1
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Hoffmann C, Cho E, Zalesky A, Di Biase MA. From pixels to connections: exploring in vitro neuron reconstruction software for network graph generation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:571. [PMID: 38750282 PMCID: PMC11096190 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital reconstruction has been instrumental in deciphering how in vitro neuron architecture shapes information flow. Emerging approaches reconstruct neural systems as networks with the aim of understanding their organization through graph theory. Computational tools dedicated to this objective build models of nodes and edges based on key cellular features such as somata, axons, and dendrites. Fully automatic implementations of these tools are readily available, but they may also be purpose-built from specialized algorithms in the form of multi-step pipelines. Here we review software tools informing the construction of network models, spanning from noise reduction and segmentation to full network reconstruction. The scope and core specifications of each tool are explicitly defined to assist bench scientists in selecting the most suitable option for their microscopy dataset. Existing tools provide a foundation for complete network reconstruction, however more progress is needed in establishing morphological bases for directed/weighted connectivity and in software validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Hoffmann
- Systems Neuroscience Lab, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Ellie Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Systems Neuroscience Lab, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Systems Neuroscience Lab, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Stem Cell Disease Modelling Lab, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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2
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Carozza S, Holmes J, Akarca D, Astle DE. Global topology of human connectome is insensitive to early life environments - A prospective longitudinal study of the general population. Dev Sci 2024:e13490. [PMID: 38494672 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The widely acknowledged detrimental impact of early adversity on child development has driven efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms that may mediate these effects within the developing brain. Recent efforts have begun to move beyond associating adversity with the morphology of individual brain regions towards determining if and how adversity might shape their interconnectivity. However, whether adversity effects a global shift in the organisation of whole-brain networks remains unclear. In this study, we assessed this possibility using parental questionnaire and diffusion imaging data from The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 913), a prospective longitudinal study spanning more than 20 years. We tested whether a wide range of adversities-including experiences of abuse, domestic violence, physical and emotional cruelty, poverty, neglect, and parental separation-measured by questionnaire within the first seven years of life were significantly associated with the tractography-derived connectome in young adulthood. We tested this across multiple measures of organisation and using a computational model that simulated the wiring economy of the brain. We found no significant relationships between early exposure to any form of adversity and the global organisation of the structural connectome in young adulthood. We did detect local differences in the medial prefrontal cortex, as well as an association between weaker brain wiring constraints and greater externalising behaviour in adolescence. Our results indicate that further efforts are necessary to delimit the magnitude and functional implications of adversity-related differences in connectomic organization. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Diverse prospective measures of the early-life environment do not predict the organisation of the DTI tractography-derived connectome in young adulthood Wiring economy of the connectome is weakly associated with externalising in adolescence, but not internalising or cognitive ability Further work is needed to establish the scope and significance of global adversity-related differences in the structural connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Carozza
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Danyal Akarca
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Xie Y, Li C, Guan M, Zhang T, Ma C, Wang Z, Ma Z, Wang H, Fang P. Low-frequency rTMS induces modifications in cortical structural connectivity - functional connectivity coupling in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26614. [PMID: 38375980 PMCID: PMC10878014 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are distinctive clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. While low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has demonstrated potential in mitigating AVH, the precise mechanisms by which it operates remain obscure. This study aimed to investigate alternations in structural connectivity and functional connectivity (SC-FC) coupling among schizophrenia patients with AVH prior to and following treatment with 1 Hz rTMS that specifically targets the left temporoparietal junction. Initially, patients exhibited significantly reduced macroscopic whole brain level SC-FC coupling compared to healthy controls. Notably, SC-FC coupling increased significantly across multiple networks, including the somatomotor, dorsal attention, ventral attention, frontoparietal control, and default mode networks, following rTMS treatment. Significant alternations in SC-FC coupling were noted in critical nodes comprising the somatomotor network and the default mode network, such as the precentral gyrus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, respectively. The alternations in SC-FC coupling exhibited a correlation with the amelioration of clinical symptom. The results of our study illuminate the intricate relationship between white matter structures and neuronal activity in patients who are receiving low-frequency rTMS. This advances our understanding of the foundational mechanisms underlying rTMS treatment for AVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Xie
- Military Medical Psychology SchoolFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of Radiology, Xijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chenxi Li
- Military Medical Psychology SchoolFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Muzhen Guan
- Department of Mental HealthXi'an Medical CollegeXi'anChina
| | - Tian Zhang
- Military Medical Psychology SchoolFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chaozong Ma
- Military Medical Psychology SchoolFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhongheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhujing Ma
- Military Medical Psychology SchoolFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Peng Fang
- Military Medical Psychology SchoolFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent PerceptionXi'anChina
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4
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Maguire JL, Mennerick S. Neurosteroids: mechanistic considerations and clinical prospects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:73-82. [PMID: 37369775 PMCID: PMC10700537 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Like other classes of treatments described in this issue's section, neuroactive steroids have been studied for decades but have risen as a new class of rapid-acting, durable antidepressants with a distinct mechanism of action from previous antidepressant treatments and from other compounds covered in this issue. Neuroactive steroids are natural derivatives of progesterone but are proving effective as exogenous treatments. The best understood mechanism is that of positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors, where subunit selectivity may promote their profile of action. Mechanistically, there is some reason to think that neuroactive steroids may separate themselves from liabilities of other GABA modulators, although research is ongoing. It is also possible that intracellular targets, including inflammatory pathways, may be relevant to beneficial actions. Strengths and opportunities for further development include exploiting non-GABAergic targets, structural analogs, enzymatic production of natural steroids, precursor loading, and novel formulations. The molecular mechanisms of behavioral effects are not fully understood, but study of brain network states involved in emotional processing demonstrate a robust influence on affective states not evident with at least some other GABAergic drugs including benzodiazepines. Ongoing studies with neuroactive steroids will further elucidate the brain and behavioral effects of these compounds as well as likely underpinnings of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Department of Psychiatry and Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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5
