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Ansari MM, Bisht N, Singh T, Chauhan PS. Symphony of survival: Insights into cross-talk mechanisms in plants, bacteria, and fungi for strengthening plant immune responses. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127762. [PMID: 38763015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants coexist with a diverse array of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria and fungi, in both natural and agricultural environments. While some microorganisms positively influence plant development and yield, others can cause harm to the host, leading to significant adverse impacts on the environment and the economy. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), including plant growth-promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and rhizobia, have been found to increase plant biomass production by synthesizing hormones, fixing nitrogen, and solubilizing phosphate and potassium. Numerous studies have contributed to unraveling the complex process of plant-microbe interactions in recent decades. In light of the increasing global challenges such as population growth, climate change, and resource scarcity, it has become imperative to explore the potential of plant-bacteria-fungi crosstalk in promoting sustainability. This review aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps, providing a roadmap for future research in this dynamic field by synthesizing current knowledge and identifying emerging trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mogees Ansari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nikita Bisht
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Tanya Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Li W, Li Y, Shi H, Wang H, Ji K, Zhang L, Wang Y, Dong Y, Li Y. ZmMPK6, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, regulates maize kernel weight. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3287-3299. [PMID: 38457358 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Kernel weight is a critical agronomic trait in maize production. Many genes are related to kernel weight but only a few of them have been applied to maize breeding and cultivation. Here, we identify a novel function of maize mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (ZmMPK6) in the regulation of maize kernel weight. Kernel weight was reduced in zmmpk6 mutants and increased in ZmMPK6-overexpressing lines. In addition, starch granules, starch content, protein content, and grain-filling characteristics were also affected by the ZmMPK6 expression level. ZmMPK6 is mainly localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, widely distributed across various tissues, and is expressed during kernel development, which is consistent with its role in kernel weight. Thus, these results provide new insights into the role of ZmMPK6, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, in maize kernel weight, and could be applied to further molecular breeding for kernel quality and yield in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Huiyue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Kun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yongbin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
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4
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Zhang W, Maksym R, Georgii E, Geist B, Schäffner AR. SA and NHP glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 affects plant defense in both SID2- and NPR1-dependent and independent manner. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:149. [PMID: 38780624 PMCID: PMC11116260 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The small-molecule glucosyltransferase loss-of-function mutant ugt76b1 exhibits both SID2- or NPR1-dependent and independent facets of enhanced plant immunity, whereupon FMO1 is required for the SID2 and NPR1 independence. The small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 inactivates salicylic acid (SA), isoleucic acid (ILA), and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). ugt76b1 loss-of-function plants manifest an enhanced defense status. Thus, we were interested how UGT76B1 genetically integrates in defense pathways and whether all impacts depend on SA and NHP. We study the integration of UGT76B1 by transcriptome analyses of ugt76b1. The comparison of transcripts altered by the loss of UGT76B1 with public transcriptome data reveals both SA-responsive, ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1/SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (ICS1/SID2)- and NON EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1)-dependent, consistent with the role of UGT76B1 in glucosylating SA, and SA-non-responsive, SID2/NPR1-independent genes. We also discovered that UGT76B1 impacts on a group of genes showing non-SA-responsiveness and regulation by infections independent from SID2/NPR1. Enhanced resistance of ugt76b1 against Pseudomonas syringae is partially independent from SID2 and NPR1. In contrast, the ugt76b1-activated resistance is completely dependent on FMO1 encoding the NHP-synthesizing FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1). Moreover, FMO1 ranks top among the ugt76b1-induced SID2- and NPR1-independent pathogen responsive genes, suggesting that FMO1 determines the SID2- and NPR1-independent effect of ugt76b1. Furthermore, the genetic study revealed that FMO1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), SID2, and NPR1 are required for the SA-JA crosstalk and senescence development of ugt76b1, indicating that EDS1 and FMO1 have a similar effect like stress-induced SA biosynthesis (SID2) or the key SA signaling regulator NPR1. Thus, UGT76B1 influences both SID2/NPR1-dependent and independent plant immunity, and the SID2/NPR1 independence is relying on FMO1 and its product NHP, another substrate of UGT76B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rafał Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Barreda L, Brosse C, Boutet S, Perreau F, Rajjou L, Lepiniec L, Corso M. Specialized metabolite modifications in Brassicaceae seeds and plants: diversity, functions and related enzymes. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:834-859. [PMID: 38323463 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Specialized metabolite (SM) modifications and/or decorations, corresponding to the addition or removal of functional groups (e.g. hydroxyl, methyl, glycosyl or acyl group) to SM structures, contribute to the huge diversity of structures, activities and functions of seed and plant SMs. This review summarizes available knowledge (up to 2023) on SM modifications in Brassicaceae and their contribution to SM plasticity. We give a comprehensive overview on enzymes involved in the addition or removal of these functional groups. Brassicaceae, including model (Arabidopsis thaliana) and crop (Brassica napus, Camelina sativa) plant species, present a large diversity of plant and seed SMs, which makes them valuable models to study SM modifications. In this review, particular attention is given to the environmental plasticity of SM and relative modification and/or decoration enzymes. Furthermore, a spotlight is given to SMs and related modification enzymes in seeds of Brassicaceae species. Seeds constitute a large reservoir of beneficial SMs and are one of the most important dietary sources, providing more than half of the world's intake of dietary proteins, oil and starch. The seed tissue- and stage-specific expressions of A. thaliana genes involved in SM modification are presented and discussed in the context of available literature. Given the major role in plant phytochemistry, biology and ecology, SM modifications constitute a subject of study contributing to the research and development in agroecology, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Barreda
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Céline Brosse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Stéphanie Boutet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Massimiliano Corso
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
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6
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Spoel SH, Dong X. Salicylic acid in plant immunity and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1451-1464. [PMID: 38163634 PMCID: PMC11062473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defence hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies over the past 30 years, studies of the effects of SA on plant growth, development, and defence have revealed many new research frontiers and continue to deliver surprises. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of SA metabolism, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms in plant immunity. An overarching theme emerges that SA executes its many functions through intricate regulation at multiple steps: SA biosynthesis is regulated both locally and systemically, while its perception occurs through multiple cellular targets, including metabolic enzymes, redox regulators, transcription cofactors, and, most recently, an RNA-binding protein. Moreover, SA orchestrates a complex series of post-translational modifications of downstream signaling components and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates that function as cellular signalling hubs. SA also impacts wider cellular functions through crosstalk with other plant hormones. Looking into the future, we propose new areas for exploration of SA functions, which will undoubtedly uncover more surprises for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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7
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Roychowdhury R, Mishra S, Anand G, Dalal D, Gupta R, Kumar A, Gupta R. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14399. [PMID: 38894599 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well-known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA-mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen-derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA-mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA-mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA-mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA-mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Debalika Dalal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Henchiri H, Rayapuram N, Alhoraibi HM, Caïus J, Paysant-Le Roux C, Citerne S, Hirt H, Colcombet J, Sturbois B, Bigeard J. Integrated multi-omics and genetic analyses reveal molecular determinants underlying Arabidopsis snap33 mutant phenotype. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1016-1035. [PMID: 38281242 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The secretory pathway is essential for plant immunity, delivering diverse antimicrobial molecules into the extracellular space. Arabidopsis thaliana soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor SNAP33 is a key actor of this process. The snap33 mutant displays dwarfism and necrotic lesions, however the molecular determinants of its macroscopic phenotypes remain elusive. Here, we isolated several new snap33 mutants that exhibited constitutive cell death and H2O2 accumulation, further defining snap33 as an autoimmune mutant. We then carried out quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showing that numerous defense transcripts and proteins were up-regulated in the snap33 mutant, among which genes/proteins involved in defense hormone, pattern-triggered immunity, and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling. qRT-PCR analyses and hormone dosages supported these results. Furthermore, genetic analyses elucidated the diverse contributions of the main defense hormones and some nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling actors in the establishment of the snap33 phenotype, emphasizing the preponderant role of salicylic acid over other defense phytohormones. Moreover, the accumulation of pattern-triggered immunity and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat receptor signaling proteins in the snap33 mutant was confirmed by immunoblotting analyses and further shown to be salicylic acid-dependent. Collectively, this study unveiled molecular determinants underlying the Arabidopsis snap33 mutant phenotype and brought new insights into autoimmunity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Henchiri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna M Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - José Caïus
