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Gupta LK, Molla J, Prabhu AA. Story of Pore-Forming Proteins from Deadly Disease-Causing Agents to Modern Applications with Evolutionary Significance. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1327-1356. [PMID: 37294530 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms are a complex mixture of highly specialized toxic molecules. Among them, pore-forming proteins (PFPs) or toxins (PFTs) are one of the major disease-causing toxic elements. The ability of the PFPs in defense and toxicity through pore formation on the host cell surface makes them unique among the toxin proteins. These features made them attractive for academic and research purposes for years in the areas of microbiology as well as structural biology. All the PFPs share a common mechanism of action for the attack of host cells and pore formation in which the selected pore-forming motifs of the host cell membrane-bound protein molecules drive to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and eventually produces water-filled pores. But surprisingly their sequence similarity is very poor. Their existence can be seen both in a soluble state and also in transmembrane complexes in the cell membrane. PFPs are prevalent toxic factors that are predominately produced by all kingdoms of life such as virulence bacteria, nematodes, fungi, protozoan parasites, frogs, plants, and also from higher organisms. Nowadays, multiple approaches to applications of PFPs have been conducted by researchers both in basic as well as applied biological research. Although PFPs are very devastating for human health nowadays researchers have been successful in making these toxic proteins into therapeutics through the preparation of immunotoxins. We have discussed the structural, and functional mechanism of action, evolutionary significance through dendrogram, domain organization, and practical applications for various approaches. This review aims to emphasize the PFTs to summarize toxic proteins together for basic knowledge as well as to highlight the current challenges, and literature gap along with the perspective of promising biotechnological applications for their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kumari Gupta
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Johiruddin Molla
- Ghatal Rabindra Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya Ghatal, Paschim Medinipur, Ghatal, West Bengal, 721212, India
| | - Ashish A Prabhu
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India.
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2
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Hoffet MS, Tomov NS, Hupp S, Mitchell TJ, Iliev AI. Glucose and Oxygen Levels Modulate the Pore-Forming Effects of Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin Pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:232. [PMID: 38922127 PMCID: PMC11209487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A major Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenic factor is the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin, binding membrane cholesterol and producing permanent lytic or transient pores. During brain infections, vascular damage with variable ischemia occurs. The role of ischemia on pneumolysin's pore-forming capacity remains unknown. In acute brain slice cultures and primary cultured glia, we studied acute toxin lysis (via propidium iodide staining and LDH release) and transient pore formation (by analyzing increases in the intracellular calcium). We analyzed normal peripheral tissue glucose conditions (80 mg%), normal brain glucose levels (20 mg%), and brain hypoglycemic conditions (3 mg%), in combinations either with normoxia (8% oxygen) or hypoxia (2% oxygen). At 80 mg% glucose, hypoxia enhanced cytolysis via pneumolysin. At 20 mg% glucose, hypoxia did not affect cell lysis, but impaired calcium restoration after non-lytic pore formation. Only at 3 mg% glucose, during normoxia, did pneumolysin produce stronger lysis. In hypoglycemic (3 mg% glucose) conditions, pneumolysin caused a milder calcium increase, but restoration was missing. Microglia bound more pneumolysin than astrocytes and demonstrated generally stronger calcium elevation. Thus, our work demonstrated that the toxin pore-forming capacity in cells continuously diminishes when oxygen is reduced, overlapping with a continuously reduced ability of cells to maintain homeostasis of the calcium influx once oxygen and glucose are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Salomé Hoffet
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (M.S.H.); (N.S.T.); (S.H.)
| | - Nikola S. Tomov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (M.S.H.); (N.S.T.); (S.H.)
| | - Sabrina Hupp
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (M.S.H.); (N.S.T.); (S.H.)
| | - Timothy J. Mitchell
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Asparouh I. Iliev
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (M.S.H.); (N.S.T.); (S.H.)
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3
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Aziz UBA, Saoud A, Bermudez M, Mieth M, Atef A, Rudolf T, Arkona C, Trenkner T, Böttcher C, Ludwig K, Hoelzemer A, Hocke AC, Wolber G, Rademann J. Targeted small molecule inhibitors blocking the cytolytic effects of pneumolysin and homologous toxins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3537. [PMID: 38670939 PMCID: PMC11053136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) from Streptococcus pneumoniae, the main cause for bacterial pneumonia. Liberation of PLY during infection leads to compromised immune system and cytolytic cell death. Here, we report discovery, development, and validation of targeted small molecule inhibitors of PLY (pore-blockers, PB). PB-1 is a virtual screening hit inhibiting PLY-mediated hemolysis. Structural optimization provides PB-2 with improved efficacy. Cryo-electron tomography reveals that PB-2 blocks PLY-binding to cholesterol-containing membranes and subsequent pore formation. Scaffold-hopping delivers PB-3 with superior chemical stability and solubility. PB-3, formed in a protein-templated reaction, binds to Cys428 adjacent to the cholesterol recognition domain of PLY with a KD of 256 nM and a residence time of 2000 s. It acts as anti-virulence factor preventing human lung epithelial cells from PLY-mediated cytolysis and cell death during infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae and is active against the homologous Cys-containing CDC perfringolysin (PFO) as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali Saoud
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amira Atef
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assuit University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Thomas Rudolf
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Arkona
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Trenkner
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Research Center of Electron Microscopy (FZEM), Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36A, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Research Center of Electron Microscopy (FZEM), Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36A, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine, and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Popoff MR. Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 38668607 PMCID: PMC11054074 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins are secreted by certain bacteria and are responsible for mild to severe diseases in humans and animals. They are among the most potent molecules known, which are active at very low concentrations. Bacterial protein toxins exhibit a wide diversity based on size, structure, and mode of action. Upon recognition of a cell surface receptor (protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid), they are active either at the cell surface (signal transduction, membrane damage by pore formation, or hydrolysis of membrane compound(s)) or intracellularly. Various bacterial protein toxins have the ability to enter cells, most often using an endocytosis mechanism, and to deliver the effector domain into the cytosol, where it interacts with an intracellular target(s). According to the nature of the intracellular target(s) and type of modification, various cellular effects are induced (cell death, homeostasis modification, cytoskeleton alteration, blockade of exocytosis, etc.). The various modes of action of bacterial protein toxins are illustrated with representative examples. Insights in toxin evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
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5
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Johnson AG, Mayer ML, Schaefer SL, McNamara-Bordewick NK, Hummer G, Kranzusch PJ. Structure and assembly of a bacterial gasdermin pore. Nature 2024; 628:657-663. [PMID: 38509367 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In response to pathogen infection, gasdermin (GSDM) proteins form membrane pores that induce a host cell death process called pyroptosis1-3. Studies of human and mouse GSDM pores have revealed the functions and architectures of assemblies comprising 24 to 33 protomers4-9, but the mechanism and evolutionary origin of membrane targeting and GSDM pore formation remain unknown. Here we determine a structure of a bacterial GSDM (bGSDM) pore and define a conserved mechanism of pore assembly. Engineering a panel of bGSDMs for site-specific proteolytic activation, we demonstrate that diverse bGSDMs form distinct pore sizes that range from smaller mammalian-like assemblies to exceptionally large pores containing more than 50 protomers. We determine a cryo-electron microscopy structure of a Vitiosangium bGSDM in an active 'slinky'-like oligomeric conformation and analyse bGSDM pores in a native lipid environment to create an atomic-level model of a full 52-mer bGSDM pore. Combining our structural analysis with molecular dynamics simulations and cellular assays, our results support a stepwise model of GSDM pore assembly and suggest that a covalently bound palmitoyl can leave a hydrophobic sheath and insert into the membrane before formation of the membrane-spanning β-strand regions. These results reveal the diversity of GSDM pores found in nature and explain the function of an ancient post-translational modification in enabling programmed host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Megan L Mayer
- Harvard Center for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan L Schaefer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Zou Y, Wang H, Fang J, Sun H, Deng X, Wang J, Deng Y, Chi G. Isorhamnetin as a novel inhibitor of pneumolysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in vivo/in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106382. [PMID: 37839759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) infection severely threatened the global public heath, causing a significant fatality in immunocompromised hosts. Notably, pneumolysin (PLY) as a pore-forming cytolysin plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia and lung injury. In this study, a natural flavonoid isorhamnetin was identified as a PLY inhibition to suppress PLY-induced hemolysis by engaging the predicted residues and attenuate cytolysin PLY-mediated A549 cells injury. Underlying mechanisms revealed that PLY inhibitor isorhamnetin further contributed to decrease the formation of bacterial biofilms without affecting the expression of PLY. In vivo S. pneumoniae infection confirmed that the pathological injury of lung tissue evoked by S. pneumoniae was ameliorated by isorhamnetin treatment. Collectively, these results presented that isorhamnetin could inhibit the biological activity of PLY, thus reducing the pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae. In summary, our study laid a foundation for the feasible anti-virulence strategy targeting PLY, and provided a promising PLY inhibitor for the treatment of S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiting Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Juan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Gefu Chi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Nei Monggol, China.
