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You Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Li X, Li X, Ma X. Exploring the potential relationship between short sleep risks and cognitive function from the perspective of inflammatory biomarkers and cellular pathways: Insights from population-based and mice studies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14783. [PMID: 38797980 PMCID: PMC11128714 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The molecular mechanism of short-sleep conditions on cognition remains largely unknown. This research aimed to investigate associations between short sleep, inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive function in the US population (NHANES data 2011-2014) and explore cellular mechanisms in mice. METHODS Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was calculated using blood-cell based biomarkers. Further, we employed integrated bioinformatics and single-cell transcriptomics (GSE137665) to examine how short sleep exposure influenced the molecular pathways associated with inflammation in the brain. To explore the signaling pathways and biological processes of sleep deprivation, we carried out enrichment analyses utilizing the GO and KEGG databases. RESULTS Population results showed that, compared with normal sleep group, severe short sleep was associated with lower cognitive ability in all the four tests. Moreover, a higher SII level was correlated with lower scores of cognitive tests. In mice study, elevated activation of the inflammatory pathway was observed in cell subgroups of neurons within the sleep deprivation and recovery sleep cohorts. Additionally, heightened expression of oxidative stress and integrated stress response pathways was noted in GABAergic neurons during sleep deprivation. CONCLUSION This study contributed to the understanding of the influence of short sleep on cognitive function and its cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science & Physical EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Vascular SurgeryFuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xingtian Li
- Division of Sports Science & Physical EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinming Li
- Division of Sports Science & Physical EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science & Physical EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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2
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Arciniegas DB, Gurin LJ, Zhang B. Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy of Core Consciousness: A Primer for Disorders of Consciousness Clinicians. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2024; 35:35-50. [PMID: 37993192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structural and functional neuroanatomy of core consciousness (ie, wakefulness and awareness) is an asset to clinicians caring for persons with disorders of consciousness. This article provides a primer on the structural and functional neuroanatomy of wakefulness and awareness. The neuroanatomical structures supporting these elements of core consciousness functions are reviewed first, after which brief description of the clinically evaluable relationships between disruption of these structures and disorders of consciousness (ie, brain-behavior relationships) are outlined. Consideration of neuroanatomy at the mesoscale (ie, the mesocircuit hypothesis) as well as in relation to several large-scale neural networks is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Arciniegas
- Marcus Institute for Brain Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Lindsey J Gurin
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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3
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Mun CJ, Winsick N, Wegener ST, Youngstedt SD, Campbell CM, Aaron RV. Medium- and Long-Term Effects of Insomnia Severity and Circadian Preference on Pain and Emotional Distress Among Individuals With Chronic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1946-1956. [PMID: 37286095 PMCID: PMC10615674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have identified insomnia as having significant influence on chronic pain. A rising body of research has also underscored the association between eveningness and chronic pain. However, co-assessment of insomnia and eveningness in the context of chronic pain adjustment has been limited. The present study sought to investigate the effects of insomnia and eveningness on pain severity, pain interference, and emotional distress (ie, depressive and anxiety symptoms) over nearly 2 years among adults with chronic pain in the U.S. Adults with chronic pain (N = 884) were surveyed 3 times via Amazon's MTurk online crowdsourcing platform: baseline, 9-month follow-up, and 21-month follow-up. Path analysis was conducted to examine the effects of baseline insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index) and eveningness (Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire), as well as their moderating effects on outcomes. Controlling for select sociodemographic variables and baseline outcome levels, greater insomnia severity at baseline was associated with worsening of all of the pain-related outcomes at 9-month follow-up, and pain interreference and emotional distress at 21-month follow-up. We did not find evidence that evening types are at a higher risk of experiencing worsening pain-related outcomes over time compared to morning and intermediate types. There were also no significant insomnia severity and eveningness moderation effects on any outcome. Our findings suggest that insomnia is a more robust predictor of changes in pain-related outcomes as compared to eveningness. Treatment of insomnia can be important in chronic pain management. Future studies should evaluate the role of circadian misalignment on pain using more accurate biobehavioral makers. PERSPECTIVE: This study examined the effects of insomnia and eveningness on pain and emotional distress in a large sample of individuals with chronic pain. Insomnia severity is a stronger predictor of changes in pain and emotional distress than eveningness, highlighting insomnia as an important clinical target for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Jung Mun
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Nina Winsick
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Stephen T Wegener
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shawn D Youngstedt
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Claudia M Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel V Aaron
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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4
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Mun CJ, Burgess HJ, Sears DD, Parthasarathy S, James D, Altamirano U, Sajith S, Lakhotia A, Fillingim RB, Youngstedt SD. Circadian Rhythm and Pain: a Review of Current Research and Future Implications. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Jha PK, Valekunja UK, Ray S, Nollet M, Reddy AB. Single-cell transcriptomics and cell-specific proteomics reveals molecular signatures of sleep. Commun Biol 2022; 5:846. [PMID: 35986171 PMCID: PMC9391396 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, we sleep for a third of the day. Sleep is important for cognition, brain waste clearance, metabolism, and immune responses. The molecular mechanisms governing sleep are largely unknown. Here, we used a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and cell-type-specific proteomics to interrogate the molecular underpinnings of sleep. Different cell types in three important brain regions for sleep (brainstem, cortex, and hypothalamus) exhibited diverse transcriptional responses to sleep need. Sleep restriction modulates astrocyte-neuron crosstalk and sleep need enhances expression of specific sets of transcription factors in different brain regions. In cortex, we also interrogated the proteome of two major cell types: astrocytes and neurons. Sleep deprivation differentially alters the expression of proteins in astrocytes and neurons. Similarly, phosphoproteomics revealed large shifts in cell-type-specific protein phosphorylation. Our results indicate that sleep need regulates transcriptional, translational, and post-translational responses in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Jha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Utham K Valekunja
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Mathieu Nollet
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Yilmaz S. Impaired biological rhythm in men with methamphetamine use disorder: the relationship with sleep quality and depression. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2098847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Istinye University, Elazığ Medical Park Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
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7
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8
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Singh MM, Chandel P, Pati A, Parganiha A. Does exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) affect the circadian rhythm of rest-activity patterns and behavioral sleep variables in humans? BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1945788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka Chandel
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Atanu Pati
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Department of Zoology, Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur, India
| | - Arti Parganiha
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
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9
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Sleep in two free-roaming blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus), with observations on the agreement of polysomnographic and actigraphic techniques. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:142-152. [PMID: 34179868 PMCID: PMC8211919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies examining sleep in mammals are done under controlled conditions in laboratory/zoological facilities with few studies being conducted in their natural environment. It is not always possible to record sleep polysomnographically (PSG) from animals in their natural environments, as PSG is invasive, requiring the surgical implantation of electrodes on the surface of the brain. In contrast, actigraphy (ACT) has been shown to be a minimally-invasive method to objectively measure overall sleep times in some mammals, although not revealing specific sleep states. The aim of this study is two-fold, first, to measure sleep polysomnographically in free-roaming blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) under the most natural conditions possible, and second, to establish the degree of concordance between ACT and PSG recordings undertaken simultaneously in the same individuals. Here we examined sleep in the blue wildebeest, in a naturalistic setting, using both polysomnography (PSG) and actigraphy (ACT). PSG showed that total sleep time (TST) in the blue wildebeest for a 24-h period was 4.53 h (±0.12 h), 4.26 h (±0.11 h) spent in slow wave (non-REM) sleep and 0.28 h (±0.01 h) spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with 19.47 h (±0.12 h) spent in Wake. ACT showed that the blue wildebeest spent 19.23 h (±0.18 h) Active and 4.77 h (±0.18 h) Inactive. For both animals studied, a fair agreement between the two techniques for sleep scoring was observed, with approximately 45% of corresponding epochs analyzed being scored as both sleep (using PSG) and inactive (using ACT).
