1
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Suvieri C, De Marchis F, Mandarano M, Ambrosino S, Rossini S, Mondanelli G, Gargaro M, Panfili E, Orabona C, Pallotta MT, Belladonna ML, Volpi C. Membrane Localization and Phosphorylation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells: First Steps in Exploring Its Signaling Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16236. [PMID: 38003426 PMCID: PMC10671178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is a paralog of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan-degrading enzyme producing immunomodulatory molecules. However, the two proteins are unlikely to carry out the same functions. IDO2 shows little or no tryptophan catabolic activity and exerts contrasting immunomodulatory roles in a context-dependent manner in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The recently described potential non-enzymatic activity of IDO2 has suggested its possible involvement in alternative pathways, resulting in either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in different models. In a previous study on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, we found that IDO2 expression revealed at the plasma membrane level of tumor cells was significantly associated with poor prognosis. In this study, the A549 human cell line, basally expressing IDO2, was used as an in vitro model of human lung adenocarcinoma to gain more insights into a possible alternative function of IDO2 different from the catalytic one. In these cells, immunocytochemistry and isopycnic sucrose gradient analyses confirmed the IDO2 protein localization in the cell membrane compartment, and the immunoprecipitation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins revealed that kinase activities can target IDO2. The different localization from the cytosolic one and the phosphorylation state are the first indications for the signaling function of IDO2, suggesting that the IDO2 non-enzymatic role in cancer cells is worthy of deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suvieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
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León-Letelier RA, Dou R, Vykoukal J, Sater AHA, Ostrin E, Hanash S, Fahrmann JF. The kynurenine pathway presents multi-faceted metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1256769. [PMID: 37876966 PMCID: PMC10591110 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1256769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) and associated catabolites play key roles in promoting tumor progression and modulating the host anti-tumor immune response. To date, considerable focus has been on the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and its catabolite, kynurenine (Kyn). However, increasing evidence has demonstrated that downstream KP enzymes and their associated metabolite products can also elicit tumor-microenvironment immune suppression. These advancements in our understanding of the tumor promotive role of the KP have led to the conception of novel therapeutic strategies to target the KP pathway for anti-cancer effects and reversal of immune escape. This review aims to 1) highlight the known biological functions of key enzymes in the KP, and 2) provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging therapies aimed at targeting discrete enzymes in the KP for anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. León-Letelier
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rongzhang Dou
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ali Hussein Abdel Sater
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Edwin Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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3
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Muller AJ, Mondal A, Dey S, Prendergast GC. IDO1 and inflammatory neovascularization: bringing new blood to tumor-promoting inflammation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1165298. [PMID: 37182174 PMCID: PMC10172587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In parallel with the genetic and epigenetic changes that accumulate in tumor cells, chronic tumor-promoting inflammation establishes a local microenvironment that fosters the development of malignancy. While knowledge of the specific factors that distinguish tumor-promoting from non-tumor-promoting inflammation remains inchoate, nevertheless, as highlighted in this series on the 'Hallmarks of Cancer', it is clear that tumor-promoting inflammation is essential to neoplasia and metastatic progression making identification of specific factors critical. Studies of immunometabolism and inflamometabolism have revealed a role for the tryptophan catabolizing enzyme IDO1 as a core element in tumor-promoting inflammation. At one level, IDO1 expression promotes immune tolerance to tumor antigens, thereby helping tumors evade adaptive immune control. Additionally, recent findings indicate that IDO1 also promotes tumor neovascularization by subverting local innate immunity. This newly recognized function for IDO1 is mediated by a unique myeloid cell population termed IDVCs (IDO1-dependent vascularizing cells). Initially identified in metastatic lesions, IDVCs may exert broader effects on pathologic neovascularization in various disease settings. Mechanistically, induction of IDO1 expression in IDVCs by the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ blocks the antagonistic effect of IFNγ on neovascularization by stimulating the expression of IL6, a powerful pro-angiogenic cytokine. By contributing to vascular access, this newly ascribed function for IDO1 aligns with its involvement in other cancer hallmark functionalities, (tumor-promoting inflammation, immune escape, altered cellular metabolism, metastasis), which may stem from an underlying role in normal physiological functions such as wound healing and pregnancy. Understanding the nuances of how IDO1 involvement in these cancer hallmark functionalities varies between different tumor settings will be crucial to the future development of successful IDO1-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexander J. Muller,
| | - Arpita Mondal
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., Warminster, PA, United States
| | - Souvik Dey
- Wuxi Advanced Therapeutics, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Badawy AAB, Guillemin GJ. Species Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism and Disposition. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221122511. [PMID: 36325027 PMCID: PMC9620070 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221122511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Major species differences in tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and disposition exist
with important physiological, functional and toxicity implications. Unlike
mammalian and other species in which plasma Trp exists largely bound to albumin,
teleosts and other aquatic species possess little or no albumin, such that Trp
entry into their tissues is not hampered, neither is that of environmental
chemicals and toxins, hence the need for strict measures to safeguard their
aquatic environments. In species sensitive to toxicity of excess Trp, hepatic
Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) lacks the free apoenzyme and its glucocorticoid
induction mechanism. These species, which are largely herbivorous, however,
dispose of Trp more rapidly and their TDO is activated by smaller doses of Trp
than Trp-tolerant species. In general, sensitive species may possess a higher
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity which equips them to resist immune
insults up to a point. Of the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway beyond TDO and
IDO, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic acid-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD)
determines the extent of progress of the pathway towards NAD+
synthesis and its activity varies across species, with the domestic cat
(Felis catus) being the leading species possessing the
highest activity, hence its inability to utilise Trp for NAD+
synthesis. The paucity of current knowledge of Trp metabolism and disposition in
wild carnivores, invertebrates and many other animal species described here
underscores the need for further studies of the physiology of these species and
its interaction with Trp metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences,
Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Abdulla A-B Badawy, Formerly School of
Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff,
Wales, CF5 2YB, UK.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, MND Research
Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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Kim YS, Ko B, Kim DJ, Tak J, Han CY, Cho JY, Kim W, Kim SG. Induction of the hepatic aryl hydrocarbon receptor by alcohol dysregulates autophagy and phospholipid metabolism via PPP2R2D. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6080. [PMID: 36241614 PMCID: PMC9568535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed lipid metabolism precedes alcoholic liver injury. Whether and how AhR alters degradation of lipids, particularly phospho-/sphingo-lipids during alcohol exposure, was not explored. Here, we show that alcohol consumption in mice results in induction and activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the liver, and changes the hepatic phospho-/sphingo-lipids content. The levels of kynurenine, an endogenous AhR ligand, are elevated with increased hepatic tryptophan metabolic enzymes in alcohol-fed mice. Either alcohol or kynurenine treatment promotes AhR activation with autophagy dysregulation via AMPK. Protein Phosphatase 2 Regulatory Subunit-Bdelta (Ppp2r2d) is identified as a transcriptional target of AhR. Consequently, PPP2R2D-dependent AMPKα dephosphorylation causes autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hepatocyte-specific AhR ablation attenuates steatosis, which is associated with recovery of phospho-/sphingo-lipids content. Changes of AhR targets are corroborated using patient specimens. Overall, AhR induction by alcohol inhibits autophagy in hepatocytes through AMPKα, which is mediated by Ppp2r2d gene transactivation, revealing an AhR-dependent metabolism of phospho-/sphingo-lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seok Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsub Ko
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Da Jung Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea ,grid.412484.f0000 0001 0302 820XMetabolomics Core Facility, Department of Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03082 Korea
| | - Jihoon Tak
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Kyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yeob Han
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896 Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Kyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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6