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7
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Jaramillo-Jaramillo AS, Coulson TJD, Hofacre C, Jones M, O'Neill L, Nguyen N, Labbe A. Effect of in-water administration of quorum system inhibitors in broilers' productive performance and intestinal microbiome in a mild necrotic enteritis challenge. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:309-322. [PMID: 37485826 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2224260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The poultry industry has been facing the impact of necrotic enteritis (NE), a disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens producing the haemolytic toxin NetB. NE severity may vary from mild clinical to prominent enteric signs causing reduced growth rates and affecting feed conversion ratio. NetB production is controlled by the Agr-like quorum-sensing (QS) system, which coordinates virulence gene expression in response to bacterial cell density. In this study, the peptide-containing cell-free spent media (CFSM) from Enterococcus faecium was tested in NE challenged broilers in two battery cage and one floor pen studies. Results showed a significant reduction of NE mortality. Metagenomic sequencing of the jejunum microbiome revealed no impact of the CFSM on the microbial community, and growth of C. perfringens was unaffected by CFSM in vitro. The expression of QS-controlled virulence genes netB, plc and pfoA was found to be significantly repressed by CFSM during the mid-logarithmic stage of C. perfringens growth and this corresponded with a significant decrease in haemolytic activity. Purified fractions of CFSM containing bioactive peptides were found to cause reduced haemolysis. These results showed that bioactive peptides reduce NE mortality in broilers by interfering with the QS system of C. perfringens and reducing bacterial virulence. Furthermore, the microbiome of C. perfringens-challenged broilers is not affected by quorum sensing inhibitor containing CFSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Hofacre
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA, USA
| | - M Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA, USA
| | - L O'Neill
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, P.E.I. Canada
| | - N Nguyen
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, P.E.I. Canada
| | - A Labbe
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, P.E.I. Canada
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8
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Bazant J, Ott B, Hudel M, Hain T, Lucas R, Mraheil MA. Impact of Endogenous Pneumococcal Hydrogen Peroxide on the Activity and Release of Pneumolysin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:593. [PMID: 37888624 PMCID: PMC10611280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) pneumolysin (PLY) and the physiological metabolite hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can greatly increase the virulence of pneumococci. Although most studies have focused on the contribution of both virulence factors to the course of pneumococcal infection, it is unknown whether or how H2O2 can affect PLY activity. Of note, S. pneumoniae exploits endogenous H2O2 as an intracellular signalling molecule to modulate the activity of several proteins. Here, we demonstrate that H2O2 negatively affects the haemolytic activity of PLY in a concentration-dependent manner. Prevention of cysteine-dependent sulfenylation upon substitution of the unique and highly conserved cysteine residue to serine in PLY significantly reduces the toxin's susceptibility to H2O2 treatment and completely abolishes the ability of DTT to activate PLY. We also detect a clear gradual correlation between endogenous H2O2 generation and PLY release, with decreased H2O2 production causing a decline in the release of PLY. Comparative transcriptome sequencing analysis of the wild-type S. pneumoniae strain and three mutants impaired in H2O2 production indicates enhanced expression of several genes involved in peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis and in the production of choline-binding proteins (CPBs). One explanation for the impact of H2O2 on PLY release is the observed upregulation of the PG bridge formation alanyltransferases MurM and MurN, which evidentially negatively affect the PLY release. Our findings shed light on the significance of endogenous pneumococcal H2O2 in controlling PLY activity and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Bazant
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Benjamin Ott
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Martina Hudel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
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9
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Xing Y, Rottensteiner A, Ciccone J, Howorka S. Functional Nanopores Enabled with DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303103. [PMID: 37186432 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-spanning nanopores are used in label-free single-molecule sensing and next-generation portable nucleic acid sequencing, and as powerful research tools in biology, biophysics, and synthetic biology. Naturally occurring protein and peptide pores, as well as synthetic inorganic nanopores, are used in these applications, with their limitations. The structural and functional repertoire of nanopores can be considerably expanded by functionalising existing pores with DNA strands and by creating an entirely new class of nanopores with DNA nanotechnology. This review outlines progress in this area of functional DNA nanopores and outlines developments to open up new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Alexia Rottensteiner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jonah Ciccone
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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10
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Chen F, Pang C, Zheng Z, Zhou W, Guo Z, Xiao D, Du H, Bravo A, Soberón M, Sun M, Peng D. Aminopeptidase MNP-1 triggers intestine protease production by activating daf-16 nuclear location to degrade pore-forming toxins in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011507. [PMID: 37440595 PMCID: PMC10368266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are effective tools for pathogens infection. By disrupting epithelial barriers and killing immune cells, PFTs promotes the colonization and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in their host. In turn, the host triggers defense responses, such as endocytosis, exocytosis, or autophagy. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria produce PFT, known as crystal proteins (Cry) which damage the intestinal cells of insects or nematodes, eventually killing them. In insects, aminopeptidase N (APN) has been shown to act as an important receptor for Cry toxins. Here, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as model, an extensive screening of APN gene family was performed to analyze the potential role of these proteins in the mode of action of Cry5Ba against the nematode. We found that one APN, MNP-1, participate in the toxin defense response, since the mnp-1(ok2434) mutant showed a Cry5Ba hypersensitive phenotype. Gene expression analysis in mnp-1(ok2434) mutant revealed the involvement of two protease genes, F19C6.4 and R03G8.6, that participate in Cry5Ba degradation. Finally, analysis of the transduction pathway involved in F19C6.4 and R03G8.6 expression revealed that upon Cry5Ba exposure, the worms up regulated both protease genes through the activation of the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, which was translocated into the nucleus. The nuclear location of DAF-16 was found to be dependent on mnp-1 under Cry5Ba treatment. Our work provides evidence of new host responses against PFTs produced by an enteric pathogenic bacterium, resulting in activation of host intestinal proteases that degrade the PFT in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiyun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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11
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Goring DR, Bosch M, Franklin-Tong VE. Contrasting self-recognition rejection systems for self-incompatibility in Brassica and Papaver. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R530-R542. [PMID: 37279687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) plays a pivotal role in whether self-pollen is accepted or rejected. Most SI systems employ two tightly linked loci encoding highly polymorphic pollen (male) and pistil (female) S-determinants that control whether self-pollination is successful or not. In recent years our knowledge of the signalling networks and cellular mechanisms involved has improved considerably, providing an important contribution to our understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by plant cells to recognise each other and elicit responses. Here, we compare and contrast two important SI systems employed in the Brassicaceae and Papaveraceae. Both use 'self-recognition' systems, but their genetic control and S-determinants are quite different. We describe the current knowledge about the receptors and ligands, and the downstream signals and responses utilized to prevent self-seed set. What emerges is a common theme involving the initiation of destructive pathways that block the key processes that are required for compatible pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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12
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Ji B, Huang J, Zou K, Liu M, Pei Y, Huang J, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou R, Xin W, Song J. Direct Visualization of the Dynamic Process of Epsilon Toxin on Hemolysis. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300028. [PMID: 37116083 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hemolysis is the process of rupturing erythrocytes (red blood cells) by forming nanopores on their membranes using hemolysins, which then impede membrane permeability. However, the self-assembly process before the state of transmembrane pores and underlying mechanisms of conformational change are not fully understood. In this work, theoretical and experimental evidence of the pre-pore morphology of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX), a typical hemolysin, is provided using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) complemented by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to detect the conformational distribution of different states in Mica. The AFM suggests that the ETX pore is formed in two stages: ETX monomers first attach to the membrane and form a pre-pore in no special conditions required, which then undergo a conformational change to form a transmembrane pore at temperatures above the critical point in the presence of receptors. The authors' MD simulations reveal that initial nucleation occurs when specific amino acids adsorb to negatively charged mica cavities. This work fills the knowledge gap in understanding the early stage of hemolysis and the oligomerization of hemolysins. Moreover, the newly identified pre-pore of ETX holds promise as a candidate for nanopore applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Department of Disease Control, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianxiang Huang