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10
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Annamneedi VP, Park JW, Lee GS, Kang TJ. Cell Autonomous Circadian Systems and Their Relation to Inflammation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:31-40. [PMID: 33372167 PMCID: PMC7771839 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All living beings on earth have an important mechanism of 24-h periodicity, which controls their physiology, metabolism, and behavior. In humans, 24-h periodicity is regulated by the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through external and environmental cues. Peripheral organs demonstrate circadian rhythms and circadian clock functions, and these are also observed in cultured cell lines. Every cell contains a CLOCK: BMAL1 loop for the generation of circadian rhythms. In this review, we focused on cell autonomous circadian rhythms in immune cells, the inflammatory diseases caused by disruption of circadian rhythms in hormones, and the role of clock genes in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Prakash Annamneedi
- Convergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Disease, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Woo Park
- Convergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Disease, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Seon Lee
- Department of Counseling and Psychology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kang
- Convergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Disease, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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11
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Landon LB, Douglas GL, Downs ME, Greene MR, Whitmire AM, Zwart SR, Roma PG. The Behavioral Biology of Teams: Multidisciplinary Contributions to Social Dynamics in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme Environments. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2571. [PMID: 31824374 PMCID: PMC6883946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Teams in isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environments face many risks to behavioral health, social dynamics, and team performance. Complex long-duration ICE operational settings such as spaceflight and military deployments are largely closed systems with tightly coupled components, often operating as autonomous microsocieties within isolated ecosystems. As such, all components of the system are presumed to interact and can positively or negatively influence team dynamics through direct or indirect pathways. However, modern team science frameworks rarely consider inputs to the team system from outside the social and behavioral sciences and rarely incorporate biological factors despite the brain and associated neurobiological systems as the nexus of input from the environment and necessary substrate for emergent team dynamics and performance. Here, we provide a high-level overview of several key neurobiological systems relevant to social dynamics. We then describe several key components of ICE systems that can interact with and on neurobiological systems as individual-level inputs influencing social dynamics over the team life cycle-specifically food and nutrition, exercise and physical activity, sleep/wake/work rhythms, and habitat design and layout. Finally, we identify opportunities and strategic considerations for multidisciplinary research and development. Our overarching goal is to encourage multidisciplinary expansion of team science through (1) prospective horizontal integration of variables outside the current bounds of team science as significant inputs to closed ICE team systems and (2) bidirectional vertical integration of biology as the necessary inputs and mediators of individual and team behavioral health and performance. Prospective efforts to account for the behavioral biology of teams in ICE settings through an integrated organizational neuroscience approach will enable the field of team science to better understand and support teams who work, live, serve, and explore in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Blackwell Landon
- Behavioral Health & Performance Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Grace L. Douglas
- Advanced Food Technology, Human Systems Engineering and Development Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meghan E. Downs
- Human Physiology, Performance, Protection, and Operations Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maya R. Greene
- Usability Testing and Analysis Facility, Human Systems Engineering and Development Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Whitmire
- Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Element, Human Research Program, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, University of Texas Medical Branch/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter G. Roma
- Behavioral Health & Performance Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Zaaqoq AM, Namas RA, Abdul-Malak O, Almahmoud K, Barclay D, Yin J, Zamora R, Rosengart MR, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. Diurnal Variation in Systemic Acute Inflammation and Clinical Outcomes Following Severe Blunt Trauma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2699. [PMID: 31824494 PMCID: PMC6879654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that the time of day is a determinant of the immunological response to both injury and infection. We hypothesized that due to this diurnal variation, time of injury could affect the systemic inflammatory response and outcomes post-trauma and tested this hypothesis by examining the dynamics of circulating inflammatory mediators in blunt trauma patients injured during daytime vs. nighttime. From a cohort of 472 blunt trauma survivors, two stringently matched sub-cohorts of moderately/severely injured patients [injury severity score (ISS) >20] were identified. Fifteen propensity-matched, daytime-inured (“mDay”) patients (age 43.6 ± 5.2, M/F 11/4, ISS 22.9 ± 0.7) presented during the shortest local annual period (8:00 am−5:00 pm), and 15 propensity-matched “mNight” patients (age 43 ± 4.3, M/F 11/4, ISS 24.5 ± 2.5) presented during the shortest night period (10:00 pm−5:00 am). Serial blood samples were obtained (3 samples within the first 24 h and daily from days 1–7) from all patients. Thirty-two plasma inflammatory mediators were assayed. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare groups. Dynamic Network Analysis (DyNA) and Dynamic Bayesian Network (DyBN) inference were utilized to infer dynamic interrelationships among inflammatory mediators. Both total hospital and intensive care unit length of stay were significantly prolonged in the mNight group. Circulating IL-17A was elevated significantly in the mNight group from 24 h to 7 days post-injury. Circulating MIP-1α, IL-7, IL-15, GM-CSF, and sST2 were elevated in the mDay group. DyNA demonstrated elevated network complexity in the mNight vs. the mDay group. DyBN suggested that cortisol and sST2 were central nodes upstream of TGF-β1, chemokines, and Th17/protective mediators in both groups, with IL-6 being an additional downstream node in the mNight group only. Our results suggest that time of injury affects clinical outcomes in severely injured patients in a manner associated with an altered systemic inflammation program, possibly implying a role for diurnal or circadian variation in the response to traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram M Zaaqoq
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rami A Namas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Othman Abdul-Malak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Khalid Almahmoud
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Derek Barclay
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jinling Yin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew R Rosengart
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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13
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Ahrens AM, Ahmed OJ. Neural circuits linking sleep and addiction: Animal models to understand why select individuals are more vulnerable to substance use disorders after sleep deprivation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:435-444. [PMID: 31756346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ widely in their drug-craving behaviors. One reason for these differences involves sleep. Sleep disturbances lead to an increased risk of substance use disorders and relapse in only some individuals. While animal studies have examined the impact of sleep on reward circuitry, few have addressed the role of individual differences in the effects of altered sleep. There does, however, exist a rodent model of individual differences in reward-seeking behavior: the sign/goal-tracker model of Pavlovian conditioned approach. In this model, only some rats show the key behavioral traits associated with addiction, including impulsivity and poor attentional control, making this an ideal model system to examine individually distinct sleep-reward interactions. Here, we describe how the limbic neural circuits responsible for individual differences in incentive motivation overlap with those involved in sleep-wake regulation, and how this model can elucidate the common underlying mechanisms. Consideration of individual differences in preclinical models would improve our understanding of how sleep interacts with motivational systems, and why sleep deprivation contributes to addiction in only select individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar J Ahmed
