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Deuis JR, Klasfauseweh T, Walker L, Vetter I. The 'dispanins' and related proteins in physiology and neurological disease. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:622-634. [PMID: 39025729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The dispanins are a family of 15 transmembrane proteins that have diverse and often unclear physiological functions. Many dispanins, including synapse differentiation induced gene 1 (SynDIG1), proline-rich transmembrane protein 1 (PRRT1)/SynDIG4, and PRRT2, are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where they are involved in the development of synapses, regulation of neurotransmitter release, and interactions with ion channels, including AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Others, including transmembrane protein 233 (TMEM233) and trafficking regulator of GLUT4-1 (TRARG1), are expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS); however, the function of these dispanins is less clear. Recently, a family of neurotoxins isolated from the giant Australian stinging tree was shown to target TMEM233 to modulate the function of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, suggesting that the dispanins are inherently druggable. Here, we review current knowledge about the structure and function of the dispanins, in particular TMEM233 and its two most closely related homologs PRRT2 and TRARG1, which may be drug targets involved in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tabea Klasfauseweh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucinda Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Xu JJ, Li HF, Wu ZY. Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia: Genetics and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:952-962. [PMID: 38091244 PMCID: PMC11250761 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), the most common type of paroxysmal movement disorder, is characterized by sudden and brief attacks of choreoathetosis or dystonia triggered by sudden voluntary movements. PKD is mainly caused by mutations in the PRRT2 or TMEM151A gene. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms of PKD remain unclear, although the function of PRRT2 protein has been well characterized in the last decade. Based on abnormal ion channels and disturbed synaptic transmission in the absence of PRRT2, PKD may be channelopathy or synaptopathy, or both. In addition, the cerebellum is regarded as the key pathogenic area. Spreading depolarization in the cerebellum is tightly associated with dyskinetic episodes. Whereas, in PKD, other than the cerebellum, the role of the cerebrum including the cortex and thalamus needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Department of Neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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3
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Wen M, Huang H, Huang F, Xu R, Zhang J, Fan J, Zeng J, Jiang K, Liu D, Huang H, He Q. A new genetic diagnosis strategy for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Targeted high-throughput detection of PRRT2 gene c.649 locus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2469. [PMID: 38778723 PMCID: PMC11112295 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most prevalent kind type of paroxysmal Dyskinesia, characterized by recurrent and transient episodes of involuntary movements. Most PKD cases were attributed to the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene, in which the c.649 region is a hotspot for known mutations. Even though some patients with PKD have been genetically diagnosed using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing, there are still cases of missed diagnoses due to the limitations of sequencing technology and analytic methods on throughput. METHODS Patients meeting the diagnosis criteria of PKD with negative results of PRRT2-Sanger sequencing and WES were included in this study. Mutation screening and targeted high-throughput sequencing were performed to analyze and verify the sequencing results of the potential mutations. RESULTS Six patients with PKD with high mutation ratios of c.649dupC were screened using our targeted high-throughput sequencing from 26 PKD patients with negative results of PRRT2-Sanger sequencing and WES (frequency = 23.1%), which compensated for the comparatively shallow sequencing depth and statistical flaws in this region. Compared with the local normal population and other patients with PKD, the mutation ratios of c.649dupC of these six patients with PKD were much higher and also had truncated protein structures and differentially altered mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Based on the above studies, we emphasize the routine targeted high-throughput sequencing of the c.649 site in the PRRT2 gene in so-called genetic-testing-negative patients with PKD, and manually calculate the deletion and duplication mutations depth and ratios to lower the rate of clinical misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Clinical Research Center for Genetic Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Fei Huang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ru Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jia‐Geng Fan
- Hangzhou Xiangyin Medical LaboratoryHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jun Zeng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Kai‐Wen Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hua‐Lin Huang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Qing‐Nan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Yuan Z, Wang Q, Wang C, Liu Y, Fan L, Liu Y, Huang H. Identification of a de novo CACNA1B variant and a start-loss ADRA2B variant in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28674. [PMID: 38571653 PMCID: PMC10988053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) represents the most prevalent form of paroxysmal dyskinesia, characterized by recurrent and transient attacks of involuntary movements triggered by a sudden voluntary action. In this study, whole-exome sequencing was conducted on a cohort of Chinese patients to identify causal mutations. In one young female case, a de novo CACNA1B variant (NM_000718.3:exon3:c.479C > T:p.S160F) was identified as the causative lesion. This finding may broaden the phenotypic spectrum of CACNA1B mutations and provide a prospective cause of primary PKD. Additionally, a novel start-loss variant (NM_000682.7:c.3G > A) within ADRA2B further denied its association with benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy, and a KCNQ2 E515D variant that was reported as a genetic susceptibility factor for seizures had no damaging effect in this family. In sum, this study established a correlation between CACNA1B and primary PKD, and found valid evidence that further negates the pathogenic role of ADRA2B in benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sutherland HG, Jenkins B, Griffiths LR. Genetics of migraine: complexity, implications, and potential clinical applications. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:429-446. [PMID: 38508838 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological disorder with large burden in terms of disability for individuals and costs for society. Accurate diagnosis and effective treatments remain priorities. Understanding the genetic factors that contribute to migraine risk and symptom manifestation could improve individual management. Migraine has a strong genetic basis that includes both monogenic and polygenic forms. Some distinct, rare, familial migraine subtypes are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in ion transport and neurotransmitter release, suggesting an underlying vulnerability of the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain, which might be exacerbated by disruption of homoeostasis and lead to migraine. For more prevalent migraine subtypes, genetic studies have identified many susceptibility loci, implicating genes involved in both neuronal and vascular pathways. Genetic factors can also reveal the nature of relationships between migraine and its associated biomarkers and comorbidities and could potentially be used to identify new therapeutic targets and predict treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Sutherland
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Jenkins
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Alfayyadh MM, Maksemous N, Sutherland HG, Lea RA, Griffiths LR. Unravelling the Genetic Landscape of Hemiplegic Migraine: Exploring Innovative Strategies and Emerging Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:443. [PMID: 38674378 PMCID: PMC11049430 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a severe, debilitating neurovascular disorder. Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare and debilitating neurological condition with a strong genetic basis. Sequencing technologies have improved the diagnosis and our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of HM. Linkage analysis and sequencing studies in HM families have identified pathogenic variants in ion channels and related genes, including CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A, that cause HM. However, approximately 75% of HM patients are negative for these mutations, indicating there are other genes involved in disease causation. In this review, we explored our current understanding of the genetics of HM. The evidence presented herein summarises the current knowledge of the genetics of HM, which can be expanded further to explain the remaining heritability of this debilitating condition. Innovative bioinformatics and computational strategies to cover the entire genetic spectrum of HM are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (M.M.A.); (N.M.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
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Zhang Y, Ren J, Yang T, Xiong W, Qin L, An D, Hu F, Zhou D. Genetic and phenotypic analyses of PRRT2 positive and negative paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864231224110. [PMID: 38250317 PMCID: PMC10798112 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231224110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare neurological disorder, characterized by attacks of involuntary movements triggered by sudden action. Variants in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) are the most common genetic cause of PKD. Objective The objective was to investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of PKD and to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. Methods We enrolled 219 PKD patients, documented their clinical information and performed PRRT2 screening using Sanger sequencing. Whole exome sequencing was performed on 49 PKD probands without PRRT2 variants. Genotype-phenotype correlation analyses were conducted on the probands. Results Among 219 PKD patients (99 cases from 39 families and 120 sporadic cases), 16 PRRT2 variants were identified. Nine variants (c.879+4A>G, c.879+5G>A, c.856G>A, c.955G>T, c.884G>C, c.649C>T, c.649dupC, c.649delC and c.696_697delCA) were previously known, while seven were novel (c.367_403del, c.347_348delAA, c.835C>T, c.116dupC, c.837_838insC, c.916_937del and c.902G>A). The mean interval from onset to diagnosis was 7.94 years. Compared to patients without PRRT2 variants, patients with the variants were more likely to have a positive family history, an earlier age of onset and a higher prevalence of falls during pre-treatment attacks (27.14% versus 8.99%, respectively). Patients with truncated PRRT2 variants tend to have bilateral attacks. We identified two transmembrane protein 151A (TMEM151A) variants including a novel variant (c.368G>C) and a reported variant (c.203C>T) in two PRRT2-negative probands with PKD. Conclusion These findings provide insights on the clinical characteristics, diagnostic timeline and treatment response of PKD patients. PKD patients with truncated PRRT2 variants may tend to have more severe paroxysmal symptoms. This study expands the spectrum of PRRT2 and TMEM151A variants. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are both used as a first-line treatment choice for PKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiechuan Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei An