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kexuan Zou
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Meijun Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yufeng Pei
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
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13
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Margheritis E, Kappelhoff S, Cosentino K. Pore-Forming Proteins: From Pore Assembly to Structure by Quantitative Single-Molecule Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054528. [PMID: 36901959 PMCID: PMC10003378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) play a central role in many biological processes related to infection, immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of PFPs is their ability to form pores that disrupt the membrane permeability barrier and ion homeostasis and generally induce cell death. Some PFPs are part of the genetically encoded machinery of eukaryotic cells that are activated against infection by pathogens or in physiological programs to carry out regulated cell death. PFPs organize into supramolecular transmembrane complexes that perforate membranes through a multistep process involving membrane insertion, protein oligomerization, and finally pore formation. However, the exact mechanism of pore formation varies from PFP to PFP, resulting in different pore structures with different functionalities. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular mechanisms by which PFPs permeabilize membranes and recent methodological advances in their characterization in artificial and cellular membranes. In particular, we focus on single-molecule imaging techniques as powerful tools to unravel the molecular mechanistic details of pore assembly that are often obscured by ensemble measurements, and to determine pore structure and functionality. Uncovering the mechanistic elements of pore formation is critical for understanding the physiological role of PFPs and developing therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Shen Q, Xiong Q, Zhou K, Feng Q, Liu L, Tian T, Wu C, Xiong Y, Melia TJ, Lusk CP, Lin C. Functionalized DNA-Origami-Protein Nanopores Generate Large Transmembrane Channels with Programmable Size-Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1292-1300. [PMID: 36577119 PMCID: PMC9852090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-origami technique has enabled the engineering of transmembrane nanopores with programmable size and functionality, showing promise in building biosensors and synthetic cells. However, it remains challenging to build large (>10 nm), functionalizable nanopores that spontaneously perforate lipid membranes. Here, we take advantage of pneumolysin (PLY), a bacterial toxin that potently forms wide ring-like channels on cell membranes, to construct hybrid DNA-protein nanopores. This PLY-DNA-origami complex, in which a DNA-origami ring corrals up to 48 copies of PLY, targets the cholesterol-rich membranes of liposomes and red blood cells, readily forming uniformly sized pores with an average inner diameter of ∼22 nm. Such hybrid nanopores facilitate the exchange of macromolecules between perforated liposomes and their environment, with the exchange rate negatively correlating with the macromolecule size (diameters of gyration: 8-22 nm). Additionally, the DNA ring can be decorated with intrinsically disordered nucleoporins to further restrict the diffusion of traversing molecules, highlighting the programmability of the hybrid nanopores. PLY-DNA pores provide an enabling biophysical tool for studying the cross-membrane translocation of ultralarge molecules and open new opportunities for analytical chemistry, synthetic biology, and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Qiancheng Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Kaifeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Qingzhou Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Longfei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Taoran Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Thomas J. Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - C. Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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15
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Ariyama H. Visualizing the Domino-Like Prepore-to-Pore Transition of Streptolysin O by High-Speed AFM. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:91-103. [PMID: 35980453 PMCID: PMC9884259 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are produced by various organisms, including pathogenic bacteria, and form pores within the target cell membrane. Streptolysin O (SLO) is a PFP produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and forms high-order oligomers on the membrane surface. In this prepore state, multiple α-helices in domain 3 of each subunit exist as unfolded structures and transiently interact with each other. They subsequently transition into transmembrane β-hairpins (TMHs) and form pores with diameters of 20-30 nm. However, in this pore formation process, the trigger of the transition in a subunit and collaboration between subunits remains elusive. Here, I observed the dynamic pore formation process using high-speed atomic force microscopy. During the oligomer transition process, each subunit was sequentially inserted into the membrane, propagating along the oligomer in a domino-like fashion (chain reaction). This process also occurred on hybrid oligomers containing wildtype and mutant subunits, which cannot insert into the membrane because of an introduced disulfide bond. Furthermore, propagation still occurred when an excessive force was added to hybrid oligomers in the prepore state. Based on the observed chain reactions, I estimate the free energies and forces that trigger the transition in a subunit. Furthermore, I hypothesize that the collaboration between subunits is related to the structure of their TMH regions and interactions between TMH-TMH and TMH-lipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ariyama
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
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16
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Senior MJT, Monico C, Weatherill EE, Gilbert RJ, Heuck AP, Wallace MI. Single-molecule tracking of perfringolysin O assembly and membrane insertion uncoupling. FEBS J 2023; 290:428-441. [PMID: 35989549 PMCID: PMC10086847 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We exploit single-molecule tracking and optical single channel recording in droplet interface bilayers to resolve the assembly pathway and pore formation of the archetypical cholesterol-dependent cytolysin nanopore, Perfringolysin O. We follow the stoichiometry and diffusion of Perfringolysin O complexes during assembly with 60 ms temporal resolution and 20 nm spatial precision. Our results suggest individual nascent complexes can insert into the lipid membrane where they continue active assembly. Overall, these data support a model of stepwise irreversible assembly dominated by monomer addition, but with infrequent assembly from larger partial complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J T Senior
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carina Monico
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, UK
| | - Eve E Weatherill
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, UK
| | - Robert J Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandro P Heuck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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17
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Rahman MM, Ahmed L, Anika F, Riya AA, Kali SK, Rauf A, Sharma R. Bioinorganic Nanoparticles for the Remediation of Environmental Pollution: Critical Appraisal and Potential Avenues. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:2409642. [PMID: 37077203 PMCID: PMC10110382 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2409642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, environmental pollution has become a critical issue for both developed and developing countries. Because of excessive industrialization, burning of fossil fuels, mining and exploration, extensive agricultural activities, and plastics, the environment is being contaminated rapidly through soil, air, and water. There are a variety of approaches for treating environmental toxins, but each has its own set of restrictions. As a result, various therapies are accessible, and approaches that are effective, long-lasting, less harmful, and have a superior outcome are extensively demanded. Modern research advances focus more on polymer-based nanoparticles, which are frequently used in drug design, drug delivery systems, environmental remediation, power storage, transformations, and other fields. Bioinorganic nanomaterials could be a better candidate to control contaminants in the environment. In this article, we focused on their synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic process, and contributions to environmental remediation against numerous ecological hazards. In this review article, we also tried to explore their recent advancements and futuristic contributions to control and prevent various pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Limon Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fazilatunnesa Anika
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Anha Akter Riya
- Department of Pharmacy, East-West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Khatun Kali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Therapeutic potential of kaempferol on Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105058. [PMID: 36216303 PMCID: PMC9540706 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Co-infections with pathogens and secondary bacterial infections play significant roles during the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenetic process, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Notably, co-infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), as a major Gram-positive pathogen causing pneumonia or meningitis, severely threaten the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of COVID-19 worldwide. Accumulating evidences have emerged indicating that S. pneumoniae evolves multiple virulence factors, including pneumolysin (PLY) and sortase A (SrtA), which have been extensively explored as alternative anti-infection targets. In our study, natural flavonoid kaempferol was identified as a potential candidate drug for infection therapeutics via anti-virulence mechanisms. We found that kaempferol could interfere with the pore-forming activity of PLY by engaging with catalytic active sites and consequently inhibit PLY-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, exposed to kaempferol significantly reduced the SrtA peptidase activity by occupying the active sites of SrtA. Further, the biofilms formation and bacterial adhesion to the host cells could be significantly thwarted by kaempferol incubation. In vivo infection model by S. pneumoniae highlighted that kaempferol oral administration exhibited notable treatment benefits, as evidenced by decreased bacterial burden, suggesting that kaempferol has tremendous potential to attenuate S. pneumoniae pathogenicity. Scientifically, our study implies that kaempferol is a promising therapeutic option by targeting bacterial virulence factors.