- Dept. of Psychology, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, United States; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, United States; Kresge Hearing Research Institute, United States; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
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14
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Abstract
Sleep is a behavioral phenomenon conserved among mammals and some invertebrates, yet the biological functions of sleep are still being elucidated. In humans, sleep time becomes shorter, more fragmented, and of poorer quality with advancing age. Epidemiologically, the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is associated with pronounced sleep disruption, whereas emerging mechanistic studies suggest that sleep disruption may be causally linked to neurodegenerative pathology, suggesting that sleep may represent a key therapeutic target in the prevention of these conditions. In this review, we discuss the physiology of sleep, the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease, and the current literature supporting the relationship between sleep, aging, and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierno M Bah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James Goodman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Iliff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
- Veterans Integrated Service Network 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Puget Sound Health Care System, Mail Stop 116-MIRECC, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, 98108, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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15
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Toth LA. Interacting Influences of Sleep, Pain, and Analgesic Medications on Sleep Studies in Rodents. Comp Med 2019; 69:571-578. [PMID: 31213217 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This overview provides a brief summary of the complex interactions that link sleep, pain, and analgesic medications. Sleep scientists and clinicians are well aware of these relationships and understand that maintaining healthy pain-free subjects in a stable environment is essential to generating interpretable data and valid conclusions. However, these concepts and the data that support bidirectional interactions between sleep and pain may be less known to those who are not sleep scientists yet need such information to protect and advance both animal wellbeing and research validity (for example, veterinarians, IACUC members). Abundant human evidence supports the disruptive effect of pain and the modulatory effects of analgesic drugs on sleep; however, analgesic drugs can alter both sleep and the electroencephalogram, which is the primary objective measure for identifying sleep and evaluating sleep properties in both humans and animals. Consideration of the modulatory and interactive relationships of sleep, pain, and analgesic medications is essential to designing and conducting valid and reproducible sleep research using animal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Toth
- Emeritus faculty, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois;,
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16
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Chaves-Filho AJM, Macedo DS, de Lucena DF, Maes M. Shared microglial mechanisms underpinning depression and chronic fatigue syndrome and their comorbidities. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:111975. [PMID: 31136774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, it was reviewed that a) there is a strong co-occurrence between major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), with fatigue and physio-somatic symptoms being key symptoms of depression, and depressive symptoms appearing during the course of CFS; and b) the comorbidity between both disorders may in part be explained by activated immune-inflammatory pathways, including increased translocation of Gram-negative bacteria and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1. Nevertheless, the possible involvement of activated microglia in this comorbidity has remained unclear. This paper aims to review microglial disturbances in major depression, CFS and their comorbidity. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed / MEDLINE database to identify studies, which are relevant to this current review. Depressed patients present neuroinflammatory alterations, probably related to microglial activation, while animal models show that a microglial response to immune challenges including lipopolysaccharides is accompanied by depressive-like behaviors. Recent evidence from preclinical studies indicates that activated microglia have a key role in the onset of fatigue. In chronic inflammatory conditions, such as infections and senescence, microglia orchestrate an inflammatory microenvironment thereby causing fatigue. In conclusion, based on our review we may posit that shared immune-inflammatory pathways and especially activated microglia underpin comorbid depression and CFS. As such, microglial activation and neuro-inflammation may be promising targets to treat the overlapping manifestations of both depression and CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves-Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Liu Z, Wang F, Tang M, Zhao Y, Wang X. Amyloid β and tau are involved in sleep disorder in Alzheimer's disease by orexin A and adenosine A(1) receptor. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:435-442. [PMID: 30365112 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorder is confirmed as a core component of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in brain tissue is an important pathological feature of AD. However, how Aβ affects AD‑associated sleep disorder is not yet well understood. In the present study, experiments on animal and cell models were performed to detect the association between sleep disorder and Aβ. It was observed that Aβ25‑35 administration significantly decreased non‑rapid eye movement sleep, while it increased wakefulness in mice. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of tau, p‑tau, orexin A and orexin neurons express adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) were markedly upregulated in the brain tissue of AD mice compared with that in samples obtained from control mice. Furthermore, the in vitro study revealed that the expression levels of tau, p‑tau, orexin A and adenosine A1R were also significantly increased in human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells treated with Aβ25‑35 as compared with the control cells. In addition, the tau inhibitor TRx 0237 significantly reversed the promoting effects of Aβ25‑35 on tau, p‑tau, orexin A and adenosine A1R expression levels, and adenosine A1R or orexin A knockdown also inhibited tau and p‑tau expression levels mediated by Aβ25‑35 in AD. These results indicate that Aβ and tau may be considered as novel biomarkers of sleep disorder in AD pathology, and that they function by regulating the expression levels of orexin A and adenosine A1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fumin Wang
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Minglu Tang
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose was to review the most recent literature on neuroimaging in the Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS). We aimed to investigate if frontotemporal and thalamic dysfunction are key KLS signatures, and if recent research indicates other brain networks of interest that elucidate KLS symptomatology and aetiology. RECENT FINDINGS In a comprehensive literature search, we found 12 original articles published 2013-2018. Most studies report deviations related to cerebral perfusion, glucose metabolism, or blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in frontotemporal areas and/or the thalamus. Studies also report dysfunction in the temporoparietal junction and the oculomotor network that also were related to clinical parameters. We discuss these findings based on recent research on thalamocortical networks and brain stem white matter tracts. The hypothesis of frontotemporal and thalamic involvement in KLS was confirmed, and additional findings in the temporoparietal junction and the oculomotor system suggest a broader network involvement, which can be investigated by future high-resolution and multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Engström
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- CMIV, Linköpings universitet/US, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Latini
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Landtblom
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Proserpio P, Arnaldi D, Nobili F, Nobili L. Integrating Sleep and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology: Hints for Sleep Disorders Management. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:871-886. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Proserpio