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bénédicte Sturbois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Sun S, Bakkeren G. A bird's-eye view: exploration of the flavin-containing monooxygenase superfamily in common wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1369299. [PMID: 38681221 PMCID: PMC11046709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The Flavin Monooxygenase (FMO) gene superfamily in plants is involved in various processes most widely documented for its involvement in auxin biosynthesis, specialized metabolite biosynthesis, and plant microbial defense signaling. The roles of FMOs in defense signaling and disease resistance have recently come into focus as they may present opportunities to increase immune responses in plants including leading to systemic acquired resistance, but are not well characterized. We present a comprehensive catalogue of FMOs found in genomes across vascular plants and explore, in depth, 170 wheat TaFMO genes for sequence architecture, cis-acting regulatory elements, and changes due to Transposable Element insertions. A molecular phylogeny separates TaFMOs into three clades (A, B, and C) for which we further report gene duplication patterns, and differential rates of homoeologue expansion and retention among TaFMO subclades. We discuss Clade B TaFMOs where gene expansion is similarly seen in other cereal genomes. Transcriptome data from various studies point towards involvement of subclade B2 TaFMOs in disease responses against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, substantiated by promoter element analysis. We hypothesize that certain TaFMOs are responsive to both abiotic and biotic stresses, providing potential targets for enhancing disease resistance, plant yield and other important agronomic traits. Altogether, FMOs in wheat and other crop plants present an untapped resource to be exploited for improving the quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Sun
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research & Development Center, Summerland, BC, Canada
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10
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Pei T, Niu D, Ma Y, Zhan M, Deng J, Li P, Ma F, Liu C. MdWRKY71 promotes the susceptibility of apple to Glomerella leaf spot by controlling salicylic acid degradation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13457. [PMID: 38619873 PMCID: PMC11018250 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, severely affects apple (Malus domestica) quality and yield. In this study, we found that the transcription factor MdWRKY71 was significantly induced by C. fructicola infection in the GLS-susceptible apple cultivar Royal Gala. The overexpression of MdWRKY71 in apple leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to C. fructicola, whereas RNA interference of MdWRKY71 in leaves showed the opposite phenotypes. These findings suggest that MdWRKY71 functions as a susceptibility factor for the apple-C. fructicola interaction. Furthermore, MdWRKY71 directly bound to the promoter of the salicylic acid (SA) degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6)-Like Oxygenase 1 (DLO1) and promoted its expression, resulting in a reduced SA level. The sensitivity of 35S:MdWRKY71 leaves to C. fructicola can be effectively alleviated by knocking down MdDLO1 expression, confirming the critical role of MdWRKY71-mediated SA degradation via regulating MdDLO1 expression in GLS susceptibility. In summary, we identified a GLS susceptibility factor, MdWRKY71, that targets the apple SA degradation pathway to promote fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Dongshan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yongxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Minghui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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11
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Jiang Y, Yue Y, Wang Z, Lu C, Yin Z, Li Y, Ding X. Plant Biostimulant as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative to Modern Agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5107-5121. [PMID: 38428019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of crop production presents a significant challenge to humanity. Pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to eliminate external interference and provide nutrients, enabling crops to sustain growth and defense. However, the addition of chemical substances does not meet the environmental standards required for agricultural production. Recently, natural sources such as biostimulants have been found to help plants with growth and defense. The development of biostimulants provides new solutions for agricultural product safety and has become a widely utilized tool in agricultural. The review summarizes the classification of biostimulants, including humic-based biostimulant, protein-based biostimulant, oligosaccharide-based biostimulant, metabolites-based biostimulants, inorganic substance, and microbial inoculant. This review attempts to summarize suitable alternative technology that can address the problems and analyze the current state of biostimulants, summarizes the research mechanisms, and anticipates future technological developments and market trends, which provides comprehensive information for researchers to develop biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yingzhe Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
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12
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Zhu F, Cao MY, Zhang QP, Mohan R, Schar J, Mitchell M, Chen H, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J Adv Res 2024; 57:15-42. [PMID: 37142184 PMCID: PMC10918366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this workis to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Meng-Yao Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Jacob Schar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Liu X, Xie Z, Xin J, Yuan S, Liu S, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Jin C. OsbZIP18 Is a Positive Regulator of Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis under UV-B Radiation in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:498. [PMID: 38502046 PMCID: PMC10893026 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In plants exposed to ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm), metabolic responses are activated, which reduce the damage caused by UV-B. Although several metabolites responding to UV-B stress have been identified in plants, the accumulation of these metabolites at different time points under UV-B stress remains largely unclear, and the transcription factors regulating these metabolites have not been well characterized. Here, we explored the changes in metabolites in rice after UV-B treatment for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h and identified six patterns of metabolic change. We show that the rice transcription factor OsbZIP18 plays an important role in regulating phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis under UV-B stress in rice. Metabolic profiling revealed that the contents of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid were significantly reduced in osbzip18 mutants compared with the wild-type plants (WT) under UV-B stress. Further analysis showed that the expression of many genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways was lower in osbzip18 mutants than in WT plants, including OsPAL5, OsC4H, Os4CL, OsCHS, OsCHIL2, and OsF3H. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed that OsbZIP18 bind to the promoters of these genes, suggesting that OsbZIP18 function is an important positive regulator of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis under UV-B stress. In conclusion, our findings revealed that OsbZIP18 is an essential regulator for phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in regulating UV-B stress responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Liu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ziyang Xie
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiajun Xin
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shiqing Yuan
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Sanya Research Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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14
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Ito S, Sakugawa K, Novianti F, Arie T, Komatsu K. Local Application of Acibenzolar- S-Methyl Treatment Induces Antiviral Responses in Distal Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1808. [PMID: 38339085 PMCID: PMC10855377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant defense mechanism that provides protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens in distal tissues. Recent studies have revealed a concerted function of salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in the establishment of SAR against bacterial pathogens, but it remains unknown whether NHP is also involved in SAR against viruses. We found that the local application of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a synthetic analog of SA, suppressed plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) infection in the distal leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. This suppression of infection in untreated distal leaves was observed at 1 day, but not at 3 days, after application. ASM application significantly increased the expression of SAR-related genes, including PR1, SID2, and ALD1 after 1 day of application. Viral suppression in distal leaves after local ASM application was not observed in the sid2-2 mutant, which is defective in isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), which is involved in salicylic acid synthesis; or in the fmo1 mutant, which is defective in the synthesis of NHP; or in the SA receptor npr1-1 mutant. Finally, we found that the local application of NHP suppressed PlAMV infection in the distal leaves. These results indicate that the local application of ASM induces antiviral SAR against PlAMV through a mechanism involving NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan (T.A.)
| | - Kagari Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan (T.A.)
| | - Fawzia Novianti
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan (T.A.)
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan (T.A.)
- Institute of Global Innovation Research (GIR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan (T.A.)