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Ohki T, Kunii N, Chao ZC. Efficient, continual, and generalized learning in the brain - neural mechanism of Mental Schema 2.0. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:839-868. [PMID: 36960579 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
There has been tremendous progress in artificial neural networks (ANNs) over the past decade; however, the gap between ANNs and the biological brain as a learning device remains large. With the goal of closing this gap, this paper reviews learning mechanisms in the brain by focusing on three important issues in ANN research: efficiency, continuity, and generalization. We first discuss the method by which the brain utilizes a variety of self-organizing mechanisms to maximize learning efficiency, with a focus on the role of spontaneous activity of the brain in shaping synaptic connections to facilitate spatiotemporal learning and numerical processing. Then, we examined the neuronal mechanisms that enable lifelong continual learning, with a focus on memory replay during sleep and its implementation in brain-inspired ANNs. Finally, we explored the method by which the brain generalizes learned knowledge in new situations, particularly from the mathematical generalization perspective of topology. Besides a systematic comparison in learning mechanisms between the brain and ANNs, we propose "Mental Schema 2.0," a new computational property underlying the brain's unique learning ability that can be implemented in ANNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ohki
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoto Kunii
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zenas C Chao
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Miller J, Mills KL, Vuorre M, Orben A, Przybylski AK. Impact of digital screen media activity on functional brain organization in late childhood: Evidence from the ABCD study. Cortex 2023; 169:290-308. [PMID: 37976871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The idea that the increased ubiquity of digital devices negatively impacts neurodevelopment is as compelling as it is disturbing. This study investigated this concern by systematically evaluating how different profiles of screen-based engagement related to functional brain organization in late childhood. We studied participants from a large and representative sample of young people participating in the first two years of the ABCD study (ages 9-12 years) to investigate the relations between self-reported use of various digital screen media activity (SMA) and functional brain organization. A series of generalized additive mixed models evaluated how these relationships related to functional outcomes associated with health and cognition. Of principal interest were two hypotheses: First, that functional brain organization (assessed through resting state functional connectivity MRI; rs-fcMRI) is related to digital screen engagement; and second, that children with higher rates of engagement will have functional brain organization profiles related to maladaptive functioning. Results did not support either of these predictions for SMA. Further, exploratory analyses predicting how screen media activity impacted neural trajectories showed no significant impact of SMA on neural maturation over a two-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Miller
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Matti Vuorre
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, UK; Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Orben
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
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7
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Gil Ávila C, Bott FS, Tiemann L, Hohn VD, May ES, Nickel MM, Zebhauser PT, Gross J, Ploner M. DISCOVER-EEG: an open, fully automated EEG pipeline for biomarker discovery in clinical neuroscience. Sci Data 2023; 10:613. [PMID: 37696851 PMCID: PMC10495446 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker discovery in neurological and psychiatric disorders critically depends on reproducible and transparent methods applied to large-scale datasets. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a promising tool for identifying biomarkers. However, recording, preprocessing, and analysis of EEG data is time-consuming and researcher-dependent. Therefore, we developed DISCOVER-EEG, an open and fully automated pipeline that enables easy and fast preprocessing, analysis, and visualization of resting state EEG data. Data in the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) standard are automatically preprocessed, and physiologically meaningful features of brain function (including oscillatory power, connectivity, and network characteristics) are extracted and visualized using two open-source and widely used Matlab toolboxes (EEGLAB and FieldTrip). We tested the pipeline in two large, openly available datasets containing EEG recordings of healthy participants and patients with a psychiatric condition. Additionally, we performed an exploratory analysis that could inspire the development of biomarkers for healthy aging. Thus, the DISCOVER-EEG pipeline facilitates the aggregation, reuse, and analysis of large EEG datasets, promoting open and reproducible research on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gil Ávila
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Felix S Bott
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Laura Tiemann
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Vanessa D Hohn
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S May
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Moritz M Nickel
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Paul Theo Zebhauser
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Ploner
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany.
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany.
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8
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Ha M, Park SH, Park I, Kim T, Lee J, Kim M, Kwon JS. Aberrant cortico-thalamo-cerebellar network interactions and their association with impaired cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37573437 PMCID: PMC10423253 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicating abnormal functional connectivity (FC) among the cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum in schizophrenia patients has increased. However, the role of the thalamus and cerebellum when integrated into intrinsic networks and how those integrated networks interact in schizophrenia patients are largely unknown. We generated an integrative network map by merging thalamic and cerebellar network maps, which were parcellated using a winner-take-all approach, onto a cortical network map. Using cognitive networks, the default mode network (DMN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the salience network (SAL), and the central executive network (CEN) as regions of interest, the FC of 48 schizophrenia patients was compared with that of 57 healthy controls (HCs). The association between abnormal FC and cognitive impairment was also investigated in patients. FC was lower between the SAL-CEN, SAL-DMN, and DMN-CEN and within-CEN in schizophrenia patients than in HCs. Hypoconnectivity between the DMN-CEN was correlated with impaired cognition in schizophrenia patients. Our findings broadly suggest the plausible role of the thalamus and cerebellum in integrative intrinsic networks in patients, which may contribute to the disrupted triple network and cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Ha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Park
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwan Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungha Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Nusslock R, Farah MJ. The Affective Neuroscience of Poverty. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1806-1809. [PMID: 35900870 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Growing up in poverty is associated with a heightened risk for mental and physical health problems across the life span, and there is a growing recognition of the role that social determinants of health play in driving these outcomes and inequities. How do the social conditions of poverty get under the skin to influence biology, and through what mechanisms do the stressors of poverty generate risk for a broad range of health problems? The growing field examining the neuroscience of socioeconomic status (SES) proposes that the brain is an entry point or pathway through which poverty and adversity become embedded in biology to generate these disparities. To date, however, the majority of research on the neuroscience of SES has focused on cognitive or executive control processes. However, the relationship between SES and brain systems involved in affective or emotional processes may be especially important for understanding social determinants of health. Accordingly, this Special Focus on The Affective Neuroscience of Poverty invited contributions from authors examining the relationship between SES and brain systems involved in generating and regulating emotions. In this editorial introduction, we (a) provide an overview of the neuroscience of SES; (b) introduce each of the articles in this Special Focus; and (c) discuss the scientific, treatment, and policy implications of studying the affective neuroscience of poverty.