- Centre of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
- Clinical of Neurology, Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
- Clinical of Neurology, Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Centre of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
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Barraco GM, Martínez-Lozano N, Vales-Villamarín C, Del Carmen Blaya M, Rios R, Madrid JA, Fardy P, Garaulet M. Circadian health differs between boys and girls as assessed by non-invasive tools in school-aged children. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:774-781. [PMID: 29609867 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Assessment of circadian health is confined to adults. However, understanding circadian status of school-aged children is necessary due to its health implications. The aim was to develop 1) a protocol to assess circadian function in school-aged children by combining the best non-invasive tools previously validated in adults; 2) a score to capture circadian function in children including food timing. This protocol will allow to explore gender differences and to compare the circadian function of school-aged children with adults from the same Mediterranean area. METHODS Healthy children (8-12 y) from 3 schools in a Mediterranean area of Spain were recruited (n = 248; 125 males and 123 females). Several non-invasive tools were used: a) 7-day-diaries of food timing and food intake, physical-activity and sleep, b) Munich-chronotype-self-reported-questionnaire; c) cortisol and melatonin saliva determinations; d) 7-day-rhythms of wrist temperature (T), activity (A), position (P) and the integrative variable TAP e) 7-day-light exposure. RESULTS We have constructed the first school-aged children population for the assessment of circadian function (ONTIME-Jr) and a new circadian score has been developed. Among circadian-related measures, TAP was the most suitable and reliable to determine circadian system characteristics. Circadian function was better in girls than in boys [circadian score (AU) Mean ± SD (girls, 1216 ± 153 vs. 1159 ± 173 boys, P = 0.012)], and also in school-aged children than in adults from the same Mediterranean area (Circadian-Function-Index: children 0.47 ± 0.06 vs. adults 0.45 ± 0.06 P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A new protocol, including TAP and food timing, demonstrated to be reliable in assessing circadian function in children. These non-invasive techniques provide the wherewithal for paediatricians to assess circadian function in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chronobiology and childhood obesity (ONTIME-Jr: Obesity, Nutrigenetics, Timing and Mediterranean, Junior). ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02895282, October 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paul Fardy
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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Wang YQ, Zhang MQ, Li R, Qu WM, Huang ZL. The Mutual Interaction Between Sleep and Epilepsy on the Neurobiological Basis and Therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:5-16. [PMID: 28486925 PMCID: PMC5771383 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170509101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep and epilepsy are mutually related in a complex, bidirectional manner. However, our understanding of this relationship remains unclear. RESULTS The literatures of the neurobiological basis of the interactions between sleep and epilepsy indicate that non rapid eye movement sleep and idiopathic generalized epilepsy share the same thalamocortical networks. Most of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as adenosine, melatonin, prostaglandin D2, serotonin, and histamine are found to regulate the sleep-wake behavior and also considered to have antiepilepsy effects; antiepileptic drugs, in turn, also have effects on sleep. Furthermore, many drugs that regulate the sleep-wake cycle can also serve as potential antiseizure agents. The nonpharmacological management of epilepsy including ketogenic diet, epilepsy surgery, neurostimulation can also influence sleep. CONCLUSION In this paper, we address the issues involved in these phenomena and also discuss the various therapies used to modify them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation
Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation
Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation
Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P.R. China
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Capella MDM, Martinez-Nicolas A, Adan A. Circadian Rhythmic Characteristics in Men With Substance Use Disorder Under Treatment. Influence of Age of Onset of Substance Use and Duration of Abstinence. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:373. [PMID: 30174624 PMCID: PMC6107843 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of the reciprocal influence between the alteration of circadian rhythms and Substance Use Disorders (SUD), and part of the success of the SUD treatment lays in the patient's rhythmic recovery. We aim to elucidate the effect of the SUD treatment in circadian rhythmicity considering, for the first time, the age of onset of substance use (OSU) and duration of abstinence. We registered the sleep-wake schedules, the chronotype and the distal skin temperature of 114 SUD patients with at least 3 months of abstinence, considering whether they had begun consumption at age 16 or earlier (OSU ≤ 16, n = 56) or at 17 or later (OSU ≥ 17, n = 58), and duration of abstinence as short (SA: 3 to 5 months, n = 38), medium (MA: 6 to 9 months, n = 35) or long (LA: more than 9 months, n = 41). Moreover, we compared the patients' distal skin temperature pattern with a similar sample of healthy controls (HC, n = 103). SUD patients showed a morningness tendency and higher night values, amplitude and stability, a better adjustment to the cosine model and lower minimum temperature and circadianity index in the distal skin temperature rhythm, in contrast to the HC group. The OSU ≥ 17 and LA groups showed a more robust distal skin temperature pattern, as well as milder clinical characteristics when compared to the OSU ≤ 16 and SA groups, respectively. The circadian disturbances associated to substance consumption seem to improve with treatment, although the age of OSU and the duration of abstinence are modulating variables. Our results highlight the need to include chronobiological strategies that boost circadian rhythmicity both in SUD prevention and rehabilitation programs. The measurement of distal skin temperature rhythm, a simple and reliable procedure, could be considered an indicator of response to treatment in SUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Capella
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez-Nicolas
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia, IUIE, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sander C, Hensch T, Wittekind DA, Böttger D, Hegerl U. Assessment of Wakefulness and Brain Arousal Regulation in Psychiatric Research. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 72:195-205. [PMID: 26901462 DOI: 10.1159/000439384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades, much knowledge has been gained about sleep being a heterogeneous condition with several distinct sleep stages that represent fundamentally different physiological states. The same applies for the wake state which also comprises distinct global functional states (called vigilance stages). However, various terms and concepts have been introduced describing different aspects of wakefulness, and accordingly several methods of assessment exist, e.g. sleep laboratory assessments (Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Maintenance of Wakefulness Test), questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), behavioural tasks (Psychomotor Vigilance Test) or electroencephalography (EEG)-based assessments (Alpha Attenuation Test, Karolinska Drowsiness Test). Furthermore, several theoretical concepts about the regulation of sleep and wakefulness have been put forward, and physiological correlates have been identified. Most relevant for healthy functioning is the regulation of brain arousal and the adaption of wakefulness to the environmental and situational needs so that the optimal balance between energy conservation and responsiveness can be obtained. Since one approach to the assessment of brain arousal regulation is the classification of EEG vigilance stages, a computer-based algorithm (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig) has been introduced, allowing classification of EEG vigilance stages in EEG recordings under resting conditions. The time course of EEG vigilance stages in EEGs of 15-20 min duration allows estimation of the individual arousal regulation (hyperstable, adaptive, or unstable vigilance pattern). The vigilance model of affective disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder links a disturbed arousal regulation to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and accordingly helps to explain and possibly also predict treatment effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for these conditions.