- Institute of Global Innovation Research (GIR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
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15
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de Jager N, Shukla V, Koprivova A, Lyčka M, Bilalli L, You Y, Zeier J, Kopriva S, Ristova D. Traits linked to natural variation of sulfur content in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1036-1050. [PMID: 37831920 PMCID: PMC10837017 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential mineral nutrient for plant growth and development; it is important for primary and specialized plant metabolites that are crucial for biotic and abiotic interactions. Foliar S content varies up to 6-fold under a controlled environment, suggesting an adaptive value under certain natural environmental conditions. However, a major quantitative regulator of S content in Arabidopsis thaliana has not been identified yet, pointing to the existence of either additional genetic factors controlling sulfate/S content or of many minor quantitative regulators. Here, we use overlapping information of two separate ionomics studies to select groups of accessions with low, mid, and high foliar S content. We quantify series of metabolites, including anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), thiols (cysteine and glutathione), and seven glucosinolates, gene expression of 20 genes, sulfate uptake, and three biotic traits. Our results suggest that S content is tightly connected with sulfate uptake, the concentration of sulfate and phosphate anions, and glucosinolate and glutathione synthesis. Additionally, our results indicate that the growth of pathogenic bacteria is enhanced in the A. thaliana accessions containing higher S in their leaves, suggesting a complex regulation between S homeostasis, primary and secondary metabolism, and biotic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas de Jager
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Varsa Shukla
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Koprivova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Lyčka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lorina Bilalli
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanrong You
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Ristova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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16
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Priya Reddy YN, Oelmüller R. Lipid peroxidation and stress-induced signalling molecules in systemic resistance mediated by azelaic acid/AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1: signal initiation and propagation. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:305-316. [PMID: 38623172 PMCID: PMC11016046 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance protects plants against a broad spectrum of secondary infections by pathogens. A crucial compound involved in the systemic spread of the threat information after primary pathogen infection is the C9 oxylipin azelaic acid (AZA), a breakdown product of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. AZA is generated during lipid peroxidation in the plastids and accumulates in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. AZA stimulates the expression of AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1), and a pool of AZI1 accumulates in the plastid envelope in association with AZA. AZA and AZI1 utilize the symplastic pathway to travel through the plasmodesmata to neighbouring cells to induce systemic stress resistance responses in distal tissues. Here, we describe the synthesis, travel and function of AZA and AZI1 and discuss open questions of signal initiation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. N. Priya Reddy
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Present Address: Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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17
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Zavaliev R, Dong X. NPR1, a key immune regulator for plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses. Mol Cell 2024; 84:131-141. [PMID: 38103555 PMCID: PMC10929286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was discovered in Arabidopsis as an activator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses nearly 30 years ago. How NPR1 confers resistance against a variety of pathogens and stresses has been extensively studied; however, only in recent years have the underlying molecular mechanisms been uncovered, particularly NPR1's role in SA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming, stress protein homeostasis, and cell survival. Structural analyses ultimately defined NPR1 and its paralogs as SA receptors. The SA-bound NPR1 dimer induces transcription by bridging two TGA transcription factor dimers, forming an enhanceosome. Moreover, NPR1 orchestrates its multiple functions through the formation of distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. Furthermore, NPR1 plays a central role in plant health by regulating the crosstalk between SA and other defense and growth hormones. In this review, we focus on these recent advances and discuss how NPR1 can be utilized to engineer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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18
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Locci F, Parker JE. Plant NLR immunity activation and execution: a biochemical perspective. Open Biol 2024; 14:230387. [PMID: 38262605 PMCID: PMC10805603 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular receptors to detect pathogen attack and trigger innate immune responses. Inside host cells, families of nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins serve as pathogen sensors or downstream mediators of immune defence outputs and cell death, which prevent disease. Established genetic underpinnings of NLR-mediated immunity revealed various strategies plants adopt to combat rapidly evolving microbial pathogens. The molecular mechanisms of NLR activation and signal transmission to components controlling immunity execution were less clear. Here, we review recent protein structural and biochemical insights to plant NLR sensor and signalling functions. When put together, the data show how different NLR families, whether sensors or signal transducers, converge on nucleotide-based second messengers and cellular calcium to confer immunity. Although pathogen-activated NLRs in plants engage plant-specific machineries to promote defence, comparisons with mammalian NLR immune receptor counterparts highlight some shared working principles for NLR immunity across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Lan J, Chen S, Pico J, Ao K, Xia S, Wang S, Li X, Castellarin SD, Zhang Y. Epigenetic regulation of N-hydroxypipecolic acid biosynthesis by the AIPP3-PHD2-CPL2 complex. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2660-2671. [PMID: 37867412 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
N-Hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) is a signaling molecule crucial for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a systemic immune response in plants that provides long-lasting and broad-spectrum protection against secondary pathogen infections. To identify negative regulators of NHP biosynthesis, we performed a forward genetic screen to search for mutants with elevated expression of the NHP biosynthesis gene FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1). Analysis of two constitutive expression of FMO1 (cef) and one induced expression of FMO1 (ief) mutants revealed that the AIPP3-PHD2-CPL2 protein complex, which is involved in the recognition of the histone modification H3K27me3 and transcriptional repression, contributes to the negative regulation of FMO1 expression and NHP biosynthesis. Our study suggests that epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in controlling FMO1 expression and NHP levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Lan
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Joana Pico
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Ao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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20
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Zhao P, Ma X, Zhang R, Cheng M, Niu Y, Shi X, Ji W, Xu S, Wang X. Integration of genome-wide association study, linkage analysis, and population transcriptome analysis to reveal the TaFMO1-5B modulating seminal root growth in bread wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1385-1400. [PMID: 37713270 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat, one of the keystone crops for global food security, is challenged by climate change and resource shortage. The root system plays a vital role in water and nutrient absorption, making it essential for meeting the growing global demand. Here, using an association-mapping population composed of 406 accessions, we identified QTrl.Rs-5B modulating seminal root development with a genome-wide association study and validated its genetic effects with two F5 segregation populations. Transcriptome-wide association study prioritized TaFMO1-5B, a gene encoding the flavin-containing monooxygenases, as the causal gene for QTrl.Rs-5B, whose expression levels correlate negatively with the phenotyping variations among our population. The lines silenced for TaFMO1-5B consistently showed significantly larger seminal roots in different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, the agriculture traits measured in multiple environments showed that QTrl.Rs-5B also affects yield component traits and plant architecture-related traits, and its favorable haplotype modulates these traits toward that of modern cultivars, suggesting the application potential of QTrl.Rs-5B for wheat breeding. Consistently, the frequency of the favorable haplotype of QTrl.Rs-5B increased with habitat expansion and breeding improvement of bread wheat. In conclusion, our findings identified and demonstrated the effects of QTrl.Rs-5B on seminal root development and illustrated that it is a valuable genetic locus for wheat root improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiuyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruize Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingzhu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yaxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shengbao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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21
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Nicoll C, Mascotti M. Investigating the biochemical signatures and physiological roles of the FMO family using molecular phylogeny. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 4:100108. [PMID: 38034983 PMCID: PMC10682829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B flavin-dependent monooxygenases are employed in swathes of different physiological functions. Despite their collectively large substrate profile, they all harness a flavin-based C4a-(hydro)peroxy intermediate for function. Within this class are the flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), representing an integral component within the secondary metabolism of all living things - xenobiotic detoxification. Their broad substrate profile makes them ideal candidates for detoxifying procedures as they can tackle a range of compounds. Recent studies have illustrated that several FMOs, however, have unique substrate profiles and differing physiological functions that implicate new roles within secondary and primary metabolism. Herein this article, by employing phylogenetic approaches, and inspecting structures of AlphaFold generated models, we have constructed a biochemical blueprint of the FMO family. FMOs are clustered in four distinct groups, with two being predominantly dedicated to xenobiotic detoxification. Furthermore, we observe that differing enzymatic activities are not constricted to a 'golden' set of residues but instead an intricate constellation of primary and secondary sphere residues. We believe that this work delineates the core phylogeny of the Group B monooxygenases and will prove useful for classifying newly sequenced genes and provide directions to future biochemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.R. Nicoll
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M.L. Mascotti
