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Chen YJ, Tseng SC, Chen PT, Hwang E. The non-mitotic role of HMMR in regulating the localization of TPX2 and the dynamics of microtubules in neurons. eLife 2024; 13:RP94547. [PMID: 38904660 PMCID: PMC11192530 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A functional nervous system is built upon the proper morphogenesis of neurons to establish the intricate connection between them. The microtubule cytoskeleton is known to play various essential roles in this morphogenetic process. While many microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have been demonstrated to participate in neuronal morphogenesis, the function of many more remains to be determined. This study focuses on a MAP called HMMR in mice, which was originally identified as a hyaluronan binding protein and later found to possess microtubule and centrosome binding capacity. HMMR exhibits high abundance on neuronal microtubules and altering the level of HMMR significantly affects the morphology of neurons. Instead of confining to the centrosome(s) like cells in mitosis, HMMR localizes to microtubules along axons and dendrites. Furthermore, transiently expressing HMMR enhances the stability of neuronal microtubules and increases the formation frequency of growing microtubules along the neurites. HMMR regulates the microtubule localization of a non-centrosomal microtubule nucleator TPX2 along the neurite, offering an explanation for how HMMR contributes to the promotion of growing microtubules. This study sheds light on how cells utilize proteins involved in mitosis for non-mitotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Tseng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhua Christian HospitalChanghuaTaiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Peng-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Eric Hwang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
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2
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Shi L, Hong G, Chen C, Li X, Zhang H, Chai R, Sun D. Growth of spiral ganglion neurons induced by graphene oxide/oxidized bacterial cellulose composite hydrogel. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120749. [PMID: 37028876 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The damage or degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) can impair the auditory signals transduction from hair cells to the central auditory system, and cause significant hearing loss. Herein, a new form of bioactive hydrogel incorporating topological graphene oxide (GO) and TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose (GO/TOBC hydrogel) was developed to provide a favorable microenvironment for SGN neurite outgrowth. As the network structure of lamellar interspersed fiber cross-linked by GO/TOBC hydrogels well simulated the structure and morphology of ECM, with the controllable hydrophilic property and appropriate Young's modulus well met those requirements of SGNs microenvironment, the GO/TOBC hybrid matrix exhibited great potential to promote the growth of SGNs. The quantitative real-time PCR result confirmed that the GO/TOBC hydrogel can significantly accelerate the development of growth cones and filopodia, by increasing the mRNA expression levels of diap3, fscn2, and integrin β1. These results suggest that GO/TOBC hydrogel scaffolds have the potential to be used to construct biomimetic nerve grafts for repairing or replacing nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guodong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chuntao Chen
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xueqian Li
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Dongping Sun
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Kastian RF, Baba K, Kaewkascholkul N, Sasaki H, Watanabe R, Toriyama M, Inagaki N. Dephosphorylation of neural wiring protein shootin1 by PP1 phosphatase regulates netrin-1-induced axon guidance. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104687. [PMID: 37044214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon pathfinding is an essential step in neuronal network formation. Shootin1a is a clutch-linker molecule that is mechanically involved in axon outgrowth and guidance. It was previously shown that concentration gradients of axon guidance molecule netrin-1 in the extracellular environment elicit asymmetrically localized Pak1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of shootin1a within axonal growth cones, which is higher on the netrin-1 source side. This asymmetric phosphorylation promotes shootin1a-mediated local actin-adhesion coupling within growth cones, thereby generating directional forces for turning the growth cone toward the netrin-1 source. However, how the spatial differences in netrin-1 concentration are transduced into the asymmetrically localized signaling within growth cones remains unclear. Moreover, the protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate shootin1a remain unidentified. Here, we report that protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) dephosphorylates shootin1a in growth cones. We found that PP1 overexpression abolished the netrin-1-induced asymmetric localization of phosphorylated-shootin1a as well as axon turning. In addition, we show PP1 inhibition reversed the asymmetrically localized shootin1a phosphorylation within growth cones under netrin-1 gradient, thereby changing the netrin-1-induced growth cone turning from attraction to repulsion. These data indicate that PP1-mediated shootin1a dephosphorylation plays a key role in organizing asymmetrically-localized phosphorylated shootin1a within growth cones, which regulates netrin-1-induced axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Fajarwati Kastian
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan; Mammalian Cell Engineering and Signal Transduction Research Group, Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Kentarou Baba
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Napol Kaewkascholkul
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sasaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Rikiya Watanabe
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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4
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Rafiei A, Cruz Tetlalmatzi S, Edrington CH, Lee L, Crowder DA, Saltzberg DJ, Sali A, Brouhard G, Schriemer DC. Doublecortin engages the microtubule lattice through a cooperative binding mode involving its C-terminal domain. eLife 2022; 11:66975. [PMID: 35485925 PMCID: PMC9122500 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule (MT)-associated protein that regulates MT structure and function during neuronal development and mutations in DCX lead to a spectrum of neurological disorders. The structural properties of MT-bound DCX that explain these disorders are incompletely determined. Here, we describe the molecular architecture of the DCX–MT complex through an integrative modeling approach that combines data from X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and a high-fidelity chemical crosslinking method. We demonstrate that DCX interacts with MTs through its N-terminal domain and induces a lattice-dependent self-association involving the C-terminal structured domain and its disordered tail, in a conformation that favors an open, domain-swapped state. The networked state can accommodate multiple different attachment points on the MT lattice, all of which orient the C-terminal tails away from the lattice. As numerous disease mutations cluster in the C-terminus, and regulatory phosphorylations cluster in its tail, our study shows that lattice-driven self-assembly is an important property of DCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Rafiei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - Linda Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - D Alex Crowder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Daniel J Saltzberg
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gary Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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5
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Hwang Y, Kim HC, Shin EJ. BKM120 alters the migration of doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of mice. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106226. [PMID: 35460881 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BKM120 is an inhibitor of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases and its anti-cancer effects have been demonstrated in various solid cancer models. BKM120 is highly brain permeable and has been reported to induce mood disturbances in clinical trials. Therefore, we examined whether BKM120 produces anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice, as with patients receiving BKM120 in clinical trials. In this study, repeated BKM120 treatment (2.0 or 5.0mg/kg, i.p., five times at 12-h interval) significantly induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. Although abnormal changes in hippocampal neurogenesis have been suggested to, at least in part, associated with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety, BKM120 did not affect the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine or the expression of doublecortin (DCX); however, it significantly enhanced the radial migration of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. BKM120-induced changes in migration were not accompanied by obvious neuronal damage in the hippocampus. Importantly, BKM120-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were positively correlated with the extent of DCX-positive cell migration. Concomitantly, p-Akt expression was significantly decreased in the dentate gyrus. Moreover, the expression of p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p-DCX, and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)-GTP decreased significantly, particularly in aberrantly migrated DCX-positive cells. Together, the results suggest that repeated BKM120 treatment enhances the radial migration of DCX-positive cells and induces anxiety- and depression-like behaviors by regulating the activity of Akt, JNK, DCX, and RhoA in the dentate gyrus. It also suggests that the altered migration of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus plays a role in mood disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonggwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Atherton J, Stouffer M, Francis F, Moores CA. Visualising the cytoskeletal machinery in neuronal growth cones using cryo-electron tomography. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274968. [PMID: 35383828 PMCID: PMC9016625 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons extend axons to form the complex circuitry of the mature brain. This depends on the coordinated response and continuous remodelling of the microtubule and F-actin networks in the axonal growth cone. Growth cone architecture remains poorly understood at nanoscales. We therefore investigated mouse hippocampal neuron growth cones using cryo-electron tomography to directly visualise their three-dimensional subcellular architecture with molecular detail. Our data showed that the hexagonal arrays of actin bundles that form filopodia penetrate and terminate deep within the growth cone interior. We directly observed the modulation of these and other growth cone actin bundles by alteration of individual F-actin helical structures. Microtubules with blunt, slightly flared or gently curved ends predominated in the growth cone, frequently contained lumenal particles and exhibited lattice defects. Investigation of the effect of absence of doublecortin, a neurodevelopmental cytoskeleton regulator, on growth cone cytoskeleton showed no major anomalies in overall growth cone organisation or in F-actin subpopulations. However, our data suggested that microtubules sustained more structural defects, highlighting the importance of microtubule integrity during growth cone migration. Summary: Cryo-electron tomographic reconstruction of neuronal growth cone subdomains reveals distinctive F-actin and microtubule cytoskeleton architectures and modulation at molecular detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College, London SE1 1YR, UK.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Melissa Stouffer
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 17 Rue du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne University UMR-S 1270, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 Rue du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuberg, Austria
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 17 Rue du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne University UMR-S 1270, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 Rue du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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7
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Stouffer MA, Khalaf-Nazzal R, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Albertini G, Bandet E, Grannec G, Lavilla V, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Nosten-Bertrand M, Francis F. Doublecortin mutation leads to persistent defects in the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in adult hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105702. [PMID: 35339680 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human doublecortin (DCX) mutations are associated with severe brain malformations leading to aberrant neuron positioning (heterotopia), intellectual disability and epilepsy. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein which plays a key role during neurodevelopment in neuronal migration and differentiation. Dcx knockout (KO) mice show disorganized hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The CA2/CA3 pyramidal cell layer is present as two abnormal layers and disorganized CA3 KO pyramidal neurons are also more excitable than wild-type (WT) cells. To further identify abnormalities, we characterized Dcx KO hippocampal neurons at subcellular, molecular and ultrastructural levels. Severe defects were observed in mitochondria, affecting number and distribution. Also, the Golgi apparatus was visibly abnormal, increased in volume and abnormally organized. Transcriptome analyses from laser microdissected hippocampal tissue at postnatal day 60 (P60) highlighted organelle abnormalities. Ultrastructural studies of CA3 cells performed in P60 (young adult) and > 9 months (mature) tissue showed that organelle defects are persistent throughout life. Locomotor activity and fear memory of young and mature adults were also abnormal: Dcx KO mice consistently performed less well than WT littermates, with defects becoming more severe with age. Thus, we show that disruption of a neurodevelopmentally-regulated gene can lead to permanent organelle anomalies contributing to abnormal adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stouffer
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - R Khalaf-Nazzal
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Cifuentes-Diaz
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - G Albertini
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - E Bandet
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - G Grannec
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - V Lavilla
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - J-F Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - R Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - M Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - F Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France.