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19
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A multiomics analysis of direct interkingdom dynamics between influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae uncovers host-independent changes to bacterial virulence fitness. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011020. [PMID: 36542660 PMCID: PMC9815659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For almost a century, it has been recognized that influenza A virus (IAV) infection can promote the development of secondary bacterial infections (SBI) mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). Recent observations have shown that IAV is able to directly bind to the surface of Spn. To gain a foundational understanding of how direct IAV-Spn interaction alters bacterial biological fitness we employed combinatorial multiomic and molecular approaches. RESULTS Here we show IAV significantly remodels the global transcriptome, proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of Spn independently of host effectors. We identified Spn surface proteins that interact with IAV proteins (hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, and neuraminidase). In addition, IAV was found to directly modulate expression of Spn virulence determinants such as pneumococcal surface protein A, pneumolysin, and factors associated with antimicrobial resistance among many others. Metabolic pathways were significantly altered leading to changes in Spn growth rate. IAV was also found to drive Spn capsule shedding and the release of pneumococcal surface proteins. Released proteins were found to be involved in evasion of innate immune responses and actively reduced human complement hemolytic and opsonizing activity. IAV also led to phosphorylation changes in Spn proteins associated with metabolism and bacterial virulence. Validation of proteomic data showed significant changes in Spn galactose and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, supplementation with galactose rescued bacterial growth and promoted bacterial invasion, while glucose supplementation led to enhanced pneumolysin production and lung cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate that IAV can directly modulate Spn biology without the requirement of host effectors and support the notion that inter-kingdom interactions between human viruses and commensal pathobionts can promote bacterial pathogenesis and microbiome dysbiosis.
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20
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Yu X, Ni T, Munson G, Zhang P, Gilbert RJC. Cryo-EM structures of perforin-2 in isolation and assembled on a membrane suggest a mechanism for pore formation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111857. [PMID: 36245269 PMCID: PMC9713709 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (PFN2, MPEG1) is a key pore-forming protein in mammalian innate immunity restricting intracellular bacteria proliferation. It forms a membrane-bound pre-pore complex that converts to a pore-forming structure upon acidification; but its mechanism of conformational transition has been debated. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy, tomography and subtomogram averaging to determine structures of PFN2 in pre-pore and pore conformations in isolation and bound to liposomes. In isolation and upon acidification, the pre-assembled complete pre-pore rings convert to pores in both flat ring and twisted conformations. On membranes, in situ assembled PFN2 pre-pores display various degrees of completeness; whereas PFN2 pores are mainly incomplete arc structures that follow the same subunit packing arrangements as found in isolation. Both assemblies on membranes use their P2 β-hairpin for binding to the lipid membrane surface. Overall, these structural snapshots suggest a molecular mechanism for PFN2 pre-pore to pore transition on a targeted membrane, potentially using the twisted pore as an intermediate or alternative state to the flat conformation, with the capacity to cause bilayer distortion during membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Yu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
| | - George Munson
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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21
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Silva PH, Vázquez Y, Campusano C, Retamal-Díaz A, Lay MK, Muñoz CA, González PA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Non-capsular based immunization approaches to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:949469. [PMID: 36225231 PMCID: PMC9548657 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.949469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium and the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia in children and the elderly worldwide. Currently, two types of licensed vaccines are available to prevent the disease caused by this pathogen: the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine and the 7-, 10, 13, 15 and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. However, these vaccines, composed of the principal capsular polysaccharide of leading serotypes of this bacterium, have some problems, such as high production costs and serotype-dependent effectiveness. These drawbacks have stimulated research initiatives into non-capsular-based vaccines in search of a universal vaccine against S. pneumoniae. In the last decades, several research groups have been developing various new vaccines against this bacterium based on recombinant proteins, live attenuated bacterium, inactivated whole-cell vaccines, and other newer platforms. Here, we review and discuss the status of non-capsular vaccines against S. pneumoniae and the future of these alternatives in a post-pandemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Silva
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Campusano
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Christian A. Muñoz
- Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Susan M. Bueno,
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22
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González-López A, Cima-Cabal MD, Rioboó-Legaspi P, Costa-Rama E, García-Suárez MDM, Fernández-Abedul MT. Electrochemical Detection for Isothermal Loop-Mediated Amplification of Pneumolysin Gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae Based on the Oxidation of Phenol Red Indicator. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13061-13067. [PMID: 36106671 PMCID: PMC9523611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A highly sensitive electrochemical methodology for end-point detection
of loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions was
developed. It is based on the oxidation process of phenol red (PR),
commonly used as a visual indicator. The dependence of its redox process
on pH, which changes during amplification, allows performing quantitative
measurements. Thus, the change in the oxidation potential of PR during
the amplification is used, for the first time, as the analytical signal
that correlates with the number of initial DNA copies. As a proof-of-concept,
the amplification of the pneumolysin gene from Streptococcus
pneumoniae, one of the main pathogens causing community-acquired
pneumonia, is performed. Combination of isothermal amplification with
electrochemical detection, performed on small-size flexible electrodes,
allows easy decentralization. Adaptation to the detection of other
pathogens causing infectious diseases would be very useful in the
prevention of future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea González-López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - María Dolores Cima-Cabal
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avda. de La Paz 137, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - Pablo Rioboó-Legaspi
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Estefanía Costa-Rama
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | | | - M. Teresa Fernández-Abedul
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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23
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Pneumolysin boosts the neuroinflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae through enhanced endocytosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5032. [PMID: 36028511 PMCID: PMC9418233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In pneumococcal meningitis, bacterial growth in the cerebrospinal fluid results in lysis, the release of toxic factors, and subsequent neuroinflammation. Exposure of primary murine glia to Streptococcus pneumoniae lysates leads to strong proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, blocked by inhibition of the intracellular innate receptor Nod1. Lysates enhance dynamin-dependent endocytosis, and dynamin inhibition reduces neuroinflammation, blocking ligand internalization. Here we identify the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin as a pro-endocytotic factor in lysates, its elimination reduces their proinflammatory effect. Only pore-competent pneumolysin enhances endocytosis in a dynamin-, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase- and potassium-dependent manner. Endocytic enhancement is limited to toxin-exposed parts of the membrane, the effect is rapid and pneumolysin permanently alters membrane dynamics. In a murine model of pneumococcal meningitis, mice treated with chlorpromazine, a neuroleptic with a complementary endocytosis inhibitory effect show reduced neuroinflammation. Thus, the dynamin-dependent endocytosis emerges as a factor in pneumococcal neuroinflammation, and its enhancement by a cytolysin represents a proinflammatory control mechanism.