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Peng X, Zhao Z, Liu L, Bai L, Tong R, Yang H, Zhong L. Targeting Indoleamine Dioxygenase and Tryptophan Dioxygenase in Cancer Immunotherapy: Clinical Progress and Challenges. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2639-2657. [PMID: 35965963 PMCID: PMC9374094 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s373780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenases (IDO1/2) and tryptophan 2.3-dioxygenase (TDO) are the initial and rate-limiting enzymes in tryptophan metabolism, which play an essential role in mediating immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence has indicated that both IDO1 and TDO are highly expressed in many malignant tumors, and their expression is generally associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating immune cells, increased regulatory T-cell infiltration, as well as cancer progression and poor prognosis for malignancies. A large number of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors have been screened or synthesized in the last two decades. Thus far, at least 12 antagonists targeting IDO1 and TDO have advanced to clinical trials. In this account, we conducted a comprehensive review of the development of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy, particularly their clinical research progress, and presented the current challenges and corresponding solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerun Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengrun District People’s Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- POWERCHINA Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Sudar-Milovanovic E, Gluvic Z, Obradovic M, Zaric B, Isenovic ER. Tryptophan Metabolism in Atherosclerosis and Diabetes. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:99-113. [PMID: 34269660 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210714153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) undergoes catabolism through several pathways, producing biologically active metabolites that significantly impact physiological processes. The metabolic pathway responsible for the majority of Trp catabolism is the kynurenine synthesis pathway (KP). Serotonin and melatonin are among the most essential Trp pathways degradation products. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists between alterations in Trp metabolism and the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small and medium arteries wall caused by maladaptive local immune responses, which underpins several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Systemic low-grade immune-mediated inflammation is implicated in atherosclerosis where pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), play a significant role. IFN-γ upregulates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), decreasing serum levels of the Trp and increasing metabolite levels of kynurenine. Increased IDO expression and activity could accelerate the atherosclerosis process. Therefore, activated IDO inhibition could offer possible treatment options regarding atherosclerosis management. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia that, over time, leads to severe damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and peripheral nerves. Trp serum levels and lower activity of IDO were higher in future type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. This article reviews recent findings on the link between mammalian Trp metabolism and its role in atherosclerosis and diabetes and outlines the intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Bozidarka Zaric
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
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8
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Xu L, Ling J, Su C, Su YW, Xu Y, Jiang Z. Emerging Roles on Immunological Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Liver Injuries. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:756435. [PMID: 34869457 PMCID: PMC8636938 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is one of the initial rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (KP), which causes immune suppression and induction of T cell anergy. It is associated with the imbalance of immune homeostasis in numerous diseases including cancer, chronic viral infection, allergy, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, IDO has extended its role to liver field. In this review, we summarize the dysregulation and potentials of IDO in the emerging field of liver injuries, as well as current challenges for IDO targets. In particular, we discuss unexpected conclusions against previous work published. IDO is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver dysfunction and exerts an immunosuppressive effect, whereas the improvement of liver injury may require consideration of multiple factors besides IDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Ling
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang Su
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Queiroz RF, Stanley CP, Wolhuter K, Kong SMY, Rajivan R, McKinnon N, Nguyen GTH, Roveri A, Guttzeit S, Eaton P, Donald WA, Ursini F, Winterbourn CC, Ayer A, Stocker R. Hydrogen peroxide signaling via its transformation to a stereospecific alkyl hydroperoxide that escapes reductive inactivation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6626. [PMID: 34785665 PMCID: PMC8595612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During systemic inflammation, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) becomes expressed in endothelial cells where it uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxidize L-tryptophan to the tricyclic hydroperoxide, cis-WOOH, that then relaxes arteries via oxidation of protein kinase G 1α. Here we show that arterial glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins that rapidly eliminate H2O2, have little impact on relaxation of IDO1-expressing arteries, and that purified IDO1 forms cis-WOOH in the presence of peroxiredoxin 2. cis-WOOH oxidizes protein thiols in a selective and stereospecific manner. Compared with its epimer trans-WOOH and H2O2, cis-WOOH reacts slower with the major arterial forms of glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins while it reacts more readily with its target, protein kinase G 1α. Our results indicate a paradigm of redox signaling by H2O2 via its enzymatic conversion to an amino acid-derived hydroperoxide that 'escapes' effective reductive inactivation to engage in selective oxidative activation of key target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael F Queiroz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southwest Bahia State University, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher P Stanley
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Wolhuter
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Ragul Rajivan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi McKinnon
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giang T H Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Philip Eaton
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anita Ayer
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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10
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Ramprasath T, Han YM, Zhang D, Yu CJ, Zou MH. Tryptophan Catabolism and Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target For Aortic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731701. [PMID: 34630411 PMCID: PMC8496902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic diseases are the primary public health concern. As asymptomatic diseases, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and atherosclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The inflammatory process constitutes an essential part of a pathogenic cascade of aortic diseases, including atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms. Inflammation on various vascular beds, including endothelium, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and inflammatory cell infiltration (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, etc.), play critical roles in the initiation and progression of aortic diseases. The tryptophan (Trp) metabolism or kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary way of degrading Trp in most mammalian cells, disturbed by cytokines under various stress. KP generates several bioactive catabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), etc. Depends on the cell types, these metabolites can elicit both hyper- and anti-inflammatory effects. Accumulating evidence obtained from various animal disease models indicates that KP contributes to the inflammatory process during the development of vascular disease, notably atherosclerosis and aneurysm development. This review outlines current insights into how perturbed Trp metabolism instigates aortic inflammation and aortic disease phenotypes. We also briefly highlight how targeting Trp metabolic pathways should be considered for treating aortic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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11
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Li C, Zhao H. Tryptophan and Its Metabolites in Lung Cancer: Basic Functions and Clinical Significance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:707277. [PMID: 34422661 PMCID: PMC8377361 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.707277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal malignancy worldwide. Recently, it has been recognized that metabolic reprogramming is a complex and multifaceted factor, contributing to the process of lung cancer. Tryptophan (Try) is an essential amino acid, and Try and its metabolites can regulate the progression of lung cancer. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions of the Try metabolic pathway, its metabolites, and key enzymes in the pathogenic process of lung cancer, including modulating the tumor environment, promoting immune suppression, and drug resistance. We summarize the recent advance in therapeutic drugs targeting the Try metabolism and kynurenine pathway and their clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Health Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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Mohan AA, Tomaszewski WH, Haskell-Mendoza AP, Hotchkiss KM, Singh K, Reedy JL, Fecci PE, Sampson JH, Khasraw M. Targeting Immunometabolism in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:696402. [PMID: 34222022 PMCID: PMC8242259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have only recently begun to understand how cancer metabolism affects antitumor responses and immunotherapy outcomes. Certain immunometabolic targets have been actively pursued in other tumor types, however, glioblastoma research has been slow to exploit the therapeutic vulnerabilities of immunometabolism. In this review, we highlight the pathways that are most relevant to glioblastoma and focus on how these immunometabolic pathways influence tumor growth and immune suppression. We discuss hypoxia, glycolysis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine metabolism, 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) metabolism, adenosine metabolism, and altered phospholipid metabolism, in order to provide an analysis and overview of the field of glioblastoma immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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13
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Yuasa HJ, Stocker R. Methylene blue and ascorbate interfere with the accurate determination of the kinetic properties of IDO2. FEBS J 2021; 288:4892-4904. [PMID: 33686747 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (Trp) to N-formylkynurenine. Two IDOs, IDO1 and IDO2, are present in vertebrates. IDO1 is a high-affinity Trp-degrading enzyme involved in several physiological processes. By comparison, IDO2 generally has been reported to have low affinity (high Km -value) for Trp, and the enzyme's in vivo function remains unclear. Using IDOs from different species, we show that compared with ferrous-oxy (Fe2+ -O2 ) IDO1, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 is substantially more stable and engages in multiple turnovers of the reaction in the absence of a reductant. Without reductant, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 showed Km -values in the range of 80-356 μM, that is, values substantially lower than reported previously and close to the physiological concentrations of Trp. Methylene blue and ascorbate (Asc), used commonly as the reducing system for IDO activity determination, significantly affected the enzymatic activity of IDO2: In combination, the two reductants increased the apparent Km - and kcat -values 8- to 117-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Asc alone both activated and inhibited IDO2 by acting as a source of electrons and as a weak competitive inhibitor, respectively. In addition, ferric (Fe3+ ) IDO1 and IDO2 exhibited weak dioxygenase activity, similar to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Our results shed new light in the enzymatic activity of IDO2, and they support the view that this isoform of IDO also participates in the metabolism of Trp in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Roland Stocker