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8
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Carnero A. SPINOPHILIN: a multiplayer tumor suppressor. Genes Dis 2022; 10:187-198. [PMID: 37013033 PMCID: PMC10066247 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SPINOPHILIN (SPN, PPP1R9B or NEURABIN-2) is a multifunctional protein that regulates protein-protein interactions in different cell signaling pathways. SPN is also one of the regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), implicated in the dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) during cell cycle. The SPN gene has been described as a tumor suppressor in different human tumor contexts, in which low levels of SPN are correlated with a higher grade and worse prognosis. In addition, mutations of the SPN protein have been reported in human tumors. Recently, an oncogenic mutation of SPN, A566V, was described, which affects both the SPN-PP1 interaction and the phosphatase activity of the holoenzyme, and promotes p53-dependent tumorigenesis by increasing the cancer stem cell (CSC) pool in breast tumors. Thus, the loss or mutation of SPN could be late events that promotes tumor progression by increasing the CSC pool and, eventually, the malignant behavior of the tumor.
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9
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Privitera F, Calonaci A, Doddato G, Papa FT, Baldassarri M, Pinto AM, Mari F, Longo I, Caini M, Galimberti D, Hadjistilianou T, De Francesco S, Renieri A, Ariani F. 13q Deletion Syndrome Involving RB1: Characterization of a New Minimal Critical Region for Psychomotor Delay. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1318. [PMID: 34573300 PMCID: PMC8471443 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an ocular tumor of the pediatric age caused by biallelic inactivation of the RB1 gene (13q14). About 10% of cases are due to gross-sized molecular deletions. The deletions can involve the surrounding genes delineating a contiguous gene syndrome characterized by RB, developmental anomalies, and peculiar facial dysmorphisms. Overlapping deletions previously found by traditional and/or molecular cytogenetic analysis allowed to define some critical regions for intellectual disability (ID) and multiple congenital anomalies, with key candidate genes. In the present study, using array-CGH, we characterized seven new patients with interstitial 13q deletion involving RB1. Among these cases, three patients with medium or large 13q deletions did not present psychomotor delay. This allowed defining a minimal critical region for ID that excludes the previously suggested candidate genes (HTR2A, NUFIP1, PCDH8, and PCDH17). The region contains 36 genes including NBEA, which emerged as the candidate gene associated with developmental delay. In addition, MAB21L1, DCLK1, EXOSC8, and SPART haploinsufficiency might contribute to the observed impaired neurodevelopmental phenotype. In conclusion, this study adds important novelties to the 13q deletion syndrome, although further studies are needed to better characterize the contribution of different genes and to understand how the haploinsufficiency of this region can determine ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Privitera
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Calonaci
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Gabriella Doddato
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filomena Tiziana Papa
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Baldassarri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pinto
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Ilaria Longo
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Mauro Caini
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Theodora Hadjistilianou
- Unit of Ophthalmology and Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (T.H.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Sonia De Francesco
- Unit of Ophthalmology and Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (T.H.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Francesca Ariani
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Carnero A. Role of the Holoenzyme PP1-SPN in the Dephosphorylation of the RB Family of Tumor Suppressors During Cell Cycle. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092226. [PMID: 34066428 PMCID: PMC8124259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, while the phosphorylation of the RB family has been largely studied, its dephosphorylation is less known. Recently, the PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1. Here, we describe the regulation of the phosphorylation status of RB family proteins, giving importance not only to their inactivation by phosphorylation but also to their dephosphorylation to restore the cell cycle. Abstract Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and the other two members of the RB family, p107 and p130. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, while the phosphorylation of the RB family has been largely studied, its dephosphorylation is less known. Phosphatases are holoenzymes formed by a catalytic subunit and a regulatory protein with substrate specificity. Recently, the PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1. Moreover, SPN has been described as a tumor suppressor dependent on PP1 in lung and breast tumors, where it promotes tumorigenesis by increasing the cancer stem cell pool. Therefore, a connection between the cell cycle and stem cell biology has also been proposed via SPN/PP1/RB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-955-92-31-11
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11
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Hwang S, Lee PCW, Shin DM, Hong JH. Modulated Start-Up Mode of Cancer Cell Migration Through Spinophilin-Tubular Networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652791. [PMID: 33768098 PMCID: PMC7985070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinophilin (SPL) is a multifunctional actin-binding scaffolding protein. Although increased research on SPL in cancer biology has revealed a tumor suppressive role, its modulation in cancer biology, and oncological relevance remains elusive. Thus, we determined the role of SPL in the modulation of the junctional network and cellular migration in A549 lung cancer cell line. Knockdown of SPL promoted cancer cell invasion in agarose spot and scratch wound assays. Attenuation of SPL expression also enhanced invadopodia, as revealed by enhanced vinculin spots, and enhanced sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBC activity without enhancing membranous expression of NBCn1. Disruption of the tubular structure with nocodazole treatment revealed enhanced SPL expression and reduced NBC activity and A549 migration. SPL-mediated junctional modulation and tubular stability affected bicarbonate transporter activity in A549 cells. The junctional modulatory function of SPL in start-up migration, such as remodeling of tight junctions, enhanced invadopodia, and increased NBC activity, revealed here would support fundamental research and the development of an initial target against lung cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
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12
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Dubey T, Chinnathambi S. Photodynamic sensitizers modulate cytoskeleton structural dynamics in neuronal cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:232-248. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dubey
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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13
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Wang JL, Wang Y, Sun W, Yu Y, Wei N, Du R, Yang Y, Liang T, Wang XL, Ou CH, Chen J. Spinophilin modulates pain through suppressing dendritic spine morphogenesis via negative control of Rac1-ERK signaling in rat spinal dorsal horn. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105302. [PMID: 33609640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both spinophilin (SPN, also known as neurabin 2) and Rac1 (a member of Rho GTPase family) are believed to play key roles in dendritic spine (DS) remodeling and spinal nociception. However, how SPN interacts with Rac1 in the above process is unknown. Here, we first demonstrated natural existence of SPN-protein phosphatase 1-Rac1 complex in the spinal dorsal horn (DH) neurons by both double immunofluorescent labeling and co-immunoprecipitation, then the effects of SPN over-expression and down-regulation on mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity, GTP-bound Rac1-ERK signaling activity, and spinal DS density were studied. Over-expression of SPN in spinal neurons by intra-DH pAAV-CMV-SPN-3FLAG could block both mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity induced by intraplantar bee venom injection, however it had no effect on the basal pain sensitivity. Over-expression of SPN also resulted in a significant decrease in GTP-Rac1-ERK activities, relative to naive and irrelevant control (pAAV-MCS). In sharp contrast, knockdown of SPN in spinal neurons by intra-DH pAAV-CAG-eGFP-U6-shRNA[SPN] produced both pain hypersensitivity and dramatic elevation of GTP-Rac1-ERK activities, relative to naive and irrelevant control (pAAV-shRNA [NC]). Moreover, knockdown of SPN resulted in increase in DS density while over-expression of it had no such effect. Collectively, SPN is likely to serve as a regulator of Rac1 signaling to suppress DS morphogenesis via negative control of GTP-bound Rac1-ERK activities at postsynaptic component in rat DH neurons wherein both mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Lin Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Na Wei
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Rui Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Ting Liang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Ce-Hua Ou
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an 710038, PR China.