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24
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Jiao F, Dehez F, Ni T, Yu X, Dittman JS, Gilbert R, Chipot C, Scheuring S. Perforin-2 clockwise hand-over-hand pre-pore to pore transition mechanism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5039. [PMID: 36028507 PMCID: PMC9418332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (PFN2, MPEG1) is a pore-forming protein that acts as a first line of defense in the mammalian immune system, rapidly killing engulfed microbes within the phagolysosome in macrophages. PFN2 self-assembles into hexadecameric pre-pore rings that transition upon acidification into pores damaging target cell membranes. Here, using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) imaging and line-scanning and molecular dynamics simulation, we elucidate PFN2 pre-pore to pore transition pathways and dynamics. Upon acidification, the pre-pore rings (pre-pore-I) display frequent, 1.8 s-1, ring-opening dynamics that eventually, 0.2 s-1, initiate transition into an intermediate, short-lived, ~75 ms, pre-pore-II state, inducing a clockwise pre-pore-I to pre-pore-II propagation. Concomitantly, the first pre-pore-II subunit, undergoes a major conformational change to the pore state that propagates also clockwise at a rate ~15 s-1. Thus, the pre-pore to pore transition is a clockwise hand-over-hand mechanism that is accomplished within ~1.3 s. Our findings suggest a clockwise mechanism of membrane insertion that with variations may be general for the MACPF/CDC superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - François Dehez
- Laboratoire International Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 7019, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiulian Yu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy S Dittman
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 7019, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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25
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McGuinness C, Walsh JC, Bayly-Jones C, Dunstone MA, Christie MP, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Böcking T. Single-molecule analysis of the entire perfringolysin O pore formation pathway. eLife 2022; 11:74901. [PMID: 36000711 PMCID: PMC9457685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin perfringolysin O (PFO) is secreted by Clostridium perfringens as a bacterial virulence factor able to form giant ring-shaped pores that perforate and ultimately lyse mammalian cell membranes. To resolve the kinetics of all steps in the assembly pathway, we have used single-molecule fluorescence imaging to follow the dynamics of PFO on dye-loaded liposomes that lead to opening of a pore and release of the encapsulated dye. Formation of a long-lived membrane-bound PFO dimer nucleates the growth of an irreversible oligomer. The growing oligomer can insert into the membrane and open a pore at stoichiometries ranging from tetramers to full rings (~35 mers), whereby the rate of insertion increases linearly with the number of subunits. Oligomers that insert before the ring is complete continue to grow by monomer addition post insertion. Overall, our observations suggest that PFO membrane insertion is kinetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall McGuinness
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James C Walsh
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charles Bayly-Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincents Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Corilagin: A Novel Antivirulence Strategy to Alleviate Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection by Diminishing Pneumolysin Oligomers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165063. [PMID: 36014299 PMCID: PMC9416474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a significant virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), able to break through the defense system of a host and mediate the occurrence of a series of infections. Therefore, PLY as the most ideal target to prevent S. pneumoniae infection has received more and more attention and research. Corilagin is a tannic acid that exhibits excellent inhibition of PLY oligomers without bacteriostatic activity to S. pneumoniae. Herein, hemolytic activity assays, cell viability tests and western blot experiments are executed to evaluate the antivirulence efficacy of corilagin against PLY in vitro. Colony observation, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and cytokines of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are applied to assess the therapeutic effect of corilagin in mice infected by S. pneumoniae. The results indicate the related genes of corilagin act mainly via enrichment in pathways associated with pneumonia disease. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations show that corilagin might bind with domains 3 and 4 of PLY and interfere with its hemolytic activity, which is further confirmed by the site-directed mutagenesis of PLY. Additionally, corilagin limits PLY oligomer production without impacting PLY expression in S. pneumoniae cultures. Moreover, corilagin effectively relieves PLY-mediated cell injury without any cytotoxicity, even then reducing the colony count in the lung and the levels of pro-inflammatory factors in BALF and remarkably improving lung lesions. All the results demonstrate that corilagin may be a novel strategy to cope with S. pneumoniae infection by inhibiting PLY oligomerization.
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27
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Membrane Cholesterol Content and Lipid Organization Influence Melittin and Pneumolysin Pore-Forming Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050346. [PMID: 35622592 PMCID: PMC9147762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin, the main toxic component in the venom of the European honeybee, interacts with natural and artificial membranes due to its amphiphilic properties. Rather than interacting with a specific receptor, melittin interacts with the lipid components, disrupting the lipid bilayer and inducing ion leakage and osmotic shock. This mechanism of action is shared with pneumolysin and other members of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family. In this manuscript, we investigated the inverse correlation for cholesterol dependency of these two toxins. While pneumolysin-induced damage is reduced by pretreatment with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin, the toxicity of melittin, after cholesterol depletion, increased. A similar response was also observed after a short incubation with lipophilic simvastatin, which alters membrane lipid organization and structure, clustering lipid rafts. Therefore, changes in toxin sensitivity can be achieved in cells by depleting cholesterol or changing the lipid bilayer organization.
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28
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Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Gilliard G, Dorey S, Deleu M, Dhondt-Cordelier S. Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2765-2784. [PMID: 35560208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to constantly face pathogen attacks. To cope with diseases, they have to detect the invading pathogen as early as possible via the sensing of conserved motifs called invasion patterns. The first step of perception occurs at the plasma membrane. While many invasion patterns are perceived by specific proteinaceous immune receptors, several studies have highlighted the influence of the lipid composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane in the sensing of invasion patterns. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on how some microbial invasion patterns could interact with the lipids of the plasma membrane, leading to a plant immune response. Depending on the invasion pattern, different mechanisms are involved. This review outlines the potential of combining biological with biophysical approaches to decipher how plasma membrane lipids are involved in the perception of microbial invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
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29
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Mari SA, Pluhackova K, Pipercevic J, Leipner M, Hiller S, Engel A, Müller DJ. Gasdermin-A3 pore formation propagates along variable pathways. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2609. [PMID: 35545613 PMCID: PMC9095878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins are main effectors of pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. Released by proteolysis, the N-terminal gasdermin domain assembles large oligomers to punch lytic pores into the cell membrane. While the endpoint of this reaction, the fully formed pore, has been well characterized, the assembly and pore-forming mechanisms remain largely unknown. To resolve these mechanisms, we characterize mouse gasdermin-A3 by high-resolution time-lapse atomic force microscopy. We find that gasdermin-A3 oligomers assemble on the membrane surface where they remain attached and mobile. Once inserted into the membrane gasdermin-A3 grows variable oligomeric stoichiometries and shapes, each able to open transmembrane pores. Molecular dynamics simulations resolve how the membrane-inserted amphiphilic β-hairpins and the structurally adapting hydrophilic head domains stabilize variable oligomeric conformations and open the pore. The results show that without a vertical collapse gasdermin pore formation propagates along a set of multiple parallel but connected reaction pathways to ensure a robust cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania A Mari
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristyna Pluhackova
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Matthew Leipner
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Engel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Pereira JM, Xu S, Leong JM, Sousa S. The Yin and Yang of Pneumolysin During Pneumococcal Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878244. [PMID: 35529870 PMCID: PMC9074694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin produced by the human pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of pneumonia worldwide. PLY, a key pneumococcal virulence factor, can form transmembrane pores in host cells, disrupting plasma membrane integrity and deregulating cellular homeostasis. At lytic concentrations, PLY causes cell death. At sub-lytic concentrations, PLY triggers host cell survival pathways that cooperate to reseal the damaged plasma membrane and restore cell homeostasis. While PLY is generally considered a pivotal factor promoting S. pneumoniae colonization and survival, it is also a powerful trigger of the innate and adaptive host immune response against bacterial infection. The dichotomy of PLY as both a key bacterial virulence factor and a trigger for host immune modulation allows the toxin to display both "Yin" and "Yang" properties during infection, promoting disease by membrane perforation and activating inflammatory pathways, while also mitigating damage by triggering host cell repair and initiating anti-inflammatory responses. Due to its cytolytic activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties, PLY is integral to every stage of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis and may tip the balance towards either the pathogen or the host depending on the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Molecular and Cellular (MC) Biology PhD Program, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shuying Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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31
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PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050945. [PMID: 35625682 PMCID: PMC9138867 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PNC-27, a 32-residue peptide that contains an HDM-2 binding domain and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) leader sequence kills cancer, but not normal, cells by binding to HDM-2 associated with the plasma membrane and induces the formation of pores causing tumor cell lysis and necrosis. Conformational energy calculations on the structure of PNC-27 bound to HDM-2 suggest that 1:1 complexes form between PNC-27 and HDM-2 with the leader sequence pointing away from the complex. Immuno-scanning electron microscopy was carried out with cancer cells treated with PNC-27 and decorated with an anti-PNC-27 antibody coupled to 6 nm gold particles and an anti-HDM-2 antibody linked to 15 nm gold particles. We found multiple 6 nm- and 15 nm-labeled gold particles in approximately 1:1 ratios in layered ring-shaped structures in the pores near the cell surface suggesting that these complexes are important to the pore structure. No pores formed in the control, PNC-27-treated untransformed fibroblasts. Based on the theoretical and immuno-EM studies, we propose that the pores are lined by PNC-27 bound to HDM-2 at the membrane surface with the PNC-27 leader sequence lining the pores or by PNC-27 bound to HDM-2.