- Arterial Inflammation and Redox Biology Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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14
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Kudo Y, Koh I, Sugimoto J. Localization of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-2 at the Human Maternal-Fetal Interface. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920984163. [PMID: 33447047 PMCID: PMC7780199 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920984163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical localization of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway, has been studied in order to better understand the physiological significance of these enzymes at the maternal-fetal interface of human pregnancy with a gestational age of 7 weeks (n = 1) and term placentas (37-40 weeks of gestation, n = 5). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 protein immunoreactivity was found in glandular epithelium of the decidua and the endothelium of the fetal blood vessels in the villous stroma with some additional positive cells in the villous core and in the decidua. The syncytiotrophoblast stained strongly for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2. Immunoreactivity of kynurenine, the immediate downstream product of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan metabolism, showed the same localization as that of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2, suggesting these are functional enzymes. Interferon-γ added to placental villous explant culture markedly stimulated expression level of both mRNA and immunoreactivity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. The different cellular expression and interferon-γ sensitivity of these enzymes at the maternal-fetal interface suggests distinct physiological roles for each enzyme in normal human viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Iemasa Koh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Sugimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Dolšak A, Gobec S, Sova M. Indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases as important future therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107746. [PMID: 33212094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine is the first and rate-limiting step of the tryptophan metabolic pathway (i.e., the kynurenine pathway). This conversion is catalyzed by three enzyme isoforms: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). As this pathway generates numerous metabolites that are involved in various pathological conditions, IDOs and TDO represent important targets for therapeutic intervention. This pathway has especially drawn attention due to its importance in tumor resistance. Over the last decade, a large number of IDO and TDO inhibitors have been developed, many of which have entered clinical trials. Here, detailed structural comparisons of these three enzymes (with emphasis on their active sites), their involvement in cellular signaling, and their role(s) in pathological conditions are discussed. Furthermore, the most important recent inhibitors described in papers and patents and involved in clinical trials are reviewed, with a focus on both selective and multiple inhibitors. A short overview of the biochemical and cellular assays used for inhibitory potency evaluation is also presented. This review summarizes recent advances on IDO and TDO as potential drug targets, and provides the key features and perspectives for further research and development of potent inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolšak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Sova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Heidari F, Ramezani A, Erfani N, Razmkhah M. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase: A Professional Immunomodulator and Its Potential Functions in Immune Related Diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 41:346-363. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1836176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Erfani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Razmkhah
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Fujii K, Yamamoto Y, Mizutani Y, Saito K, Seishima M. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5515. [PMID: 32752186 PMCID: PMC7432009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme known to suppress immune responses, and several reports have showed that it is associated with psoriasis. IDO2 is an isoform of IDO1, recently identified as a catalytic enzyme in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, which is expressed in dendritic cells and monocytes. The expression of IDO2 in immune cells suggests that IDO2 may contribute to immune functions. However, the role of IDO2 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis remains unclear. In this study, to elucidate the role of IDO2 in psoriasis, we assessed imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in IDO2 knockout (KO) mice. Skin inflammation, evaluated by scoring erythema, scaling, and ear thickness, was significantly worse in the IDO2 KO mice than in the wild-type (WT) mice. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-23p19, and IL-17A, key cytokines involved in the development of psoriasis, were also increased in the IDO2 KO mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of Ki67-positive cells in the epidermis and CD4-, CD8-, and IL-17-positive lymphocytes infiltrating the dermis were significantly increased in the IDO2 KO mice. These results suggest that IDO2 might decrease IL-17 expression, thereby resulting in the suppression of skin inflammation in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.S.)
| | - Yoko Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.S.)
| | - Mariko Seishima
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.S.)
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18
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Mandarano M, Bellezza G, Belladonna ML, Vannucci J, Gili A, Ferri I, Lupi C, Ludovini V, Falabella G, Metro G, Mondanelli G, Chiari R, Cagini L, Stracci F, Roila F, Puma F, Volpi C, Sidoni A. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 Immunohistochemical Expression in Resected Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Potential New Prognostic Tool. Front Immunol 2020; 11:839. [PMID: 32536910 PMCID: PMC7267213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is an analog of the tryptophan degrading and immunomodulating enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Although the role of IDO1 is largely understood, the function of IDO2 is not yet well-elucidated. IDO2 overexpression was documented in some human tumors, but the linkage between IDO2 expression and cancer progression is still unclear, in particular in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunohistochemical expression and cellular localization of IDO2 was evaluated on 191 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded resected NSCLC. Correlations between IDO2 expression, clinical-pathological data, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), immunosuppressive tumor molecules (IDO1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 - PD-L1 -) and patients' prognosis were evaluated. IDO2 high expression is strictly related to high PD-L1 level among squamous cell carcinomas group (p = 0.012), to either intratumoral or mixed localization of TILs (p < 0.001) and to adenocarcinoma histotype (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation between IDO2 high expression and poor non-small cell lung cancer prognosis was detected (p = 0.011). The current study reaches interesting knowledge about IDO2 in non-small cell lung cancer. The close relationship between IDO2 expression, PD-L1 increased levels, TILs localization and NSCLC poor prognosis, assumed IDO2 as a potential prognostic biomarker to be exploited for optimizing innovative combined therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/surgery
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mandarano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Vannucci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Gili
- Section of Public Health, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Vienna Ludovini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Falabella
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulio Metro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Chiari
- Medical Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Padova sud, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucio Cagini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Stracci
- Section of Public Health, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Umbria Cancer Registry, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Roila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Puma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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19
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Salmon T, Bruno CEM, de Amorim AF, Kfoury Junior JR. Presence of the protein indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the maternal-fetal interface of the yolk sac placenta of blue shark, Prionace glauca. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:256-260. [PMID: 32097719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a protein usually described in mammals, which, among other functions, participates in the maternal-fetal tolerance process. The blue-shark, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) is a viviparous placentary species in which the yolk sac develops during the pregnancy, turning into a placenta for matrotrophic nutrition of the embryo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of IDO in the P. glauca maternal-fetal interface along three gestation phases and describe its distribution and the meaning of its presence. The results showed IDO labelling during the yolk sac/placenta development in the ectoderm on the three development phases and in the endoderm at the two first phases. In the uterine epithelium, IDO was observed in the last two phases. These interface tissues are major contact areas between the mother and the semiallogeneic conceptus and this relation could induce an immunological response against the fetus. Therefore, the presence of IDO may indicate that it could have a similar role in the mechanism of maternal-fetal tolerance in the P. glauca placental interface, as described in eutherian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Salmon
- Sector of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo M Bruno
- Sector of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Kfoury Junior