- Molecular Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de los Andes 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
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22
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Li Q, Zhou M, Chhajed S, Yu F, Chen S, Zhang Y, Mou Z. N-hydroxypipecolic acid triggers systemic acquired resistance through extracellular NAD(P). Nat Commun 2023; 14:6848. [PMID: 37891163 PMCID: PMC10611778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting broad-spectrum plant defense mechanism induced in distal systemic tissues by mobile signals generated at the primary infection site. Despite the discoveries of multiple potential mobile signals, how these signals cooperate to trigger downstream SAR signaling is unknown. Here, we show that endogenous extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [eNAD(P)] accumulates systemically upon pathogen infection and that both eNAD(P) and the lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-VI.2, are required in systemic tissues for the establishment of SAR. Moreover, putative mobile signals, e.g., N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), trigger de novo systemic eNAD(P) accumulation largely through the respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOHF-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, NHP-induced systemic immunity mainly depends on ROS, eNAD(P), LecRK-VI.2, and BAK1, indicating that NHP induces SAR primarily through the ROS-eNAD(P)-LecRK-VI.2/BAK1 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that mobile signals converge on eNAD(P) in systemic tissues to trigger SAR through LecRK-VI.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mingxi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 103622, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 103622, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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23
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Jiang S, Pan L, Zhou Q, Xu W, He F, Zhang L, Gao H. Analysis of the apoplast fluid proteome during the induction of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16324. [PMID: 37876907 PMCID: PMC10592298 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plant-pathogen interactions occur in the apoplast comprising the cell wall matrix and the fluid in the extracellular space outside the plasma membrane. However, little is known regarding the contribution of the apoplastic proteome to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Methods Specifically, SAR was induced by inoculating plants with Pst DC3000 avrRps4. The apoplast washing fluid (AWF) was collected from the systemic leaves of the SAR-induced or mock-treated plants. A label free quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to identified the proteins related to SAR in AWF. Results A total of 117 proteins were designated as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs), including numerous pathogenesis-related proteins, kinases, glycosyl hydrolases, and redox-related proteins. Functional enrichment analyses shown that these DAPs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolic process, cell wall organization, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and positive regulation of catalytic activity. Comparative analysis of proteome data indicated that these DAPs were selectively enriched in the apoplast during the induction of SAR. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate the apoplastic proteome is involved in SAR. The data presented herein may be useful for future investigations on the molecular mechanism mediating the establishment of SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Jiang
- College of Survey and Planning, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Fuge He
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
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24
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DeMell A, Alvarado V, Scholthof HB. Molecular perspectives on age-related resistance of plants to (viral) pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:80-91. [PMID: 37507820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Age-related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age-dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward cataloging an understanding of underlying mechanisms, this review explores recent molecular studies and their relevance to the concept. Examples describe differences in genetic background, transcriptomics, hormonal balances, protein-mediated events, and the contribution by short RNA-controlled gene silencing events. Throughout, recent findings with viral systems are highlighted as an illustration of the complexity of the interactions. It will become apparent that instead of uncovering a unifying explanation, we unveiled only trends. Nevertheless, with a degree of confidence, we propose that the process of plant age-related defenses is actively regulated at multiple levels. The overarching goal of this control for plants is to avoid a constitutive waste of resources, especially at crucial metabolically draining early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- April DeMell
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Veria Alvarado
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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25
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Kim SJ, Bhandari DD, Sokoloski R, Brandizzi F. Immune activation during Pseudomonas infection causes local cell wall remodeling and alters AGP accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:541-557. [PMID: 37496362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell boundary generally comprises constituents of the primary and secondary cell wall (CW) that are deposited sequentially during development. Although it is known that the CW acts as a barrier against phytopathogens and undergoes modifications to limit their invasion, the extent, sequence, and requirements of the pathogen-induced modifications of the CW components are still largely unknown, especially at the level of the polysaccharide fraction. To address this significant knowledge gap, we adopted the compatible Pseudomonas syringae-Arabidopsis thaliana system. We found that, despite systemic signaling actuation, Pseudomonas infection leads only to local CW modifications. Furthermore, by utilizing a combination of CW and immune signaling-deficient mutants infected with virulent or non-virulent bacteria, we demonstrated that the pathogen-induced changes in CW polysaccharides depend on the combination of pathogen virulence and the host's ability to mount an immune response. This results in a pathogen-driven accumulation of CW hexoses, such as galactose, and an immune signaling-dependent increase in CW pentoses, mainly arabinose, and xylose. Our analyses of CW changes during disease progression also revealed a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) deposition and significant modifications of rhamnogalacturonan sidechains. Furthermore, genetic analyses demonstrated a critical role of AGPs, specifically of the Arabinoxylan Pectin Arabinogalactan Protein1, in limiting pathogen growth. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the actuation of significant remodeling of CW polysaccharides in a compatible host-pathogen interaction, and, by identifying AGPs as critical elements of the CW in plant defense, they pinpoint opportunities to improve plants against diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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26
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Löwe M, Jürgens K, Zeier T, Hartmann M, Gruner K, Müller S, Yildiz I, Perrar M, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced microbial pattern-induced responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217771. [PMID: 37645466 PMCID: PMC10461098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial elicitor flagellin induces a battery of immune responses in plants. However, the rates and intensities by which metabolically-related defenses develop upon flagellin-sensing are comparatively moderate. We report here that the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) primes Arabidopsis thaliana plants for strongly enhanced metabolic and transcriptional responses to treatment by flg22, an elicitor-active peptide fragment of flagellin. While NHP powerfully activated priming of the flg22-induced accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), generation of the NHP biosynthetic precursor pipecolic acid (Pip), and accumulation of the stress-inducible lipids γ-tocopherol and stigmasterol, it more modestly primed for the flg22-triggered generation of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and expression of FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-KINASE1. The characterization of the biochemical and immune phenotypes of a set of different Arabidopsis single and double mutants impaired in NHP and/or SA biosynthesis indicates that, during earlier phases of the basal immune response of naïve plants to Pseudomonas syringae infection, NHP and SA mutually promote their biosynthesis and additively enhance camalexin formation, while SA prevents extraordinarily high NHP levels in later interaction periods. Moreover, SA and NHP additively contribute to Arabidopsis basal immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection, as well as to the flagellin-induced acquired resistance response that is locally observed in plant tissue exposed to exogenous flg22. Our data reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the activation modes of flagellin-triggered acquired resistance in local tissue and the SAR state that is systemically induced in plants upon pathogen attack. They also corroborate that the NHP precursor Pip has no independent immune-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Löwe
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Jürgens
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mona Perrar
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Wang P, Liang X, Fang H, Wang J, Liu X, Li Y, Shi K. Transcriptomic and genetic approaches reveal that the pipecolate biosynthesis pathway simultaneously regulates tomato fruit ripening and quality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107920. [PMID: 37527607 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) have been found to accumulate during the ripening of multiple types of fruits; however, the function and mechanism of pipecolate pathway in fruits remain unclear. Here study was conducted on fruits produced by the model plant tomato, wherein the NHP biosynthesis-related genes, Slald1 and Slfmo1, were mutated. The results showed that the fruits of both the Slald1 and the Slfmo1 mutants exhibited a delayed onset of ripening, decreased fruit size, nutrition and flavor. Exogenous treatment with Pip and NHP promoted fruit ripening and improved fruit quality. Transcriptomic analysis combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction were affected by SlFMO1 gene mutation. Transcription factor prediction analysis revealed that the NAC and AP2/ERF-ERF family members are notably involved in the regulation pathway. Overall, our results suggest that the pipecolate biosynthesis pathway is involved in the simultaneous regulation of fruit ripening and quality and indicate that a regulatory mechanism at the transcriptional level exists. However, possible roles of endogenously synthesized Pip and NHP in these processes remain to be determined. The biosynthesis pathway genes SlALD1 and SlFMO1 may be potential breeding targets for promoting fruit ripening and improving fruit quality with concomitant yield increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China; Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China; Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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28