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32
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Schönfeldová T, Okur HI, Vezočnik V, Iacovache I, Cao C, Dal Peraro M, Maček P, Zuber B, Roke S. Ultrasensitive Label-Free Detection of Protein-Membrane Interaction Exemplified by Toxin-Liposome Insertion. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3197-3201. [PMID: 35377651 PMCID: PMC9014461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the high-affinity binding of proteins to liposome membranes remains a challenge. Here, we show an ultrasensitive and direct detection of protein binding to liposome membranes using high throughput second harmonic scattering (SHS). Perfringolysin O (PFO), a pore-forming toxin, with a highly membrane selective insertion into cholesterol-rich membranes is used. PFO inserts only into liposomes with a cholesterol concentration >30%. Twenty mole-percent cholesterol results in neither SHS-signal deviation nor pore formation as seen by cryo-electron microscopy of PFO and liposomes. PFO inserts into cholesterol-rich membranes of large unilamellar vesicles in an aqueous solution with Kd = (1.5 ± 0.2) × 10-12 M. Our results demonstrate a promising approach to probe protein-membrane interactions below sub-picomolar concentrations in a label-free and noninvasive manner on 3D systems. More importantly, the volume of protein sample is ultrasmall (<10 μL). These findings enable the detection of low-abundance proteins and their interaction with membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Schönfeldová
- Laboratory
for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bio-engineering (IBI),
School of Engineering (STI), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H. I. Okur
- Laboratory
for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bio-engineering (IBI),
School of Engineering (STI), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - V. Vezočnik
- Department
of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University
of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - I. Iacovache
- Institute
of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C. Cao
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Dal Peraro
- Institute
of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P. Maček
- Department
of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University
of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - B. Zuber
- Institute
of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S. Roke
- Laboratory
for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bio-engineering (IBI),
School of Engineering (STI), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science (IMX) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science
(LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Kopenhagen A, Ramming I, Camp B, Hammerschmidt S, Fulde M, Müsken M, Steinert M, Bergmann S. Streptococcus pneumoniae Affects Endothelial Cell Migration in Microfluidic Circulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852036. [PMID: 35401456 PMCID: PMC8990767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae induce strong inflammatory and procoagulant cellular responses and affect the endothelial barrier of the vascular system. Bacterial virulence determinants, such as the cytotoxic pore-forming pneumolysin, increase the endothelial barrier permeability by inducing cell apoptosis and cell damage. As life-threatening consequences, disseminated intravascular coagulation followed by consumption coagulopathy and low blood pressure is described. With the aim to decipher the role of pneumolysin in endothelial damage and leakage of the vascular barrier in more detail, we established a chamber-separation cell migration assay (CSMA) used to illustrate endothelial wound healing upon bacterial infections. We used chambered inlets for cell cultivation, which, after removal, provide a cell-free area of 500 μm in diameter as a defined gap in primary endothelial cell layers. During the process of wound healing, the size of the cell-free area is decreasing due to cell migration and proliferation, which we quantitatively determined by microscopic live cell monitoring. In addition, differential immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy was used to morphologically characterize the effect of bacterial attachment on cell migration and the velocity of gap closure. In all assays, the presence of wild-type pneumococci significantly inhibited endothelial gap closure. Remarkably, even in the presence of pneumolysin-deficient pneumococci, cell migration was significantly retarded. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of pneumococci on the proportion of cell proliferation versus cell migration within the process of endothelial gap closure was assessed by implementation of a fluorescence-conjugated nucleoside analogon. We further combined the endothelial CSMA with a microfluidic pump system, which for the first time enabled the microscopic visualization and monitoring of endothelial gap closure in the presence of circulating bacteria at defined vascular shear stress values for up to 48 h. In accordance with our CSMA results under static conditions, the gap remained cell free in the presence of circulating pneumococci in flow. Hence, our combined endothelial cultivation technique represents a complex in vitro system, which mimics the vascular physiology as close as possible by providing essential parameters of the blood flow to gain new insights into the effect of pneumococcal infection on endothelial barrier integrity in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopenhagen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isabell Ramming
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Belinda Camp
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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34
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Ulhuq FR, Mariano G. Bacterial pore-forming toxins. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001154. [PMID: 35333704 PMCID: PMC9558359 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are widely distributed in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. PFTs can act as virulence factors that bacteria utilise in dissemination and host colonisation or, alternatively, they can be employed to compete with rival microbes in polymicrobial niches. PFTs transition from a soluble form to become membrane-embedded by undergoing large conformational changes. Once inserted, they perforate the membrane, causing uncontrolled efflux of ions and/or nutrients and dissipating the protonmotive force (PMF). In some instances, target cells intoxicated by PFTs display additional effects as part of the cellular response to pore formation. Significant progress has been made in the mechanistic description of pore formation for the different PFTs families, but in several cases a complete understanding of pore structure remains lacking. PFTs have evolved recognition mechanisms to bind specific receptors that define their host tropism, although this can be remarkably diverse even within the same family. Here we summarise the salient features of PFTs and highlight where additional research is necessary to fully understand the mechanism of pore formation by members of this diverse group of protein toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima R. Ulhuq
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giuseppina Mariano
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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35
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Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Pollutants. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2021:1764647. [PMID: 34992641 PMCID: PMC8727162 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1764647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, environmental contamination is a big concern for both developing and developed countries. The primary sources of contamination of land, water, and air are extensive industrialization and intense agricultural activities. Various traditional methods are available for the treatment of different pollutants in the environment, but all have some limitations. Due to this, an alternative method is required which is effective and less toxic and provides better outcomes. Nanomaterials have attracted a lot of interest in terms of environmental remediation. Because of their huge surface area and related high reactivity, nanomaterials perform better in environmental clean-up than other conventional approaches. They can be modified for specific uses to provide novel features. Due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratio and the presence of a larger number of reactive sites, nanoscale materials can be extremely reactive. These characteristics allow for higher interaction with contaminants, leading to a quick reduction of contaminant concentration. In the present review, an overview of different nanomaterials that are potential in the remediation of environmental pollutants has been discussed.
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36
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Hodel AW, Rudd-Schmidt JA, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I, Hoogenboom BW. Lipid specificity of the immune effector perforin. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:236-255. [PMID: 34545865 PMCID: PMC8704153 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore forming protein used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to remove cancerous or virus-infected cells during the immune response. During the response, the lymphocyte membrane becomes refractory to perforin function by accumulating densely ordered lipid rafts and externalizing negatively charged lipid species. The dense membrane packing lowers the capacity of perforin to bind, and the negatively charged lipids scavenge any residual protein before pore formation. Using atomic force microscopy on model membrane systems, we here provide insight into the molecular basis of perforin lipid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Hodel
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesse A Rudd-Schmidt
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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37
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Sengupta N, Mondal AK, Mishra S, Chattopadhyay K, Dutta S. Single-particle cryo-EM reveals conformational variability of the oligomeric VCC β-barrel pore in a lipid bilayer. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212683. [PMID: 34617964 PMCID: PMC8504180 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a water-soluble, membrane-damaging, pore-forming toxin (PFT) secreted by pathogenic V. cholerae, which causes eukaryotic cell death by altering the plasma membrane permeability. VCC self-assembles on the cell surface and undergoes a dramatic conformational change from prepore to heptameric pore structure. Over the past few years, several high-resolution structures of detergent-solubilized PFTs have been characterized. However, high-resolution structural characterization of small β-PFTs in a lipid environment is still rare. Therefore, we used single-particle cryo-EM to characterize the structure of the VCC oligomer in large unilamellar vesicles, which is the first atomic-resolution cryo-EM structure of VCC. From our study, we were able to provide the first documented visualization of the rim domain amino acid residues of VCC interacting with lipid membrane. Furthermore, cryo-EM characterization of lipid bilayer–embedded VCC suggests interesting conformational variabilities, especially in the transmembrane channel, which could have a potential impact on the pore architecture and assist us in understanding the pore formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanika Sengupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anish Kumar Mondal
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Suman Mishra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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38
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Ni T, Zhu Y, Yang Z, Xu C, Chaban Y, Nesterova T, Ning J, Böcking T, Parker MW, Monnie C, Ahn J, Perilla JR, Zhang P. Structure of native HIV-1 cores and their interactions with IP6 and CypA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj5715. [PMID: 34797722 PMCID: PMC8604400 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The viral capsid plays essential roles in HIV replication and is a major platform engaging host factors. To overcome challenges in study native capsid structure, we used the perfringolysin O to perforate the membrane of HIV-1 particles, thus allowing host proteins and small molecules to access the native capsid while improving cryo–electron microscopy image quality. Using cryo–electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we determined the structures of native capsomers in the presence and absence of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and cyclophilin A and constructed an all-atom model of a complete HIV-1 capsid. Our structures reveal two IP6 binding sites and modes of cyclophilin A interactions. Free energy calculations substantiate the two binding sites at R18 and K25 and further show a prohibitive energy barrier for IP6 to pass through the pentamer. Our results demonstrate that perfringolysin O perforation is a valuable tool for structural analyses of enveloped virus capsids and interactions with host cell factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Chaoyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yuriy Chaban
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Tanya Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jiying Ning
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Christina Monnie
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jinwoo Ahn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juan R. Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Minato T, Teramoto T, Adachi N, Hung NK, Yamada K, Kawasaki M, Akutsu M, Moriya T, Senda T, Ogo S, Kakuta Y, Yoon KS. Non-conventional octameric structure of C-phycocyanin. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1238. [PMID: 34716405 PMCID: PMC8556327 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