- Sector of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Feng X, Tang R, Zhang R, Wang H, Ji Z, Shao Y, Wang S, Zhong T, Gu Y, Meng J. A comprehensive analysis of IDO1 expression with tumour-infiltrating immune cells and mutation burden in gynaecologic and breast cancers. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5238-5248. [PMID: 32227579 PMCID: PMC7205837 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynaecologic and breast cancers share some similarities at the molecular level. The aims of our study are to highlight the similarities and differences about IDO1, an important immune‐related gene in female cancers. The NGS data from TCGA of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) and breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) were analysed to identify molecular features, and clinically significant and potential therapeutic targets of IDO1. We found IDO1 was significantly up‐regulated in four gynaecologic cancers and breast cancer. According to breast cancer PAM50 classification scheme, IDO1 expression was higher in tumours of basal than other subtypes and showed better survival prognosis in BRCA and OV. Through immune infiltration analysis, we found a strong correlation between IDO1 and immune cell populations especially for dendritic cells and T cells. In addition, we investigated the association between IDO1 and tumour mutation burden (TMB) and found that IDO1 was significantly correlated with TMB in BRCA and CESC. GSVA revealed that hallmarks significantly correlated with IDO1 were involved in interferon gamma response, allograft rejection and inflammatory response. We also found PD‐L1 and LAG3 were highly positive related to IDO1 in gynaecologic cancers when comparing with their corresponding normal tissues. Our results indicated that IDO1 participated in anti‐tumour immune process and is correlated with mutation burden. These findings may expand our outlook of potential anti‐IDO1 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Feng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runjie Zhang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Ji
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuoer Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Moffett JR, Arun P, Puthillathu N, Vengilote R, Ives JA, Badawy AAB, Namboodiri AM. Quinolinate as a Marker for Kynurenine Metabolite Formation and the Unresolved Question of NAD + Synthesis During Inflammation and Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:31. [PMID: 32153556 PMCID: PMC7047773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolinate (Quin) is a classic example of a biochemical double-edged sword, acting as both essential metabolite and potent neurotoxin. Quin is an important metabolite in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism leading to the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). As a precursor for NAD+, Quin can direct a portion of tryptophan catabolism toward replenishing cellular NAD+ levels in response to inflammation and infection. Intracellular Quin levels increase dramatically in response to immune stimulation [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)] in macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells, and other cells of the immune system. NAD+ serves numerous functions including energy production, the poly ADP ribose polymerization (PARP) reaction involved in DNA repair, and the activity of various enzymes such as the NAD+-dependent deacetylases known as sirtuins. We used highly specific antibodies to protein-coupled Quin to delineate cells that accumulate Quin as a key aspect of the response to immune stimulation and infection. Here, we describe Quin staining in the brain, spleen, and liver after LPS administration to the brain or systemic PWM administration. Quin expression was strong in immune cells in the periphery after both treatments, whereas very limited Quin expression was observed in the brain even after direct LPS injection. Immunoreactive cells exhibited diverse morphology ranging from foam cells to cells with membrane extensions related to cell motility. We also examined protein expression changes in the spleen after kynurenine administration. Acute (8 h) and prolonged (48 h) kynurenine administration led to significant changes in protein expression in the spleen, including multiple changes involved with cytoskeletal rearrangements associated with cell motility. Kynurenine administration resulted in several expression level changes in proteins associated with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a chaperone for the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which is the primary kynurenine metabolite receptor. We propose that cells with high levels of Quin are those that are currently releasing kynurenine pathway metabolites as well as accumulating Quin for sustained NAD+ synthesis from tryptophan. Further, we propose that the kynurenine pathway may be linked to the regulation of cell motility in immune and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Moffett
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University Medical School, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University Medical School, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Narayanan Puthillathu
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University Medical School, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ranjini Vengilote
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University Medical School, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John A. Ives
- The Center for Brain, Mind, and Healing, Samueli Institute, Alexandria, VA, United States
| | | | - Aryan M. Namboodiri
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University Medical School, Bethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Doyle C, Swain WA, Swain Ewald HA, Ewald PW. Inflammation, infection and depression: an evolutionary perspective. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2019; 1:e14. [PMID: 37588396 PMCID: PMC10427271 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary basis for clinical depression is not well understood. A growing body of literature that is not based on evolutionary logic links inflammation to depression. Integration of these findings with an evolutionary framework for depression, however, needs to address the reasons why the body's inflammatory response would be regulated so poorly that it would result in incapacitating depression. Pathogen induction of inflammation offers an explanation, but the extent to which the association between inflammation and depression can be attributed to general inflammation as opposed to particular effects of pro-inflammatory pathogens remains unclear. This paper reports a study of sexually transmitted pathogens, which addresses this issue. Although several sexually transmitted pathogens were associated with depression according to bivariate tests, only Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis were significantly associated with depression by a multivariate analysis that accounted for correlations among the pathogens. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that infection may contribute to depression through induction of tryptophan restriction, and a consequent depletion of serotonin. It reinforces the idea that some depression may be caused by specific pathogens in specific evolutionary arms races with their human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Doyle
- Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY40205, USA
| | - Walker A. Swain
- Department of Lifelong Education, Administration, and Policy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
| | - Holly A. Swain Ewald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40292, USA
| | - Paul W. Ewald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40292, USA
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23
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Boros FA, Vécsei L. Immunomodulatory Effects of Genetic Alterations Affecting the Kynurenine Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2570. [PMID: 31781097 PMCID: PMC6851023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) have immunomodulatory effects. Modulation of the activities and levels of these molecules might be of particular importance under disease conditions when the amelioration of overreacting immune responses is desired. Results obtained by the use of animal and tissue culture models indicate that by eliminating or decreasing activities of key enzymes of the KP, a beneficial shift in disease outcome can be attained. This review summarizes experimental data of models in which IDO, TDO, or KMO activity modulation was achieved by interventions affecting enzyme production at a genomic level. Elimination of IDO activity was found to improve the outcome of sepsis, certain viral infections, chronic inflammation linked to diabetes, obesity, aorta aneurysm formation, and in anti-tumoral processes. Similarly, lack of TDO activity was advantageous in the case of anti-tumoral immunity, while KMO inhibition was found to be beneficial against microorganisms and in the combat against tumors, as well. On the other hand, the complex interplay among KP metabolites and immune function in some cases requires an increase in a particular enzyme activity for the desired immune response modulation, as was shown by the exacerbation of liver fibrosis due to the elimination of IDO activity and the detrimental effects of TDO inhibition in a mouse model of autoimmune gastritis. The relevance of these studies concerning possible human applications are discussed and highlighted. Finally, a brief overview is presented on naturally occurring genetic variants affecting immune functions via modulation of KP enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Tian CQ, Chen L, Chen HD, Huan XJ, Hu JP, Shen JK, Xiong B, Wang YQ, Miao ZH. Inhibition of the BET family reduces its new target gene IDO1 expression and the production of L-kynurenine. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 31324754 PMCID: PMC6642217 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family members, including BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4, act as epigenetic readers to regulate gene expression. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme that participates in tumor immune escape primarily by catalyzing tryptophan to L-kynurenine. Here, we report that IDO1 is a new target gene of the BET family. RNA profiling showed that compound 9, a new BET inhibitor, reduced IDO1 mRNA up to seven times in Ty-82 cells. IDO1 differentially expressed in tumor cells and its expression could be induced with interferon gamma (IFN-γ). BET inhibitors (ABBV-075, JQ1, and OTX015) inhibited both constitutive and IFN-γ-inducible expression of IDO1. Similarly, reduction of BRD2, BRD3, or BRD4 decreased IDO1 expression. All these BET family members bound to the IDO1 promoter via the acetylated histone H3. JQ1 led to their release and reduced enrichment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) on the promoter. IFN-γ increased the binding of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and Pol II on the IDO1 promoter by increasing the acetylation of histone H3, which could be prevented by JQ1 partially or even completely. Furthermore, both JQ1 and OTX015 decreased the production of L-kynurenine. The combination of BET inhibitors with the IDO1 inhibitor further reduced L-kynurenine, though only marginally. Importantly, the BET inhibitor ABBV-075 significantly inhibited the growth of human Ty-82 xenografts in nude mice and reduced both protein and mRNA levels of IDO1 in the xenografts. This finding lays a basis for the potential combination of BET inhibitors and IDO1 inhibitors for the treatment of IDO1-expressing cancers.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- HL-60 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Kynurenine/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Tian
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Dong Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xia-Juan Huan
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Kang Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying-Qing Wang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Open Studio for Drugability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266237, Shandong, China.
