obesity was associated with a decreased subcutaneous and increased omental adipose tissue level of HSL mRNA. Subcutaneous HSL mRNA content was normalised upon weight reduction. In contrast, ATGL mRNA levels were unaffected by obesity and weight reduction. A high adipose tissue lipase activity was associated with increased maximal lipolysis and increased HSL, but not with ATGL mRNA levels. The in vitro triglyceride hydrolase activity of HSL was markedly higher than that of ATGL and contrary to HSL, ATGL was devoid of diglyceride hydrolase activity. The use of a selective HSL-inhibitor resulted in complete inhibition of HSL-mediated tri- and diglyceride hydrolase activity. The pH profile of human white adipose tissue triolein hydrolase activity was identical to that of HSL but differed from the ATGL profile. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION HSL, but not ATGL gene expression shows a regulation according to obesity status and is associated with increased adipose tissue lipase activity. Moreover, HSL has a higher capacity than ATGL to hydrolyse triglycerides in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mairal
- Inserm, U586, Obesity Research Unit, Toulouse, France
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Langin D. Adipose tissue lipolysis as a metabolic pathway to define pharmacological strategies against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2006; 53:482-91. [PMID: 16644234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue lipolysis is the catabolic process leading to the breakdown of triglycerides stored in fat cells and release of fatty acids and glycerol. Recent work has revealed that lipolysis is not a simple metabolic pathway stimulated by catecholamines and inhibited by insulin. There have been new discoveries on the endocrine and paracrine regulation of lipolysis and on the molecular mechanisms of triglyceride hydrolysis. Catecholamines modulate lipolysis through lipolytic beta-adrenoceptor and antilipolytic alpha2-adrenoceptor. Recent studies have allowed a better understanding of the relative contribution of the two types of receptors and provided evidence for the in vivo involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the physiological control of subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolysis. A puzzling observation is the characterization of a residual catecholamine-induced lipolysis in mice deficient in beta-adrenoceptors. A novel lipolytic system has been characterized in human fat cells. Natriuretic peptides stimulate lipolysis through a cGMP-dependent pathway. There are other lipolytic pathways active in human fat cells which importance is not fully understood. Forty years after the description of the antilipolytic effect of nicotinic acid, the receptors have been identified. Adrenomedullin which is produced by adipocytes exert an antilipolytic effect through an indirect mechanism involving nitric oxide. The molecular details of the lipolytic reaction are not fully understood. The role of the lipases has been re-evaluated with the cloning of adipose triglyceride lipase. Hormone-sensitive lipase appears as the major lipase for catecholamine and natriuretic peptide-stimulated lipolysis whereas adipose triglyceride lipase mediates the hydrolysis of triglycerides during basal lipolysis. Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase bound to the adipocyte lipid binding protein to the lipid droplet seems to be an important step during lipolytic activation. Re-organization of the lipid droplet coating by perilipins facilitates the access of the enzyme. The role of other lipid-interacting proteins in lipolysis is still unclear. The proteins involved in the lipolytic process constitute drug targets for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The oldest example is nicotinic acid (niacin) used as a hypolipidaemic drug. A first approach consists in molecules stimulating lipolysis and oxidation of the released fatty acids to decrease fat stores. A second approach is a chronic inhibition of lipolysis to diminish plasma fatty acid level which is a central feature of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langin
- Obesity Research Unit Inserm UPS U586, Institut Louis Bugnard, Université Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
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Langin D, Dicker A, Tavernier G, Hoffstedt J, Mairal A, Rydén M, Arner E, Sicard A, Jenkins CM, Viguerie N, van Harmelen V, Gross RW, Holm C, Arner P. Adipocyte lipases and defect of lipolysis in human obesity. Diabetes 2005; 54:3190-7. [PMID: 16249444 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mobilization of fat stored in adipose tissue is mediated by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and the recently characterized adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), yet their relative importance in lipolysis is unknown. We show that a novel potent inhibitor of HSL does not inhibit other lipases. The compound counteracted catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in mouse adipocytes and had no effect on residual triglyceride hydrolysis and lipolysis in HSL-null mice. In human adipocytes, catecholamine- and natriuretic peptide-induced lipolysis were completely blunted by the HSL inhibitor. When fat cells were not stimulated, glycerol but not fatty acid release was inhibited. HSL and ATGL mRNA levels increased concomitantly during adipocyte differentiation. Abundance of the two transcripts in human adipose tissue was highly correlated in habitual dietary conditions and during a hypocaloric diet, suggesting common regulatory mechanisms for the two genes. Comparison of obese and nonobese subjects showed that obesity was associated with a decrease in catecholamine-induced lipolysis and HSL expression in mature fat cells and in differentiated preadipocytes. In conclusion, HSL is the major lipase for catecholamine- and natriuretic peptide-stimulated lipolysis, whereas ATGL mediates the hydrolysis of triglycerides during basal lipolysis. Decreased catecholamine-induced lipolysis and low HSL expression constitute a possibly primary defect in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langin
- Obesity Research Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) U586, Louis Bugnard Institute, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
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Claus TH, Lowe DB, Liang Y, Salhanick AI, Lubeski CK, Yang L, Lemoine L, Zhu J, Clairmont KB. Specific inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase improves lipid profile while reducing plasma glucose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:1396-402. [PMID: 16162821 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.086926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of plasma free fatty acids has been linked with insulin resistance and diabetes. Inhibition of lipolysis may provide a mechanism to decrease plasma fatty acids, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a critical enzyme involved in the hormonally regulated release of fatty acids and glycerol from adipocyte lipid stores, and its inhibition may thus improve insulin sensitivity and blood glucose handling in type 2 diabetes. In rat adipocytes, forskolin-activated lipolysis was blocked by in vitro addition of a potent and selective HSL inhibitor or by prior treatment of the animals themselves. Antilipolytic effects also were demonstrated in overnight-fasted mice, rats, and dogs with species-dependent effects on plasma free fatty acid levels but with similar reductions in plasma glycerol being observed in all species. Inhibition of HSL also reduced hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The data support a connection between adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Claus
- Department of Metabolic Disorders Research, Bayer Research Center, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Ebdrup S, Jacobsen P, Farrington AD, Vedsø P. Structure–activity relationship for aryl and heteroaryl boronic acid inhibitors of hormone-sensitive lipase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2305-12. [PMID: 15727879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A range of aryl and heteroaryl boronic acids were tested for their in vitro hormone-sensitive lipase inhibitory properties. (2-Benzyloxy-5-fluorophenyl)boronic acid, (2-benzyloxy-5-chlorophenyl)boronic acid and 5-bromothiophene-2-boronic acid were found to be the most potent HSL inhibitors with IC(50) values of 140, 17 and 350 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Ebdrup
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
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