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Bergoglio E, Suzuki IK, Togashi K, Tsuji M, Takeuchi S, Koizumi H, Emoto K. Spatial and temporal diversity of DCLK1 isoforms in developing mouse brain. Neurosci Res 2021; 170:154-165. [PMID: 33485913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a Doublecortin family kinase involved in a range of brain development processes including cell migration, axon/dendrite growth, and synapse development. The Dclk1 gene potentially generates multiple splicing isoforms, but the detailed expression patterns in the brain as well as in vivo functions of each isoform are still incompletely understood. Here we assessed expression patterns of DCLK1 isoforms using multiple platforms including in silico, in situ, and in vitro datasets in the developing mouse brain, and show quantitative evidence that among the four DCLK1 isoforms, DCLK1-L and DCL are mainly expressed in the embryonic cortex whereas DCLK1-L and CPG16 become dominant compared to DCL and CARP in the postnatal cortex. We also provide compelling evidence that DCLK1 isoforms are distributed in the partially distinct brain regions in the embryonic and the postnatal stages. We further show that overexpression of DCLK1-L, but not the other isoforms, in neural progenitors causes severe migration defects in the cortex, and that the migration defects are dependent on the kinase activity of DCLK1-L. Our data thus uncover partially segregated localization of DCLK1 isoforms in the developing mouse brain and suggest different roles for distinct DCLK1 isoforms in the brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bergoglio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan
| | - Ikuo K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan
| | - Masato Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Li P, Li L, Yu B, Wang X, Wang Q, Lin J, Zheng Y, Zhu J, He M, Xia Z, Tu M, Liu JS, Lin Z, Fu X. Doublecortin facilitates the elongation of the somatic Golgi apparatus into proximal dendrites. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:422-434. [PMID: 33405953 PMCID: PMC8098852 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the doublecortin (DCX) gene, which encodes a microtubule (MT)-binding protein, cause human cortical malformations, including lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia. A deficiency in DCX and DCX-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a functionally redundant and structurally similar cognate of DCX, decreases neurite length and increases the number of primary neurites directly arising from the soma. The underlying mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, the elongation of the somatic Golgi apparatus into proximal dendrites, which have been implicated in dendrite patterning, was significantly decreased in the absence of DCX/DCLK1. Phosphorylation of DCX at S47 or S327 was involved in this process. DCX deficiency shifted the distribution of CLASP2 proteins to the soma from the dendrites. In addition to CLASP2, dynein and its cofactor JIP3 were abnormally distributed in DCX-deficient neurons. The association between JIP3 and dynein was significantly increased in the absence of DCX. Down-regulation of CLASP2 or JIP3 expression with specific shRNAs rescued the Golgi phenotype observed in DCX-deficient neurons. We conclude that DCX regulates the elongation of the Golgi apparatus into proximal dendrites through MT-associated proteins and motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Luyao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Binyuan Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yihui Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Minzhi He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhaonan Xia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Mengjing Tu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Judy S Liu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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16
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Prostaglandin E2 Increases Neurite Length and the Formation of Axonal Loops, and Regulates Cone Turning in Differentiating NE4C Cells Via PKA. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1385-1397. [PMID: 33389417 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a membrane-derived lipid signaling molecule important in neuronal development. Abnormal levels of PGE2, due to environmental insults prenatal development, have been linked to brain pathologies. We have previously shown that the addition of PGE2 to neuroectodermal (NE4C) stem cells affects early stages of neuronal differentiation (day 0-8) including increased stem cell motility, accelerated formation of neurospheres, and elevated calcium levels in growth cones. In this study, we further examine whether PGE2 can influence actin-dependent neuronal morphology in later stages (day 8-12) of NE4C cell differentiation. We show that exposure to PGE2 from the initiation of differentiation increased neurite length and the proportion of neurites that formed axonal loops. We also observed changes in the proportion of turning growth cones as the differentiation progressed, with a reduced likelihood of observing turning (or asymmetrical) growth cones on day 8 and increased odds on days 10 and 12. Moreover, we showed for the first time that the observed changes in cytoskeletal morphology were PGE2/PKA dependent. Interestingly, we also found that PGE2 decreased the total protein levels of the actin-bound form of spinophilin and increased levels of unbound PKA-phosphorylated ser94-spinophilin. Hence, we propose that exposure to PGE2 can destabilize the actin cytoskeleton at various stages of neuronal differentiation due to dissociation of ser94-spinophilin causing changes in neuronal morphology.
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17
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Wang Y, Li B, Xu H, Du S, Liu T, Ren J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Lu L. Growth and elongation of axons through mechanical tension mediated by fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional Fe 3O 4·Rhodamine 6G@PDA superparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:64. [PMID: 32334582 PMCID: PMC7183675 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary strategy to repair peripheral nerve injuries is to bridge the lesions by promoting axon regeneration. Thus, the ability to direct and manipulate neuronal cell axon regeneration has been one of the top priorities in the field of neuroscience. A recent innovative approach for remotely guiding neuronal regeneration is to incorporate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into cells and transfer the resulting MNP-loaded cells into a magnetically sensitive environment to respond to an external magnetic field. To realize this intention, the synthesis and preparation of ideal MNPs is an important challenge to overcome. Results In this study, we designed and prepared novel fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional Fe3O4·Rhodamine 6G@polydopamine superparticles (FMSPs) as neural regeneration therapeutics. With the help of their excellent biocompatibility and ability to interact with neural cells, our in-house fabricated FMSPs can be endocytosed into cells, transported along the axons, and then aggregated in the growth cones. As a result, the mechanical forces generated by FMSPs can promote the growth and elongation of axons and stimulate gene expression associated with neuron growth under external magnetic fields. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that FMSPs can be used as a novel stimulator to promote noninvasive neural regeneration through cell magnetic actuation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Binxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Nestin Selectively Facilitates the Phosphorylation of the Lissencephaly-Linked Protein Doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35 to Regulate Growth Cone Morphology and Sema3a Sensitivity in Developing Neurons. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3720-3740. [PMID: 32273484 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2471-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin, an intermediate filament protein widely used as a marker of neural progenitors, was recently found to be expressed transiently in developing cortical neurons in culture and in developing mouse cortex. In young cortical cultures, nestin regulates axonal growth cone morphology. In addition, nestin, which is known to bind the neuronal cdk5/p35 kinase, affects responses to axon guidance cues upstream of cdk5, specifically, to Sema3a. Changes in growth cone morphology require rearrangements of cytoskeletal networks, and changes in microtubules and actin filaments are well studied. In contrast, the roles of intermediate filament proteins in this process are poorly understood, even in cultured neurons. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism by which nestin affects growth cone morphology and Sema3a sensitivity. We find that nestin selectively facilitates the phosphorylation of the lissencephaly-linked protein doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35, but the phosphorylation of other cdk5 substrates is not affected by nestin. We uncover that this substrate selectivity is based on the ability of nestin to interact with DCX, but not with other cdk5 substrates. Nestin thus creates a selective scaffold for DCX with activated cdk5/p35. Last, we use cortical cultures derived from Dcx KO mice to show that the effects of nestin on growth cone morphology and on Sema3a sensitivity are DCX-dependent, thus suggesting a functional role for the DCX-nestin complex in neurons. We propose that nestin changes growth cone behavior by regulating the intracellular kinase signaling environment in developing neurons. The sex of animal subjects is unknown.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nestin, an intermediate filament protein highly expressed in neural progenitors, was recently identified in developing neurons where it regulates growth cone morphology and responsiveness to the guidance cue Sema3a. Changes in growth cone morphology require rearrangements of cytoskeletal networks, but the roles of intermediate filaments in this process are poorly understood. We now report that nestin selectively facilitates phosphorylation of the lissencephaly-linked doublecortin (DCX) by cdk5/p35, but the phosphorylation of other cdk5 substrates is not affected. This substrate selectivity is based on preferential scaffolding of DCX, cdk5, and p35 by nestin. Additionally, we demonstrate a functional role for the DCX-nestin complex in neurons. We propose that nestin changes growth cone behavior by regulating intracellular kinase signaling in developing neurons.