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fayun Hu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Li X, Lei D, Qin K, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Kemp GJ, Gong Q. Effects of PRRT2 mutation on brain gray matter networks in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad418. [PMID: 37955636 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 is the primary causative gene of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, its effects on the brain structure of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients are not yet clear. Here, we explored the influence of proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 mutations on similarity-based gray matter morphological networks in individuals with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. A total of 51 paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 mutations, 55 paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 non-mutation, and 80 healthy controls participated in the study. We analyzed the structural connectome characteristics across groups by graph theory approaches. Relative to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 non-mutation and healthy controls, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 mutations exhibited a notable increase in characteristic path length and a reduction in both global and local efficiency. Relative to healthy controls, both patient groups showed reduced nodal metrics in right postcentral gyrus, right angular, and bilateral thalamus; Relative to healthy controls and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 non-mutation, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 mutations showed almost all reduced nodal centralities and structural connections in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit including bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral pallidum, and right caudate nucleus. Finally, we used support vector machine by gray matter network matrices to classify paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 mutations and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patients possessing proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 non-mutation, achieving an accuracy of 73%. These results show that proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 related gray matter network deficits may contribute to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, offering new insights into its pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Li
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Du Lei
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson St., Suite 3326, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45219, United States
| | - Kun Qin
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Graham J Kemp
- Liverpool Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre (LiMRIC) and Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, L3 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Han JY, Cho YG, Jo DS, Park J. Diversity of Clinical and Molecular Characteristics in Korean Patients with 16p11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:253. [PMID: 38203422 PMCID: PMC10779371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
16p11.2 copy number variations (CNVs) are increasingly recognized as one of the most frequent genomic disorders, and the 16p11.2 microdeletion exhibits broad phenotypic variability and a diverse clinical phenotype. We describe the neurodevelopmental course and discordant clinical phenotypes observed within and between individuals with identical 16p11.2 microdeletions. An analysis with the CytoScan Dx Assay was conducted on a GeneChip System 3000Dx, and the sample signals were then compared to a reference set using the Chromosome Analysis Suite software version 3.1. Ten patients from six separate families were identified with 16p11.2 microdeletions. Nine breakpoints (BPs) 4-5 and one BP2-5 of the 16p11.2 microdeletion were identified. All patients with 16p11.2 microdeletions exhibited developmental delay and/or intellectual disability. Sixty percent of patients presented with neonatal hypotonia, but muscle weakness improved with age. Benign infantile epilepsy manifested between the ages of 7-10 months (a median of 8 months) in six patients (60%). Vertebral dysplasia was observed in two patients (20%), and mild scoliosis was noted in three patients. Sixty percent of patients were overweight. We present six unrelated Korean families, among which identical 16p11.2 microdeletions resulted in diverse developmental trajectories and discordant phenotypes. The clinical variability and incomplete penetrance observed in individuals with 16p11.2 microdeletions remain unclear, posing challenges to accurate clinical interpretation and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong Gon Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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Belloso-Iguerategui A, Zamarbide M, Merino-Galan L, Rodríguez-Chinchilla T, Gago B, Santamaria E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Cotman CW, Prieto GA, Quiroga-Varela A, Rodríguez-Oroz MC. Hippocampal synaptic failure is an early event in experimental parkinsonism with subtle cognitive deficit. Brain 2023; 146:4949-4963. [PMID: 37403195 PMCID: PMC10690043 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory mainly rely on correct synaptic function in the hippocampus and other brain regions. In Parkinson's disease, subtle cognitive deficits may even precede motor signs early in the disease. Hence, we set out to unravel the earliest hippocampal synaptic alterations associated with human α-synuclein overexpression prior to and soon after the appearance of cognitive deficits in a parkinsonism model. We bilaterally injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding A53T-mutated human α-synuclein into the substantia nigra of rats, and evaluated them 1, 2, 4 and 16 weeks post-inoculation by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to study degeneration and distribution of α-synuclein in the midbrain and hippocampus. The object location test was used to evaluate hippocampal-dependent memory. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectrometry-based proteomics and fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation were used to study alterations to protein composition and plasticity in isolated hippocampal synapses. The effect of L-DOPA and pramipexole on long-term potentiation was also tested. Human α-synuclein was found within dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, and in dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals in the hippocampus from 1 week post-inoculation, concomitant with mild dopaminergic degeneration in the ventral tegmental area. In the hippocampus, differential expression of proteins involved in synaptic vesicle cycling, neurotransmitter release and receptor trafficking, together with impaired long-term potentiation were the first events observed (1 week post-inoculation), preceding cognitive deficits (4 weeks post-inoculation). Later on, at 16 weeks post-inoculation, there was a deregulation of proteins involved in synaptic function, particularly those involved in the regulation of membrane potential, ion balance and receptor signalling. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was impaired before and soon after the onset of cognitive deficits, at 1 and 4 weeks post-inoculation, respectively. L-DOPA recovered hippocampal long-term potentiation more efficiently at 4 weeks post-inoculation than pramipexole, which partially rescued it at both time points. Overall, we found impaired synaptic plasticity and proteome dysregulation at hippocampal terminals to be the first events that contribute to the development of cognitive deficits in experimental parkinsonism. Our results not only point to dopaminergic but also to glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunction, highlighting the relevance of the three neurotransmitter systems in the ventral tegmental area-hippocampus interaction from the earliest stages of parkinsonism. The proteins identified in the current work may constitute potential biomarkers of early synaptic damage in the hippocampus and hence, therapies targeting these could potentially restore early synaptic malfunction and consequently, cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Zamarbide
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Merino-Galan
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76010 Querétaro, México
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rodríguez-Oroz
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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11
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Hatta D, Kanamoto K, Makiya S, Watanabe K, Kishino T, Kinoshita A, Yoshiura KI, Kurotaki N, Shirotani K, Iwata N. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 knock-in mice present dopamine-dependent motor deficits. J Biochem 2023; 174:561-570. [PMID: 37793168 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) lead to dyskinetic disorders such as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), which is characterized by attacks of involuntary movements precipitated by suddenly initiated motion, and some convulsive disorders. Although previous studies have shown that PKD might be caused by cerebellar dysfunction, PRRT2 has not been sufficiently analyzed in some motor-related regions, including the basal ganglia, where dopaminergic neurons are most abundant in the brain. Here, we generated several types of Prrt2 knock-in (KI) mice harboring mutations, such as c.672dupG, that mimics the human pathological mutation c.649dupC and investigated the contribution of Prrt2 to dopaminergic regulation. Regardless of differences in the frameshift sites, all truncating mutations abolished Prrt2 expression within the striatum and cerebral cortex, consistent with previous reports of similar Prrt2 mutant rodents, confirming the loss-of-function nature of these mutations. Importantly, administration of l-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, exacerbated rotarod performance, especially in Prrt2-KI mice. These findings suggest that dopaminergic dysfunction in the brain by the PRRT2 mutation might be implicated in a part of motor symptoms of PKD and related disorders.