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Rutten S, Vriend C, Smit JH, Berendse HW, Hoogendoorn AW, van den Heuvel OA, van der Werf YD. A double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of bright light therapy on depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:355. [PMID: 27769202 PMCID: PMC5073442 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disturbed circadian rhythm seems to be a causal factor in the occurrence of depressive disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The circadian rhythm can be restored with light. Therefore, Bright Light Therapy (BLT) might be a new treatment option for depression in PD patients. METHODS/DESIGN In this double-blind controlled trial, 84 subjects with idiopathic PD are randomized to either BLT or a control light condition. The BLT condition emits white light with an intensity of 10,000 Lux, while the control device emits dim white light of 200 Lux, which is presumed to be too low to influence the circadian rhythm. Subjects receive 30 min of home treatment twice daily for three months. Timing of treatment is based on the individual chronotype. After finishing treatment, subjects enter a follow-up period of six months. The primary outcome of the study is the severity of depressive symptoms, as measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Secondary outcomes are alternative depression measures, objective and subjective sleep measures, and salivary melatonin and cortisol concentrations. For exploratory purposes, we also assess the effects on motor symptoms, global cognitive function, comorbid psychiatric disorders, quality of life and caregiver burden. Data will be analyzed using a linear mixed models analysis. DISCUSSION Performing a placebo-controlled trial on the effects of BLT in PD patients is challenging, as the appearance of the light may provide clues on the treatment condition. Moreover, fixed treatment times lead to an improved sleep-wake rhythm, which also influences the circadian system. With our study design, we do not compare BLT to placebo treatment, i.e. an ineffective control treatment. Rather, we compare structuring of the sleep-wake cycle in both conditions with additional BLT in the experimental condition, and additional dim light in the control condition. Participants are not informed about the exact details of the two light devices and the expected therapeutic effect, and expectancies are rated prior to the start of treatment. Ideally, the design of a future study on BLT should include two extra treatment arms where BLT and control light are administered at random times. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on May 17th 2012 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01604876 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Chris Vriend
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W. Berendse
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D. van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Exploring Maternal Perceptions of Infant Sleep and Feeding Method Among Mothers in the United Kingdom: A Qualitative Focus Group Study. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20:33-40. [PMID: 26156828 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a context with strong rhetorical support for breastfeeding in the health system, yet extremely low rates of breastfeeding after hospital discharge, U.K. women's decisions about infant feeding reflect the reality of competing priorities in their lives, including obtaining adequate sleep. Popular wisdom in the U.K. tightly links breastfeeding and inadequate night-time sleep. Mothers are advised by peers and family to introduce formula or solid foods to infants to promote longer sleep. OBJECTIVES The first objective of this study was to investigate women's understandings of the nature of infant sleep and their perceptions of links between infant feeding method and sleep. The second was to explore how these perceptions influence infant feeding and sleep practices. Underpinning our work is the understanding that infant care choices result from trade-offs by which mothers strive to balance infant- and self-care. METHODS We conducted seven focus groups with mothers of infants in two regions of the U.K. Verbatim transcripts were thematically coded and emergent themes were identified. RESULTS We found clearly diverging narratives between breastfeeding and formula-feeding mothers. Breastfeeding mothers viewed the fragmentary nature of infant sleep as natural, while mothers who were formula feeding felt this was a problem to be fixed. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICE The strategies used to promote infant and maternal sleep in each group were aligned with their underlying perception of how infant sleep works. Maternal perceptions of the nature of infant sleep and its relation to infant feeding method impact infant care practices in the first year of life.
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Lapshina KV, Guzeev MA, Ekimova IV. Glucose-regulated protein Grp78 affects characteristics of sleep and thermoregulation in rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301602006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Archer SN, Oster H. How sleep and wakefulness influence circadian rhythmicity: effects of insufficient and mistimed sleep on the animal and human transcriptome. J Sleep Res 2015; 24:476-93. [PMID: 26059855 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian system is a multi-oscillator, hierarchically organised system where a central pacemaker synchronises behavioural, physiological and gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues. Epidemiological studies show that disruption of this internal synchronisation by short sleep and shift work is associated with adverse health outcomes through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Here, we review recent animal and human studies demonstrating the profound effects of insufficient and mistimed sleep on the rhythms of gene expression in central and peripheral tissues. In mice, sleep restriction leads to an ~80% reduction in circadian transcripts in the brain and profound disruption of the liver transcriptome. In humans, sleep restriction leads to a 1.9% reduction in circadian transcripts in whole blood, and when sleep is displaced to the daytime, 97% of rhythmic genes become arrhythmic and one-third of all genes show changes in temporal expression profiles. These changes in mice and humans include a significant reduction in the circadian regulation of transcription and translation and core clock genes in the periphery, while at the same time rhythms within the suprachiasmatic nucleus are not disrupted. Although the physiological mediators of these sleep disruption effects on the transcriptome have not been established, altered food intake, changes in hormones such as cortisol, and changes in body and brain temperature may play important roles. Processes and molecular pathways associated with these disruptions include metabolism, immune function, inflammatory and stress responses, and point to the molecular mechanisms underlying the established adverse health outcomes associated with short sleep duration and shift work, such as metabolic syndrome and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Archer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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29
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Thakkar MM, Sharma R, Sahota P. Alcohol disrupts sleep homeostasis. Alcohol 2015; 49:299-310. [PMID: 25499829 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is a potent somnogen and one of the most commonly used "over the counter" sleep aids. In healthy non-alcoholics, acute alcohol decreases sleep latency, consolidates and increases the quality (delta power) and quantity of NREM sleep during the first half of the night. However, sleep is disrupted during the second half. Alcoholics, both during drinking periods and during abstinences, suffer from a multitude of sleep disruptions manifested by profound insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and altered sleep architecture. Furthermore, subjective and objective indicators of sleep disturbances are predictors of relapse. Finally, within the USA, it is estimated that societal costs of alcohol-related sleep disorders exceeds $18 billion. Thus, although alcohol-associated sleep problems have significant economic and clinical consequences, very little is known about how and where alcohol acts to affect sleep. In this review, we have described our attempts to unravel the mechanism of alcohol-induced sleep disruptions. We have conducted a series of experiments using two different species, rats and mice, as animal models. We performed microdialysis, immunohistochemical, pharmacological, sleep deprivation and lesion studies which suggest that the sleep-promoting effects of alcohol may be mediated via alcohol's action on the mediators of sleep homeostasis: adenosine (AD) and the wake-promoting cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain (BF). Alcohol, via its action on AD uptake, increases extracellular AD resulting in the inhibition of BF wake-promoting neurons. Since binge alcohol consumption is a highly prevalent pattern of alcohol consumption and disrupts sleep, we examined the effects of binge drinking on sleep-wakefulness. Our results suggest that disrupted sleep homeostasis may be the primary cause of sleep disruption observed following binge drinking. Finally, we have also shown that sleep disruptions observed during acute withdrawal, are caused due to impaired sleep homeostasis. In conclusion, we suggest that alcohol may disrupt sleep homeostasis to cause sleep disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh M Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Babiker MOE, Prasad M. Narcolepsy in children: a diagnostic and management approach. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52:557-65. [PMID: 25838042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a diagnostic and management approach for narcolepsy in children. METHODS Narcolepsy is a chronic disabling disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnogogic and/or hypnopompic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. All four features are present in only half of the cases. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the essential feature of narcolepsy at any age and is usually the first symptom to manifest. A combination of excessive daytime sleepiness and definite cataplexy is considered pathognomonic of narcolepsy syndrome. RESULTS New treatment options have become available over the past few years. Early diagnosis and management can significantly improve the quality of life of patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the pathophysiology, clinical features, and management options for children with narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O E Babiker
- Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital of Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Manish Prasad
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