C-phycocyanin (CPC), a blue pigment protein, is an indispensable component of giant phycobilisomes, which are light-harvesting antenna complexes in cyanobacteria that transfer energy efficiently to photosystems I and II. X-ray crystallographic and electron microscopy (EM) analyses have revealed the structure of CPC to be a closed toroidal hexamer by assembling two trimers. In this study, the structural characterization of non-conventional octameric CPC is reported for the first time. Analyses of the crystal and cryogenic EM structures of the native CPC from filamentous thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermoleptolyngbya sp. O–77 unexpectedly illustrated the coexistence of conventional hexamer and novel octamer. In addition, an unusual dimeric state, observed via analytical ultracentrifugation, was postulated to be a key intermediate structure in the assemble of the previously unobserved octamer. These observations provide new insights into the assembly processes of CPCs and the mechanism of energy transfer in the light-harvesting complexes. Takuo Minato and colleagues determine the crystal and cryo-EM structures of the native C-phycocyanin (CPC) from the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Thermoleptolyngbya sp. O77, which was found to adopt both a conventional hexameric structure and a novel octameric assembly. These findings provide new insights into the assembly of CPCs and their mechanism of energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Minato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Adachi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Nguyen Khac Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kaho Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Kawasaki
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (Soken-dai), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Masato Akutsu
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshio Moriya
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (Soken-dai), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Seiji Ogo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Small Molecule Energy, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Ki-Seok Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Center for Small Molecule Energy, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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40
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Cai S, Kumar R, Singh BR. Clostridial Neurotoxins: Structure, Function and Implications to Other Bacterial Toxins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2206. [PMID: 34835332 PMCID: PMC8618262 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are ancient organisms. Many bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria, produce toxins to manipulate the host, leading to various diseases. While the targets of Gram-positive bacterial toxins are diverse, many of those toxins use a similar mechanism to invade host cells and exert their functions. Clostridial neurotoxins produced by Clostridial tetani and Clostridial botulinum provide a classical example to illustrate the structure-function relationship of bacterial toxins. Here, we critically review the recent progress of the structure-function relationship of clostridial neurotoxins, including the diversity of the clostridial neurotoxins, the mode of actions, and the flexible structures required for the activation of toxins. The mechanism clostridial neurotoxins use for triggering their activity is shared with many other Gram-positive bacterial toxins, especially molten globule-type structures. This review also summarizes the implications of the molten globule-type flexible structures to other Gram-positive bacterial toxins. Understanding these highly dynamic flexible structures in solution and their role in the function of bacterial toxins not only fills in the missing link of the high-resolution structures from X-ray crystallography but also provides vital information for better designing antidotes against those toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuowei Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Raj Kumar
- Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; (R.K.); (B.R.S.)
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; (R.K.); (B.R.S.)
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Sannigrahi A, Chattopadhyay K. Pore formation by pore forming membrane proteins towards infections. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:79-111. [PMID: 35034727 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, the biology of membrane proteins, including the PFPs-membranes interactions is seeking attention for the development of successful drug molecules against a number of infectious diseases. Pore forming toxins (PFTs), the largest family of PFPs are considered as a group of virulence factors produced in a large number of pathogenic systems which include streptococcus, pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, group A and B streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheria and many more. PFTs are generally utilized by the disease causing pathogens to disrupt the host first line of defense i.e. host cell membranes through pore formation strategy. Although, pore formation is the principal mode of action of the PFTs but they can have additional adverse effects on the hosts including immune evasion. Recently, structural investigation of different PFTs have imparted the molecular mechanistic insights into how PFTs get transformed from its inactive state to active toxic state. On the basis of their structural entity, PFTs have been classified in different types and their mode of actions alters in terms of pore formation and corresponding cellular toxicity. Although pathogen genome analysis can identify the probable PFTs depending upon their structural diversity, there are so many PFTs which utilize the local environmental conditions to generate their pore forming ability using a novel strategy which is known as "conformational switch" of a protein. This conformational switch is considered as characteristics of the phase shifting proteins which were often utilized by many pathogenic systems to protect them from the invaders through allosteric communication between distant regions of the protein. In this chapter, we discuss the structure function relationships of PFTs and how activity of PFTs varies with the change in the environmental conditions has been explored. Finally, we demonstrate these structural insights to develop therapeutic potential to treat the infections caused by multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinta Sannigrahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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42
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Guo J, Liu H, Ju H. A pore-forming protein-induced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic strategy for dynamic tracing of cell membrane repair. iScience 2021; 24:102980. [PMID: 34485862 PMCID: PMC8403736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane repair holds significance for maintaining cell survival and homeostasis. To achieve the sensitive visualization of membrane repair process for revealing its mechanism, this work designs a perforation-induced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) strategy by conjugating Raman reporter (4-mercaptobenzoic acid) loaded gold nanostars with pore-forming protein streptolysin O (SLO) to induce the SERS signal on living cells. The SERS signal obviously decreases with the initiation of membrane repair and the degradation of SLO pores due to the departure of gold-nanostar-conjugated SLO. Thus, the designed strategy can dynamically visualize the complete cell membrane repair and provide a sensitive method to demonstrate the SLO endocytosis- and exocytosis-mediated repairing mechanism. Using DOX-resistant MCF-7 cells as a model, a timely repair-blocking technology for promoting the highly efficient treatment of drug-resistant cancer cells is also proposed. This work opens an avenue for probing the plasma membrane repairing mechanisms and designing the precision therapeutic schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jingxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Huipu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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Kulma M, Anderluh G. Beyond pore formation: reorganization of the plasma membrane induced by pore-forming proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6229-6249. [PMID: 34387717 PMCID: PMC11073440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are a heterogeneous group of proteins that are expressed and secreted by a wide range of organisms. PFPs are produced as soluble monomers that bind to a receptor molecule in the host cell membrane. They then assemble into oligomers that are incorporated into the lipid membrane to form transmembrane pores. Such pore formation alters the permeability of the plasma membrane and is one of the most common mechanisms used by PFPs to destroy target cells. Interestingly, PFPs can also indirectly manipulate diverse cellular functions. In recent years, increasing evidence indicates that the interaction of PFPs with lipid membranes is not only limited to pore-induced membrane permeabilization but is also strongly associated with extensive plasma membrane reorganization. This includes lateral rearrangement and deformation of the lipid membrane, which can lead to the disruption of target cell function and finally death. Conversely, these modifications also constitute an essential component of the membrane repair system that protects cells from the lethal consequences of pore formation. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the changes in lipid membrane organization caused by PFPs from different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Guo T, Guo Y, Liu Q, Xu Y, Wei L, Wang Z, Chen S, Wang C, Tian Y, Cui J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun L. The TCM prescription Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis by targeting pneumolysin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114133. [PMID: 33892068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT), which is documented in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases and is a therapeutic drug, is a well-known classic prescription in China and has been widely studied. Previous studies have shown that MXSGT has various pharmacological activities, including anti-influenza virus activity, and ameliorates microvascular hyperpermeability and inflammatory reactions. However, no study has reported the effect of MXSGT in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, the potential inhibition of MXSGT against the virulence of S. pneumoniae by targeting PLY was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, HPLC analysis was used to determine the main components of MXSGT. Then PLY protein was constructed and used for hemolysis assay and western blot to test the ability of MXSGT to inhibit PLY activity, production and widowed characteristics. The growth curve of S. pneumoniae was drawled with or without MXSGT treatment. In addition, the inhibition of MXSGT against PLY-mediated A549 cell death was examined by cytotoxicity assay. Finally, the mouse experiment was used to verify the effect of MXSGT on mouse lungs. RESULTS This work has discovered that MXSGT, a TCM prescription, is an effective inhibitor of PLY, an important virulence factor that is essential for S. pneumoniae pathogenicity. MXSGT inhibits the oligomerization of PLY without affecting S. pneumoniae growth and PLY production. In addition, experimental MXSGT treatment was effective against S. pneumoniae infection both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings directly demonstrate the potential mechanism of the Chinese herbal formula MXSGT in the treatment of pneumococcal disease and provide additional evidence for promotion of the wide use of MXSGT in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Yinan Guo
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Qingbing Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Lina Wei
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Zhongtian Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Si Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Caiwen Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Liping Sun
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
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Applications of Catechins in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050546. [PMID: 34062722 PMCID: PMC8147231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the second most commonly consumed beverage worldwide. Along with its aromatic and delicate flavors that make it an enjoyable beverage, studies report numerous health advantages in tea consumption, including applications in antimicrobial therapy. The antimicrobial properties of tea are related to catechin and its derivatives, which are natural flavonoids that are abundant in tea. Increasing evidence from in vitro studies demonstrated antimicrobial effects of catechins on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and proposed direct and indirect therapeutic mechanisms. Additionally, catechins were reported to be effective anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, a number of studies presented evidence that catechins display synergistic effects with certain antibiotics, thus potentiating the activity of antibiotics in resistant bacteria. Despite their numerous beneficial properties, catechins face many challenges in their development as therapeutic agents, including poor absorption, low bioavailability, and rapid degradation. The introduction of nanobiotechnology provides target-based and stable delivery, which enhances catechin bioavailability and optimizes drug efficacy. As further research continues to focus on overcoming the unresolved challenges, catechins are likely to see additional promising applications in our continual fight against bacterial infections.