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Key Words
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l-dopa
- Prrt2
- dopamine
- paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
- rotarod.Abbreviations:
BFIE, benign familial infantile epilepsy; BG, basal ganglia; DA, dopamine; gRNA, guide ribonucleic acid; KI, knock-in; Kif26b, kinesin family member 26b; KLH, Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin; LID, l-dopa-induced dyskinesia; MBS, m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester; NMD, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay; PKD, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia; PRRT2, proline-rich transmembrane protein 2; SNARE, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hatta
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kaito Kanamoto
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shiho Makiya
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kishino
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Advanced Genomics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kurotaki
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Keiro Shirotani
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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12
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Bjornsdottir G, Chalmer MA, Stefansdottir L, Skuladottir AT, Einarsson G, Andresdottir M, Beyter D, Ferkingstad E, Gretarsdottir S, Halldorsson BV, Halldorsson GH, Helgadottir A, Helgason H, Hjorleifsson Eldjarn G, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Jonsdottir I, Knowlton KU, Nadauld LD, Lund SH, Magnusson OT, Melsted P, Moore KHS, Oddsson A, Olason PI, Sigurdsson A, Stefansson OA, Saemundsdottir J, Sveinbjornsson G, Tragante V, Unnsteinsdottir U, Walters GB, Zink F, Rødevand L, Andreassen OA, Igland J, Lie RT, Haavik J, Banasik K, Brunak S, Didriksen M, T Bruun M, Erikstrup C, Kogelman LJA, Nielsen KR, Sørensen E, Pedersen OB, Ullum H, Masson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Olesen J, Ludvigsson P, Thorarensen O, Bjornsdottir A, Sigurdardottir GR, Sveinsson OA, Ostrowski SR, Holm H, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorleifsson G, Sulem P, Stefansson H, Thorgeirsson TE, Hansen TF, Stefansson K. Rare variants with large effects provide functional insights into the pathology of migraine subtypes, with and without aura. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1843-1853. [PMID: 37884687 PMCID: PMC10632135 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurovascular disease with a range of severity and symptoms, yet mostly studied as one phenotype in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we combine large GWAS datasets from six European populations to study the main migraine subtypes, migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO). We identified four new MA-associated variants (in PRRT2, PALMD, ABO and LRRK2) and classified 13 MO-associated variants. Rare variants with large effects highlight three genes. A rare frameshift variant in brain-expressed PRRT2 confers large risk of MA and epilepsy, but not MO. A burden test of rare loss-of-function variants in SCN11A, encoding a neuron-expressed sodium channel with a key role in pain sensation, shows strong protection against migraine. Finally, a rare variant with cis-regulatory effects on KCNK5 confers large protection against migraine and brain aneurysms. Our findings offer new insights with therapeutic potential into the complex biology of migraine and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona A Chalmer
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Reykjavik University, School of Technology, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gisli H Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Sigrun H Lund
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Physical Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Pall Melsted
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linn Rødevand
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jannicke Igland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health and Social Science, Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolv T Lie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie T Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisette J A Kogelman
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar R Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Ludvigsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Landspitali University Hostpital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur Thorarensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Landspitali University Hostpital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Olafur A Sveinsson
- Laeknasetrid Clinic, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Neurology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas F Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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13
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Forrest MP, Penzes P. Mechanisms of copy number variants in neuropsychiatric disorders: From genes to therapeutics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102750. [PMID: 37515924 PMCID: PMC10529795 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are genomic imbalances strongly linked to the aetiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. By virtue of their large size, CNVs often contain many genes, providing a multi-genic view of disease processes that can be dissected in model systems. Thus, CNV research provides an important stepping stone towards understanding polygenic disease mechanisms, positioned between monogenic and polygenic risk models. In this review, we will outline hypothetical models for gene interactions occurring within CNVs and discuss different approaches used to study rodent and stem cell disease models. We highlight recent work showing that genetic and pharmacological strategies can be used to rescue important aspects of CNV-mediated pathophysiology, which often converges onto synaptic pathways. We propose that using a rescue approach in complete CNV models provides a new path forward for precise mechanistic understanding of complex disorders and a tangible route towards therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Forrest
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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14
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Leuzzi V, Galosi S. Experimental pharmacology: Targeting metabolic pathways. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:259-315. [PMID: 37482395 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the treatment for Wilson disease a growing number of treatable inherited dystonias have been identified and their search and treatment have progressively been implemented in the clinics of patients with dystonia. While waiting for gene therapy to be more widely and adequately translated into the clinical setting, the efforts to divert the natural course of dystonia reside in unveiling its pathogenesis. Specific metabolic treatments can rewrite the natural history of the disease by preventing neurotoxic metabolite accumulation or interfering with the cell accumulation of damaging metabolites, restoring energetic cell fuel, supplementing defective metabolites, and supplementing the defective enzyme. A metabolic derangement of cell homeostasis is part of the progression of many non-metabolic genetic lesions and could be the target for possible metabolic approaches. In this chapter, we provided an update on treatment strategies for treatable inherited dystonias and an overview of genetic dystonias with new experimental therapeutic approaches available or close to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Galosi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Sterlini B, Franchi F, Morinelli L, Corradi B, Parodi C, Albini M, Bianchi A, Marte A, Baldelli P, Alberini G, Maragliano L, Valente P, Benfenati F, Corradi A. Missense mutations in the membrane domain of PRRT2 affect its interaction with Nav1.2 voltage-gated sodium channels. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106177. [PMID: 37271286 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRT2 is a neuronal protein that controls neuronal excitability and network stability by modulating voltage-gated Na+ channel (Nav). PRRT2 pathogenic variants cause pleiotropic syndromes including epilepsy, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and episodic ataxia attributable to loss-of-function pathogenetic mechanism. Based on the evidence that the transmembrane domain of PRRT2 interacts with Nav1.2/1.6, we focused on eight missense mutations located within the domain that show expression and membrane localization similar to the wild-type protein. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the mutants do not alter the structural stability of the PRRT2 membrane domain and preserve its conformation. Using affinity assays, we found that the A320V and V286M mutants displayed respectively decreased and increased binding to Nav1.2. Accordingly, surface biotinylation showed an increased Nav1.2 surface exposure induced by the A320V mutant. Electrophysiological analysis confirmed the lack of modulation of Nav1.2 biophysical properties by the A320V mutant with a loss-of-function phenotype, while the V286M mutant displayed a gain-of-function with respect to wild-type PRRT2 with a more pronounced left-shift of the inactivation kinetics and delayed recovery from inactivation. The data confirm the key role played by the PRRT2-Nav interaction in the pathogenesis of the PRRT2-linked disorders and suggest an involvement of the A320 and V286 residues in the interaction site. Given the similar clinical phenotype caused by the two mutations, we speculate that circuit instability and paroxysmal manifestations may arise when PRRT2 function is outside the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sterlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Francesca Franchi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Lisastella Morinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Beatrice Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Chiara Parodi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Martina Albini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy.
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16
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Di Fonzo A, Jinnah HA, Zech M. Dystonia genes and their biological pathways. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:61-103. [PMID: 37482402 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has been instrumental in uncovering the spectrum of pathogenic genetic alterations that contribute to the etiology of dystonia. Despite the immense heterogeneity in monogenic causes, studies performed during the past few years have highlighted that many rare deleterious variants associated with dystonic presentations affect genes that have roles in certain conserved pathways in neural physiology. These various gene mutations that appear to converge towards the disruption of interconnected cellular networks were shown to produce a wide range of different dystonic disease phenotypes, including isolated and combined dystonias as well as numerous clinically complex, often neurodevelopmental disorder-related conditions that can manifest with dystonic features in the context of multisystem disturbances. In this chapter, we summarize the manifold dystonia-gene relationships based on their association with a discrete number of unifying pathophysiological mechanisms and molecular cascade abnormalities. The themes on which we focus comprise dopamine signaling, heavy metal accumulation and calcifications in the brain, nuclear envelope function and stress response, gene transcription control, energy homeostasis, lysosomal trafficking, calcium and ion channel-mediated signaling, synaptic transmission beyond dopamine pathways, extra- and intracellular structural organization, and protein synthesis and degradation. Enhancing knowledge about the concept of shared etiological pathways in the pathogenesis of dystonia will motivate clinicians and researchers to find more efficacious treatments that allow to reverse pathologies in patient-specific core molecular networks and connected multipathway loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Fonzo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Franchi F, Marte A, Corradi B, Sterlini B, Alberini G, Romei A, De Fusco A, Vogel A, Maragliano L, Baldelli P, Corradi A, Valente P, Benfenati F. The intramembrane COOH-terminal domain of PRRT2 regulates voltage-dependent Na + channels. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104632. [PMID: 36958475 PMCID: PMC10164911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) is the single causative gene for pleiotropic paroxysmal syndromes including epilepsy, kinesigenic dyskinesia, episodic ataxia and migraine. PRRT2 is a neuron-specific type-2 membrane protein with a COOH-terminal intramembrane domain and a long proline-rich NH2-terminal cytoplasmic region. A large array of experimental data indicates that PRRT2 is a neuron stability gene that negatively controls intrinsic excitability by regulating surface membrane localization and biophysical properties of voltage-dependent Na+ channels Nav1.2 and Nav1.6, but not Nav1.1. To further investigate the regulatory role of PRRT2, we studied the structural features of this membrane protein with molecular dynamics simulations, and its structure-function relationships with Nav1.2 channels by biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. We found that the intramembrane COOH-terminal region maintains a stable conformation over time, with the first transmembrane domain forming a helix-loop-helix motif within the bilayer. The unstructured NH2-terminal cytoplasmic region bound to the Nav1.2 better than the isolated COOH-terminal intramembrane domain, mimicking full-length PRRT2, while the COOH-terminal intramembrane domain was able to modulate Na+ current and channel biophysical properties, still maintaining the striking specificity for Nav1.2 vs Nav1.1. channels. The results identify PRRT2 as a dual-domain protein in which the NH2-terminal cytoplasmic region acts as a binding antenna for Na+ channels, while the COOH-terminal membrane domain regulates channel exposure on the membrane and its biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Franchi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Corradi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Sterlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romei
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio De Fusco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;.
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18
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PRRT2 benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS) with atypical evolution to encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Neurol Sci 2023; 44:2173-2176. [PMID: 36913149 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heterozygous variants in PRRT2 are mostly associated with benign phenotypes, being the major genetic cause of benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS), as well as in paroxysmal disorders. We report two children from unrelated families with BFIS that evolved to encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). METHODS AND RESULTS Two probands presented with focal motor seizures at 3 months of age, with a limited course. Both children presented, at around 5 years of age, with centro-temporal interictal epileptiform discharges with a source in the frontal operculum, markedly activated by sleep, and associated with stagnation on neuropsychological development. Whole-exome sequencing and co-segregation analysis revealed a frameshift mutation c.649dupC in the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) in both probands and all affected family members. CONCLUSION The mechanism leading to epilepsy and the phenotypic variability of PRRT2 variants remain poorly understood. However, its wide cortical and subcortical expression, in particular in the thalamus, could partially explain both the focal EEG pattern and the evolution to ESES. No variants in the PRRT2 gene have been previously reported in patients with ESES. Due to the rarity of this phenotype, other possible causative cofactors are likely contributing to the more severe course of BFIS in our probands.