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Vriend J, Reiter RJ. Melatonin feedback on clock genes: a theory involving the proteasome. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:1-11. [PMID: 25369242 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of 'clock' genes occurs in all tissues, but especially in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, groups of neurons in the brain that regulate circadian rhythms. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in a circadian manner as influenced by the SCN. There is also considerable evidence that melatonin, in turn, acts on the SCN directly influencing the circadian 'clock' mechanisms. The most direct route by which melatonin could reach the SCN would be via the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle. Melatonin could also reach the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, another melatonin-sensitive tissue, via this route. The major 'clock' genes include the period genes, Per1 and Per2, the cryptochrome genes, Cry1 and Cry2, the clock (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) gene, and the Bmal1 (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like) gene. Clock and Bmal1 heterodimers act on E-box components of the promoters of the Per and Cry genes to stimulate transcription. A negative feedback loop between the cryptochrome proteins and the nucleus allows the Cry and Per proteins to regulate their own transcription. A cycle of ubiquitination and deubiquitination controls the levels of CRY protein degraded by the proteasome and, hence, the amount of protein available for feedback. Thus, it provides a post-translational component to the circadian clock mechanism. BMAL1 also stimulates transcription of REV-ERBα and, in turn, is also partially regulated by negative feedback by REV-ERBα. In the 'black widow' model of transcription, proteasomes destroy transcription factors that are needed only for a particular period of time. In the model proposed herein, the interaction of melatonin and the proteasome is required to adjust the SCN clock to changes in the environmental photoperiod. In particular, we predict that melatonin inhibition of the proteasome interferes with negative feedback loops (CRY/PER and REV-ERBα) on Bmal1 transcription genes in both the SCN and PT. Melatonin inhibition of the proteasome would also tend to stabilize BMAL1 protein itself in the SCN, particularly at night when melatonin is naturally elevated. Melatonin inhibition of the proteasome could account for the effects of melatonin on circadian rhythms associated with molecular timing genes. The interaction of melatonin with the proteasome in the hypothalamus also provides a model for explaining the dramatic 'time of day' effect of melatonin injections on reproductive status of seasonal breeders. Finally, the model predicts that a proteasome inhibitor such as bortezomib would modify circadian rhythms in a manner similar to melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Electric stimulation of the tuberomamillary nucleus affects epileptic activity and sleep-wake cycle in a genetic absence epilepsy model. Epilepsy Res 2014; 109:119-25. [PMID: 25524851 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach for epilepsy treatment, but the optimal targets and parameters of stimulation are yet to be investigated. Tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) is involved in EEG desynchronization-one of the proposed mechanisms for DBS action. We studied whether TMN stimulation could interfere with epileptic spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats with inherited absence epilepsy and whether such stimulation would affect sleep-wake cycle. EEG and video registration were used to determine SWD occurrence and stages of sleep and wake during three-hours recording sessions. Stimulation (100Hz) was applied in two modes: closed-loop (with previously determined interruption threshold intensity) or open-loop mode (with 50% or 70% threshold intensity). Closed-loop stimulation successfully interrupted SWDs but elevated their number by 148 ± 54% compared to baseline. It was accompanied by increase in number of episodes but not total duration of both active and passive wakefulness. Open-loop stimulation with amplitude 50% threshold did not change measured parameters, though 70% threshold stimulation reduced SWDs number by 40 ± 9%, significantly raised the amount of active wakefulness and decreased the amount of both slow-wave and rapid eye movement sleep. These results suggest that the TMN is unfavorable as a target for DBS as its stimulation may cause alterations in sleep-wake cycle. A careful choosing of parameters and control of sleep-wake activity is necessary when applying DBS in epilepsy.
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Cao D, Barrionuevo PA. Estimating photoreceptor excitations from spectral outputs of a personal light exposure measurement device. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:270-80. [PMID: 25290040 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.966269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic circadian clock requires photoentrainment to synchronize the 24-hour solar day. Therefore, light stimulation is an important component of chronobiological research. Currently, the chronobiological research field overwhelmingly uses photopic illuminance that is based on the luminous efficiency function, V(λ), to quantify light levels. However, recent discovery of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which are activated by self-contained melanopsin photopigment and also by inputs from rods and cones, makes light specification using a one-dimensional unit inadequate. Since the current understanding of how different photoreceptor inputs contribute to the circadian system through ipRGCs is limited, it is recommended to specify light in terms of the excitations of five photoreceptors (S-, M-, L-cones, rods and ipRGCs; Lucas et al., 2014). In the current study, we assessed whether the spectral outputs from a commercially available spectral watch (i.e. Actiwatch Spectrum) could be used to estimate photoreceptor excitations. Based on the color sensor spectral sensitivity functions from a previously published work, as well as from our measurements, we computed spectral outputs in the long-wavelength range (R), middle-wavelength range (G), short-wavelength range (B) and broadband range (W) under 52 CIE illuminants (25 daylight illuminants, 27 fluorescent lights). We also computed the photoreceptor excitations for each illuminant using human photoreceptor spectral sensitivity functions. Linear regression analyses indicated that the Actiwatch spectral outputs could predict photoreceptor excitations reliably, under the assumption of linear responses of the Actiwatch color sensors. In addition, R, G, B outputs could classify illuminant types (fluorescent versus daylight illuminants) satisfactorily. However, the assessment of actual Actiwatch recording under several testing light sources showed that the spectral outputs were subject to great non-linearity, leading to less accurate estimation of photoreceptor excitations. Based on our analyses, we recommend that each spectral watch should be calibrated to measure spectral sensitivity functions and linearization characteristics for each sensor to have an accurate estimation of photoreceptor excitations. The method we provided to estimate photoreceptor excitations from the outputs of spectral watches could be used for chronobiological studies that can tolerate an error in the range of 0.2-0.5 log units. Our method can be easily expanded to incorporate linearization functions to have more accurate estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
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Circadian and homeostatic modulation of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow in humans under normal entrained conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1493-9. [PMID: 24938404 PMCID: PMC4158665 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal rhythms have been observed in human behaviors as diverse as sleep, olfaction, and learning. Despite its potential impact, time of day is rarely considered when brain responses are studied by neuroimaging techniques. To address this issue, we explicitly examined the effects of circadian and homeostatic regulation on functional connectivity (FC) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in healthy human volunteers, using whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and arterial spin labeling (ASL). In common with many circadian studies, we collected salivary cortisol to represent the normal circadian activity and functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Intriguingly, the changes in FC and rCBF we observed indicated fundamental decreases in the functional integration of the default mode network (DMN) moving from morning to afternoon. Within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), our results indicate that morning cortisol levels are negatively correlated with rCBF. We hypothesize that the homeostatic mechanisms of the HPA axis has a role in modulating the functional integrity of the DMN (specifically, the ACC), and for the purposes of using fMRI as a tool to measure changes in disease processes or in response to treatment, we demonstrate that time of the day is important when interpreting resting-state data.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current article is to review the shared pathophysiological mechanisms which may underlie the clinical association between headaches and sleep disorders. BACKGROUND The association between sleep and headache is well documented in terms of clinical phenotypes. Disrupted sleep-wake patterns appear to predispose individuals to headache attacks and increase the risk of chronification, while sleep is one of the longest established abortive strategies. In agreement, narcoleptic patients show an increased prevalence of migraine compared to the general population and specific familial sleep disorders have been identified to be comorbid with migraine with aura. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology and pharmacology of headache and sleep disorders involves an array of neural networks which likely underlie their shared clinical association. While it is difficult to differentiate between cause and effect, or simply a spurious relationship the striking brainstem, hypothalamic and thalamic convergence would suggest a bidirectional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Holland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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Bailey M, Silver R. Sex differences in circadian timing systems: implications for disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:111-39. [PMID: 24287074 PMCID: PMC4041593 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex. These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset by internal signals such as hormones, and external cues such as light. The present review highlights the inter-relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as a master clock synchronizing the phase of clocks throughout the body. Gonadal steroid receptors are expressed in almost every site that receives direct SCN input. Here we review sex differences in the circadian timing system in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG), the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis, and sleep-arousal systems. We also point to ways in which disruption of circadian rhythms within these systems differs in the sexes and is associated with dysfunction and disease. Understanding sex differentiated circadian timing systems can lead to improved treatment strategies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, United States.
| | - Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, United States; Department of Psychology, Barnard College, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, United States.
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LeBourgeois MK, Wright KP, LeBourgeois HB, Jenni OG. Dissonance Between Parent-Selected Bedtimes and Young Children's Circadian Physiology Influences Nighttime Settling Difficulties. MIND, BRAIN AND EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MIND, BRAIN, AND EDUCATION SOCIETY 2013; 7:234-242. [PMID: 24535929 PMCID: PMC3925339 DOI: 10.1111/mbe.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nighttime settling difficulties (i.e., bedtime resistance, sleep-onset delay) occur in about 25% of young children and are associated with attentional, behavioral, and emotional problems. We examined whether the timing of internal (endogenous) circadian melatonin phase (i.e., dim light melatonin onset; DLMO) and its relationship with parent-selected bedtimes were related to nighttime settling behaviors. Fourteen regularly napping preschoolers (8 females; 30-36 months) participated in a 6-day protocol (parent-report of nighttime settling, actigraphic assessment of sleep onset latency, evening salivary DLMO). Average DLMO clock time was 07:40 p.m. ± 00:48 minutes, occurring 29 minutes ± 32 minutes prior to bedtime (lights-out). Children with later DLMOs had longer sleep-onset latencies (r = .62) and poorer success in falling asleep (r = -.59). Children whose bedtimes were closer to their DLMO had longer sleep-onset latencies (r = .72) and increased bedtime resistance (r = -.54). We conclude that dissonance between parent-selected bedtimes and children's circadian physiology may contribute to the development of nighttime settling difficulties in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique K. LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich
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Choi D. Potency of melatonin in living beings. Dev Reprod 2013; 17:149-77. [PMID: 25949131 PMCID: PMC4282293 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Living beings are surrounded by various changes exhibiting periodical rhythms in environment. The environmental changes are imprinted in organisms in various pattern. The phenomena are believed to match the external signal with organisms in order to increase their survival rate. The signals are categorized into circadian, seasonal, and annual cycles. Among the cycles, the circadian rhythm is regarded as the most important factor because its periodicity is in harmony with the levels of melatonin secreted from pineal gland. Melatonin is produced by the absence of light and its presence displays darkness. Melatonin plays various roles in creatures. Therefore, this review is to introduce the diverse potential ability of melatonin in manifold aspects in living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donchan Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 449-714, Republic of Korea
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Borgers AJ, Alkemade A, Van de Giessen EM, Drent ML, Booij J, Bisschop PH, Fliers E. Imaging of serotonin transporters with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT in the human hypothalamus. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:34. [PMID: 23618227 PMCID: PMC3648392 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic neurons in the rodent hypothalamus are implicated in key neuroendocrine and metabolic functions, including circadian rhythmicity. However, the assessment of the serotonergic system in the human hypothalamus in vivo is difficult as delineation of the hypothalamus is cumbersome with conventional region-of-interest analysis. In the present study, we aimed to develop a method to visualize serotonin transporters (SERT) in the hypothalamus. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that hypothalamic SERT binding ratios are different between patients with hypothalamic impairment (HI), pituitary insufficiency (PI), and control subjects (C). METHODS SERT availability was determined in 17 subjects (6 HI, 5 PI, and 6 healthy controls), 2 h after injection of 123I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane ([123I]FP-CIT), using single-photon emission computed tomography (performed on a brain-dedicated system) fused with individual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain. The hypothalamus (representing specific SERT binding) and cerebellum (representing nonspecific binding) were manually delineated on each MRI to assess [123I]FP-CIT binding and specific-to-nonspecific binding ratios. RESULTS In each healthy subject, [123I]FP-CIT binding was higher in the hypothalamus than in the cerebellum, and the mean hypothalamic binding ratio of SERT was 0.29 ± 0.23. We found no difference in hypothalamic binding ratios between HI, PI, and control subjects (HI 0.16 ± 0.24, PI 0.45 ± 0.39, C 0.29 ± 0.23, p value 0.281). CONCLUSIONS We were able to demonstrate SERT binding in the human hypothalamus in vivo. However, we did not find altered hypothalamic SERT binding in patients with hypothalamic impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register: NTR2520.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J Borgers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room F5-168, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Bright light therapy in Parkinson's disease: an overview of the background and evidence. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:767105. [PMID: 23320250 PMCID: PMC3540893 DOI: 10.1155/2012/767105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and seem to be strongly associated with depression. It has been suggested that sleep disorders as well as depression are caused by a disturbed circadian rhythm. Indeed, PD patients are prone to misalignment of their circadian rhythm due to various factors, and many patients with PD display a phase advance of their circadian rhythm. Current treatment options for sleep disorders and depression in patients with PD are limited and can have serious side effects; alternative treatments are therefore badly needed. Bright light therapy (BLT) restores circadian rhythmicity effectively in mood- and sleep-disturbed patients without PD. The few studies that focused on the efficacy of BLT in patients with PD demonstrated a positive effect of BLT not only on sleep and mood but also on motor function. More research on the neurobiology and efficacy of BLT in PD is warranted.