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46
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Park SS, Lee S, Rhee DK. Crystal Structure of the Pneumococcal Vancomycin-Resistance Response Regulator DNA-Binding Domain. Mol Cells 2021; 44:179-185. [PMID: 33795535 PMCID: PMC8019601 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin response regulator (VncR) is a pneumococcal response regulator of the VncRS two-component signal transduction system (TCS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae. VncRS regulates bacterial autolysis and vancomycin resistance. VncR contains two different functional domains, the N-terminal receiver domain and C-terminal effector domain. Here, we investigated VncR C-terminal DNA binding domain (VncRc) structure using a crystallization approach. Crystallization was performed using the micro-batch method. The crystals diffracted to a 1.964 Å resolution and belonged to space group P212121. The crystal unit-cell parameters were a = 25.71 Å, b = 52.97 Å, and c = 60.61 Å. The structure of VncRc had a helix-turn-helix motif highly similar to the response regulator PhoB of Escherichia coli. In isothermal titration calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography results, VncR formed a complex with VncS, a sensor histidine kinase of pneumococcal TCS. Determination of VncR structure will provide insight into the mechanism by how VncR binds to target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Sang Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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47
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Tabusi M, Thorsdottir S, Lysandrou M, Narciso AR, Minoia M, Srambickal CV, Widengren J, Henriques-Normark B, Iovino F. Neuronal death in pneumococcal meningitis is triggered by pneumolysin and RrgA interactions with β-actin. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009432. [PMID: 33760879 PMCID: PMC7990213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage is a major consequence of bacterial meningitis, but little is known about mechanisms of bacterial interaction with neurons leading to neuronal cell death. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and many survivors develop neurological sequelae after the acute infection has resolved, possibly due to neuronal damage. Here, we studied mechanisms for pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Using human primary neurons, pull-down experiments and mass spectrometry, we show that pneumococci interact with the cytoskeleton protein β-actin through the pilus-1 adhesin RrgA and the cytotoxin pneumolysin (Ply), thereby promoting adhesion and invasion of neurons, and neuronal death. Using our bacteremia-derived meningitis mouse model, we observe that RrgA- and Ply-expressing pneumococci co-localize with neuronal β-actin. Using purified proteins, we show that Ply, through its cholesterol-binding domain 4, interacts with the neuronal plasma membrane, thereby increasing the exposure on the outer surface of β-actin filaments, leading to more β-actin binding sites available for RrgA binding, and thus enhanced pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Pneumococcal infection promotes neuronal death possibly due to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels depending on presence of Ply, as well as on actin cytoskeleton disassembly. STED super-resolution microscopy showed disruption of β-actin filaments in neurons infected with pneumococci expressing RrgA and Ply. Finally, neuronal death caused by pneumococcal infection could be inhibited using antibodies against β-actin. The generated data potentially helps explaining mechanisms for why pneumococci frequently cause neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahebali Tabusi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigrun Thorsdottir
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lysandrou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Rita Narciso
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melania Minoia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jerker Widengren
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Iovino
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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48
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Domon H, Terao Y. The Role of Neutrophils and Neutrophil Elastase in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:615959. [PMID: 33796475 PMCID: PMC8008068 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.615959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive diplococcus and a major human pathogen. This bacterium is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and septicemia, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, studies on S. pneumoniae have mainly focused on the role of its virulence factors including toxins, cell surface proteins, and capsules. However, accumulating evidence indicates that in addition to these studies, knowledge of host factors and host-pathogen interactions is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of pneumococcal diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that neutrophil accumulation, which is generally considered to play a critical role in host defense during bacterial infections, can significantly contribute to lung injury and immune subversion, leading to pneumococcal invasion of the bloodstream. Here, we review bacterial and host factors, focusing on the role of neutrophils and their elastase, which contribute to the progression of pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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49
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Gilbert RJC. Electron microscopy as a critical tool in the determination of pore forming mechanisms in proteins. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:71-102. [PMID: 33712203 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy has consistently played an important role in the description of pore-forming protein systems. The discovery of pore-forming proteins has depended on visualization of the structural pores formed by their oligomeric protein complexes, and as electron microscopy has advanced technologically so has the degree of insight it has been able to give. This review considers a large number of published studies of pore-forming complexes in prepore and pore states determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Sample isolation and preparation, imaging and image analysis, structure determination and optimization of results are all discussed alongside challenges which pore-forming proteins particularly present. The review also considers the use made of cryo-electron tomography to study pores within their membrane environment and which will prove an increasingly important approach for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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50
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Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) include virulence factors that are produced by many pathogenic bacteria. However, PFPs also comprise non-virulence factors, such as apoptotic Bcl2-like proteins, and also occur in non-pathogenic bacteria and indeed in all kingdoms of life. Pore-forming proteins are an ancient class of proteins, which are tremendously powerful in damaging cell membranes. In general, upon binding to lipid membranes, they convert from the soluble monomeric form into an oligomeric state, and then undergo a dramatic conformational change to form transmembrane pores. Thus, PFPs render the plasma membrane of their target cells permeable to solutes, potentially leading to cell death, or to more subtle manipulations of cellular functions. Recent cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography studies revealed high-resolution structures of several PFPs in their pre-pore and pore states, however many aspects regarding the cues that induce pore formation, the pre-pore to pore conformational transition, the mechanism of membrane permeation and associated dynamics are still less well understood, and direct visualization of the dynamics of these transitions are missing. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), the kinetics of oligomerization and the pre-pore to pore transition dynamics of various PFPs, such as Listeriolysin O (LLO), lysenin, and Perforin-2 (PFN2), could be studied. These studies revealed that LLO does not form pores of regular shape or size, but rather forms membrane inserted arcs that propagate and damage lipid membranes as lineactants. In contrast, lysenin forms stable pre-pore and pore nonameric rings and HS-AFM allowed to study their diffusion on and the pH-dependent insertion into the membrane. Similarly, PFN2 underwent pre-pore to pore transition upon acidification. The openness of the HS-AFM system allowed the transition to be imaged in real time and revealed that all observed molecules transitioned into the pore state within 3s. In this chapter, we detail protocols to prepare lipids, form supported lipid bilayers, and provide guidelines for real-time, real-space HS-AFM observations of PFPs in action.
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