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19
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Forrest MP, Dos Santos M, Piguel NH, Wang YZ, Hawkins NA, Bagchi VA, Dionisio LE, Yoon S, Simkin D, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, Gao R, Horan KE, George AL, LeDoux MS, Kearney JA, Savas JN, Penzes P. Rescue of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in a mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication syndrome by genetic correction of an epilepsy network hub. Nat Commun 2023; 14:825. [PMID: 36808153 PMCID: PMC9938216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are frequently co-morbid with epilepsy, but the biological basis of shared risk remains poorly understood. The 16p11.2 duplication is a copy number variant that confers risk for diverse NPDs including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, intellectual disability and epilepsy. We used a mouse model of the 16p11.2 duplication (16p11.2dup/+) to uncover molecular and circuit properties associated with this broad phenotypic spectrum, and examined genes within the locus capable of phenotype reversal. Quantitative proteomics revealed alterations to synaptic networks and products of NPD risk genes. We identified an epilepsy-associated subnetwork that was dysregulated in 16p11.2dup/+ mice and altered in brain tissue from individuals with NPDs. Cortical circuits from 16p11.2dup/+ mice exhibited hypersynchronous activity and enhanced network glutamate release, which increased susceptibility to seizures. Using gene co-expression and interactome analysis, we show that PRRT2 is a major hub in the epilepsy subnetwork. Remarkably, correcting Prrt2 copy number rescued aberrant circuit properties, seizure susceptibility and social deficits in 16p11.2dup/+ mice. We show that proteomics and network biology can identify important disease hubs in multigenic disorders, and reveal mechanisms relevant to the complex symptomatology of 16p11.2 duplication carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Forrest
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicolas H Piguel
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicole A Hawkins
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vikram A Bagchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Leonardo E Dionisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dina Simkin
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Martin-de-Saavedra
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruoqi Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Katherine E Horan
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
- Veracity Neuroscience LLC, Memphis, TN, 38157, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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20
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Whole Exome Sequencing of Hemiplegic Migraine Patients Shows an Increased Burden of Missense Variants in CACNA1H and CACNA1I Genes. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3034-3043. [PMID: 36786913 PMCID: PMC10122627 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare subtype of migraine with aura. Given that causal missense mutations in the voltage-gated calcium channel α1A subunit gene CACNA1A have been identified in a subset of HM patients, we investigated whether HM patients without a mutation have an increased burden of such variants in the "CACNA1x gene family". Whole exome sequencing data of an Australian cohort of unrelated HM patients (n = 184), along with public data from gnomAD, as controls, was used to assess the burden of missense variants in CACNA1x genes. We performed both a variant and a subject burden test. We found a significant burden for the number of variants in CACNA1E (p = 1.3 × 10-4), CACNA1H (p < 2.2 × 10-16) and CACNA1I (p < 2.2 × 10-16). There was also a significant burden of subjects with missense variants in CACNA1E (p = 6.2 × 10-3), CACNA1H (p < 2.2 × 10-16) and CACNA1I (p < 2.2 × 10-16). Both the number of variants and number of subjects were replicated for CACNA1H (p = 3.5 × 10-8; p = 0.012) and CACNA1I (p = 0.019, p = 0.044), respectively, in a Dutch clinical HM cohort (n = 32), albeit that CACNA1I did not remain significant after multiple testing correction. Our data suggest that HM, in the absence of a single causal mutation, is a complex trait, in which an increased burden of missense variants in CACNA1H and CACNA1I may contribute to the risk of disease.
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21
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Li ZY, Tian WT, Huang XJ, Cao L. The Pathogenesis of Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia: Current Concepts. Mov Disord 2023; 38:537-544. [PMID: 36718795 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a movement disorder characterized by recurrent and transient episodes of involuntary movements, including dystonia, chorea, ballism, or a combination of these, which are typically triggered by sudden voluntary movement. Disturbance of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit has long been considered the cause of involuntary movements. Impairment of the gating function of the basal ganglia can cause an aberrant output toward the thalamus, which in turn leads to excessive activation of the cerebral cortex. Structural and functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex and abnormal connections between these brain regions have been found in patients with PKD. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the cerebellum in PKD. Insufficient suppression from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei could lead to overexcitation of the thalamocortical pathway. Therefore, this literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research progress to explore the neural circuits and pathogenesis of PKD and promote further understanding and outlook on the pathophysiological mechanism of movement disorders. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wo-Tu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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Li S, Yan C, Liu Y. Energy efficiency and coding of neural network. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1089373. [PMID: 36711142 PMCID: PMC9875012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1089373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model, this study explored the energy efficiency of BA network, ER network, WS network, and Caenorhabditis elegans neural network, and explained the development of neural network structure in the brain from the perspective of energy efficiency using energy coding theory. The numerical simulation results showed that the BA network had higher energy efficiency, which was closer to that of the C. elegans neural network, indicating that the neural network in the brain had scale-free property because of satisfying high energy efficiency. In addition, the relationship between the energy consumption of neural networks and synchronization was established by applying energy coding. The stronger the neural network synchronization was, the less energy the network consumed.
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23
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Yang X, Tu W, Gao X, Zhang Q, Guan J, Zhang J. Functional regulation of syntaxin-1: An underlying mechanism mediating exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1096365. [PMID: 36742381 PMCID: PMC9892835 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1096365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of the secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane requires the assembly of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein complexes formed by synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25. Within the pathway leading to exocytosis, the transitions between the "open" and "closed" conformations of syntaxin-1 function as a switch for the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membranes; rapid assembly and disassembly of syntaxin-1 clusters on the plasma membrane provide docking and fusion sites for secretory vesicles in neuroendocrine cells; and the fully zippered trans-SNARE complex, which requires the orderly, rapid and accurate binding of syntaxin-1 to other SNARE proteins, play key roles in triggering fusion. All of these reactions that affect exocytosis under physiological conditions are tightly regulated by multiple factors. Here, we review the current evidence for the involvement of syntaxin-1 in the mechanism of neuroendocrine cell exocytosis, discuss the roles of multiple factors such as proteins, lipids, protein kinases, drugs, and toxins in SNARE complex-mediated membrane fusion, and present an overview of syntaxin-1 mutation-associated diseases with a view to developing novel mechanistic therapeutic targets for the treatment of neuroendocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Yang
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine laboratory, the Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Weifeng Tu
- Faculty of Anesthesioloy, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuzhu Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine laboratory, the Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jinping Guan
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine laboratory, the Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine laboratory, the Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Junlong Zhang,
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24
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Valente P, Marte A, Franchi F, Sterlini B, Casagrande S, Corradi A, Baldelli P, Benfenati F. A Push-Pull Mechanism Between PRRT2 and β4-subunit Differentially Regulates Membrane Exposure and Biophysical Properties of NaV1.2 Sodium Channels. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1281-1296. [PMID: 36441479 PMCID: PMC9899197 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) is a neuron-specific protein implicated in the control of neurotransmitter release and neural network stability. Accordingly, PRRT2 loss-of-function mutations associate with pleiotropic paroxysmal neurological disorders, including paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, episodic ataxia, benign familial infantile seizures, and hemiplegic migraine. PRRT2 is a negative modulator of the membrane exposure and biophysical properties of Na+ channels NaV1.2/NaV1.6 predominantly expressed in brain glutamatergic neurons. NaV channels form complexes with β-subunits that facilitate the membrane targeting and the activation of the α-subunits. The opposite effects of PRRT2 and β-subunits on NaV channels raises the question of whether PRRT2 and β-subunits interact or compete for common binding sites on the α-subunit, generating Na+ channel complexes with distinct functional properties. Using a heterologous expression system, we have observed that β-subunits and PRRT2 do not interact with each other and act as independent non-competitive modulators of NaV1.2 channel trafficking and biophysical properties. PRRT2 antagonizes the β4-induced increase in expression and functional activation of the transient and persistent NaV1.2 currents, without affecting resurgent current. The data indicate that β4-subunit and PRRT2 form a push-pull system that finely tunes the membrane expression and function of NaV channels and the intrinsic neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy. .,IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy ,IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Franchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy ,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Sterlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy ,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Casagrande
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy ,IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy ,IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy. .,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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25
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Erro R, Magrinelli F, Bhatia KP. Paroxysmal movement disorders: Paroxysmal dyskinesia and episodic ataxia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:347-365. [PMID: 37620078 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal movement disorders have traditionally been classified into paroxysmal dyskinesia (PxD), which consists in attacks of involuntary movements (mainly dystonia and/or chorea) without loss of consciousness, and episodic ataxia (EA), which features spells of cerebellar dysfunction with or without interictal neurological manifestations. In this chapter, PxD will be discussed first according to the trigger-based classification, thus reviewing clinical, genetic, and molecular features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, and paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia. EA will be presented thereafter according to their designated gene or genetic locus. Clinicogenetic similarities among paroxysmal movement disorders have progressively emerged, which are herein highlighted along with growing evidence that their pathomechanisms overlap those of epilepsy and migraine. Advances in our comprehension of the biological pathways underlying paroxysmal movement disorders, which involve ion channels as well as proteins associated with the vesical synaptic cycle or implicated in neuronal energy metabolism, may represent the cornerstone for defining a shared pathophysiologic framework and developing target-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Michetti C, Falace A, Benfenati F, Fassio A. Synaptic genes and neurodevelopmental disorders: From molecular mechanisms to developmental strategies of behavioral testing. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105856. [PMID: 36070836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are a class of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by modification in genes coding for synaptic proteins. These proteins oversee the process of neurotransmission, mainly controlling the fusion and recycling of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic terminal, the expression and localization of receptors at the postsynapse and the coupling between the pre- and the postsynaptic compartments. Murine models, with homozygous or heterozygous deletion for several synaptic genes or knock-in for specific pathogenic mutations, have been developed. They have proved to be extremely informative for understanding synaptic physiology, as well as for clarifying the patho-mechanisms leading to developmental delay, epilepsy and motor, cognitive and social impairments that are the most common clinical manifestations of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the onset of these disorders emerges during infancy and adolescence while the behavioral phenotyping is often conducted in adult mice, missing important information about the impact of synaptic development and maturation on the manifestation of the behavioral phenotype. Here, we review the main achievements obtained by behavioral testing in murine models of synaptopathies and propose a battery of behavioral tests to improve classification, diagnosis and efficacy of potential therapeutic treatments. Our aim is to underlie the importance of studying behavioral development and better focusing on disease onset and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Michetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Falace