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Karu K, Swanwick RS, Novejarque-Gadea A, Antunes-Martins A, Thomas B, Yoshimi E, Foster W, Fang M, McMahon SB, Bennett DLH, Rice ASC, Okuse K. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Central Amygdala in Neuropathic Pain Model Rats. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1592-1619. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Karu
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Richard S. Swanwick
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Amparo Novejarque-Gadea
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, U.K
| | - Ana Antunes-Martins
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Central Proteomics Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Eiji Yoshimi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - William Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Min Fang
- Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, U.K
| | - Stephen B. McMahon
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - David L. H. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
| | - Andrew S. C. Rice
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, U.K
| | - Kenji Okuse
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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20
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Martineau FS, Sahu S, Plantier V, Buhler E, Schaller F, Fournier L, Chazal G, Kawasaki H, Represa A, Watrin F, Manent JB. Correct Laminar Positioning in the Neocortex Influences Proper Dendritic and Synaptic Development. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2976-2990. [PMID: 29788228 PMCID: PMC6041803 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is a 6-layered laminated structure with a precise anatomical and functional organization ensuring proper function. Laminar positioning of cortical neurons, as determined by termination of neuronal migration, is a key determinant of their ability to assemble into functional circuits. However, the exact contribution of laminar placement to dendrite morphogenesis and synapse formation remains unclear. Here we manipulated the laminar position of cortical neurons by knocking down doublecortin (Dcx), a crucial effector of migration, and show that misplaced neurons fail to properly form dendrites, spines, and functional glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. We further show that knocking down Dcx in properly positioned neurons induces similar but milder defects, suggesting that the laminar misplacement is the primary cause of altered neuronal development. Thus, the specific laminar environment of their fated layers is crucial for the maturation of cortical neurons, and influences their functional integration into developing cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surajit Sahu
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U901, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U901, Marseille, France
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李 凯, 冯 展, 欧 毅, 周 明, 彭 君, 龚 浩, 武 广, 刘 亚, 漆 松. [JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway mediates arginine vasopressin neuron regeneration by promoting cytoskeleton reconstruction in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1099-1106. [PMID: 31640965 PMCID: PMC6881728 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which doublecortin promotes the recovery of cytoskeleton in arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk (PEL). METHODS Thirty-two SD rats were randomized into PEL group with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk through the floor of the skull base (n=25) and sham operation group (n=7), and the daily water consumption (DWC), daily urine volume (DUV) and urine specific gravity (USG) of the rats were recorded. Four rats on day 1 and 7 rats on each of days 3, 7 and 14 after PEL as well as the sham-operated rats were sacrificed for detection of the expressions of β-Tubulin (Tuj1), doublecortin and caspase- 3 in the AVP neurons of the supraoptic nucleus using immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. RESULTS After PEL, the rats exhibited a typical triphasic pattern of diabetes insipidus, with the postoperative days 1-2 as the phase one, days 3-5 as the phase two, and days 6-14 as the phase three. Immunofluorescent results indicated the repair of the AVP neurons evidenced by significantly increased doublecortin expressions in the AVP neurons following PEL; similarly, the expression of Tuj1 also increased progressively after PEL, reaching the peak level on day 7 after PEL. The apoptotic rates of the AVP neurons exhibited a reverse pattern of variation, peaking on postoperative day 3 followed by progressive reduction till day 14. Western blotting showed that the expressions of c-Jun and p-c-Jun were up-regulated significantly on day 3 (P < 0.05) and 7 (P < 0.01) after PEL, while an upregulated p-JNK expression was detected only on day 3 (P < 0.05), as was consistent with the time-courses of neuronal recovery and apoptosis after PEL. CONCLUSIONS JNK/c-Jun pathway is activated after PEL to induce apoptosis of AVP neurons in the acute phase and to promote the repair of neuronal cytoskeleton by up-regulation of doublecortin and Tuj1 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- 凯 李
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 第一临床医学院2015级临床医学,广东 广州 510515First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 展鹏 冯
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 毅超 欧
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 明锋 周
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 君洁 彭
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 浩东 龚
- 南方医科大学 第一临床医学院2015级临床医学,广东 广州 510515First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 广森 武
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 亚伟 刘
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 松涛 漆
- 南方医科大学 南方医院神经外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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22
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Salek AB, Edler MC, McBride JP, Baucum AJ. Spinophilin regulates phosphorylation and interactions of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. J Neurochem 2019; 151:185-203. [PMID: 31325175 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are abundant postsynaptic proteins that are critical for normal synaptic communication. NMDAR channel function is regulated by multiple properties, including phosphorylation. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in hippocampal neurons increases NMDAR activity, an effect abrogated by loss of spinophilin, the major PP1-targeting protein in the postsynaptic density. However, how spinophilin regulates PP1-dependent NMDAR function is unclear. We hypothesize that spinophilin regulates PP1 binding to the NMDAR to alter NMDAR phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate that spinophilin interacts with the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR. In human embryonic kidney 293 FT cells, activation and/or overexpression of protein kinase A increased the association between spinophilin and the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR. Functionally, we found that spinophilin overexpression decreased PP1 binding to the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR and attenuated the PP1-dependent dephosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284. Moreover, in P28 hippocampal lysates isolated from spinophilin KO compared to WT mice, there was increased binding of GluN2B to PP1, decreased phosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284, and altered GluN2B protein interactions with postsynaptic density-enriched proteins. Together, our data demonstrate that spinophilin decreases PP1 binding to GluN2B and concomitantly enhances the phosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284. The putative consequences of these spinophilin-dependent alterations in GluN2B phosphorylation and interactions on synaptic GluN2B localization and function are discussed. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma B Salek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael C Edler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jonathon P McBride
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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23
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Singh RK, Occelli LM, Binette F, Petersen-Jones SM, Nasonkin IO. Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in the Subretinal Space of the Cat Eye. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1151-1166. [PMID: 31210100 PMCID: PMC6708274 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop biological approaches to restore vision, we developed a method of transplanting stem cell-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large-eye animal model (cat). Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to retinal organoids in a dish. hESC-derived retinal tissue was introduced into the subretinal space of wild-type cats following a pars plana vitrectomy. The cats were systemically immunosuppressed with either prednisolone or prednisolone plus cyclosporine A. The eyes were examined by fundoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging for adverse effects due to the presence of the subretinal grafts. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies to retinal and human markers to delineate graft survival, differentiation, and integration into cat retina. We successfully delivered hESC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of the cat eye. We observed strong infiltration of immune cells in the graft and surrounding tissue in the cats treated with prednisolone. In contrast, we showed better survival and low immune response to the graft in cats treated with prednisolone plus cyclosporine A. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies (STEM121, CALB2, DCX, and SMI-312) revealed large number of graft-derived fibers connecting the graft and the host. We also show presence of human-specific synaptophysin puncta in the cat retina. This work demonstrates feasibility of engrafting hESC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of large-eye animal models. Transplanting retinal tissue in degenerating cat retina will enable rapid development of preclinical in vivo work focused on vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh K Singh
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan