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10
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Duff MC, Morrow EL, Edwards M, McCurdy R, Clough S, Patel N, Walsh K, Covington NV. The Value of Patient Registries to Advance Basic and Translational Research in the Area of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:846919. [PMID: 35548696 PMCID: PMC9082794 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is growing globally. TBIs may cause a range of physical, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits that can negatively impact employment, academic attainment, community independence, and interpersonal relationships. Although there has been a significant decrease in the number of injury related deaths over the past several decades, there has been no corresponding reduction in injury related disability over the same time period. We propose that patient registries with large, representative samples and rich multidimensional and longitudinal data have tremendous value in advancing basic and translational research and in capturing, characterizing, and predicting individual differences in deficit profile and outcomes. Patient registries, together with recent theoretical and methodological advances in analytic approaches and neuroscience, provide powerful tools for brain injury research and for leveraging the heterogeneity that has traditionally been cited as a barrier inhibiting progress in treatment research and clinical practice. We report on our experiences, and challenges, in developing and maintaining our own patient registry. We conclude by pointing to some future opportunities for discovery that are afforded by a registry model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Emily L. Morrow
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Malcolm Edwards
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ryan McCurdy
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sharice Clough
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nirav Patel
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kimberly Walsh
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Natalie V. Covington
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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11
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Zhuang W, Wang J, Chu C, Wei X, Yi G, Dong Y, Cai L. Disrupted Control Architecture of Brain Network in Disorder of Consciousness. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:400-409. [PMID: 35143400 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3150834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human brain controls various cognitive functions via the functional coordination of multiple brain regions in an efficient and robust way. However, the relationship between consciousness state and the control mode of brain networks is poorly explored. Using multi-channel EEG, the present study aimed to characterize the abnormal control architecture of functional brain networks in the patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). Resting state EEG data were collected from 40 DOC patients with different consciousness levels and 24 healthy subjects. Functional brain networks were constructed in five different EEG frequency bands and the broadband in the source level. Subsequently, a control architecture framework based on the minimum dominating set was applied to investigate the of control mode of functional brain networks for the subjects with different conscious states. Results showed that regardless of the consciousness levels, the functional networks of human brain operate in a distributed and overlapping control architecture different from that of random networks. Compared to the healthy controls, the patients have a higher control cost manifested by more minimum dominating nodes and increased degree of distributed control, especially in the alpha band. The ability to withstand network attack for the control architecture is positive correlated with the consciousness levels. The distributed of control increased correlation levels with Coma Recovery Scale-Revised score and improved separation between unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimal consciousness state. These findings may benefit our understanding of consciousness and provide potential biomarkers for the assessment of consciousness levels.
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12
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Young JG, Kirkley A, Newman MEJ. Clustering of heterogeneous populations of networks. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:014312. [PMID: 35193232 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.014312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Statistical methods for reconstructing networks from repeated measurements typically assume that all measurements are generated from the same underlying network structure. This need not be the case, however. People's social networks might be different on weekdays and weekends, for instance. Brain networks may differ between healthy patients and those with dementia or other conditions. Here we describe a Bayesian analysis framework for such data that allows for the fact that network measurements may be reflective of multiple possible structures. We define a finite mixture model of the measurement process and derive a Gibbs sampling procedure that samples exactly from the full posterior distribution of model parameters. The end result is a clustering of the measured networks into groups with similar structure. We demonstrate the method on both real and synthetic network populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Gabriel Young
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Alec Kirkley
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - M E J Newman
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Cubillo A. Neurobiological correlates of the social and emotional impact of peer victimization: A review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:866926. [PMID: 35978845 PMCID: PMC9376443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peer victimization is very common during late childhood and adolescence. Despite the relatively reduced number of studies, the neurobiological underpinnings of the negative impact of peer victimization experiences have received increasing attention in recent years. The present selective review summarizes the most recent available evidence and provides a general overview of the impact of peer victimization experiences on social processing and decision-making at the neurobiological level, highlighting the most pressing areas requiring further research. Three key cognitive areas show a clear negative impact of peer victimization and bullying experiences: social valuation processing, reward and reinforcement learning and self-regulation processes. Victims show enhanced activation in key regions of the limbic system including the amygdala, rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices, suggestive of enhanced sensitivity to social stimuli. They also show enhanced recruitment of lateral prefrontal regions crucially involved in cognitive and emotional regulation processes, and abnormal reward-related striatal function. The presence of psychopathology is a complex factor, increased as a consequence of peer victimization, but that also constitutes vulnerability to such experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cubillo
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Sone D. Neurobiological mechanisms of psychosis in epilepsy: Findings from neuroimaging studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1079295. [PMID: 36506456 PMCID: PMC9728542 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1079295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and clinical importance of comorbid psychosis in epilepsy, its neurobiological mechanisms remain understudied. This narrative mini-review aims to provide an overview of recent updates in in vivo neuroimaging studies on psychosis in epilepsy, including structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional and molecular imaging, and to discuss future directions in this field. While the conventional morphological analysis of structural MRI has provided relatively inconsistent results, advanced methods, including brain network analysis, hippocampal subregion volumetry, and machine learning models, have recently provided novel findings. Diffusion MRI, for example, has revealed a reduction in white matter integrity mainly in the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as a disruption of brain white matter networks. Functional neuroimaging, such as perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), often identifies hyperactivity in various brain regions. The current limitations of these more recent studies may include small and sometimes heterogeneous samples, insufficient control groups, the effects of psychoactive drugs, and the lack of longitudinal analysis. Further investigations are required to establish novel treatments and identify clinical diagnostic or disease-monitoring biomarkers in psychosis in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sone
- Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Prajapati HS, Merchant-Borna K, Bazarian JJ, Linte CA, Cahill ND. Transitive Inverse Consistent Rigid Longitudinal Registration of Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Case Study in Athletes With Repetitive Non-Concussive Head Injuries. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:3906-3911. [PMID: 34892086 PMCID: PMC9139041 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Significant longitudinal changes in metrics derived from diffusion weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain have been observed in athletes subject to repetitive non-concussive head injuries (RHIs). Accurate alignment of longitudinal scans of a subject is an important step in detecting and quantifying these changes. Currently, tools such as DSI Studio [1], FreeSurfer [2], and FSL [3] perform pairwise rigid registration of all scans in a longitudinal sequence to the first time-point scan (or to another reference scan or template). While the rigid transformations obtained using this strategy can be computed in a manner that enforces inverse consistency, for the case of three or more scans, the transformations are not transitive. This can lead to discrepancy in the rigid transformations that can be measured in physical units. Using a diffusion MRI dataset collected and analyzed as part of a larger study in [4], [5], [6], we illustrate this discrepancy, and we show how it can lead to uncertainty in local/regional estimates of diffusion metrics including fractional anistropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and quantitatve anisotropy (QA). Additionally, we propose a method to perform transitive longitudinal rigid registration of a sequence of scans in a manner that guarantees that the discrepancy in the transformations will be eliminated.Clinical relevance- This paper establishes that standard processing pipelines for performing longitudinal analysis of diffusion MR images of the brain exhibit registration discrepancies that can be eliminated.