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Fassio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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27
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Tai DJC, Razaz P, Erdin S, Gao D, Wang J, Nuttle X, de Esch CE, Collins RL, Currall BB, O'Keefe K, Burt ND, Yadav R, Wang L, Mohajeri K, Aneichyk T, Ragavendran A, Stortchevoi A, Morini E, Ma W, Lucente D, Hastie A, Kelleher RJ, Perlis RH, Talkowski ME, Gusella JF. Tissue- and cell-type-specific molecular and functional signatures of 16p11.2 reciprocal genomic disorder across mouse brain and human neuronal models. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1789-1813. [PMID: 36152629 PMCID: PMC9606388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 16p11.2 reciprocal genomic disorder, resulting from recurrent copy-number variants (CNVs), involves intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia, but the responsible mechanisms are not known. To systemically dissect molecular effects, we performed transcriptome profiling of 350 libraries from six tissues (cortex, cerebellum, striatum, liver, brown fat, and white fat) in mouse models harboring CNVs of the syntenic 7qF3 region, as well as cellular, transcriptional, and single-cell analyses in 54 isogenic neural stem cell, induced neuron, and cerebral organoid models of CRISPR-engineered 16p11.2 CNVs. Transcriptome-wide differentially expressed genes were largely tissue-, cell-type-, and dosage-specific, although more effects were shared between deletion and duplication and across tissue than expected by chance. The broadest effects were observed in the cerebellum (2,163 differentially expressed genes), and the greatest enrichments were associated with synaptic pathways in mouse cerebellum and human induced neurons. Pathway and co-expression analyses identified energy and RNA metabolism as shared processes and enrichment for ASD-associated, loss-of-function constraint, and fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein target gene sets. Intriguingly, reciprocal 16p11.2 dosage changes resulted in consistent decrements in neurite and electrophysiological features, and single-cell profiling of organoids showed reciprocal alterations to the proportions of excitatory and inhibitory GABAergic neurons. Changes both in neuronal ratios and in gene expression in our organoid analyses point most directly to calretinin GABAergic inhibitory neurons and the excitatory/inhibitory balance as targets of disruption that might contribute to changes in neurodevelopmental and cognitive function in 16p11.2 carriers. Collectively, our data indicate the genomic disorder involves disruption of multiple contributing biological processes and that this disruption has relative impacts that are context specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J C Tai
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Parisa Razaz
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dadi Gao
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Center for Quantitative Health, Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xander Nuttle
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Celine E de Esch
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ryan L Collins
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin B Currall
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn O'Keefe
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicholas D Burt
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kiana Mohajeri
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tatsiana Aneichyk
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashok Ragavendran
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexei Stortchevoi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elisabetta Morini
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Raymond J Kelleher
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health, Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Döring JH, Saffari A, Bast T, Brockmann K, Ehrhardt L, Fazeli W, Janzarik WG, Klabunde-Cherwon A, Kluger G, Muhle H, Pendziwiat M, Møller RS, Platzer K, Santos JL, Schröter J, Hoffmann GF, Kölker S, Syrbe S. Efficacy, Tolerability, and Retention of Antiseizure Medications in PRRT2-Associated Infantile Epilepsy. Neurol Genet 2022; 8:e200020. [PMID: 36187725 PMCID: PMC9520344 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Pathogenic variants in PRRT2, encoding for the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2, were identified as the main cause of self-limiting sporadic and familial infantile epilepsy. Reported data on treatment response to antiseizure medications (ASMs) in defined monogenic epilepsies are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment response of ASMs in children with monogenic PRRT2-associated infantile epilepsy. Methods A multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional cohort study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria. Inclusion criteria were occurrence of infantile seizures and genetic diagnosis of likely pathogenic/pathogenic PRRT2 variants. Results Treatment response data from 52 individuals with PRRT2-associated infantile epilepsy with a total of 79 treatments (defined as each use of an ASM in an individual) were analyzed. Ninety-six percent (50/52) of all individuals received ASMs. Levetiracetam (LEV), oxcarbazepine (OXC), valproate (VPA), and phenobarbital (PB) were most frequently administered. Sodium channel blockers were used in 22 individuals and resulted in seizure freedom in all but 1 child, who showed a reduction of more than 50% in seizure frequency. By contrast, treatment with LEV was associated with worsening of seizure activity in 2/25 (8%) treatments and no effect in 10/25 (40%) of treatments. LEV was rated significantly less effective also compared with VPA and PB. The retention rate for LEV was significantly lower compared with all aforementioned ASMs. No severe adverse events were reported, and no discontinuation of treatment was reported because of side effects. Discussion In conclusion, a favorable effect of most ASMs, especially sodium channel blockers such as carbamezepine and OXC, was observed, whereas the efficacy and the retention rate of LEV was lower in PRRT2-associated childhood epilepsy. Tolerability in these young children was good for all ASMs reported in the cohort. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that in individuals with PRRT2-associated infantile epilepsy, sodium channel blockers are associated with reduced seizure frequency but levetiracetam is not.
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Komatsu K, Fukumura S, Minagawa K, Nakashima M, Saitsu H. A new case of concurrent existence of PRRT2-associated paroxysmal movement disorders with c.649dup variant and 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Brain Dev 2022; 44:474-479. [PMID: 35400548 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PRRT2 gene located at 16p11.2 encodes proline-rich transmembrane protein 2. In recent reviews, clinical spectrum caused by pathogenic PRRT2 variants is designated as PRRT2-associated paroxysmal movement disorders, which include paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, benign familial infantile epilepsy, and infantile convulsions with choreoathetosis, and hemiplegic migraine. The recurrent 16p11.2 microdeletion encompassing PRRT2 has also been reported to cause neurodevelopmental syndrome, associated with autism spectrum disorder. Although PRRT2 variants and 16p11.2 microdeletion cause each disease with the autosomal dominant manner, rare cases with bi-allelic PRRT2 variants or concurrent existence of PRRT2 variants and 16p11.2 microdeletion have been reported to show more severe phenotypes. CASE REPORT A 22-year-old man presents with episodic ataxia, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, seizure, intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. He also has obesity, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and mild liver dysfunction. Exome sequencing revealed a c.649dup variant in PRRT2 in one allele and a de novo 16p11.2 microdeletion in another allele. CONCLUSIONS Our case showed combined clinical features of PRRT2-associated paroxysmal movement disorders and 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome. We reviewed previous literatures and discussed phenotypic features of patients who completely lack the PRRT2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Kimio Minagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Midorigaoka Ryoikuen Hospital and Home for Persons with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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30
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Jia A, Yang X, Zou B, Li J, Wang Y, Ma R, Li J, Yao Y. Saikosaponins: A Review of Structures and Pharmacological Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri is a traditional medicine widely used in China and other Asian countries. Phytochemistry and pharmacology study reveal that saikosaponins(SSs) are the main bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri. SSs are complex compounds composed of triterpene aglycone and carbohydrate part containing 1-13 monosaccharides, which can be divided into seven types based on their structural characteristics. Many different kinds of SSs have been isolated from plants of Bupleurum L. SSs show a variety of biological activities, such as central nervous system protection, liver protection, antivirus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, hormone-like effects, and immune regulation functions. Due to their broad activity and favorable safety profile, SSs attract an increasing amount of attention in recent years. In this review, the structures of 86 SSs are summarized based on the different aglycones due to the diverse structures of saikosaponin(SS). The pharmacological effects and related mechanism of SSs are thoroughly reviewed, and perspectives for future research are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Jia
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xinhe Yang
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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31
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Global Proteome Profiling of the Temporal Cortex of Female Rats Exposed to Chronic Stress and the Western Diet. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091934. [PMID: 35565902 PMCID: PMC9103025 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing consumption of highly processed foods with high amounts of saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates is a major contributor to the burden of overweight and obesity. Additionally, an unhealthy diet in combination with chronic stress exposure is known to be associated with the increased prevalence of central nervous system diseases. In the present study, the global brain proteome approach was applied to explore protein alterations after exposure to the Western diet and/or stress. Female adult rats were fed with the Western diet with human snacks and/or subjected to chronic stress induced by social instability for 12 weeks. The consumption of the Western diet resulted in an obese phenotype and induced changes in the serum metabolic parameters. Consuming the Western diet resulted in changes in only 5.4% of the proteins, whereas 48% of all detected proteins were affected by chronic stress, of which 86.3% were down-regulated due to this exposure to chronic stress. However, feeding with a particular diet modified stress-induced changes in the brain proteome. The down-regulation of proteins involved in axonogenesis and mediating the synaptic clustering of AMPA glutamate receptors (Nptx1), as well as proteins related to metabolic processes (Atp5i, Mrps36, Ndufb4), were identified, while increased expression was detected for proteins involved in the development and differentiation of the CNS (Basp1, Cend1), response to stress, learning and memory (Prrt2), and modulation of synaptic transmission (Ncam1, Prrt2). In summary, global proteome analysis provides information about the impact of the combination of the Western diet and stress exposure on cerebrocortical protein alterations and yields insight into the underlying mechanisms and pathways involved in functional and morphological brain alterations as well as behavioral disturbances described in the literature.