| | - Francois Binette
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan
| | - Igor O Nasonkin
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
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24
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Moslehi M, Ng DCH, Bogoyevitch MA. Doublecortin X (DCX) serine 28 phosphorylation is a regulatory switch, modulating association of DCX with microtubules and actin filaments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:638-649. [PMID: 30625347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin X (DCX) plays essential roles in neuronal development via its regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics. This is mediated through direct interactions between its doublecortin (DC) domains (DC1 and DC2) with microtubules (MTs) and indirect association with actin filaments (F-ACT). While the regulatory role of the DCX C-terminus following DC2 (i.e. DCX residues 275-366) has been established, less is known of the possible contributions made by the DCX N-terminus preceding DC1 (i.e. DCX residues 1-44). Here, we assessed the influence of DCX Ser28 within the DCX N-terminus, on the association of DCX with MTs and F-ACT. We compared the cytoskeletal interactions of the DCX S28E phosphomimetic and DCX S28A phospho-resistant mutants and wild-type DCX. Immunoprecipitation and colocalisation analyses indicated increased association of DCX S28E with F-ACT but decreased interaction with MTs, and conversely enhanced DCX S28A association with MTs but decreased association with F-ACT. To evaluate the impact of DCX mutants on cytoskeletal filaments we performed fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies on SiR-tubulin and β-actin-mCherry and observed comparable tubulin and actin exchange rates in the presence of DCX WT and DCX S28A. However, we observed faster tubulin exchange rates but slower actin exchange rates in the presence of DCX S28E. Moreover, DCX S28E enhanced the association with the actin-binding protein spinophilin (Spn) suggesting the shift to favour association with both F-ACT and Spn in the presence of DCX S28E. Taken together, our results highlight a new role for DCX S28 as a regulatory switch for cytoskeletal organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moslehi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic C H Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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25
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26
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Lee D, Lee SA, Shin DM, Hong JH. Chloride Influx of Anion Exchanger 2 Was Modulated by Calcium-Dependent Spinophilin in Submandibular Glands. Front Physiol 2018; 9:889. [PMID: 30072910 PMCID: PMC6060233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory glands including salivary glands by many hormonal inputs produce and secrete biological fluids determined by variety of ion transporters. Spinophilin is a multifunctional scaffolding protein, which involved in receptor signaling and regulation of anion exchangers AE2 activity. We found that spinophilin expressed in salivary glands. The role of salivary spinophilin on the modulation of chloride/bicarbonate exchange remains unknown. The spinophilin enhanced AE2 activity and associated with a STE20/SPS1-related kinase and showed an additive effect on the modulation of the activity of AE2. The cholinergic stimulation and subsequent intracellular Ca2+ increase was required for the interaction with AE2 and spinophilin and abrogated the enhanced effect of spinophilin on Cl− transporting activity. Ductal chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity was increased in pretreatment with carbachol. The CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 suppressed the chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity of ducts, suggesting that CaMKII was required for ductal chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity. Additionally, microtubule destabilization by nocodazole attenuated the interaction of AE2 and spinophilin and almost abolished the ductal chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity. The treatment of siRNA-spinophilin on the isolated salivary ducts also reduced the ductal chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity. Therefore, role of salivary spinophilin on AE2 may facilitate the Cl− influx from basolateral in salivary glands in response to cholinergic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sang A Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong H Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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27
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Shahsavani M, Pronk RJ, Falk R, Lam M, Moslem M, Linker SB, Salma J, Day K, Schuster J, Anderlid BM, Dahl N, Gage FH, Falk A. An in vitro model of lissencephaly: expanding the role of DCX during neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1674-1684. [PMID: 28924182 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly comprises a spectrum of brain malformations due to impaired neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. Classical lissencephaly is characterized by smooth cerebral surface and cortical thickening that result in seizures, severe neurological impairment and developmental delay. Mutations in the X-chromosomal gene DCX, encoding doublecortin, is the main cause of classical lissencephaly. Much of our knowledge about DCX-associated lissencephaly comes from post-mortem analyses of patient's brains, mainly since animal models with DCX mutations do not mimic the disease. In the absence of relevant animal models and patient brain specimens, we took advantage of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to model the disease. We established human iPSCs from two males with mutated DCX and classical lissencephaly including smooth brain and abnormal cortical morphology. The disease was recapitulated by differentiation of iPSC into neural cells followed by expression profiling and dissection of DCX-associated functions. Here we show that neural stem cells, with absent or reduced DCX protein expression, exhibit impaired migration, delayed differentiation and deficient neurite formation. Hence, the patient-derived iPSCs and neural stem cells provide a system to further unravel the functions of DCX in normal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahsavani
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R J Pronk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Salma
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Day
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Schuster
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B-M Anderlid
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Dahl
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Morris CW, Watkins DS, Salek AB, Edler MC, Baucum AJ. The association of spinophilin with disks large-associated protein 3 (SAPAP3) is regulated by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 5. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 90:60-69. [PMID: 29908232 PMCID: PMC6294707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinophilin is the most abundant protein phosphatase 1 targeting protein in the postsynaptic density of dendritic spines. Spinophilin associates with myriad synaptic proteins to regulate normal synaptic communication; however, the full complement of spinophilin interacting proteins and mechanisms regulating spinophilin interactions are unclear. Here we validate an association between spinophilin and the scaffolding protein, disks large-associated protein 3 (SAP90/PSD-95 associated protein 3; SAPAP3). Loss of SAPAP3 leads to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-like behaviors due to alterations in metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling. Here we report that spinophilin associates with SAPAP3 in the brain and in a heterologous cell system. Moreover, we have found that expression or activation of group I mGluRs along with activation of the mGluR-dependent kinase, protein kinase C β, enhances this interaction. Functionally, global loss of spinophilin attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, a striatal behavior associated with dopamine dysregulation and OCD. Together, these data delineate a novel link between mGluR signaling, spinophilin, and SAPAP3 in striatal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Morris
- Undergraduate Neuroscience program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Science, USA
| | | | - Asma B Salek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Science, USA
| | - Michael C Edler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Science, USA
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Undergraduate Neuroscience program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Science, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Science, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.
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29
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Distinct Roles of Protein Phosphatase 1 Bound on Neurabin and Spinophilin and Its Regulation in AMPA Receptor Trafficking and LTD Induction. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7179-7186. [PMID: 29383693 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) constrains learning and memory formation in part through its effects on the induction threshold of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). LTD induction requires both the enzymatic activity of PP1 and its proper anchoring to synaptic spines. We have shown previously that neurabin, a major synaptic scaffolding protein, targets PP1 to synapses for LTD induction. Here, we show that PP1 bound on spinophilin, a close homolog of neurabin and another major synaptic PP1 anchoring protein, does not play a role in LTD induction, which suggests that neurabin plays a privileged role in nanodomain targeting of PP1 in LTD induction. We found that protein kinase A can significantly weaken the neurabin-PP1 interaction in neurons via phosphorylation of neurabin at serine 461, a phosphorylation site adjacent to the PP1-binding motif that is not conserved in spinophilin. Finally, we found that a neurabin mutation (S461E), which mimics phosphorylation, blocked AMPA receptor endocytosis and LTD induction. The results indicate the critical importance of nanodomain targeting of PP1 within synaptic spines and its regulation in LTD induction.