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16
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Abstract
Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability of material and social resources, is one of the strongest predictors of lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only the outcome but also the pace of brain development. We argue that higher childhood SES is associated with protracted structural brain development and a prolonged trajectory of functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. We hypothesize that greater exposure to chronic stress accelerates brain maturation, whereas greater access to novel positive experiences decelerates maturation. We discuss the impact of variation in the pace of brain development on plasticity and learning. We provide a generative theoretical framework to catalyse future basic science and translational research on environmental influences on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A Tooley
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Varga B, Soós B, Jákli B, Bálint E, Somogyvári Z, Négyessy L. Network Path Convergence Shapes Low-Level Processing in the Visual Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:645709. [PMID: 34108867 PMCID: PMC8181740 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.645709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical counterstream via feedforward and feedback interactions is a major organizing principle of the cerebral cortex. The counterstream, as a topological feature of the network of cortical areas, is captured by the convergence and divergence of paths through directed links. So defined, the convergence degree (CD) reveals the reciprocal nature of forward and backward connections, and also hierarchically relevant integrative properties of areas through their inward and outward connections. We asked if topology shapes large-scale cortical functioning by studying the role of CD in network resilience and Granger causal coupling in a model of hierarchical network dynamics. Our results indicate that topological synchronizability is highly vulnerable to attacking edges based on CD, while global network efficiency depends mostly on edge betweenness, a measure of the connectedness of a link. Furthermore, similar to anatomical hierarchy determined by the laminar distribution of connections, CD highly correlated with causal coupling in feedforward gamma, and feedback alpha-beta band synchronizations in a well-studied subnetwork, including low-level visual cortical areas. In contrast, causal coupling did not correlate with edge betweenness. Considering the entire network, the CD-based hierarchy correlated well with both the anatomical and functional hierarchy for low-level areas that are far apart in the hierarchy. Conversely, in a large part of the anatomical network where hierarchical distances are small between the areas, the correlations were not significant. These findings suggest that CD-based and functional hierarchies are interrelated in low-level processing in the visual cortex. Our results are consistent with the idea that the interplay of multiple hierarchical features forms the basis of flexible functional cortical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Varga
- Computational Neuroscience and Complex Systems Research Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bettina Soós
- Computational Neuroscience and Complex Systems Research Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Balázs Jákli
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Bálint
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Somogyvári
- Computational Neuroscience and Complex Systems Research Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Négyessy
- Computational Neuroscience and Complex Systems Research Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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McCaffrey RJ, Reynolds CR. Neuroscience and Death as a Penalty for Late Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-021-00104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Parkes L, Moore TM, Calkins ME, Cook PA, Cieslak M, Roalf DR, Wolf DH, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Bassett DS. Transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology explain individuals' unique deviations from normative neurodevelopment in brain structure. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:232. [PMID: 33879764 PMCID: PMC8058055 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathology is rooted in neurodevelopment. However, clinical and biological heterogeneity, together with a focus on case-control approaches, have made it difficult to link dimensions of psychopathology to abnormalities of neurodevelopment. Here, using the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we built normative models of cortical volume and tested whether deviations from these models better predicted psychiatric symptoms compared to raw cortical volume. Specifically, drawing on the p-factor hypothesis, we distilled 117 clinical symptom measures into six orthogonal psychopathology dimensions: overall psychopathology, anxious-misery, externalizing disorders, fear, positive psychosis symptoms, and negative psychosis symptoms. We found that multivariate patterns of deviations yielded improved out-of-sample prediction of psychopathology dimensions compared to multivariate patterns of raw cortical volume. We also found that correlations between overall psychopathology and deviations in ventromedial prefrontal, inferior temporal, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices were stronger than those observed for specific dimensions of psychopathology (e.g., anxious-misery). Notably, these same regions are consistently implicated in a range of putatively distinct disorders. Finally, we performed conventional case-control comparisons of deviations in a group of individuals with depression and a group with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We observed spatially overlapping effects between these groups that diminished when controlling for overall psychopathology. Together, our results suggest that modeling cortical brain features as deviations from normative neurodevelopment improves prediction of psychiatric symptoms in out-of-sample testing, and that p-factor models of psychopathology may assist in separating biomarkers that are disorder-general from those that are disorder-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden Parkes
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Philip A Cook
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Cieslak
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Human neuroimaging has had a major impact on the biological understanding of epilepsy and the relationship between pathophysiology, seizure management, and outcomes. This review highlights notable recent advancements in hardware, sequences, methods, analyses, and applications of human neuroimaging techniques utilized to assess epilepsy. These structural, functional, and metabolic assessments include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Advancements that highlight non-invasive neuroimaging techniques used to study the whole brain are emphasized due to the advantages these provide in clinical and research applications. Thus, topics range across presurgical evaluations, understanding of epilepsy as a network disorder, and the interactions between epilepsy and comorbidities. New techniques and approaches are discussed which are expected to emerge into the mainstream within the next decade and impact our understanding of epilepsies. Further, an increasing breadth of investigations includes the interplay between epilepsy, mental health comorbidities, and aberrant brain networks. In the final section of this review, we focus on neuroimaging studies that assess bidirectional relationships between mental health comorbidities and epilepsy as a model for better understanding of the commonalities between both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Goodman
- Department of Neurology, UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 312 Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Jerzy P. Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 312 Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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21
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Song W, Wang W, Yu S, Lin GN. Dissection of the Genetic Association between Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder at the Network and Cellular Levels. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:491. [PMID: 33801746 PMCID: PMC8065602 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit a high co-morbidity rate, similar symptoms, and a shared genetic basis. However, an understanding of the specific underlying mechanisms of these commonalities is currently limited. Here, we collected Genome-Wide Association Analysis results for AN and OCD, and obtained genes hit by the top SNPs as the risk genes. We then carried out an integrative coexpression network analysis to explore the convergence and divergence of AN and OCD risk genes. At first, we observed that the AN risk genes were enriched in coexpression modules that involved extracellular matrix functions and highly are expressed in the postnatal brain, limbic system, and non-neuronal cell types, while the OCD risk genes were enriched in modules of synapse function, the prenatal brain, cortex layers, and neurons. Next, by comparing the expressions from the eating disorder and OCD postmortem patient brain tissues, we observed both disorders have similar prefrontal cortex expression alterations influencing the synapse transmission, suggesting that the two diseases could have similar functional pathways. We found that the AN and OCD risk genes had distinct functional and spatiotemporal enrichment patterns but carried similar expression alterations as a disease mechanism, which may be one of the key reasons they had similar but not identical clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guan Ning Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (W.S.); (W.W.); (S.Y.)