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Clinical and genetic analyses of 150 patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. J Neurol 2022; 269:4717-4728. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xu K, Huang SS, Yue DY, Li G, Zhu SQ, Liu XY. PRRT2 Mutation and Serum Cytokines in Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:280-285. [PMID: 35438471 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare movement disorder PRRT2 gene mutations have been reported to cause PKD. However, the pathophysiological mechanism of PKD remains unclear, and it is unknown whether an inflammatory response is involved in the occurrence of this disease. We aimed to investigate the symptomatology, genotype, and serum cytokines of patients with PKD. METHODS We recruited 21 patients with PKD, including 7 with familial PKD and 14 with sporadic PKD. Their clinical features were investigated, and blood samples were collected, and PRRT2 mutations and cytokine levels were detected. RESULTS The mean age at PKD onset was 12.3±2.2 years old. Dystonia was the most common manifestation of dyskinesia, and the limbs were the most commonly affected parts. All attacks were induced by identifiable kinesigenic triggers, and the attack durations were brief (<1 min). Four different mutations from 9 probands were identified in 7 familial cases (71.4%) and 14 sporadic cases (28.6%). Two of these mutations (c.649dupC, c.620_621delAA) had already been reported, while other 2 (c.1018_1019delAA, c.1012+1G>A) were previously undocumented. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level in the PKD group was significantly higher than that in the age- and sex-matched control group (P=0.025). There were no significant differences in the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, or IL-10 levels between the two groups. CONCLUSION In this study, we summarized the clinical and genetic characteristics of PKD. We found that the serum TNF-α levels were elevated in patients clinically diagnosed with PKD, suggesting that an inflammatory response is involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shan-Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dao-Yuan Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sui-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Spoto G, Valentini G, Saia MC, Butera A, Amore G, Salpietro V, Nicotera AG, Di Rosa G. Synaptopathies in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies: A Focus on Pre-synaptic Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2022; 13:826211. [PMID: 35350397 PMCID: PMC8957959 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.826211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper connection between the pre- and post-synaptic nervous cells depends on any element constituting the synapse: the pre- and post-synaptic membranes, the synaptic cleft, and the surrounding glial cells and extracellular matrix. An alteration of the mechanisms regulating the physiological synergy among these synaptic components is defined as “synaptopathy.” Mutations in the genes encoding for proteins involved in neuronal transmission are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, but only some of them are associated with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEEs). These conditions include a heterogeneous group of epilepsy syndromes associated with cognitive disturbances/intellectual disability, autistic features, and movement disorders. This review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of these conditions, focusing on mechanisms affecting the neuronal pre-synaptic terminal and its role in the onset of DEEs, including potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Spoto
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Valentini
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Saia
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ambra Butera
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Greta Amore
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Salpietro
| | - Antonio Gennaro Nicotera
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Adams RC, Carter-Cusack D, Shaikh SN, Llanes GT, Johnston RL, Quaife-Ryan G, Boyle G, Koufariotis LT, Möller A, Blazar BR, Vukovic J, MacDonald KPA. Donor bone marrow-derived macrophage MHC II drives neuroinflammation and altered behavior during chronic GVHD in mice. Blood 2022; 139:1389-1408. [PMID: 34570880 PMCID: PMC8900272 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the leading cause of nonrelapse mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. Manifestations of GVHD in the central nervous system (CNS) present as neurocognitive dysfunction in up to 60% of patients; however, the mechanisms driving chronic GVHD (cGVHD) in the CNS are yet to be elucidated. Our studies of murine cGVHD revealed behavioral deficits associated with broad neuroinflammation and persistent Ifng upregulation. By flow cytometry, we observed a proportional shift in the donor-derived T-cell population in the cGVHD brain from early CD8 dominance to later CD4 sequestration. RNA sequencing of the hippocampus identified perturbations to structural and functional synapse-related gene expression, together with the upregulation of genes associated with interferon-γ responses and antigen presentation. Neuroinflammation in the cortex of mice and humans during acute GVHD was recently shown to be mediated by resident microglia-derived tumor necrosis factor. In contrast, infiltration of proinflammatory major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ donor bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was identified as a distinguishing feature of CNS cGVHD. Donor BMDMs, which composed up to 50% of the CNS myeloid population, exhibited a transcriptional signature distinct from resident microglia. Recipients of MHC class II knockout BM grafts exhibited attenuated neuroinflammation and behavior comparable to controls, suggestive of a critical role of donor BMDM MHC class II expression in CNS cGVHD. Our identification of disease mediators distinct from those in the acute phase indicates the necessity to pursue alternative therapeutic targets for late-stage neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Adams
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dylan Carter-Cusack
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samreen N Shaikh
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Genesis T Llanes
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Johnston
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Quaife-Ryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen Boyle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lambros T Koufariotis
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | - Jana Vukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Deng Y, Xu J, Yao C, Wang L, Dong X, Zhao C. Characteristics of infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis syndrome caused by
PRRT2
mutation. Pediatr Investig 2022; 6:11-15. [PMID: 35382417 PMCID: PMC8960913 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA) is a rare neurological disorder. Many affected patients are either misdiagnosed or prescribed multiple antiepileptic drugs. Objective To explore therapeutic drug treatments and dosages for ICCA in children. Methods Detailed clinical features (e.g., past medical history and family history), genetic features, and treatment outcomes were collected from the records of six patients with ICCA. Results Mean age at paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) onset was 8 years 8 months (range, 3–12 years); the clinical presentation was characterized by daily short paroxysmal episodes of dystonia/dyskinesia. All patients had infantile convulsions at less than 1 year of age, and the mean onset age was 5.5 months (range, 4–7 months). Two patients had a family history of ICCA, PKD, or benign familial infantile epilepsy. Whole exome sequencing identified the c.649–650insC mutation in PRRT2 in six patients; three mutations were inherited and three were de novo. All patients were prescribed low‐dose carbamazepine and showed dramatic improvement with the complete disappearance of dyskinetic episodes after 3 days. They attended follow‐up for 5–17 months and were attack‐free until the final follow‐up. Interpretation PRRT2 mutations are the primary cause of ICCA. Low‐dose carbamazepine monotherapy is effective and well‐tolerated in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Deng
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Juanyu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Chunmei Yao
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiaohuan Dong
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Outpatient Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health Beijing China
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The Interconnected Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010157. [PMID: 35052661 PMCID: PMC8772850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important characteristics of the brain compared to other organs is its elevated metabolic demand. Consequently, neurons consume high quantities of oxygen, generating significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a by-product. These potentially toxic molecules cause oxidative stress (OS) and are associated with many disorders of the nervous system, where pathological processes such as aberrant protein oxidation can ultimately lead to cellular dysfunction and death. Epilepsy, characterized by a long-term predisposition to epileptic seizures, is one of the most common of the neurological disorders associated with OS. Evidence shows that increased neuronal excitability—the hallmark of epilepsy—is accompanied by neuroinflammation and an excessive production of ROS; together, these factors are likely key features of seizure initiation and propagation. This review discusses the role of OS in epilepsy, its connection to neuroinflammation and the impact on synaptic function. Considering that the pharmacological treatment options for epilepsy are limited by the heterogeneity of these disorders, we also introduce the latest advances in anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and how they interact with OS. We conclude that OS is intertwined with numerous physiological and molecular mechanisms in epilepsy, although a causal relationship is yet to be established.