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30
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Navas L, Molina-Pinelo S, Ferrer I, Quintanal-Villalonga A, Peinado J, Garcia-Heredia JM, Felipe-Abrio B, Muñoz-Galvan S, Marin JJ, Montuenga L, Paz-Ares L, Carnero A. Coordinated downregulation of Spinophilin and the catalytic subunits of PP1, PPP1CA/B/C, contributes to a worse prognosis in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105196-105210. [PMID: 29285244 PMCID: PMC5739631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein Spinophilin (Spinophilin, PPP1R9B) is one of the regulatory subunits of phosphatase-1 (PP1), directing it to distinct subcellular locations and targets. The loss of Spinophilin reduces PP1 targeting to pRb, thereby maintaining higher levels of phosphorylated pRb. Spinophilin is absent or reduced in approximately 40% of human lung tumors, correlating with the malignant grade. However, little is known about the relevance of the coordinated activity or presence of Spinophilin and its reported catalytic partners in the prognosis of lung cancer. In the present work, we show that the downregulation of Spinophilin, either by protein or mRNA, is related to a worse prognosis in lung tumors. This effect is more relevant in squamous cell carcinoma, SCC, than in adenocarcinoma. Downregulation of Spinophilin is related to a decrease in the levels of its partners PPP1CA/B/C, the catalytic subunits of PP1. A decrease in these subunits is also related to prognosis in SCC and, in combination with a decrease in Spinophilin, are markers of a poor prognosis in these tumors. The analysis of the genes that correlate to Spinophilin in lung tumors showed clear enrichment in ATP biosynthesis and protein degradation GO pathways. The analysis of the response to several common and pathway-related drugs indicates a direct correlation between the Spinophilin/PPP1Cs ratio and the response to oxaliplatin and bortezomib. This finding indicates that this ratio may be a good predictive biomarker for the activity of the drugs in these tumors with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Navas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Peinado
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose M Garcia-Heredia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Vegetal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Blanca Felipe-Abrio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galvan
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Marin
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Montuenga
- CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Hilton BJ, Bradke F. Can injured adult CNS axons regenerate by recapitulating development? Development 2017; 144:3417-3429. [PMID: 28974639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neurons typically fail to regenerate their axons after injury. During development, by contrast, neurons extend axons effectively. A variety of intracellular mechanisms mediate this difference, including changes in gene expression, the ability to form a growth cone, differences in mitochondrial function/axonal transport and the efficacy of synaptic transmission. In turn, these intracellular processes are linked to extracellular differences between the developing and adult CNS. During development, the extracellular environment directs axon growth and circuit formation. In adulthood, by contrast, extracellular factors, such as myelin and the extracellular matrix, restrict axon growth. Here, we discuss whether the reactivation of developmental processes can elicit axon regeneration in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Hilton
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Khalaf-Nazzal R, Stouffer MA, Olaso R, Muresan L, Roumegous A, Lavilla V, Carpentier W, Moutkine I, Dumont S, Albaud B, Cagnard N, Roest Crollius H, Francis F. Early born neurons are abnormally positioned in the doublecortin knockout hippocampus. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:90-108. [PMID: 28007902 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human doublecortin (DCX) mutations are associated with severe brain malformations leading to aberrant neuron positioning (heterotopia), intellectual disability and epilepsy. The Dcx protein plays a key role in neuronal migration, and hippocampal pyramidal neurons in Dcx knockout (KO) mice are disorganized. The single CA3 pyramidal cell layer observed in wild type (WT) is present as two abnormal layers in the KO, and CA3 KO pyramidal neurons are more excitable than WT. Dcx KO mice also exhibit spontaneous epileptic activity originating in the hippocampus. It is unknown, however, how hyperexcitability arises and why two CA3 layers are observed.Transcriptome analyses were performed to search for perturbed postnatal gene expression, comparing Dcx KO CA3 pyramidal cell layers with WT. Gene expression changes common to both KO layers indicated mitochondria and Golgi apparatus anomalies, as well as increased cell stress. Intriguingly, gene expression analyses also suggested that the KO layers differ significantly from each other, particularly in terms of maturity. Layer-specific molecular markers and BrdU birthdating to mark the final positions of neurons born at distinct timepoints revealed inverted layering of the CA3 region in Dcx KO animals. Notably, many early-born 'outer boundary' neurons are located in an inner position in the Dcx KO CA3, superficial to other pyramidal neurons. This abnormal positioning likely affects cell morphology and connectivity, influencing network function. Dissecting this Dcx KO phenotype sheds light on coordinated developmental mechanisms of neuronal subpopulations, as well as gene expression patterns contributing to a bi-layered malformation associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Khalaf-Nazzal
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Plateforme de Transcriptomique, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle, CEA/DSV/IG-Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | - Leila Muresan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Roumegous
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lavilla
- Plateforme de Transcriptomique, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle, CEA/DSV/IG-Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | - Wassila Carpentier
- Plateforme post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Faculty of Medicine, Paris
| | - Imane Moutkine
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dumont
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMS30 LUMIC, plateforme d'histomorphologie, St Antoine, Paris
| | - Benoit Albaud
- Plateforme Affymetrix, Institut Curie, Hospital St Louis, Paris
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Plateforme Bio-informatique Paris Descartes, Faculté de Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, Paris
| | - Hugues Roest Crollius
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1024, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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33
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Ayanlaja AA, Xiong Y, Gao Y, Ji G, Tang C, Abdikani Abdullah Z, Gao D. Distinct Features of Doublecortin as a Marker of Neuronal Migration and Its Implications in Cancer Cell Mobility. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:199. [PMID: 28701917 PMCID: PMC5487455 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a critical process in the development of the nervous system. Defects in the migration of the neurons are associated with diseases like lissencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), and pachygyria. Doublecortin (DCX) is an essential factor in neurogenesis and mutations in this protein impairs neuronal migration leading to several pathological conditions. Although, DCX is capable of modulating and stabilizing microtubules (MTs) to ensure effective migration, the mechanisms involved in executing these functions remain poorly understood. Meanwhile, there are existing gaps regarding the processes that underlie tumor initiation and progression into cancer as well as the ability to migrate and invade normal cells. Several studies suggest that DCX is involved in cancer metastasis. Unstable interactions between DCX and MTs destabilizes cytoskeletal organization leading to disorganized movements of cells, a process which may be implicated in the uncontrolled migration of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is complex and require further clarification. Therefore, exploring the importance and features known up to date about this molecule will broaden our understanding and shed light on potential therapeutic approaches for the associated neurological diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge about DCX, its features, functions, and relationships with other proteins. We also present an overview of its role in cancer cells and highlight the importance of studying its gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola A Ayanlaja
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - GuangQuan Ji
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Zamzam Abdikani Abdullah
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - DianShuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
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34
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Koizumi H, Fujioka H, Togashi K, Thompson J, Yates JR, Gleeson JG, Emoto K. DCLK1 phosphorylates the microtubule-associated protein MAP7D1 to promote axon elongation in cortical neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:493-510. [PMID: 27503845 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a member of the neuronal microtubule-associated doublecortin (DCX) family and functions in multiple stages of neural development including radial migration and axon growth of cortical neurons. DCLK1 is suggested to play the roles in part through its protein kinase activity, yet the kinase substrates of DCLK1 remain largely unknown. Here we have identified MAP7D1 (microtubule-associated protein 7 domain containing 1) as a novel substrate of DCLK1 by using proteomic analysis. MAP7D1 is expressed in developing cortical neurons, and knockdown of MAP7D1 in layer 2/3 cortical neurons results in a significant impairment of callosal axon elongation, but not of radial migration, in corticogenesis. We have further defined the serine 315 (Ser 315) of MAP7D1 as a DCLK1-induced phosphorylation site and shown that overexpression of a phosphomimetic MAP7D1 mutant in which Ser 315 is substituted with glutamic acid (MAP7D1 S315E), but not wild-type MAP7D1, fully rescues the axon elongation defects in Dclk1 knockdown neurons. These data demonstrate that DCLK1 phosphorylates MAP7D1 on Ser 315 to facilitate axon elongation of cortical neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419-437, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fujioka
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory of Pediatric Brain Diseases, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10021-6399
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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35
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Hoffman A, Taleski G, Sontag E. The protein serine/threonine phosphatases PP2A, PP1 and calcineurin: A triple threat in the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:119-131. [PMID: 28126489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule, F-actin and neurofilament networks play a critical role in neuronal cell morphogenesis, polarity and synaptic plasticity. Significantly, the assembly/disassembly and stability of these cytoskeletal networks is crucially modulated by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. Herein, we aim to more closely examine the role played by three major neuronal Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, PP2A, PP1 and calcineurin, in the homeostasis of the neuronal cytoskeleton. There is strong evidence that these enzymes interact with and dephosphorylate a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, resulting in major regulation of neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics. Conversely, we also discuss how multi-protein cytoskeletal scaffolds can also influence the regulation of these phosphatases, with important implications for neuronal signalling and homeostasis. Not surprisingly, deregulation of these cytoskeletal scaffolds and phosphatase dysfunction are associated with many neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Goce Taleski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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36