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Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:1153-75. [PMID: 23004349 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the systematic study of the circadian typology (CT) is relatively recent and has developed rapidly in the two last decades. All the existing data suggest that this individual difference affects our biological and psychological functioning, not only in health, but also in disease. In the present study, we review the current literature concerning the psychometric properties and validity of CT measures as well as individual, environmental and genetic factors that influence the CT. We present a brief overview of the biological markers that are used to define differences between CT groups (sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, cortisol and melatonin), and we assess the implications for CT and adjustment to shiftwork and jet lag. We also review the differences between CT in terms of cognitive abilities, personality traits and the incidence of psychiatric disorders. When necessary, we have emphasized the methodological limitations that exist today and suggested some future avenues of work in order to overcome these. This is a new field of interest to professionals in many different areas (research, labor, academic and clinical), and this review provides a state of the art discussion to allow professionals to integrate chronobiological aspects of human behavior into their daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Adan
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Neurobiological studies of fatigue. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:93-105. [PMID: 22841649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue is a symptom associated with many disorders, is especially common in women and in older adults, and can have a huge negative influence on quality of life. Although most past research on fatigue uses human subjects instead of animal models, the use of appropriate animal models has recently begun to advance our understanding of the neurobiology of fatigue. In this review, results from animal models using immunological, developmental, or physical approaches to study fatigue are described and compared. Common across these animal models is that fatigue arises when a stimulus induces activation of microglia and/or increased cytokines and chemokines in the brain. Neurobiological studies implicate structures in the ascending arousal system, sleep executive control areas, and areas important in reward. In addition, the suprachiasmatic nucleus clearly plays an important role in homeostatic regulation of the neural network mediating fatigue. This nucleus responds to cytokines, shows decreased amplitude firing rate output in models of fatigue, and responds to exercise, one of our few treatments for fatigue. This is a young field but very important as the symptom of fatigue is common across many disorders and we do not have effective treatments.
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van Oosterhout F, Lucassen EA, Houben T, vanderLeest HT, Antle MC, Meijer JH. Amplitude of the SCN clock enhanced by the behavioral activity rhythm. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39693. [PMID: 22761873 PMCID: PMC3386260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small structure at the base of the hypothalamus. While light effects on the SCN are well established, little is known of behavioral effects. This study elucidates direct modulating action of behavioral activity on the SCN by use of in vivo electrophysiology recordings, assessments of general locomotor behavior, and video-tracking of mice. The results show suppression of SCN neuronal activity by spontaneous behavior, the magnitude being dependent on the intensity, duration and type of behavioral activity. The suppression was moderate (32% of circadian amplitude) for low-intensity behavior and considerable (59%) for locomotor activity. Mild manipulation of the animals had reversed effects on the SCN indicating that different mechanisms are involved in the regulatory effect of spontaneous versus induced activity. The results indicate that exercise at the proper time of the cycle can boost the amplitude of the rhythm of the SCN clock itself. This has potentially beneficial effects for other rhythmic functions that are under the control of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Oosterhout
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eliane A. Lucassen
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Houben
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Tjebbe vanderLeest
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael C. Antle
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Johanna H. Meijer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Logan RW, Sarkar DK. Circadian nature of immune function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:82-90. [PMID: 21784128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary physiological role of the circadian system is to synchronize and coordinate organ systems, particularly in response to dynamics in the environment. The immune system is under direct circadian control by systemic cues and molecular clocks within immune cells. The master circadian pacemaker called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) conveys timing information to the immune system through endocrine and autonomic pathways. These signals promote phase coherence of peripheral clocks in the immune system, and also govern daily variations in immune function. The coordination of immune response may compose an anticipatory state for optimal immune response. Interactions between circadian and immune systems are bidirectional, in that immune factors can modulate phasing of circadian clocks. Circadian disruption, such as environmental desynchronization and/or anomalous molecular clock functions, may lead to lack of system coordination, and particular vulnerabilities to infection and disease may develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Postnova S, Layden A, Robinson PA, Phillips AJ, Abeysuriya RG. Exploring Sleepiness and Entrainment on Permanent Shift Schedules in a Physiologically Based Model. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:91-102. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730411419934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of permanent shift work on entrainment and sleepiness are examined using a mathematical model that combines a model of sleep-wake switch in the brain with a model of the human circadian pacemaker entrained by light and nonphotic inputs. The model is applied to 8-hour permanent shift schedules to understand the basic mechanisms underlying changes of entrainment and sleepiness. Average sleepiness is shown to increase during the first days on the night and evening schedules, that is, shift start times between 0000 to 0700 h and 1500 to 2200 h, respectively. After the initial increase, sleepiness decreases and stabilizes via circadian re-entrainment to the cues provided by the shifts. The increase in sleepiness until entrainment is achieved is strongly correlated with the phase difference between a circadian oscillator entrained to the ambient light and one entrained to the shift schedule. The higher this phase difference, the larger the initial increase in sleepiness. When entrainment is achieved, sleepiness stabilizes and is the same for different shift onsets within the night or evening schedules. The simulations reveal the presence of a critical shift onset around 2300 h that separates schedules, leading to phase advance (night shifts) and phase delay (evening shifts) of the circadian pacemaker. Shifts starting around this time take longest to entrain and are expected to be the worst for long-term sleepiness and well-being of the workers. Surprisingly, we have found that the circadian pacemaker entrains faster to night schedules than to evening ones. This is explained by the longer photoperiod on night schedules compared to evening. In practice, this phenomenon is difficult to see due to days off on which workers switch to free sleep-wake activity. With weekends, the model predicts that entrainment is never achieved on evening and night schedules unless the workers follow the same sleep routine during weekends as during work days. Overall, the model supports experimental observations, providing new insights into the mechanisms and allowing the examination of conditions that are not accessible experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Postnova
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Center for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Layden
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A. Robinson
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Center for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Center, Sydney Medical School–Western, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J.K. Phillips
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sleep in anesthesiology – What can we learn about anesthesia from studying sleep? TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
While much is known about the mechanisms that underlie sleep and circadian rhythms, the investigation into sex differences and gonadal steroid modulation of sleep and biological rhythms is in its infancy. There is a growing recognition of sex disparities in sleep and rhythm disorders. Understanding how neuroendocrine mediators and sex differences influence sleep and biological rhythms is central to advancing our understanding of sleep-related disorders. While it is known that ovarian steroids affect circadian rhythms in rodents, the role of androgen is less understood. Surprising findings that androgens, acting via androgen receptors in the master "circadian clock" within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, modulate photic effects on activity in males point to novel mechanisms of circadian control. Work in aromatase-deficient mice suggests that some sex differences in photic responsiveness are independent of gonadal hormone effects during development. In parallel, aspects of sex differences in sleep are also reported to be independent of gonadal steroids and may involve sex chromosome complement. This a summary of recent work illustrating how sex differences and gonadal hormones influence sleep and circadian rhythms that was presented at a Mini-Symposium at the 2011 annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience.
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Nobili L, De Gennaro L, Proserpio P, Moroni F, Sarasso S, Pigorini A, De Carli F, Ferrara M. Local aspects of sleep. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 199:219-232. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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