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22
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Yang Z, Telesford QK, Franco AR, Lim R, Gu S, Xu T, Ai L, Castellanos FX, Yan CG, Colcombe S, Milham MP. Measurement reliability for individual differences in multilayer network dynamics: Cautions and considerations. Neuroimage 2021; 225:117489. [PMID: 33130272 PMCID: PMC7829665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayer network models have been proposed as an effective means of capturing the dynamic configuration of distributed neural circuits and quantitatively describing how communities vary over time. Beyond general insights into brain function, a growing number of studies have begun to employ these methods for the study of individual differences. However, test-retest reliabilities for multilayer network measures have yet to be fully quantified or optimized, potentially limiting their utility for individual difference studies. Here, we systematically evaluated the impact of multilayer community detection algorithms, selection of network parameters, scan duration, and task condition on test-retest reliabilities of multilayer network measures (i.e., flexibility, integration, and recruitment). A key finding was that the default method used for community detection by the popular generalized Louvain algorithm can generate erroneous results. Although available, an updated algorithm addressing this issue is yet to be broadly adopted in the neuroimaging literature. Beyond the algorithm, the present work identified parameter selection as a key determinant of test-retest reliability; however, optimization of these parameters and expected reliabilities appeared to be dataset-specific. Once parameters were optimized, consistent with findings from the static functional connectivity literature, scan duration was a much stronger determinant of reliability than scan condition. When the parameters were optimized and scan duration was sufficient, both passive (i.e., resting state, Inscapes, and movie) and active (i.e., flanker) tasks were reliable, although reliability in the movie watching condition was significantly higher than in the other three tasks. The minimal data requirement for achieving reliable measures for the movie watching condition was 20 min, and 30 min for the other three tasks. Our results caution the field against the use of default parameters without optimization based on the specific datasets to be employed - a process likely to be limited for most due to the lack of test-retest samples to enable parameter optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Qawi K Telesford
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Alexandre R Franco
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Center for the Developing Brain, The Child Mind Institute, 101 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022, United States
| | - Ryan Lim
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Shi Gu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, The Child Mind Institute, 101 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022, United States
| | - Lei Ai
- Center for the Developing Brain, The Child Mind Institute, 101 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022, United States
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Chao-Gan Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Stan Colcombe
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States; Center for the Developing Brain, The Child Mind Institute, 101 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022, United States.
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23
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Faria AV, Zhao Y, Ye C, Hsu J, Yang K, Cifuentes E, Wang L, Mori S, Miller M, Caffo B, Sawa A. Multimodal MRI assessment for first episode psychosis: A major change in the thalamus and an efficient stratification of a subgroup. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:1034-1053. [PMID: 33377594 PMCID: PMC7856640 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi‐institutional brain imaging studies have emerged to resolve conflicting results among individual studies. However, adjusting multiple variables at the technical and cohort levels is challenging. Therefore, it is important to explore approaches that provide meaningful results from relatively small samples at institutional levels. We studied 87 first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 62 healthy subjects by combining supervised integrated factor analysis (SIFA) with a novel pipeline for automated structure‐based analysis, an efficient and comprehensive method for dimensional data reduction that our group recently established. We integrated multiple MRI features (volume, DTI indices, resting state fMRI—rsfMRI) in the whole brain of each participant in an unbiased manner. The automated structure‐based analysis showed widespread DTI abnormalities in FEP and rs‐fMRI differences between FEP and healthy subjects mostly centered in thalamus. The combination of multiple modalities with SIFA was more efficient than the use of single modalities to stratify a subgroup of FEP (individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) that had more robust deficits from the overall FEP group. The information from multiple MRI modalities and analytical methods highlighted the thalamus as significantly abnormal in FEP. This study serves as a proof‐of‐concept for the potential of this methodology to reveal disease underpins and to stratify populations into more homogeneous sub‐groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia V Faria
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Chenfei Ye
- Department of Electronics and Information, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, China
| | - Johnny Hsu
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cifuentes
- Department Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Susumu Mori
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mental Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Chahal R, Gotlib IH, Guyer AE. Research Review: Brain network connectivity and the heterogeneity of depression in adolescence - a precision mental health perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1282-1298. [PMID: 32458453 PMCID: PMC7688558 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of high risk for the onset of depression, characterized by variability in symptoms, severity, and course. During adolescence, the neurocircuitry implicated in depression continues to mature, suggesting that it is an important period for intervention. Reflecting the recent emergence of 'precision mental health' - a person-centered approach to identifying, preventing, and treating psychopathology - researchers have begun to document associations between heterogeneity in features of depression and individual differences in brain circuitry, most frequently in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). METHODS In this review, we present