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Cao L, Yoo H, Chen T, Mwimba M, Zhang X, Dong X. H 2O 2 sulfenylates CHE linking local infection to establishment of systemic acquired resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550865. [PMID: 37546937 PMCID: PMC10402168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For 30 years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating SAR have been hotly debated. We found that, upon pathogen challenge, the cysteine residue of transcription factor CHE undergoes sulfenylation in systemic tissues, enhancing its binding to the promoter of SA-synthesis gene, ICS1, and increasing SA production. This occurs independently of previously reported pipecolic acid (Pip) signal. Instead, H2O2 produced by NADPH oxidase, RBOHD, is the mobile signal that sulfenylates CHE in a concentration-dependent manner. This modification serves as a molecular switch that activates CHE-mediated SA-increase and subsequent Pip-accumulation in systemic tissues to synergistically induce SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Cao
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heejin Yoo
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tianyuan Chen
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Musoki Mwimba
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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29
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Shivnauth V, Pretheepkumar S, Marchetta EJR, Rossi CAM, Amani K, Castroverde CDM. Structural diversity and stress regulation of the plant immunity-associated CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60 (CBP60) family of transcription factors in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:236. [PMID: 37439880 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signaling generates calcium (Ca2+) ions, which are ubiquitous secondary messengers decoded by calcium-dependent protein kinases, calcineurins, calreticulin, calmodulins (CAMs), and CAM-binding proteins. Previous studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have shown the critical roles of the CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60 (CBP60) protein family in plant growth, stress responses, and immunity. Certain CBP60 factors can regulate plant immune responses, like pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity, and synthesis of major plant immune-activating metabolites salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). Although homologous CBP60 sequences have been identified in the plant kingdom, their function and regulation in most species remain unclear. In this paper, we specifically characterized 11 members of the CBP60 family in the agriculturally important crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Protein sequence analyses revealed that three CBP60 homologs have the closest amino acid identity to Arabidopsis CBP60g and SARD1, master transcription factors involved in plant immunity. Strikingly, AlphaFold deep learning-assisted prediction of protein structures highlighted close structural similarity between these tomato and Arabidopsis CBP60 homologs. Conserved domain analyses revealed that they possess CAM-binding domains and DNA-binding domains, reflecting their potential involvement in linking Ca2+ signaling and transcriptional regulation in tomato plants. In terms of their gene expression profiles under biotic (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 pathogen infection) and/or abiotic stress (warming temperatures), five tomato CBP60 genes were pathogen-responsive and temperature-sensitive, reminiscent of Arabidopsis CBP60g and SARD1. Overall, we present a genome-wide identification of the CBP60 gene/protein family in tomato plants, and we provide evidence on their regulation and potential function as Ca2+-sensing transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Shivnauth
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Sonya Pretheepkumar
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Eric J R Marchetta
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Keaun Amani
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
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30
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Yildiz I, Gross M, Moser D, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces systemic acquired resistance and transcriptional reprogramming via TGA transcription factors. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1900-1920. [PMID: 36790086 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in pathogen-inoculated and distant leaves of the Arabidopsis shoot and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in dependence of the salicylic acid (SA) receptor NPR1. We report here that SAR triggered by exogenous NHP treatment requires the function of the transcription factors TGA2/5/6 in addition to NPR1, and is further positively affected by TGA1/4. Consistently, a tga2/5/6 triple knockout mutant is fully impaired in NHP-induced SAR gene expression, while a tga1/4 double mutant shows an attenuated, partial transcriptional response to NHP. Moreover, tga2/5/6 and tga1/4 exhibited fully and strongly impaired pathogen-triggered SAR, respectively, while SA-induced resistance was more moderately compromised in both lines. At the same time, tga2/5/6 was not and tga1/4 only partially impaired in the accumulation of NHP and SA at sites of bacterial attack. Strikingly, SAR gene expression in the systemic tissue induced by local bacterial inoculation or locally applied NHP fully required functional TGA2/5/6 and largely depended on TGA1/4 factors. The systemic accumulation of NHP and SA was attenuated but not abolished in the SAR-compromised and transcriptionally blocked tga mutants, suggesting their transport from inoculated to systemic tissue. Our results indicate the existence of a critical TGA- and NPR1-dependent transcriptional module that mediates the induction of SAR and systemic defence gene expression by NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marlene Gross
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denise Moser
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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31
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Brambilla A, Lenk M, Ghirardo A, Eccleston L, Knappe C, Weber B, Lange B, Imani J, Schäffner AR, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Pipecolic acid synthesis is required for systemic acquired resistance and plant-to-plant-induced immunity in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3033-3046. [PMID: 36905226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Defense responses in plants are based on complex biochemical processes. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) helps to fight infections by (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens. One important signaling molecule in SAR is pipecolic acid (Pip), accumulation of which is dependent on the aminotransferase ALD1 in Arabidopsis. While exogenous Pip primes defense responses in the monocotyledonous cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare), it is currently unclear if endogenous Pip plays a role in disease resistance in monocots. Here, we generated barley ald1 mutants using CRISPR/Cas9, and assessed their capacity to mount SAR. Endogenous Pip levels were reduced after infection of the ald1 mutant, and this altered systemic defense against the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Furthermore, Hvald1 plants did not emit nonanal, one of the key volatile compounds that are normally emitted by barley plants after the activation of SAR. This resulted in the inability of neighboring plants to perceive and/or respond to airborne cues and prepare for an upcoming infection, although HvALD1 was not required in the receiver plants to mediate the response. Our results highlight the crucial role of endogenous HvALD1 and Pip for SAR, and associate Pip, in particular together with nonanal, with plant-to-plant defense propagation in the monocot crop barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brambilla
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Eccleston
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, Kulmbach, Germany
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Miranda de la Torre JO, Peppino Margutti MY, Lescano López I, Cambiagno DA, Alvarez ME, Cecchini NM. The Arabidopsis chromatin regulator MOM1 is a negative component of the defense priming induced by AZA, BABA and PIP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133327. [PMID: 37229135 PMCID: PMC10203520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the establishment of broad and long-lasting immunity is based on programs that control systemic resistance and immunological memory or "priming". Despite not showing activated defenses, a primed plant induces a more efficient response to recurrent infections. Priming might involve chromatin modifications that allow a faster/stronger activation of defense genes. The Arabidopsis chromatin regulator "Morpheus Molecule 1" (MOM1) has been recently suggested as a priming factor affecting the expression of immune receptor genes. Here, we show that mom1 mutants exacerbate the root growth inhibition response triggered by the key defense priming inducers azelaic acid (AZA), β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and pipecolic acid (PIP). Conversely, mom1 mutants complemented with a minimal version of MOM1 (miniMOM1 plants) are insensitive. Moreover, miniMOM1 is unable to induce systemic resistance against Pseudomonas sp. in response to these inducers. Importantly, AZA, BABA and PIP treatments reduce the MOM1 expression, but not miniMOM1 transcript levels, in systemic tissues. Consistently, several MOM1-regulated immune receptor genes are upregulated during the activation of systemic resistance in WT plants, while this effect is not observed in miniMOM1. Taken together, our results position MOM1 as a chromatin factor that negatively regulates the defense priming induced by AZA, BABA and PIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián O. Miranda de la Torre
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Micaela Y. Peppino Margutti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lescano López
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Damián Alejandro Cambiagno
- Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María E. Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás M. Cecchini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Hönig M, Roeber VM, Schmülling T, Cortleven A. Chemical priming of plant defense responses to pathogen attacks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1146577. [PMID: 37223806 PMCID: PMC10200928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1146577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants can acquire an improved resistance against pathogen attacks by exogenous application of natural or artificial compounds. In a process called chemical priming, application of these compounds causes earlier, faster and/or stronger responses to pathogen attacks. The primed defense may persist over a stress-free time (lag phase) and may be expressed also in plant organs that have not been directly treated with the compound. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling pathways involved in chemical priming of plant defense responses to pathogen attacks. Chemical priming in induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is highlighted. The roles of the transcriptional coactivator NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1), a key regulator of plant immunity, induced resistance (IR) and salicylic acid signaling during chemical priming are underlined. Finally, we consider the potential usage of chemical priming to enhance plant resistance to pathogens in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Venja M. Roeber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Han S, Smith JM, Du Y, Bent AF. Soybean transporter AAT Rhg1 abundance increases along the nematode migration path and impacts vesiculation and ROS. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:133-153. [PMID: 36805759 PMCID: PMC10152651 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhg1 (Resistance to Heterodera glycines 1) mediates soybean (Glycine max) resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN; H. glycines). Rhg1 is a 4-gene, ∼30-kb block that exhibits copy number variation, and the common PI 88788-type rhg1-b haplotype carries 9 to 10 tandem Rhg1 repeats. Glyma.18G022400 (Rhg1-GmAAT), 1 of 3 resistance-conferring genes at the complex Rhg1 locus, encodes the putative amino acid transporter AATRhg1 whose mode of action is largely unknown. We discovered that AATRhg1 protein abundance increases 7- to 15-fold throughout root cells along the migration path of SCN. These root cells develop an increased abundance of vesicles and large vesicle-like bodies (VLB) as well as multivesicular and paramural bodies. AATRhg1 protein is often present in these structures. AATRhg1 abundance remained low in syncytia (plant cells reprogrammed by SCN for feeding), unlike the Rhg1 α-SNAP protein, whose abundance has previously been shown to increase in syncytia. In Nicotiana benthamiana, if soybean AATRhg1 was present, oxidative stress promoted the formation of large VLB, many of which contained AATRhg1. AATRhg1 interacted with the soybean NADPH oxidase GmRBOHG, the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana RBOHD previously found to exhibit upregulated expression upon SCN infection. AATRhg1 stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation when AATRhg1 and GmRBOHG were co-expressed. These findings suggest that AATRhg1 contributes to SCN resistance along the migration path as SCN invades the plant and does so, at least in part, by increasing ROS production. In light of previous findings about α-SNAPRhg1, this study also shows that different Rhg1 resistance proteins function via at least 2 spatially and temporally separate modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - John M Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yulin Du