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Feng HY, Qiao F, Tan J, Zhang X, Hu P, Shi YS, Xu Z. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 specifically binds to GluA1 but has no effect on AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24196. [PMID: 34997978 PMCID: PMC8842155 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) is a neuron-specific protein associated with seizures, dyskinesia, and intelligence deficit. Previous studies indicate that PRRT2 regulates neurotransmitter release from presynaptic membranes. However, PRRT2 can also bind AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), but its postsynaptic functions remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing used to diagnose a patient with mental retardation identified a nonsense mutation in the PRRT2 gene (c.649C>T; p.R217X). To understand the pathology of the mutant, we cloned mouse Prrt2 cDNA and inserted a premature stop mutation at Arg223, the corresponding site of Arg217 in human PRRT2. In mouse hippocampal tissues, Prrt2 interacted with GluA1/A2 AMPAR heteromers but not GluA2/A3s, via binding to GluA1. Additionally, Prrt2 suppressed GluA1 expression and localization on cell membranes of HEK 293T cells. However, when Prrt2 was overexpressed in individual hippocampal neurons using in utero electroporation, AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission was unaffected. Deletion of Prrt2 with the CRIPR/Cas9 technique did not affect AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission. Furthermore, deletion or overexpression of Prrt2 did not affect GluA1 expression and distribution in primary neuronal culture. CONCLUSIONS The postsynaptic functions of Prrt2 demonstrate that Prrt2 specifically interacts with the AMPAR subunit GluA1 but does not regulate AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission. Therefore, our study experimentally excluded a postsynaptic regulatory mechanism of Prrt2. The pathology of PRRT2 variants in humans likely originates from defects in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane as suggested by recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Feng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengchang Qiao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxin Tan
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozuo Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Liu M, Sun X, Lin L, Luo X, Wang S, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Xu W, Wu S, Lan X, Chen Y. Clinical characteristics and genetics of ten Chinese children with PRRT2-associated neurological diseases. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:997088. [PMID: 36467477 PMCID: PMC9712732 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.997088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) plays an important role in the central nervous system and mutations in the gene are implicated in a variety of neurological disorders. This study aimed to summarize the clinical characteristics and gene expression analysis of neurological diseases related to the PRRT2 gene and explore the clinical characteristics, therapeutic effects, and possible pathogenic mechanisms of related diseases. METHODS We enrolled 10 children with PRRT2 mutation-related neurological diseases who visited the Children's Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Children's Hospital between May 2017 and February 2022. Video electroencephalography (VEEG), cranial imaging, treatment regimens, gene results, and gene expression were analyzed. Genetic testing involved targeted sequencing or whole-exome genome sequencing (WES). We further analyzed the expression and mutation conservation of PRRT2 and synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) in blood samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and predicted the protein structure. Summary analysis of the reported gene maps and domains was also performed. RESULTS Ten children with PRRT2 gene mutations were analyzed, and 4 mutations were identified, consisting of 2 new (c.518A > C, p.Glu173 Ala; c.879 + 112G > A, p.?) and two known (c. 649 dup, p. Arg217Profs * 8; c. 649 del, p. Arg217Glufs * 12) mutations. Among these mutations, one was de novo(P6), and three could not be determined because one parent refused genetic testing. The clinical phenotypes were paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE), epilepsy, infantile spasms, and intellectual disability. The qPCR results showed that PRRT2 gene expression levels were significantly lower in children and parent carriers than the control group. The SNAP25 gene expression level of affected children was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) than that of the control group. The mutation sites reported in this study are highly conserved in different species. Among the various drugs used, oxcarbazepine and sodium valproate were the most effective. All 10 children had a good disease prognosis, and 8 were completely controlled with no recurrence, whereas 2 had less severe and fewer seizures. CONCLUSION Mutation of PRRT2 led to a significant decrease in its protein expression level and that of SNAP25, suggesting that the mutant protein may lead to the loss of its function and that of related proteins. This mutation site is highly conserved in most species, and there was no significant correlation between specific PRRT2 genotypes and clinical phenotypes. Asymptomatic carriers also have decreased gene expression levels, suggesting that more factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longlong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanmei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuhen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
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Riant F, Roos C, Roubertie A, Barbance C, Hadjadj J, Auvin S, Baille G, Beltramone M, Boulanger C, Cahn A, Cata F, Cheuret E, Cuvellier JC, Defo A, Demarquay G, Donnet A, Gaillard N, Massardier E, Guy N, Lamoureux S, Le Moigno L, Lucas C, Ratiu D, Redon S, Rey C, Thauvin C, Viallet F, Tournier-Lasserve E, Ducros A. Hemiplegic Migraine Associated With PRRT2 Mutations: A Clinical and Genetic Study. Neurology 2021; 98:e51-e61. [PMID: 34649875 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE PRRT2 variants have been reported in a few cases of patients with hemiplegic migraine. To clarify the role of PRRT2 in familial hemiplegic migraine, we studied this gene in a large cohort of affected probands. METHODS PRRT2 was analyzed in 860 probands with hemiplegic migraine and PRRT2 mutations were identified in 30 probands. Genotyping of relatives identified a total of 49 persons with mutations whose clinical manifestations were detailed. RESULTS PRRT2 mutations were found in 12 of 163 probands previously tested negative for CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A mutations, and in 18 of 697 consecutive probands screened simultaneously on the four genes. In this second group, pathogenic variants were found in 105 subjects, mostly in ATP1A2 (42%), followed by CACNA1A (26%), PRRT2 (17%) and SCN1A (15%). The PRRT2 mutations included seven distinct variants, five of which already described in persons with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, and two new variants. Eight probands had a deletion of the whole PRRT2 gene.Among the 49 PRRT2 mutated patients, 26 had pure hemiplegic migraine, 16 had hemiplegic migraine associated with another manifestation: epilepsy (8), learning disabilities (5), hypersomnia (4) or abnormal movement (3). Three patients had epilepsy without migraine, two had paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia without migraine, and one was asymptomatic. CONCLUSION PRRT2 should be regarded as the fourth autosomal dominant gene for hemiplegic migraine, and screened in any affected patient, together with the three other main genes. Further studies are needed to understand how the same loss of function PRRT2 mutations can lead to a wide range of neurologic phenotypes including paroxysmal movement disorder, epilepsy, learning disabilities, sleep disorder and hemiplegic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Riant
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France .,INSERM UMR-S1141, Université Paris, France
| | - Caroline Roos
- Emergency Headache Centre, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Département de Neuropédiatrie, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Barbance
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Hadjadj
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Baille
- Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marion Beltramone
- Pain Department, FHU INNOVPAIN, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Boulanger
- Equipe Douleur et Soins Palliatifs Pédiatriques, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Cahn
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier d'Arras, Arras, France
| | - Florina Cata
- Service de Pédiatrie - Néonatologie du CH Remiremont, Remiremont, France
| | - Emmanuel Cheuret
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse,France
| | | | - Antoine Defo
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, CH de Cayenne, Guyane Française
| | - Genevieve Demarquay
- Department of Neurology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, and Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team (Dycog), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon
| | - Anne Donnet
- Pain Department, FHU INNOVPAIN, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Gaillard
- Neurology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nathalie Guy
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Lamoureux
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier d'Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - Laurence Le Moigno
- Service de Pédiatrie et Unité d'Urgence Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier de Cornouaille, Quimper, France
| | - Christian Lucas
- Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur dans le service de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Diana Ratiu
- Service de Neurologie Centre Hospitalier de Narbonne, Narbonne, France
| | - Sylvain Redon
- Pain Department, FHU INNOVPAIN, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rey
- Service de Neurologie Vasculaire, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Christel Thauvin
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence des Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Interrégion Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, France
| | - François Viallet
- Département de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal d'Aix-Pertuis, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1141, Université Paris, France
| | - Anne Ducros
- Neurology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,Charles Coulomb Laboratory, UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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Cerebellar spreading depolarization mediates paroxysmal movement disorder. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109743. [PMID: 34551285 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most common paroxysmal dyskinesia, characterized by recurrent episodes of involuntary movements provoked by sudden changes in movement. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) has been identified as the major causative gene for PKD. Here, we report that PRRT2 deficiency facilitates the induction of cerebellar spreading depolarization (SD) and inhibition of cerebellar SD prevents the occurrence of dyskinetic movements. Using Ca2+ imaging, we show that cerebellar SD depolarizes a large population of cerebellar granule cells and Purkinje cells in Prrt2-deficient mice. Electrophysiological recordings further reveal that cerebellar SD blocks Purkinje cell spiking and disturbs neuronal firing of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). The resultant aberrant firing patterns in DCN are tightly, temporally coupled to dyskinetic episodes in Prrt2-deficient mice. Cumulatively, our findings uncover a pivotal role of cerebellar SD in paroxysmal dyskinesia, providing a potent target for treating PRRT2-related paroxysmal disorders.