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25
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Cui ZW, Zhang XY, Zhang XJ, Wu N, Lu LF, Li S, Chen DD, Zhang YA. Molecular and functional characterization of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:301-308. [PMID: 30965085 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a kind of dioxygenase that can catalyze the degradation of levo-tryptophan (L-Trp) and plays key roles in immune tolerance. In this study, the IDO gene was cloned and functionally characterized from grass carp (gcIDO). The results showed that gcIDO overexpressed in GCO cells could catalyze the degradation of L-Trp through the L-Trp - kynurenine pathway, and this activity could be promoted by δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) while inhibited by levo-1-methyl tryptophan (L-1MT). Moreover, gcIDO was constitutively expressed in various tissues, and its expression could be significantly up-regulated by LPS and Poly (I:C) in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Furthermore, recombinant TGF-β1 of grass carp could up-regulate the expression of IDO, TGF-β1, CD25, and Foxp3 in PBLs, indicating that the TGF-β1/IDO pathway is present in fish. In the soybean meal induced enteritis (SBMIE) model, the expression of gcIDO in the intestine was up-regulated significantly, demonstrating that gcIDO may play an immunoregulatory role in SBMIE. Taken together, these data suggest that the IDO plays multiple roles in the immunity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Cui
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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26
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Höglund E, Øverli Ø, Winberg S. Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Brain Serotonergic Activity: A Comparative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:158. [PMID: 31024440 PMCID: PMC6463810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) is the precursor of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Numerous studies have shown that elevated dietary Trp has a suppressive effect on aggressive behavior and post-stress plasma cortisol concentrations in vertebrates, including teleosts. These effects are believed to be mediated by the brain serotonergic system, even though all mechanisms involved are not well understood. The rate of 5-HT biosynthesis is limited by Trp availability, but only in neurons of the hindbrain raphe area predominantly expressing the isoform TPH2 of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). In the periphery as well as in brain areas expressing TPH1, 5-HT synthesis is probably not restricted by Trp availability. Moreover, there are factors affecting Trp influx to the brain. Among those are acute stress, which, in contrast to long-term stress, may result in an increase in brain Trp availability. The mechanisms behind this stress induced increase in brain Trp concentration are not fully understood but sympathetic activation is likely to play an important role. Studies in mammals show that only a minor fraction of Trp is utilized for 5-HT synthesis whereas a larger fraction of the Trp pool enters the kynurenic pathway. The first stage of this pathway is catalyzed by the hepatic enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and the extrahepatic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), enzymes that are induced by glucocorticoids and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Thus, chronic stress and infections can shunt available Trp toward the kynurenic pathway and thereby lower 5-HT synthesis. In accordance with this, dietary fatty acids affecting the pro-inflammatory cytokines has been suggested to affect metabolic fate of Trp. While TDO seems to be conserved by evolution in the vertebrate linage, earlier studies suggested that IDO was only present mammals. However, recent phylogenic studies show that IDO paralogues are present within the whole vertebrate linage, however, their involvement in the immune and stress reaction in teleost fishes remains to be investigated. In this review we summarize the results from previous studies on the effects of dietary Trp supplementation on behavior and neuroendocrinology, focusing on possible mechanisms involved in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Höglund
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- Centre of Coastal Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svante Winberg
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Abstract
Immunotherapy through immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) is quickly transforming cancer treatment by improving patients' outcomes. However, innate and acquired resistance to ICBs remain a major challenge in clinical settings. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) are enzymes involved in tryptophan catabolism with a central immunosuppressive function within the tumor microenvironment. IDOs are over-expressed in cancer patients and have increasingly been associated with worse outcomes and a poor prognosis. Preclinical data have shown that combining IDO and checkpoint inhibition might be a valuable strategy to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. Currently, several IDO inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials, showing favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and promising efficacy. This review describes the mechanisms involved in IDO-mediated immune suppression and its role in cancer immune escape, focusing on the potential clinical application of IDO inhibitors as an immunotherapy strategy for cancer treatment.
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28
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Boros FA, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a novel therapeutic target for Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:39-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1549231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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29
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Yamamoto Y, Yamasuge W, Imai S, Kunisawa K, Hoshi M, Fujigaki H, Mouri A, Nabeshima T, Saito K. Lipopolysaccharide shock reveals the immune function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 through the regulation of IL-6/stat3 signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15917. [PMID: 30374077 PMCID: PMC6206095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (Ido2) is a recently identified catalytic enzyme in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway that is expressed primarily in monocytes and dendritic cells. To elucidate the biological role of Ido2 in immune function, we introduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin shock to Ido2 knockout (Ido2 KO) mice, which led to higher mortality than that in the wild type (WT) mice. LPS-treated Ido2 KO mice had increased production of inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin-6; IL-6) in serum and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) phosphorylation in the spleen. Moreover, the peritoneal macrophages of LPS-treated Ido2 KO mice produced more cytokines than did the WT mice. By contrast, the overexpression of Ido2 in the murine macrophage cell line (RAW) suppressed cytokine production and decreased stat3 expression. Finally, RAW cells overexpressing Ido2 did not alter nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) or stat1 expression, but IL-6 and stat3 expression decreased relative to the control cell line. These results reveal that Ido2 modulates IL-6/stat3 signalling and is induced by LPS, providing novel options for the treatment of immune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/deficiency
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/mortality
- Shock, Septic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Wakana Yamasuge
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Imai
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
- Aino University, Ibaraki, 567-0012, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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30
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Zhai L, Ladomersky E, Lenzen A, Nguyen B, Patel R, Lauing KL, Wu M, Wainwright DA. IDO1 in cancer: a Gemini of immune checkpoints. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:447-457. [PMID: 29375124 PMCID: PMC6068130 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting metabolic enzyme that converts the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) into downstream catabolites known as kynurenines. Coincidently, numerous studies have demonstrated that IDO1 is highly expressed in multiple types of human cancer. Preclinical studies have further introduced an interesting paradox: while single-agent treatment with IDO1 enzyme inhibitor has a negligible effect on decreasing the established cancer burden, approaches combining select therapies with IDO1 blockade tend to yield a synergistic benefit against tumor growth and/or animal subject survival. Given the high expression of IDO1 among multiple cancer types along with the lack of monotherapeutic efficacy, these data suggest that there is a more complex mechanism of action than previously appreciated. Similar to the dual faces of the astrological Gemini, we highlight the multiple roles of IDO1 and review its canonical association with IDO1-dependent tryptophan metabolism, as well as documented evidence confirming the dispensability of enzyme activity for its immunosuppressive effects. The gene transcript levels for IDO1 highlight its strong association with T-cell infiltration, but the lack of a universal prognostic significance among all cancer subtypes. Finally, ongoing clinical trials are discussed with consideration of IDO1-targeting strategies that enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Alicia Lenzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Brenda Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Ricky Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Meijing Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University; Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University, 60611, Chicago, IL, USA.