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrew F Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Ao K, Rohmann PFW, Huang S, Li L, Lipka V, Chen S, Wiermer M, Li X. Puncta-localized TRAF domain protein TC1b contributes to the autoimmunity of snc1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:591-612. [PMID: 36799433 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors play important roles in the perception of pathogens and initiation of immune responses in both plants and animals. Intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type receptors constitute a major class of receptors in vascular plants. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1), a gain-of-function mutation in the NLR gene SNC1 leads to SNC1 overaccumulation and constitutive activation of defense responses. From a CRISPR/Cas9-based reverse genetics screen in the snc1 autoimmune background, we identified that mutations in TRAF CANDIDATE 1b (TC1b), a gene encoding a protein with four tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domains, can suppress snc1 phenotypes. TC1b does not appear to be a general immune regulator as it is not required for defense mediated by other tested immune receptors. TC1b also does not physically associate with SNC1, affect SNC1 accumulation, or affect signaling of the downstream helper NLRs represented by ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1-L2 (ADR1-L2), suggesting that TC1b impacts snc1 autoimmunity in a unique way. TC1b can form oligomers and localizes to punctate structures of unknown function. The puncta localization of TC1b strictly requires its coiled-coil (CC) domain, whereas the functionality of TC1b requires the four TRAF domains in addition to the CC. Overall, we uncovered the TRAF domain protein TC1b as a novel positive contributor to plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Li Z, Harper JF, Weigand C, Hua J. Resting cytosol Ca2+ level maintained by Ca2+ pumps affects environmental responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:2534-2550. [PMID: 36715402 PMCID: PMC10069881 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ion transporting systems control cytosol Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]cyt) and generate transient calcium (Ca2+) signatures that are key to environmental responses. Here, we report an impact of resting [Ca2+]cyt on plants from the functional study of calmodulin-regulated Ca2+ pumps or Ca2+-ATPases in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The plasma membrane-localized pumps ACA8 (autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase) and ACA10, as well as the vacuole-localized pumps ACA4 and ACA11, were critical in maintaining low resting [Ca2+]cyt and essential for plant survival under chilling and heat-stress conditions. Their loss-of-function mutants aca8 aca10 and aca4 aca11 had autoimmunity at normal temperatures, and this deregulated immune activation was enhanced by low temperature, leading to chilling lethality. Furthermore, these mutants showed an elevated resting [Ca2+]cyt, and a reduction of external Ca2+ lowered [Ca2+]cyt and repressed their autoimmunity and cold susceptibility. The aca8 aca10 and the aca4 aca11 mutants were also susceptible to heat, likely resulting from more closed stomata and higher leaf surface temperature than the wild type. These observations support a model in which the regulation of resting [Ca2+]cyt is critical to how plants regulate biotic and abiotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Li
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Chrystle Weigand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Sagharyan M, Sharifi M, Samari E. Methyl jasmonate redirects the dynamics of carbohydrates and amino acids toward the lignans accumulation in Linum album cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107677. [PMID: 37086692 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Linum album accumulates lignans e.g., podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin (6MPTOX). This study was aimed to figure out how different concentrations of MeJA (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) by affecting on free sugars and amino acids contents induce lignans accumulation in L. album cells. Results revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content increased at 50μM, while it decreased at the high levels of MeJA (150 and 200 μM). Also, increasing trend of nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation levels peaked at 200 μM MeJA. An increased antioxidant enzymes activity was also observed in the treated cells. Moreover, an increase in rhamnose/xylose, glucose, and mannose was detected at 150 and 200 μM MeJA compared to the control. These compounds provide energy source and carbon skeleton for amino acids biosynthesis. Our results emphasized variations in amino acids levels in the presence of MeJA, where Phe level shifts along with synthesizing phenolics. Likewise, MeJA treatment switch on phenyl-ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine-ammonia lyase (TAL) activities that regenerate phenolic compounds. Changes in phenolic acids (cinnamic, coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and salicylic acid) and flavonoids (catechin, vitexin, myricetin, and kaempferol) were observed under MeJA treatment. Eventually, MeJA induced lignans production except for lariciresinol (LARI), so that the highest amounts of PTOX and 6MPTOX were analyzed at 50 μM, which were 4 and 5 time of control, respectively. Conclusively, it can be suggested that MeJA-induced oxidative status change redirects free sugars and amino acids toward the production of phenolic compounds especially lignans in L. album cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sagharyan
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Medicinal Plant Metabolites, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Samari
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Farooq M, Jang YH, Kim EG, Park JR, Eom GH, Zhao DD, Kim KM. Evaluation of Amino Acid Profiles of Rice Genotypes under Different Salt Stress Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1315. [PMID: 36987002 PMCID: PMC10058319 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are building blocks of proteins that are essential components of a wide range of metabolic pathways in plant species, including rice species. Previous studies only considered changes in the amino acid content of rice under NaCl stress. Here, we evaluated profiles of essential and non-essential amino acids in four rice genotype seedlings in the presence of three types of salts, namely NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2. Amino acid profiles in 14-day-old rice seedlings were determined. The total essential and non-essential amino acid contents in cultivar Cheongcheong were considerably increased upon NaCl and MgCl2 application, whereas total amino acids were increased upon NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 application in the cultivar Nagdong. The total amino acid content was significantly lower in the salt-sensitive cultivar IR28 and salt-tolerant Pokkali under different salt stress conditions. Glycine was not detected in any of the rice genotypes. We observed that cultivars with the same origin respond similarly to each other under salinity stress conditions: cultivars Cheongcheong and Nagdong were found to show increased total amino acid content, whereas the content in foreign cultivars IR28 and Pokkali was found to decrease. Thus, our findings showed that the amino acid profile of each rice cultivar might depend on the origin, immune level, and genetic makeup of the respective cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 641566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Jang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 641566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyeong Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 641566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ryoung Park
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Hyeon Eom
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 641566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 641566, Republic of Korea
- Crop Foundation Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Deagu 641566, Republic of Korea
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Jia H, Zhang GX, Wu YF, Dai WW, Xu QB, Gan S, Ju XY, Feng ZZ, Li RP, Yuan B. Evaluation of negative effect of Naphthenic acids (NAs) on physiological metabolism and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorption of Phragmites australis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137909. [PMID: 36681195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxic substances in the environment disturb the adsorption of pollutants in plants but little is known about the underlying mechanisms of these processes. This study evaluated the PAH adsorption by Phragmites australis under NAs stress. Results showed that Naphthenic acids (NAs) significantly decreased the adsorption of PAHs and had higher selectivity for type and structure. P. australis root cell growth and mitosis were significantly affected by NAs, which was accompanied by serious disturbances in mitochondrial function. The physiological evaluation showed the NAs could increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation by around 16-fold and cause damage to the root cell normal redox equilibrium. The levels of three key related antioxidants, PLA, CAT and POD, decreased significantly to 35-50% under NAs stress and were dependent upon NAs concentration. Furthermore, NAs could significantly change the concentration and species of root exudates of P. ausralis. Autotoxic substances, including alcohol and amines, increased by 28.63% and 23.96, respectively. Sixteen compounds were identified and assumed as potential biomarkers. Galactonic, glyceric, and octadecanoic acid had the general effect of activating PAH in soil. The global view of the metabolic pathway suggests that NAs influenced the citric acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway. Detection data results indicated that the energy products cause hypoxia and oxidative stress, which are the main processes under the NAs. Furthermore, verification of these processes was fulfilled through gene expression and biomarkers quantification. Our results provide novel metabolic insights into the mechanisms of PAHs adsorption by P. australis under NAs disturbance, suggesting that monitoring NAs in phytoremediation applications is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jia
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China; Institute of Environment and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guang-Xi Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Dai
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Quan-Bin Xu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Shu Gan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Xiu-Yun Ju
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Zhao-Zhong Feng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China.