emerging work examining pre- and post-treatment measures of network connectivity in depressed adolescents; these studies reveal potential intervention-specific neural markers of treatment efficacy. We also review findings from studies examining associations between network connectivity and both types of depressive symptoms and response to treatment in adults, and indicate how this work can be extended to depressed adolescents. Finally, we offer recommendations for research that we believe will advance the science of precision mental health of adolescence. RESULTS Nascent studies suggest that linking RSFC-based pathophysiological variation with effects of different types of treatment and changes in mood following specific interventions will strengthen predictions of prognosis and treatment response. Studies with larger sample sizes and direct comparisons of treatments are required to determine whether RSFC patterns are reliable neuromarkers of treatment response for depressed adolescents. Although we are not yet at the point of using RSFC to guide clinical decision-making, findings from research examining the stability and reliability of RSFC point to a favorable future for network-based clinical phenotyping. CONCLUSIONS Delineating the correspondence between specific clinical characteristics of depression (e.g., symptoms, severity, and treatment response) and patterns of network-based connectivity will facilitate the development of more tailored and effective approaches to the assessment, prevention, and treatment of depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amanda E. Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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Abstract
The episodic nature of both epilepsy and psychiatric illnesses suggests that the brain switches between healthy and pathological states. The most obvious example of transitions between network states related to epilepsy is the manifestation of ictal events. In addition to seizures, there are more subtle changes in network communication within and between brain regions, which we propose may contribute to psychiatric illnesses associated with the epilepsies. This review will highlight evidence supporting aberrant network activity associated with epilepsy and the contribution to cognitive impairments and comorbid psychiatric illnesses. Further, we discuss potential mechanisms mediating the network dysfunction associated with comorbidities in epilepsy, including interneuron loss and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction. Conceptually, it is necessary to think beyond ictal activity to appreciate the breadth of network dysfunction contributing to the spectrum of symptoms associated with epilepsy, including psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L W Colmers
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Maguire
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Gratton C, Kraus BT, Greene DJ, Gordon EM, Laumann TO, Nelson SM, Dosenbach NUF, Petersen SE. Defining Individual-Specific Functional Neuroanatomy for Precision Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:28-39. [PMID: 31916942 PMCID: PMC7203002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing diverse groups have shown that many psychiatric diseases involve disruptions across distributed large-scale networks of the brain. There is hope that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional connectivity techniques will shed light on these disruptions, providing prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers as well as targets for therapeutic interventions. However, to date, progress on clinical translation of fMRI methods has been limited. Here, we argue that this limited translation is driven by a combination of intersubject heterogeneity and the relatively low reliability of standard fMRI techniques at the individual level. We review a potential solution to these limitations: the use of new "precision" fMRI approaches that shift the focus of analysis from groups to single individuals through the use of extended data acquisition strategies. We begin by discussing the potential advantages of fMRI functional connectivity methods for improving our understanding of functional neuroanatomy and disruptions in psychiatric disorders. We then discuss the budding field of precision fMRI and findings garnered from this work. We demonstrate that precision fMRI can improve the reliability of functional connectivity measures, while showing high stability and sensitivity to individual differences. We close by discussing the application of these approaches to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gratton
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
| | - Brian T Kraus
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven M Nelson
- VISN Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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27
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Cornblath EJ, Ashourvan A, Kim JZ, Betzel RF, Ciric R, Adebimpe A, Baum GL, He X, Ruparel K, Moore TM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Shinohara RT, Roalf DR, Satterthwaite TD, Bassett DS. Temporal sequences of brain activity at rest are constrained by white matter structure and modulated by cognitive demands. Commun Biol 2020; 3:261. [PMID: 32444827 PMCID: PMC7244753 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse set of white matter connections supports seamless transitions between cognitive states. However, it remains unclear how these connections guide the temporal progression of large-scale brain activity patterns in different cognitive states. Here, we analyze the brain's trajectories across a set of single time point activity patterns from functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during the resting state and an n-back working memory task. We find that specific temporal sequences of brain activity are modulated by cognitive load, associated with age, and related to task performance. Using diffusion-weighted imaging acquired from the same subjects, we apply tools from network control theory to show that linear spread of activity along white matter connections constrains the probabilities of these sequences at rest, while stimulus-driven visual inputs explain the sequences observed during the n-back task. Overall, these results elucidate the structural underpinnings of cognitively and developmentally relevant spatiotemporal brain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Cornblath
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arian Ashourvan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason Z Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard F Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rastko Ciric
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Azeez Adebimpe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Graham L Baum
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaosong He
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA.