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31
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Inflammatory Reprogramming with IDO1 Inhibitors: Turning Immunologically Unresponsive 'Cold' Tumors 'Hot'. Trends Cancer 2017; 4:38-58. [PMID: 29413421 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We discuss how small-molecule inhibitors of the tryptophan (Trp) catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) represent a vanguard of new immunometabolic adjuvants to safely enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, radiotherapy, or 'immunogenic' chemotherapy by leveraging responses to tumor neoantigens. IDO inhibitors re-program inflammatory processes to help clear tumors by blunting tumor neovascularization and restoring immunosurveillance. Studies of regulatory and effector pathways illuminate IDO as an inflammatory modifier. Recent work suggests that coordinate targeting of the Trp catabolic enzymes tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and IDO2 may also safely broaden efficacy. Understanding IDO inhibitors as adjuvants to turn immunologically 'cold' tumors 'hot' can seed new concepts in how to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy while limiting collateral damage.
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González Esquivel D, Ramírez-Ortega D, Pineda B, Castro N, Ríos C, Pérez de la Cruz V. Kynurenine pathway metabolites and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:331-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cortés J, Alvarez C, Santana P, Torres E, Mercado L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: First evidence of expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:73-78. [PMID: 27370975 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of enzymes as active antimicrobial agents of the innate immunity in teleost fish is proposed in diverse works. Secretion of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been described in higher vertebrates; it degrades l-tryptophan in extracellular environments associated mainly with mucosal organs. The effect of IDO on decreasing amino acid concentration may inhibit the growth of potential pathogens. In fish the study of this molecule is still. Here we report the identification of an Onchorhyncus mykiss IDO homologue (OmIDO). IDO was cloned, sequenced, and the primary structure shows conservation of key functional sites. The constitutive expression is altered when the fish is challenged with LPS as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs). Up-regulation of IDO was shown preferentially in the fish's mucosal cells. In order to obtain evidence of a possible regulation mechanism, an in vitro cell model was used for to show that OmIDO is induced by rIFN. These study has identified a Indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase in O. mykiss will contribute to expands our knowledge of the function this protein in fish immune response. These findings allow to propose the use of OmIDO as a molecular indicator of strength of the animal's immune response and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Cortés
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Claudio Alvarez
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Paula Santana
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Elisa Torres
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Li J, Li Y, Yang D, Hu N, Guo Z, Kuang C, Yang Q. Establishment of a human indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 2 (hIDO2) bioassay system and discovery of tryptanthrin derivatives as potent hIDO2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mazarei G, Leavitt BR. Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 4:109-18. [PMID: 26397892 PMCID: PMC4923717 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-159003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Within the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the role of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites and the kynurenine pathway (KP) in diseases of the brain such as Huntington’s disease (HD). Evidence is accumulating to suggest that this pathway is imbalanced in neurologic disease states. The KP diverges into two branches that can lead to production of either neuroprotective or neurotoxic metabolites. In one branch, kynurenine (Kyn) produced as a result of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism is further metabolized to neurotoxic metabolites such as 3-hydroxykunurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QA). In the other branch, Kyn is converted to the neuroprotective metabolite kynurenic acid (KA). The enzyme Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO1) catalyzes the conversion of Trp into Kyn, the first and rate-limiting enzymatic step of the KP. This reaction takes place throughout the body in multiple cell types as a required step in the degradation of the essential amino acid Trp. Studies of IDO1 in brain have focused primarily on a potential role in depression, immune tolerance associated with brain tumours, and multiple sclerosis; however the role of this enzyme in neurodegenerative disease has garnered significant attention in recent years. This review will provide a summary of the current understanding of the role of IDO1 in Huntington’s disease and will assess this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Mazarei
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Jortzik E, Zocher K, Isernhagen A, Mailu BM, Rahlfs S, Viola G, Wittlin S, Hunt NH, Ihmels H, Becker K. Benzo[b]quinolizinium Derivatives Have a Strong Antimalarial Activity and Inhibit Indoleamine Dioxygenase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:115-25. [PMID: 26459907 PMCID: PMC4704160 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01066-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme-containing enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) and IDO-2 catalyze the conversion of the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine. Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway and IDO itself are involved in immunity and the pathology of several diseases, having either immunoregulatory or antimicrobial effects. IDO-1 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, which is the most severe and often fatal neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Mouse models are usually used to study the underlying pathophysiology. In this study, we screened a natural compound library against mouse IDO-1 and identified 8-aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium (compound 2c) to be an inhibitor of IDO-1 with potency at nanomolar concentrations (50% inhibitory concentration, 164 nM). Twenty-one structurally modified derivatives of compound 2c were synthesized for structure-activity relationship analyses. The compounds were found to be selective for IDO-1 over IDO-2. We therefore compared the roles of prominent amino acids in the catalytic mechanisms of the two isoenzymes via homology modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic analyses. Notably, methionine 385 of IDO-2 was identified to interfere with the entrance of l-tryptophan to the active site of the enzyme, which explains the selectivity of the inhibitors. Most interestingly, several benzo[b]quinolizinium derivatives (6 compounds with 50% effective concentration values between 2.1 and 6.7 nM) were found to be highly effective against P. falciparum 3D7 blood stages in cell culture with a mechanism independent of IDO-1 inhibition. We believe that the class of compounds presented here has unique characteristics; it combines the inhibition of mammalian IDO-1 with strong antiparasitic activity, two features that offer potential for drug development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimalarials/chemical synthesis
- Antimalarials/chemistry
- Antimalarials/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Erythrocytes/drug effects
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/chemistry
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Malaria/drug therapy
- Malaria/parasitology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Plasmodium berghei/drug effects
- Plasmodium berghei/enzymology
- Plasmodium berghei/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
- Plasmodium falciparum/enzymology
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Quinolizines/chemical synthesis
- Quinolizines/chemistry
- Quinolizines/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tryptophan/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jortzik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathleen Zocher
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antje Isernhagen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Boniface M Mailu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rahlfs
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Mbongue JC, Nicholas DA, Torrez TW, Kim NS, Firek AF, Langridge WHR. The Role of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase in Immune Suppression and Autoimmunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:703-29. [PMID: 26378585 PMCID: PMC4586474 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate limiting catabolic enzyme in the degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan. By cleaving the aromatic indole ring of tryptophan, IDO initiates the production of a variety of tryptophan degradation products called "kynurenines" that are known to exert important immuno-regulatory functions. Because tryptophan must be supplied in the diet, regulation of tryptophan catabolism may exert profound effects by activating or inhibiting metabolism and immune responses. Important for survival, the regulation of IDO biosynthesis and its activity in cells of the immune system can critically alter their responses to immunological insults, such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. In this review, we assess how IDO-mediated catabolism of tryptophan can modulate the immune system to arrest inflammation, suppress immunity to cancer and inhibit allergy, autoimmunity and the rejection of transplanted tissues. Finally, we examine how vaccines may enhance immune suppression of autoimmunity through the upregulation of IDO biosynthesis in human dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques C Mbongue
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Dequina A Nicholas
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | | | - Nan-Sun Kim
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju 54896, Korea.