| | - Rong-Peng Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China.
| | - Bo Yuan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China.
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40
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Zhang F, Wang M, Wang GL, Ning Y, Wang R. Insights into metabolite biosynthesis and regulation in rice immune signaling. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:225-228. [PMID: 36535835 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolites are critical components of immune signaling pathways; however, how these small molecules contribute to plant immunity remains largely elusive. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the rice nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR)-interacting proteins regulate the biosynthesis of ethylene, hydroxycinnamoylputrescines and diterpenoid phytoalexins to modulate plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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41
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Genomic Survey of Flavin Monooxygenases in Wild and Cultivated Rice Provides Insight into Evolution and Functional Diversities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044190. [PMID: 36835601 PMCID: PMC9960948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavin monooxygenase (FMO) enzyme was discovered in mammalian liver cells that convert a carcinogenic compound, N-N'-dimethylaniline, into a non-carcinogenic compound, N-oxide. Since then, many FMOs have been reported in animal systems for their primary role in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. In plants, this family has diverged to perform varied functions like pathogen defense, auxin biosynthesis, and S-oxygenation of compounds. Only a few members of this family, primarily those involved in auxin biosynthesis, have been functionally characterized in plant species. Thus, the present study aims to identify all the members of the FMO family in 10 different wild and cultivated Oryza species. Genome-wide analysis of the FMO family in different Oryza species reveals that each species has multiple FMO members in its genome and that this family is conserved throughout evolution. Taking clues from its role in pathogen defense and its possible function in ROS scavenging, we have also assessed the involvement of this family in abiotic stresses. A detailed in silico expression analysis of the FMO family in Oryza sativa subsp. japonica revealed that only a subset of genes responds to different abiotic stresses. This is supported by the experimental validation of a few selected genes using qRT-PCR in stress-sensitive Oryza sativa subsp. indica and stress-sensitive wild rice Oryza nivara. The identification and comprehensive in silico analysis of FMO genes from different Oryza species carried out in this study will serve as the foundation for further structural and functional studies of FMO genes in rice as well as other crop types.
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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Bauer K, Nayem S, Lehmann M, Wenig M, Shu LJ, Ranf S, Geigenberger P, Vlot AC. β-D-XYLOSIDASE 4 modulates systemic immune signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1096800. [PMID: 36816482 PMCID: PMC9931724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin- and hemicellulose-associated structures of plant cell walls participate in defense responses against pathogens of different parasitic lifestyles. The resulting immune responses incorporate phytohormone signaling components associated with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). SA plays a pivotal role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a form of induced resistance that - after a local immune stimulus - confers long-lasting, systemic protection against a broad range of biotrophic invaders. β-D-XYLOSIDASE 4 (BXL4) protein accumulation is enhanced in the apoplast of plants undergoing SAR. Here, two independent Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of BXL4 displayed compromised systemic defenses, while local resistance responses to Pseudomonas syringae remained largely intact. Because both phloem-mediated and airborne systemic signaling were abrogated in the mutants, the data suggest that BXL4 is a central component in SAR signaling mechanisms. Exogenous xylose, a possible product of BXL4 enzymatic activity in plant cell walls, enhanced systemic defenses. However, GC-MS analysis of SAR-activated plants revealed BXL4-associated changes in the accumulation of certain amino acids and soluble sugars, but not xylose. In contrast, the data suggest a possible role of pectin-associated fucose as well as of the polyamine putrescine as regulatory components of SAR. This is the first evidence of a central role of cell wall metabolic changes in systemic immunity. Additionally, the data reveal a so far unrecognized complexity in the regulation of SAR, which might allow the design of (crop) plant protection measures including SAR-associated cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Bauer
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shahran Nayem
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition, and Health, Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany
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Lim GH. Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxy-Pipecolic Acid in Systemic Acquired Resistance. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:21-27. [PMID: 36760046 PMCID: PMC9929166 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a central immune signal that is involved in both local and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In addition to SA, several other chemical signals are also involved in SAR and these include N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP), a newly discovered plant metabolite that plays a crucial role in SAR. Recent discoveries have led to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of SA and NHP and their signaling during plant defense responses. Here, I review the recent progress in role of SA and NHP in SAR. In addition, I discuss how these signals cooperate with other SAR-inducing chemicals to regulate SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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Rawat AA, Hartmann M, Harzen A, Lugan R, Stolze SC, Forzani C, Abts L, Reißenweber S, Rayapuram N, Nakagami H, Zeier J, Hirt H. OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1 induces immunity by coordinating N-hydroxypipecolic acid, salicylic acid, and camalexin synthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1285-1301. [PMID: 36319610 PMCID: PMC10107268 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression of OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1 (OXI1) is induced by a number of stress conditions and regulates the interaction of plants with pathogenic and beneficial microbes. In this work, we generated Arabidopsis OXI1 knockout and genomic OXI1 overexpression lines and show by transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analysis that OXI1 triggers ALD1, SARD4, and FMO1 expressions to promote the biosynthesis of pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). OXI1 contributes to enhanced immunity by induced SA biosynthesis via CBP60g-induced expression of SID2 and camalexin accumulation via WRKY33-targeted transcription of PAD3. OXI1 regulates genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation such as RbohD and RbohF. OXI1 knock out plants show enhanced expression of nuclear and chloroplast genes of photosynthesis and enhanced growth under ambient conditions, while OXI1 overexpressing plants accumulate NHP, SA, camalexin, and ROS and show a gain-of-function (GOF) cell death phenotype and enhanced pathogen resistance. The OXI1 GOF phenotypes are completely suppressed when compromising N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) synthesis in the fmo1 or ald1 background, showing that OXI1 regulation of immunity is mediated via the NHP pathway. Overall, these results show that OXI1 plays a key role in basal and effector-triggered plant immunity by regulating defense and programmed cell death via biosynthesis of salicylic acid, N-hydroxypipecolic acid, and camalexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika A. Rawat
- Darwin21 Desert Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneD‐50829Germany
| | - Raphael Lugan
- UMR QualisudAvignon UniversitéAvignon Cedex 984916France
| | | | - Celine Forzani
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of ViennaDr. Bohrgasse 9Vienna1030Austria
| | - Laura Abts
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Sophie Reißenweber
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Darwin21 Desert Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneD‐50829Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Darwin21 Desert Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of ViennaDr. Bohrgasse 9Vienna1030Austria
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris‐Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris‐SaclayBâtiment63091405 OrsayFrance
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Interconnected Set of Enzymes Provide Lysine Biosynthetic Intermediates and Ornithine Derivatives as Key Precursors for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010159. [PMID: 36671360 PMCID: PMC9854754 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and plants synthesize thousands of secondary metabolites with important biological and pharmacological activities. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is performed by networks of complex enzymes such as non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The efficient production of these metabolites is dependent upon the supply of precursors that arise from primary metabolism. In the last decades, an impressive array of biosynthetic enzymes that provide specific precursors and intermediates leading to secondary metabolites biosynthesis has been reported. Suitable knowledge of the elaborated pathways that synthesize these precursors or intermediates is essential for advancing chemical biology and the production of natural or semisynthetic biological products. Two of the more prolific routes that provide key precursors in the biosynthesis of antitumor, immunosuppressant, antifungal, or antibacterial compounds are the lysine and ornithine pathways, which are involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactams and other non-ribosomal peptides, and bacterial and fungal siderophores. Detailed analysis of the molecular genetics and biochemistry of the enzyme system shows that they are formed by closely related components. Particularly the focus of this study is on molecular genetics and the enzymatic steps that lead to the formation of intermediates of the lysine pathway, such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and related compounds, and of ornithine-derived molecules, such as N5-Acetyl-N5-Hydroxyornithine and N5-anhydromevalonyl-N5-hydroxyornithine, which are precursors of siderophores. We provide evidence that shows interesting functional relationships between the genes encoding the enzymes that synthesize these products. This information will contribute to a better understanding of the possibilities of advancing the industrial applications of synthetic biology.