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28
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Cai L, Wei X, Wang J, Yi G, Lu M, Dong Y. Characterization of network switching in disorder of consciousness at multiple time scales. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:026024. [PMID: 32097898 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab79f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent works have shown that flexible information processing is closely related to the reconfiguration of human brain networks underlying brain functions. However, the role of network switching for consciousness is poorly explored and whether such transition can indicate the behavioral performance of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) remains unknown. Here, we investigate the relationship between the switching of brain networks (states) over time and the consciousness levels. APPROACH By applying multilayer network methods, we calculated time-resolved functional connectivity from source-level EEG data in different frequency bands. At various time scales, we explored how the human brain changes its community structure and traverses across defined network states (integrated and segregated states) in subjects with different consciousness levels. MAIN RESULTS Network switching in the human brain is decreased with increasing time scale opposite to that in random systems. Transitions of community assignment (denoted by flexibility) are negatively correlated with the consciousness levels (particularly in the alpha band) at short time scales. At long time scales, the opposite trend is found. Compared to healthy controls, patients show a new balance between dynamic segregation and integration, with decreased proportion and mean duration of segregated state (contrary to those of integrated state) at small scales. SIGNIFICANCE These findings may contribute to the development of EEG-based network analysis and shed new light on the pathological mechanisms of neurological disorders like DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Cai
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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29
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Dajani DR, Burrows CA, Nebel MB, Mostofsky SH, Gates KM, Uddin LQ. Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Individual Connectome Mapping. Brain Connect 2020; 9:673-691. [PMID: 31631690 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional diagnostic systems for neurodevelopmental disorders define diagnostic categories that are heterogeneous in behavior and underlying neurobiological alterations. The goal of this study was to parse heterogeneity in a core executive function (EF), cognitive flexibility, in children with a range of abilities (N = 132; children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], and typically developing children) using directed functional connectivity profiles derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Brain regions activated in response to a cognitive flexibility task in adults were used to guide region-of-interest selection to estimate individual connectivity profiles in this study. We expected to find subgroups of children who differed in their network connectivity metrics and symptom measures. Unexpectedly, we did not find a stable or valid subgrouping solution, which suggests that categorical models of the neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in children may be invalid. Exploratory analyses revealed dimensional associations between network connectivity metrics and ADHD symptomatology and EF ability across the entire sample. Results shed light on the validity of conceptualizing the neural substrates of cognitive flexibility categorically in children. Ultimately, this work may provide a foundation for the development of a revised nosology focused on neurobiological substrates as an alternative to traditional symptom-based classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina R Dajani
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen M Gates
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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30
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Xia CH, Ma Z, Cui Z, Bzdok D, Thirion B, Bassett DS, Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Witten DM. Multi-scale network regression for brain-phenotype associations. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2553-2566. [PMID: 32216125 PMCID: PMC7383128 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain networks are increasingly characterized at different scales, including summary statistics, community connectivity, and individual edges. While research relating brain networks to behavioral measurements has yielded many insights into brain‐phenotype relationships, common analytical approaches only consider network information at a single scale. Here, we designed, implemented, and deployed Multi‐Scale Network Regression (MSNR), a penalized multivariate approach for modeling brain networks that explicitly respects both edge‐ and community‐level information by assuming a low rank and sparse structure, both encouraging less complex and more interpretable modeling. Capitalizing on a large neuroimaging cohort (n = 1, 051), we demonstrate that MSNR recapitulates interpretable and statistically significant connectivity patterns associated with brain development, sex differences, and motion‐related artifacts. Compared to single‐scale methods, MSNR achieves a balance between prediction performance and model complexity, with improved interpretability. Together, by jointly exploiting both edge‐ and community‐level information, MSNR has the potential to yield novel insights into brain‐behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Huchuan Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zongming Ma
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zaixu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychopathology and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Inria, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniela M Witten
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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31
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Pedersini CA, Guàrdia-Olmos J, Montalà-Flaquer M, Cardobi N, Sanchez-Lopez J, Parisi G, Savazzi S, Marzi CA. Functional interactions in patients with hemianopia: A graph theory-based connectivity study of resting fMRI signal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226816. [PMID: 31905211 PMCID: PMC6944357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of task-independent functional connectivity (FC) after a lesion causing hemianopia remains an uncovered topic and represents a crucial point to better understand the neural basis of blindsight (i.e. unconscious visually triggered behavior) and visual awareness. In this light, we evaluated functional connectivity (FC) in 10 hemianopic patients and 10 healthy controls in a resting state paradigm. The main aim of this study is twofold: first of all we focused on the description and assessment of density and intensity of functional connectivity and network topology with and without a lesion affecting the visual pathway, and then we extracted and statistically compared network metrics, focusing on functional segregation, integration and specialization. Moreover, a study of 3-cycle triangles with prominent connectivity was conducted to analyze functional segregation calculated as the area of each triangle created connecting three neighboring nodes. To achieve these purposes we applied a graph theory-based approach, starting from Pearson correlation coefficients extracted from pairs of regions of interest. In these analyses we focused on the FC extracted by the whole brain as well as by four resting state networks: The Visual (VN), Salience (SN), Attention (AN) and Default Mode Network (DMN), to assess brain functional reorganization following the injury. The results showed a general decrease in density and intensity of functional connections, that leads to a less compact structure characterized by decrease in functional integration, segregation and in the number of interconnected hubs in both the Visual Network and the whole brain, despite an increase in long-range inter-modules connections (occipito-frontal connections). Indeed, the VN was the most affected network, characterized by a decrease in intra- and inter-network connections and by a less compact topology, with less interconnected nodes. Surprisingly, we observed a higher functional integration in the DMN and in the AN regardless of the lesion extent, that may indicate a functional reorganization of the brain following the injury, trying to compensate for the general reduced connectivity. Finally we observed an increase in functional specialization (lower between-network connectivity) and in inter-networks functional segregation, which is reflected in a less compact network topology, highly organized in functional clusters. These descriptive findings provide new insight on the spontaneous brain activity in hemianopic patients by showing an alteration in the intrinsic architecture of a large-scale brain system that goes beyond the impairment of a single RSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina A. Pedersini
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, School of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Complex Systems, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Montalà-Flaquer
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, School of Psychology, Institute of Complex Systems, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolò Cardobi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Javier Sanchez-Lopez
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Parisi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Savazzi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Perception and Awareness (PandA) Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo A. Marzi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy
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32