| | - Anthony F Firek
- Endocrinology Section, JL Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
| | - William H R Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Yuasa HJ, Mizuno K, Ball HJ. Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes are conserved in lower vertebrates, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable. FEBS J 2015; 282:2735-45. [PMID: 25950090 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a Trp-degrading enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the kynurenine pathway. Two IDO genes, IDO1 and IDO2, are found in vertebrates and the timing of the gene duplication giving rise to the genes has been controversial. In the present study, we report that several fishes and two turtles also have both IDO1 and IDO2. This represents definitive evidence for the gene duplication occurring before the divergence of vertebrates, with IDO1 having been lost in a number of lower vertebrate lineages. IDO2 enzymes have a relatively low affinity for l-Trp; however, Anolis carolinensis (lizard) IDO2 has an affinity for l-Trp comparable to mammalian IDO1 enzymes. We identified a Ser residue located in the distal heme pocket of IDO1 (distal-Ser) (corresponding to Ser167 of human IDO1) that is conserved in all IDO1 enzymes and the lizard IDO2. This residue is conserved as Thr (distal-Thr) in other IDO2 enzymes. Biochemical analyses, using IDO variants with either Ser or Thr substitutions, suggest that the distal-Ser change was crucial for the improvement in affinity for l-Trp in ancient IDO1. The ancestral IDO1 likely had a 'moderate' enzymatic efficiency for l-Trp, clearly higher than IDO2 but lower than mammalian IDO1. The distal-Ser of lizard IDO2 bestows a high affinity for l-Trp, however, this unique IDO2 has a low enzymatic efficiency because of its very low catalytic velocity. Thus, low efficiency IDO2 enzymes have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable in many lower vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. Efficient tryptophan-catabolizing activity is consistently conserved through evolution of TDO enzymes, but not IDO enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:128-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J. Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Applied Science; Faculty of Science; National University Corporation Kochi University; Kochi Japan
| | - Helen J. Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit; Discipline of Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; and Bosch Institute; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
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40
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van Baren N, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan-degrading enzymes in tumoral immune resistance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:34. [PMID: 25691885 PMCID: PMC4315104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is required for T lymphocyte effector functions. Its degradation is one of the mechanisms selected by tumors to resist immune destruction. Two enzymes, tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, control tryptophan degradation through the kynurenine pathway. A third protein, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2, was identified more recently. All three enzymes were reported to be expressed in tumors, and are candidate targets for pharmacological inhibition aimed at restoring effective anti-tumoral immunity. In this review, we compare these three enzymes in terms of structure, activity, regulation, and expression in healthy and cancerous tissues, in order to appreciate their relevance to tumoral immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas van Baren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhai L, Lauing KL, Chang AL, Dey M, Qian J, Cheng Y, Lesniak MS, Wainwright DA. The role of IDO in brain tumor immunotherapy. J Neurooncol 2014; 123:395-403. [PMID: 25519303 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma comprises the majority of primary brain tumors. Coincidently, most of those malignancies express an inducible tryptophan catabolic enzyme, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). While IDO1 is not normally expressed at appreciable levels in the adult central nervous system, it's rapidly induced and/or upregulated upon inflammatory stimulus. The primary function of IDO1 is associated with conversion of the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream catabolites known as kynurenines. The depletion of tryptophan and/or accumulation of kynurenine has been shown to induce T cell deactivation, apoptosis and/or the induction of immunosuppressive programming via the expression of FoxP3. This understanding has informed immunotherapeutic design for the strategic development of targeted molecular therapeutics that inhibit IDO1 activity. Here, we review the current knowledge of IDO1 in brain tumors, pre-clinical studies targeting this enzymatic pathway, alternative tryptophan catabolic mediators that compensate for IDO1 loss and/or inhibition, as well as proposed clinical strategies and questions that are critical to address for increasing future immunotherapeutic effectiveness in patients with incurable brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Tarry Building 2-703, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Prendergast GC, Metz R, Muller AJ, Merlo LMF, Mandik-Nayak L. IDO2 in Immunomodulation and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:585. [PMID: 25477879 PMCID: PMC4238401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO2 is a relative of IDO1 implicated in tryptophan catabolism and immune modulation but its specific contributions to normal physiology and pathophysiology are not known. Evolutionary genetic studies suggest that IDO2 has a unique function ancestral to IDO1. In mice, IDO2 gene deletion does not appreciably affect embryonic development or hematopoiesis, but it leads to defects in allergic or autoimmune responses and in the ability of IDO1 to influence the generation of T regulatory cells. Gene expression studies indicate that IDO2 is a basally and more narrowly expressed gene than IDO1 and that IDO2 is uniquely regulated by AhR, which serves as a physiological receptor for the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine. In the established KRN transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, where IDO1 gene deletion has no effect, IDO2 deletion selectively blunts responses to autoantigen but has no effect on responses to neoantigen challenge. In human populations, natural variations in IDO2 gene sequence that attenuate enzymatic activity have been reported to influence brain cancer control and adaptive immune responses to the IDO2 protein itself, consistent with the concept that IDO2 is involved in shaping immune tolerance in human beings. Biochemical and pharmacological studies provide further evidence of differences in IDO2 enzymology and function relative to IDO1. We suggest that IDO2 may act in a distinct manner from IDO1 as a set-point for tolerance to "altered-self" antigens along the self-non-self continuum where immune challenges from cancer and autoimmunity may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alexander J. Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Metz R, Smith C, DuHadaway JB, Chandler P, Baban B, Merlo LMF, Pigott E, Keough MP, Rust S, Mellor AL, Mandik-Nayak L, Muller AJ, Prendergast GC. IDO2 is critical for IDO1-mediated T-cell regulation and exerts a non-redundant function in inflammation. Int Immunol 2014; 26:357-67. [PMID: 24402311 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO2 is implicated in tryptophan catabolism and immunity but its physiological functions are not well established. Here we report the characterization of mice genetically deficient in IDO2, which develop normally but exhibit defects in IDO-mediated T-cell regulation and inflammatory responses. Construction of this strain was prompted in part by our discovery that IDO2 function is attenuated in macrophages from Ido1 (-/-) mice due to altered message splicing, generating a functional mosaic with implications for interpreting findings in Ido1 (-/-) mice. No apparent defects were observed in Ido2 (-/-) mice in embryonic development or hematopoietic differentiation, with wild-type profiles documented for kynurenine in blood serum and for immune cells in spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneum, thymus and bone marrow of naive mice. In contrast, upon immune stimulation we determined that IDO1-dependent T regulatory cell generation was defective in Ido2 (-/-) mice, supporting Ido1-Ido2 genetic interaction and establishing a functional role for Ido2 in immune modulation. Pathophysiologically, both Ido1 (-/-) and Ido2 (-/-) mice displayed reduced skin contact hypersensitivity responses, but mechanistic distinctions were apparent, with only Ido2 deficiency associated with a suppression of immune regulatory cytokines that included GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1/CCL2. Different contributions to inflammation were likewise indicated by the finding that Ido2 (-/-) mice did not phenocopy Ido1 (-/-) mice in the reduced susceptibility of the latter to inflammatory skin cancer. Taken together, our results offer an initial glimpse into immune modulation by IDO2, revealing its genetic interaction with IDO1 and distinguishing its non-redundant contributions to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Metz
- New Link Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Courtney Smith
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | | | - Phillip Chandler
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pigott