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Yap CC, Digilio L, McMahon L, Roszkowska M, Bott CJ, Kruczek K, Winckler B. Different Doublecortin (DCX) Patient Alleles Show Distinct Phenotypes in Cultured Neurons: EVIDENCE FOR DIVERGENT LOSS-OF-FUNCTION AND "OFF-PATHWAY" CELLULAR MECHANISMS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26613-26626. [PMID: 27799303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin on the X-chromosome (DCX) is a neuronal microtubule-binding protein with a multitude of roles in neurodevelopment. In humans, DCX is a major genetic locus for X-linked lissencephaly. The best studied defects are in neuronal migration during corticogenesis and in the hippocampus, as well as axon and dendrite growth defects. Much effort has been directed at understanding the molecular and cellular bases of DCX-linked lissencephaly. The focus has been in particular on defects in microtubule assembly and bundling, using knock-out mice and expression of WT and mutant Dcx in non-neuronal cells. Dcx also binds other proteins besides microtubules, such as spinophilin (abbreviated spn; gene name Ppp1r9b protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 9b) and the clathrin adaptors AP-1 and AP-2. Even though many non-sense and missense mutations of Dcx are known, their molecular and cellular defects are still only incompletely understood. It is also largely unknown how neurons are affected by expression of DCX patient alleles. We have now characterized several patient DCX alleles (DCX-R89G, DCX-R59H, DCX-246X, DCX-272X, and DCX-303X) using a gain-of-function dendrite growth assay in cultured rat neurons in combination with the determination of molecular binding activities and subcellular localization in non-neuronal and neuronal cells. First, we find that several mutants (Dcx-R89G and Dcx-272X) were loss-of-function alleles (as had been postulated) but surprisingly acted via different cellular mechanisms. Second, one allele (Dcx-R59H) formed cytoplasmic aggregates, which contained Hspa1B (heat shock protein 1B hsp70) and ubiquitinated proteins, trapped other cytoskeletal proteins, including spinophilin, and led to increased autophagy. This allele could thus be categorized as "off-pathway"/possibly neomorph. Our findings thus suggested that distinct DCX alleles caused dysfunction by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Choo Yap
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Laura Digilio
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Lloyd McMahon
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Matylda Roszkowska
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Christopher J Bott
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Kamil Kruczek
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Bettina Winckler
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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37
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Cheerathodi M, Avci NG, Guerrero PA, Tang LK, Popp J, Morales JE, Chen Z, Carnero A, Lang FF, Ballif BA, Rivera GM, McCarty JH. The Cytoskeletal Adapter Protein Spinophilin Regulates Invadopodia Dynamics and Tumor Cell Invasion in Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1277-1287. [PMID: 27655131 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a primary brain cancer that is resistant to all treatment modalities. This resistance is due, in large part, to invasive cancer cells that disperse from the main tumor site, escape surgical resection, and contribute to recurrent secondary lesions. The adhesion and signaling mechanisms that drive glioblastoma cell invasion remain enigmatic, and as a result there are no effective anti-invasive clinical therapies. Here we have characterized a novel adhesion and signaling pathway comprised of the integrin αvβ8 and its intracellular binding partner, Spinophilin (Spn), which regulates glioblastoma cell invasion in the brain microenvironment. We show for the first time that Spn binds directly to the cytoplasmic domain of β8 integrin in glioblastoma cells. Genetically targeting Spn leads to enhanced invasive cell growth in preclinical models of glioblastoma. Spn regulates glioblastoma cell invasion by modulating the formation and dissolution of invadopodia. Spn-regulated invadopodia dynamics are dependent, in part, on proper spatiotemporal activation of the Rac1 GTPase. Glioblastoma cells that lack Spn showed diminished Rac1 activities, increased numbers of invadopodia, and enhanced extracellular matrix degradation. Collectively, these data identify Spn as a critical adhesion and signaling protein that is essential for modulating glioblastoma cell invasion in the brain microenvironment. IMPLICATIONS Tumor cell invasion is a major clinical obstacle in glioblastoma and this study identifies a new signaling pathway regulated by Spinophilin in invasive glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1277-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naze G Avci
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Julia Popp
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - John E Morales
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhihua Chen
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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38
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JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
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39
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Abstract
The growth and migration of neurons require continuous remodelling of the neuronal cytoskeleton, providing a versatile cellular framework for force generation and guided movement, in addition to structural support. Actin filaments and microtubules are central to the dynamic action of the cytoskeleton and rapid advances in imaging technologies are enabling ever more detailed visualisation of the dynamic intracellular networks that they form. However, these filaments do not act individually and an expanding body of evidence emphasises the importance of actin-microtubule crosstalk in orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, we summarise our current understanding of the structure and dynamics of actin and microtubules in isolation, before reviewing both the mechanisms and the molecular players involved in mediating actin-microtubule crosstalk in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Coles
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
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40
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Nawabi H, Belin S, Cartoni R, Williams PR, Wang C, Latremolière A, Wang X, Zhu J, Taub DG, Fu X, Yu B, Gu X, Woolf CJ, Liu JS, Gabel CV, Steen JA, He Z. Doublecortin-Like Kinases Promote Neuronal Survival and Induce Growth Cone Reformation via Distinct Mechanisms. Neuron 2015; 88:704-19. [PMID: 26526391 PMCID: PMC10069300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
After axotomy, neuronal survival and growth cone re-formation are required for axon regeneration. We discovered that doublecortin-like kinases (DCLKs), members of the doublecortin (DCX) family expressed in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), play critical roles in both processes, through distinct mechanisms. Overexpression of DCLK2 accelerated growth cone re-formation in vitro and enhanced the initiation and elongation of axon re-growth after optic nerve injury. These effects depended on both the microtubule (MT)-binding domain and the serine-proline-rich (S/P-rich) region of DCXs in-cis in the same molecules. While the MT-binding domain is known to stabilize MT structures, we show that the S/P-rich region prevents F-actin destabilization in injured axon stumps. Additionally, while DCXs synergize with mTOR to stimulate axon regeneration, alone they can promote neuronal survival possibly by regulating the retrograde propagation of injury signals. Multifunctional DCXs thus represent potential targets for promoting both survival and regeneration of injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homaira Nawabi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephane Belin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Romain Cartoni
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip R Williams
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremolière
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuhua Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Daniel G Taub
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Judy S Liu
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Christopher V Gabel
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Judith A Steen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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41
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Loss of the tumor suppressor spinophilin (PPP1R9B) increases the cancer stem cell population in breast tumors. Oncogene 2015; 35:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Stouffer MA, Golden JA, Francis F. Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:18-45. [PMID: 26299390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of focal, regional, or diffuse structural brain abnormalities, collectively known as malformations of cortical development (MCDs), frequently manifest with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and/or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). As the acronym suggests, MCDs are perturbations of the normal architecture of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The pathogenesis of these disorders remains incompletely understood; however, one area that has provided important insights has been the study of neuronal migration. The amalgamation of human genetics and experimental studies in animal models has led to the recognition that common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including many severe epilepsy syndromes, are due to mutations in genes regulating the migration of newly born post-mitotic neurons. Neuronal migration genes often, though not exclusively, code for proteins involved in the function of the cytoskeleton. Other cellular processes, such as cell division and axon/dendrite formation, which similarly depend on cytoskeletal functions, may also be affected. We focus here on how the susceptibility of the highly organized neocortex and hippocampus may be due to their laminar organization, which involves the tight regulation, both temporally and spatially, of gene expression, specialized progenitor cells, the migration of neurons over large distances and a birthdate-specific layering of neurons. Perturbations in neuronal migration result in abnormal lamination, neuronal differentiation defects, abnormal cellular morphology and circuit formation. Ultimately this results in disorganized excitatory and inhibitory activity leading to the symptoms observed in individuals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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Greenman R, Gorelik A, Sapir T, Baumgart J, Zamor V, Segal-Salto M, Levin-Zaidman S, Aidinis V, Aoki J, Nitsch R, Vogt J, Reiner O. Non-cell autonomous and non-catalytic activities of ATX in the developing brain. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:53. [PMID: 25788872 PMCID: PMC4349085 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate formation of the cerebral cortex requires a well-coordinated series of events, which are regulated at the level of cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Whereas cell-autonomous mechanisms that regulate cortical development are well-studied, the non-cell autonomous mechanisms remain poorly understood. A non-biased screen allowed us to identify Autotaxin (ATX) as a non-cell autonomous regulator of neural stem cells. ATX (also known as ENPP2) is best known to catalyze lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. Our results demonstrate that ATX affects the localization and adhesion of neuronal progenitors in a cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous manner, and strikingly, this activity is independent from its catalytic activity in producing LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Greenman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Gorelik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan Baumgart
- University Medical Center, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany ; Central Laboratory Animal Facility, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Zamor
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Segal-Salto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming' Athens, Greece
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Miyagi, Japan
| | - Robert Nitsch
- University Medical Center, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Vogt
- University Medical Center, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Neurons begin their life as simple spheres, but can ultimately assume an elaborate morphology with numerous, highly arborized dendrites, and long axons. This is achieved via an astounding developmental progression which is dependent upon regulated assembly and dynamics of the cellular cytoskeleton. As neurites emerge out of the soma, neurons break their spherical symmetry and begin to acquire the morphological features that define their structure and function. Neurons regulate their cytoskeleton to achieve changes in cell shape, velocity, and direction as they migrate, extend neurites, and polarize. Of particular importance, the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules directs the migration and morphogenesis of neurons. This review focuses on the regulation of intrinsic properties of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and how specific cytoskeletal structures and dynamics are associated with the earliest phase of neuronal morphogenesis—neuritogenesis.