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Blasi V, Pirastru A, Cabinio M, Di Tella S, Laganà MM, Giangiacomo A, Baglio G, Zanette M, Canevini MP, Walder M, Clerici M, Baglio F. Early Life Adversities and Borderline Intellectual Functioning Negatively Impact Limbic System Connectivity in Childhood: A Connectomics-Based Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:497116. [PMID: 33061912 PMCID: PMC7518022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.497116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) in childhood is a major risk factor for borderline intellectual functioning (BIF). BIF affects both adaptive and intellectual abilities, commonly leading to school failure and to an increased risk to develop mental and social problems in the adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the neurobiological underpinnings of ELA associated with BIF in terms of global topological organization and structural connectivity and their relation with intellectual functioning. BIF (N=32) and age-matched typical development (TD, N=14) children were evaluated for intelligence quotient (IQ), behavioral competencies, and ELA. Children underwent an anatomical and diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) protocol. Global brain topological organization was assessed measuring segregation and integration indexes. Moreover, structural matrices, measuring normalized number of fibers (NFn), were compared between the 2 groups using network-based statistics. Finally, a linear regression model was used to explore the relationship between network parameters and clinical measures. Results showed increased behavioral difficulties and ELA, together with decreased network integration in BIF children. Moreover, significantly lower NFn was observed in the BIF group (p=.039) in a sub-network comprising anterior and posterior cingulate, the pericallosal sulcus, the orbital frontal areas, amygdala, basal ganglia, the accumbens nucleus, and the hippocampus. Linear regression showed that NFn significantly predicted IQ (p<.0001). This study demonstrated that ELA in children with BIF is associated with a decreased information integration at the global level, and with an altered structural connectivity within the limbic system strictly related to the intellectual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Blasi
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Pirastru
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monia Cabinio
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Tella
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marcella Laganà
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Giangiacomo
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gisella Baglio
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Zanette
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Canevini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Epilepsy Centre, ASST S. Paolo and S. Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Walder
- Epilepsy Centre, ASST S. Paolo and S. Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baglio
- CADiTeR - Center of Advanced Diagnostic, Therapy and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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33
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Tandon N, Tandon R. Using machine learning to explain the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Realizing the promise and avoiding the hype. Schizophr Res 2019; 214:70-75. [PMID: 31500998 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research and prodigious advances in neuroscience, our comprehension of the nature of schizophrenia remains rudimentary. Our failure to make progress is attributed to the extreme heterogeneity of this condition, enormous complexity of the human brain, limitations of extant research paradigms, and inadequacy of traditional statistical methods to integrate or interpret increasingly large amounts of multidimensional information relevant to unravelling brain function. Fortunately, the rapidly developing science of machine learning appears to provide tools capable of addressing each of these impediments. Enthusiasm about the potential of machine learning methods to break the current impasse is reflected in the steep increase in the number of scientific publication about the application of machine learning to the study of schizophrenia. Machine learning approaches are, however, poorly understood by schizophrenia researchers and clinicians alike. In this paper, we provide a simple description of the nature and techniques of machine learning and their application to the study of schizophrenia. We then summarize its potential and constraints with illustrations from six studies of machine learning in schizophrenia and address some common misconceptions about machine learning. We suggest some guidelines for researchers, readers, science editors and reviewers of the burgeoning machine learning literature in schizophrenia. In order to realize its enormous promise, we suggest the need for the disciplined application of machine learning methods to the study of schizophrenia with a clear recognition of its capability and challenges accompanied by a concurrent effort to improve machine learning literacy among neuroscientists and mental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, WMU Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States of America
| | - Rajiv Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, WMU Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States of America.
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34
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Oldham S, Fornito A. The development of brain network hubs. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100607. [PMID: 30579789 PMCID: PMC6969262 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Some brain regions have a central role in supporting integrated brain function, marking them as network hubs. Given the functional importance of hubs, it is natural to ask how they emerge during development and to consider how they shape the function of the maturing brain. Here, we review evidence examining how brain network hubs, both in structural and functional connectivity networks, develop over the prenatal, neonate, childhood, and adolescent periods. The available evidence suggests that structural hubs of the brain arise in the prenatal period and show a consistent spatial topography through development, but undergo a protracted period of consolidation that extends into late adolescence. In contrast, the hubs of brain functional networks show a more variable topography, being predominantly located in primary cortical areas in early development, before moving to association areas by late childhood. These findings suggest that while the basic anatomical infrastructure of hubs may be established early, the functional viability and integrative capacity of these areas undergoes extensive postnatal maturation. Not all findings are consistent with this view however. We consider methodological factors that might drive these inconsistencies, and which should be addressed to promote a more rigorous investigation of brain network development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Oldham
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Australia.
| | - Alex Fornito
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Australia
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35
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Basic Units of Inter-Individual Variation in Resting State Connectomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1900. [PMID: 30760808 PMCID: PMC6374507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting state functional connectomes are massive and complex. It is an open question, however, whether connectomes differ across individuals in a correspondingly massive number of ways, or whether most differences take a small number of characteristic forms. We systematically investigated this question and found clear evidence of low-rank structure in which a modest number of connectomic components, around 50-150, account for a sizable portion of inter-individual connectomic variation. This number was convergently arrived at with multiple methods including estimation of intrinsic dimensionality and assessment of reconstruction of out-of-sample data. In addition, we show that these connectomic components enable prediction of a broad array of neurocognitive and clinical symptom variables at levels comparable to a leading method that is trained on the whole connectome. Qualitative observation reveals that these connectomic components exhibit extensive community structure reflecting interrelationships between intrinsic connectivity networks. We provide quantitative validation of this observation using novel stochastic block model-based methods. We propose that these connectivity components form an effective basis set for quantifying and interpreting inter-individual connectomic differences, and for predicting behavioral/clinical phenotypes.
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36
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Fornito A, Zalesky A. Computational Approaches to Understanding Mental Dysfunction: Progress, Challenges, and New Frontiers. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:728-730. [PMID: 30170710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fornito
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Xia CH, Ma Z, Ciric R, Gu S, Betzel RF, Kaczkurkin AN, Calkins ME, Cook PA, García de la Garza A, Vandekar SN, Cui Z, Moore TM, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Wolf DH, Davatzikos C, Gur RC, Gur RE, Shinohara RT, Bassett DS, Satterthwaite TD. Linked dimensions of psychopathology and connectivity in functional brain networks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3003. [PMID: 30068943 PMCID: PMC6070480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological abnormalities associated with psychiatric disorders do not map well to existing diagnostic categories. High co-morbidity suggests dimensional circuit-level abnormalities that cross diagnoses. Here we seek to identify brain-based dimensions of psychopathology using sparse canonical correlation analysis in a sample of 663 youths. This analysis reveals correlated patterns of functional connectivity and psychiatric symptoms. We find that four dimensions of psychopathology - mood, psychosis, fear, and externalizing behavior - are associated (r = 0.68-0.71) with distinct patterns of connectivity. Loss of network segregation between the default mode network and executive networks emerges as a common feature across all dimensions. Connectivity linked to mood and psychosis becomes more prominent with development, and sex differences are present for connectivity related to mood and fear. Critically, findings largely replicate in an independent dataset (n = 336). These results delineate connectivity-guided dimensions of psychopathology that cross clinical diagnostic categories, which could serve as a foundation for developing network-based biomarkers in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Huchuan Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zongming Ma
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rastko Ciric
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Richard F Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Antonia N Kaczkurkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Philip A Cook
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Angel García de la Garza
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Simon N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zaixu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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