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Martin P Keough
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Sonja Rust
- New Link Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Fatokun AA, Hunt NH, Ball HJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and the kynurenine pathway: characteristics and potential roles in health and disease. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1319-29. [PMID: 24105077 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route for the oxidative degradation of the amino acid tryptophan. Activity of the pathway is involved in several disease conditions, both in the periphery and the central nervous system, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, neurological conditions, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Three enzymes are now known to catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along this pathway: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, subsequently named IDO1), both of which have been extensively studied, and a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a relative newcomer to the kynurenine pathway field. The adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, was intially suggested to target IDO2, implying involvement of IDO2 in tumorigenesis. Subsequently this compound has been suggested to have alternative actions and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of IDO2 are unclear. Targeted genetic interventions and selective inhibitors provide approaches for investigating the biology of IDO2. This review focuses on the current knowledge of IDO2 biology and discusses tools that will assist in further characterizing the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Signalling, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Mazarei G, Budac DP, Lu G, Lee H, Möller T, Leavitt BR. The absence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression protects against NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2013; 249:144-8. [PMID: 23994717 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the expression and activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido1) are chronically elevated in the striatum of YAC128 mouse model of HD. This was followed by increased production of neurotoxic metabolite hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) in the striatum of symptomatic mice. We therefore hypothesized that the chronic Ido1 induction in the striatum of YAC128 mice leads to increased neurotoxicity in this mouse model; based on this hypothesis, we predicted that the absence of Ido1 expression would result in decreased sensitivity to neurotoxicity in mice. The work described in this brief communication will include the characterization of Ido(-/-) striatum in terms of enzymatic expression and activity in the first step of the pathway. Additionally, we assessed the sensitivity of the striatum to excitotoxic insult in the absence of Ido1 expression in the striatum of constitutive Ido1 null mice (Ido(-/-)) and demonstrated that Ido(-/-) mice are less sensitive to QA-induced striatal neurotoxicity. Finally, through measurement of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites in Ido(-/-) mice, we showed decreased levels of 3-HK in the striatum of these mice. This study suggests that the inhibition of the first step in the KP may be neuroprotective and should be considered as a potential therapeutic target in HD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/enzymology
- Corpus Striatum/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Huntington Disease/enzymology
- Huntington Disease/genetics
- Huntington Disease/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/deficiency
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Quinolinic Acid/administration & dosage
- Quinolinic Acid/toxicity
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazarei
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Abstract
L-Tryptophan (L-TRP) is a nutritionally essential amino acid and the kynurenine (KYN) pathway is the major route of L-TRP catabolism. Besides being synthesized for proteins, L-TRP and its metabolites have critical roles for the functions of nervous and immune systems. Many researches show that optimal amounts of L-TRP in diets depend on species, developmental stages, environmental factors and health status. We have shown that KYN pathway-related enzyme activities vary among species, tissue and cell types in physiological conditions. Furthermore, the response of these enzyme activities to systemic and/or central nervous system immune activation and inflammation depends on species and cell types. Thus, it is very important to choose appropriate animal species and cell types in which to evaluate the physiologic and pathologic effects of increased KYN pathway metabolism. We believe that understanding L-TRP metabolism among species and cell types provides a better idea for analysis of human pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Mazarei G, Budac DP, Lu G, Adomat H, Tomlinson Guns ES, Möller T, Leavitt BR. Age-dependent alterations of the kynurenine pathway in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington disease. J Neurochem 2013; 127:852-67. [PMID: 23786539 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (Ido1), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway (KP), is a striatally enriched gene with increased expression levels in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington disease (HD). Our objective in this study was to delineate age-related KP alterations in this model. Three enzymes potentially catalyze the first step of the KP; Ido1 and Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-2 were highly expressed in the striatum and Tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (Tdo2) in the cerebellum. During development, Ido1 mRNA expression is dynamically regulated and chronically up-regulated in YAC128 mice. Kynurenine (Kyn) to tryptophan (Trp) ratio, a measure of activity in the first step of the KP, was elevated in YAC128 striatum, but no change in Tdo2 mRNA levels or Kyn to Trp ratio was detected in the cerebellum. Ido1 induction was coincident with Trp depletion at 3 months and Kyn accumulation at 12 months of age in striatum. Changes in downstream KP metabolites of YAC128 mice generally followed a biphasic pattern with neurotoxic metabolites reduced at 3 months and increased at 12 months of age. Striatally specific induction of Ido1 and downstream KP alterations suggest involvement in HD pathogenesis, and should be taken into account in future therapeutic developments for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Mazarei
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mutation of cysteine residues alters the heme-binding pocket of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:595-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dürr S, Kindler V. Implication of indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase in the tolerance toward fetuses, tumors, and allografts. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:681-7. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases with very low catalytic activity are well conserved across kingdoms: IDOs of Basidiomycota. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 56:98-106. [PMID: 23548750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme and is found in animals, fungi and bacteria. In fungi, its primary role is to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) via the kynurenine pathway. A number of organisms possess more than one IDO gene, for example, mammals have IDO1 and IDO2 genes. We previously reported that the Pezizomycotina fungi commonly possess three types of IDO genes, IDOα, IDOβ and IDOγ. In this study, we surveyed the nature of IDO genes from Basidiomycota fungi, which are categorized into three subphyla (Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina). The Agaricomycotina fungi generally have three types of IDO genes (IDOa, IDOb and IDOc), which are distinct from Pezizomycotina three isozymes. Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina species possess two types of IDO; one forms a monophyletic clade with Agaricomycotina IDOs in the phylogenetic tree, these IDOs are referred to as "typical Basidiomycota IDOs". The other is IDOγ, which showed more than 40% identity with Pezizomycotina and ciliate IDOγ. We previously demonstrated that IDO2 in mammals and IDOγ in Perzizomycotina fungi have much lower catalytic efficiencies in an in vitro assay, compared with the other IDO isoforms found in the respective species. We have developed a functional assay to determine whether particular IDO enzymes have sufficient enzymatic activity to rescue a yeast strain where IDO-deletion has rendered it auxotrophic for nicotinic acid. IDOα and IDOβ showed comparable catalytic efficiency, both of them could function in the Pezizomycotina fungal L-Trp metabolism. The catalytic efficiency and functional capacity of the Basidiomycota IDOa and IDOb were similar to Pezizomycotina IDOα/IDOβ. We found that Basidiomycota IDOc could not rescue the nicotinic acid auxotroph, similar to other IDO enzymes with low catalytic efficiency (mammalian IDO2 and most fungal IDOγ). Our study suggests that some fungal IDO enzymes function in tryptophan metabolism and NAD(+) supply. In contrast, other IDO enzymes do not possess sufficient Trp-metabolising capacity to supply NAD(+). Although the role of these low catalytic efficiency IDOs is not clear, it is interesting to note that IDO enzymes possessing these characteristics have evolved across different kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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