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Korrodi-Gregório L, Esteves SLC, Fardilha M. Protein phosphatase 1 catalytic isoforms: specificity toward interacting proteins. Transl Res 2014; 164:366-91. [PMID: 25090308 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated and reciprocal action of serine-threonine protein kinases and protein phosphatases produces transitory phosphorylation, a fundamental regulatory mechanism for many biological processes. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1), a major serine-threonine phosphatase, in particular, is ubiquitously distributed and regulates a broad range of cellular functions, including glycogen metabolism, cell cycle progression, and muscle relaxation. PPP1 has evolved effective catalytic machinery but in vitro lacks substrate specificity. In vivo, its specificity is achieved not only by the existence of different PPP1 catalytic isoforms, but also by binding of the catalytic moiety to a large number of regulatory or targeting subunits. Here, we will address exhaustively the existence of diverse PPP1 catalytic isoforms and the relevance of their specific partners and consequent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Biologia, Secção Autónoma de Ciências de Saúde, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara L C Esteves
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Biologia, Secção Autónoma de Ciências de Saúde, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Biologia, Secção Autónoma de Ciências de Saúde, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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SDF1 reduces interneuron leading process branching through dual regulation of actin and microtubules. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4941-62. [PMID: 24695713 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4351-12.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cerebral cortical function requires a highly ordered balance between projection neurons and interneurons. During development these two neuronal populations migrate from distinct progenitor zones to form the cerebral cortex, with interneurons originating in the more distant ganglionic eminences. Moreover, deficits in interneurons have been linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders underscoring the importance of understanding interneuron development and function. We, and others, have identified SDF1 signaling as one important modulator of interneuron migration speed and leading process branching behavior in mice, although how SDF1 signaling impacts these behaviors remains unknown. We previously found SDF1 inhibited leading process branching while increasing the rate of migration. We have now mechanistically linked SDF1 modulation of leading process branching behavior to a dual regulation of both actin and microtubule organization. We find SDF1 consolidates actin at the leading process tip by de-repressing calpain protease and increasing proteolysis of branched-actin-supporting cortactin. Additionally, SDF1 stabilizes the microtubule array in the leading process through activation of the microtubule-associated protein doublecortin (DCX). DCX stabilizes the microtubule array by bundling microtubules within the leading process, reducing branching. These data provide mechanistic insight into the regulation of interneuron leading process dynamics during neuronal migration in mice and provides insight into how cortactin and DCX, a known human neuronal migration disorder gene, participate in this process.
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Moon HM, Wynshaw-Boris A. Cytoskeleton in action: lissencephaly, a neuronal migration disorder. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 2:229-45. [PMID: 23495356 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During neocortical development, the extensive migratory movements of neurons from their place of birth to their final location are essential for the coordinated wiring of synaptic circuits and proper neurological function. Failure or delay in neuronal migration causes severe abnormalities in cortical layering, which consequently results in human lissencephaly ('smooth brain'), a neuronal migration disorder. The brains of lissencephaly patients have less-convoluted gyri in the cerebral cortex with impaired cortical lamination of neurons. Since microtubule (MT) and actin-associated proteins play important functions in regulating the dynamics of MT and actin cytoskeletons during neuronal migration, genetic mutations or deletions of crucial genes involved in cytoskeletal processes lead to lissencephaly in human and neuronal migration defects in mouse. During neuronal migration, MT organization and transport are controlled by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase isoform 1b regulatory subunit 1 (PAFAH1B1, formerly known as LIS1, Lissencephaly-1), doublecortin (DCX), YWHAE, and tubulin. Actin stress fibers are modulated by PAFAH1B1 (LIS1), DCX, RELN, and VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor)/LRP8 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 8, formerly known as APOER2). There are several important levels of crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems to establish accurate cortical patterning in development. The recent understanding of the protein networks that govern neuronal migration by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, from human and mouse genetics as well as molecular and cellular analyses, provides new insights on neuronal migration disorders and may help us devise novel therapeutic strategies for such brain malformations.
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Belvindrah R, Nosten-Bertrand M, Francis F. Neuronal migration and its disorders affecting the CA3 region. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:63. [PMID: 24624057 PMCID: PMC3941003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on CA3 neuronal migration disorders in the rodent. We begin by introducing the main steps of hippocampal development, and we summarize characteristic hippocampal malformations in human. We then describe various mouse mutants showing structural hippocampal defects. Notably, genes identified in human cortical neuronal migration disorders consistently give rise to a CA3 phenotype when mutated in the mouse. We successively describe their molecular, physiological and behavioral phenotypes that together contribute to a better understanding of CA3-dependent functions. We finally discuss potential factors underlying the CA3 vulnerability revealed by these mouse mutants and that may also contribute to other human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Belvindrah
- INSERM UMR-S 839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Marika Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
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Mark/Par-1 Marking the Polarity of Migrating Neurons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:97-111. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Shootin1 has been ascribed a role in regulating polarization of primary hippocampal neurons. To better understand the possible role of Shootin1 in the developing brain, we identified a member of the kinesin superfamily, KIF20B, as a novel Shootin1 interacting protein and a potential mediator of Shootin1 interaction with microtubules. KIF20B/Shootin1 binding was mapped to a 57 aa KIF20B sequence, which was used as a dominant-negative fragment. Direct interaction between that peptide (MBD) and Shootin1 was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance-based technology and the affinity was determined in the 10⁻⁷ m range. The proteins are expressed in the developing brain and formed a complex in vivo based on coimmunoprecipitation experiments and coimmunostaining in primary neurons. In primary hippocampal neurons Kif20b knockdown reduced Shootin1 mobilization to the developing axon, as evidenced by immunostaining and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis, suggesting that Shootin1 is a novel KIF20B cargo. shRNA targeting of Shootin1 reduced PIP3 accumulation in the growth cone, as did Kif20b shRNA. In the developing mouse brain, Kif20b knockdown or expression of the KIF20B minimal binding domain inhibited neuronal migration, and in vivo migration assays suggested that Shootin1/Kif20b acts in the same genetic pathway. Time-lapse imaging of multipolar cells in the subventricular zone revealed that downregulating levels of either Shootin1 or Kif20b hindered the transition from multipolar to bipolar cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate the importance of the Shootin1/KIF20B interaction to the dynamic process of pyramidal neuronal polarization and migration.
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