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Mohnike L, Huang W, Worbs B, Feussner K, Zhang Y, Feussner I. N-Hydroxy pipecolic acid methyl ester is involved in Arabidopsis immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:458-471. [PMID: 36260503 PMCID: PMC9786843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of N-hydroxy pipecolic acid (NHP) has been intensively studied, though knowledge on its metabolic turnover is still scarce. To close this gap, we discovered three novel metabolites via metabolite fingerprinting in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after Pseudomonas infection and UV-C treatment. Exact mass information and fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) suggest a methylated derivative of NHP (MeNHP), an NHP-OGlc-hexosyl conjugate (NHP-OGlc-Hex), and an additional NHP-OGlc-derivative. All three compounds were formed in wild-type leaves but were not present in the NHP-deficient mutant fmo1-1. The identification of these novel NHP-based molecules was possible by a dual-infiltration experiment using a mixture of authentic NHP and D9-NHP standards for leaf infiltration followed by UV-C treatment. Interestingly, the signal intensity of MeNHP and other NHP-derived metabolites increased in ugt76b1-1 mutant plants. For MeNHP, we unequivocally determined the site of methylation at the carboxylic acid moiety. MeNHP application by leaf infiltration leads to the detection of a MeNHP-OGlc as well as NHP, suggesting MeNHP hydrolysis to NHP. This is in line with the observation that MeNHP infiltration is able to rescue the fmo1-1 susceptible phenotype against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco 2. Together, these data suggest MeNHP as an additional storage or transport form of NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Mohnike
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Weijie Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver (BC), Canada
| | - Brigitte Worbs
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver (BC), Canada
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48
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Li W, He J, Wang X, Ashline M, Wu Z, Liu F, Fu ZQ, Chang M. PBS3: a versatile player in and beyond salicylic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:414-422. [PMID: 36263689 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE 3 (PBS3) belongs to the GH3 family of acyl acid amido synthetases, which conjugates amino acids to diverse acyl acid substrates. Recent studies demonstrate that PBS3 in Arabidopsis plays a key role in the biosynthesis of plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) by catalyzing the conjugation of glutamate to isochorismate to form isochorismate-9-glutamate, which is then used to produce SA through spontaneous decay or ENHANCED PSEUDOMONAS SUSCEPTIBILITY (EPS1) catalysis. Consistent with its function as an essential enzyme for SA biosynthesis, PBS3 is well known to be a positive regulator of plant immunity in Arabidopsis. Additionally, PBS3 is also involved in the trade-off between abiotic and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis by suppressing the inhibitory effect of abscisic acid on SA-mediated plant immunity. Besides stress responses, PBS3 also plays a role in plant development. Under long-day conditions, PBS3 influences Arabidopsis flowering time by regulating the expression of flowering regulators FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Taken together, PBS3 functions in the signaling network of plant development and responses to biotic and/or abiotic stresses, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its diverse roles remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiuzhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Matthew Ashline
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Zirui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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Singh A. GIGANTEA regulates PAD4 transcription to promote pathogen defense against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2058719. [PMID: 35379074 PMCID: PMC8986176 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a network of complex signaling pathways that allow them to cope with the fluctuations of internal and external environmental cues. GIGANTEA (GI), a well-known, highly conserved plant nuclear protein, has been shown to regulate multiple biological functions in plants such as circadian rhythm, light signaling, cold tolerance, hormone signaling, and photoperiodic flowering. Recently, the role of GI in disease tolerance against different pathogens has come to light; however, a detailed mechanism to understand the role of GI in pathogen defense remains largely unexplained. Here, we report that GIGANTEA is upregulated upon infection with a virulent oomycete pathogen, Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), in Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0. To investigate the role of GI in Arabidopsis defense, we examined the pathogen infection phenotype of gi mutant plants and found that gi-100 mutant was highly susceptible to Hpa Noco2 infection. Notably, the quantitative real-time PCR showed that PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) and several PAD4-regulated downstream genes were downregulated upon Noco2 infection in gi-100 mutant as compared to Col-0 plants. Furthermore, the chromatin immunoprecipitation results show that GI can directly bind to the intronic region of the PAD4 gene, which might explain the mechanism of GI function in regulating disease resistance in plants. Taken together, our results suggest that GI expression is induced upon Hpa pathogen infection and GI can regulate the expression of PAD4 to promote resistance against the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (Niser) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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50
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Zhao L, Zhao D, Xiao S, Zhang A, Deng Y, Dai X, Zhou Z, Ji Z, Cao Q. Comparative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Phytochemicals in Two Elite Sweet Potato Cultivars for Table Use. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248939. [PMID: 36558068 PMCID: PMC9782294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate nutritional components in sweet potato cultivars for table use and to compare the phytochemicals of cultivars from different countries, 'Kokei No. 14' and 'Xinxiang' were selected. The physiological parameters and metabolites were determined using the colorimetric method and widely targeted metabolomics, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to explain the mechanism that resulted in phytochemical differences. 'Xinxiang' showed higher flavonoid and carotenoid contents. Metabolomics showed five upregulated flavonoids. Two essential amino acids (EAAs) and one conditionally essential amino acid (CEAA) were upregulated, whereas four EAAs and two CEAAs were downregulated. Unlike lipids, in which only one of thirty-nine was upregulated, nine of twenty-seven differentially accumulated phenolic acids were upregulated. Three of the eleven different alkaloids were upregulated. Similarly, eight organic acids were downregulated, with two upregulated. In addition, three of the seventeen different saccharides and alcohols were upregulated. In 'other metabolites,' unlike vitamin C, 6'-O-Glucosylaucubin and pantetheine were downregulated. The differentially accumulated metabolites were enriched to pathways of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ABC transporters, and tyrosine metabolism, whereas the differentially expressed genes were mainly concentrated in the metabolic pathway, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and transmembrane transport functions. These results will optimize the sweet potato market structure and enable a healthier diet for East Asian residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Donglan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Shizhuo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - An Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Yitong Deng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xibin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zhilin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Zhixian Ji
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qinghe Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221131, China
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Correspondence:
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