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TMEM151A variants cause paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Cell Discov 2021; 7:83. [PMID: 34518509 PMCID: PMC8437987 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Martin EE, Wleklinski E, Hoang HTM, Ahmad M. Interaction and Subcellular Association of PRRT1/SynDIG4 With AMPA Receptors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:705664. [PMID: 34408636 PMCID: PMC8365426 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.705664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPAR) are organized into supramolecular complexes in association with other membrane proteins that provide exquisite regulation of their biophysical properties and subcellular trafficking. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 1 (PRRT1), also named as SynDIG4, is a component of native AMPAR complexes in multiple brain regions. Deletion of PRRT1 leads to altered surface levels and phosphorylation status of AMPARs, as well as impaired forms of synaptic plasticity. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms underlying the observed regulation of AMPARs by investigating the interaction properties and subcellular localization of PRRT1. Our results show that PRRT1 can interact physically with all AMPAR subunits GluA1-GluA4. We decipher the membrane topology of PRRT1 to find that contrary to the predicted dual membrane pass, only the second hydrophobic segment spans the membrane completely, and is involved in mediating the interaction with AMPARs. We also report a physical interaction of PRRT1 with phosphatase PP2B that dephosphorylates AMPARs during synaptic plasticity. Our co-localization analysis in primary neuronal cultures identifies that PRRT1 associates with AMPARs extrasynaptically where it localizes to early and recycling endosomes as well as to the plasma membrane. These findings advance the understanding of the mechanisms by which PRRT1 regulates AMPARs under basal conditions and during synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Eischen Martin
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Erica Wleklinski
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hanh T M Hoang
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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45
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Zhao Q, Hu Y, Liu Z, Fang S, Zheng F, Wang X, Li F, Li X, Lin Z. PRRT2 variants and effectiveness of various antiepileptic drugs in self-limited familial infantile epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 91:360-368. [PMID: 34298454 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-limited familial infantile epilepsy (SFIE) is largely associated with variants in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2). However, the detailed phenotype-genotype correlations are unclear, along with the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of this epilepsy syndrome. In this study, we analysed the PRRT2 variants associated with SFIE in Chinese patients, and the efficacy of different antiepileptic drugs prescribed during follow-up. METHODS We retrospectively included 20 patients diagnosed with SFIE and reviewed their clinical characteristics, genetic variants, and treatment responses. RESULTS Eighteen of the 20 (90%) patients harboured the common heterozygous variant of PRRT2 c.649dupC p.(Arg217fs). One patient had two heterozygous variants of PRRT2, c.640G>C p.(Ala214Pro) and c.955G>T p.(Val319Leu), and the other patient harboured a novel c.606delA (p.Pro203Hisfs) variant. Nine patients who had first-line treatment of oxcarbazepine (OXC) became seizure-free. However, initial treatment with levetiracetam (LEV) or sodium valproate (VPA) in eight and three patients, respectively, was not effective even after increasing the dosage, and seizure-free status was only achieved after changing the treatment to OXC. The treatment responses suggested a significant difference (P < 0.001) between OXC and other anti-epileptic drugs. CONCLUSION OXC as a sodium channel blocker may have a better effect than LEV and VPA in the treatment of PRRT2-associated SFIE. PRRT2 variants may be used as a biomarker to help select antiepileptic drugs for SFIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pediatric, The First People's Hospital of Aksu District, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Fang
- Department of Pediatric, The First People's Hospital of Aksu District, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Feixia Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiucui Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongdong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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46
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Epilepsy Syndromes in the First Year of Life and Usefulness of Genetic Testing for Precision Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071051. [PMID: 34356067 PMCID: PMC8307222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high pace of gene discovery has resulted in thrilling advances in the field of epilepsy genetics. Clinical testing with comprehensive gene panels, exomes, or genomes are now increasingly available and have led to a significant higher diagnostic yield in early-onset epilepsies and enabled precision medicine approaches. These have been instrumental in providing insights into the pathophysiology of both early-onset benign and self-limited syndromes and devastating developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). Genetic heterogeneity is seen in many epilepsy syndromes such as West syndrome and epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), indicating that two or more genetic loci produce the same or similar phenotypes. At the same time, some genes such as SCN2A can be associated with a wide range of epilepsy syndromes ranging from self-limited familial neonatal epilepsy at the mild end to Ohtahara syndrome, EIFMS, West syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, or unclassifiable DEEs at the severe end of the spectrum. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and genetic heterogeneity associated with epilepsy syndromes starting in the first year of life including: Self-limited familial neonatal, neonatal-infantile or infantile epilepsies, genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus spectrum, myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, Ohtahara syndrome, early myoclonic encephalopathy, West syndrome, Dravet syndrome, EIMFS, and unclassifiable DEEs. We also elaborate on the advantages and pitfalls of genetic testing in such conditions. Finally, we describe how a genetic diagnosis can potentially enable precision therapy in monogenic epilepsies and emphasize that early genetic testing is a cornerstone for such therapeutic strategies.
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ATR regulates neuronal activity by modulating presynaptic firing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4067. [PMID: 34210973 PMCID: PMC8249387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein, as a key DNA damage response (DDR) regulator, plays an essential function in response to replication stress and controls cell viability. Hypomorphic mutations of ATR cause the human ATR-Seckel syndrome, characterized by microcephaly and intellectual disability, which however suggests a yet unknown role for ATR in non-dividing cells. Here we show that ATR deletion in postmitotic neurons does not compromise brain development and formation; rather it enhances intrinsic neuronal activity resulting in aberrant firing and an increased epileptiform activity, which increases the susceptibility of ataxia and epilepsy in mice. ATR deleted neurons exhibit hyper-excitability, associated with changes in action potential conformation and presynaptic vesicle accumulation, independent of DDR signaling. Mechanistically, ATR interacts with synaptotagmin 2 (SYT2) and, without ATR, SYT2 is highly upregulated and aberrantly translocated to excitatory neurons in the hippocampus, thereby conferring a hyper-excitability. This study identifies a physiological function of ATR, beyond its DDR role, in regulating neuronal activity.
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48
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Ferrante D, Sterlini B, Prestigio C, Marte A, Corradi A, Onofri F, Tortarolo G, Vicidomini G, Petretto A, Muià J, Thalhammer A, Valente P, Cingolani LA, Benfenati F, Baldelli P. PRRT2 modulates presynaptic Ca 2+ influx by interacting with P/Q-type channels. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109248. [PMID: 34133925 PMCID: PMC8220258 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in proline-rich transmembrane protein-2 (PRRT2) cause paroxysmal disorders associated with defective Ca2+ dependence of glutamatergic transmission. We find that either acute or constitutive PRRT2 deletion induces a significant decrease in the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) that is insensitive to extracellular Ca2+ and associated with a reduced contribution of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels to the EPSC amplitude. This synaptic phenotype parallels a decrease in somatic P/Q-type Ca2+ currents due to a decreased membrane targeting of the channel with unchanged total expression levels. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays, and proteomics reveal a specific and direct interaction of PRRT2 with P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. At presynaptic terminals lacking PRRT2, P/Q-type Ca2+ channels reduce their clustering at the active zone, with a corresponding decrease in the P/Q-dependent presynaptic Ca2+ signal. The data highlight the central role of PRRT2 in ensuring the physiological Ca2+ sensitivity of the release machinery at glutamatergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ferrante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Sterlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cosimo Prestigio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tortarolo
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83B, 16152, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicidomini
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83B, 16152, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Jessica Muià
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Agnes Thalhammer
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Cingolani
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Aj F, T M, C I, C BM, Kj N, H L, A N, Sm V, Y-H F, Lj P. Age-dependent neurological phenotypes in a mouse model of PRRT2-related diseases. Neurogenetics 2021; 22:171-185. [PMID: 34101060 PMCID: PMC8241743 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-021-00645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is an episodic movement disorder caused by dominant mutations in the proline-rich transmembrane protein PRRT2, with onset in childhood and typically with improvement or resolution by middle age. Mutations in the same gene may also cause benign infantile seizures, which begin in the first year of life and typically remit by the age of 2 years. Many details of PRRT2 function at the synapse, and the effects of mutations on neuronal excitability in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and dyskinesia, have emerged through the work of several groups over the last decade. However, the age dependence of the phenotypes has not been explored in detail in transgenic models. Here, we report our findings in heterozygous and homozygous Prrt2 knockout mice that recapitulate the age dependence of dyskinesia seen in the human disease. We show that Prrt2 deletion reduces the levels of synaptic proteins in a dose-dependent manner that is most pronounced at postnatal day 5 (P5), attenuates at P60, and disappears by P180. In a test for foot slippage while crossing a balance beam, transient loss of coordination was most pronounced at P60 and less prominent at age extremes. Slower traverse time was noted in homozygous knockout mice only, consistent with the ataxia seen in rare individuals with biallelic loss of function mutations in Prrt2. We thus identify three age-dependent phenotypic windows in the mouse model, which recapitulate the pattern seen in humans with PRRT2-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Aj
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - McMahon T
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Im C
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Bair-Marshall C
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Niesner Kj
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Li H
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 548F Rock Hall, MC-2922, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nelson A
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 548F Rock Hall, MC-2922, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Voglmaier Sm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 548F Rock Hall, MC-2922, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Fu Y-H
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 548F Rock Hall, MC-2922, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ptáček Lj
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 548F Rock Hall, MC-2922, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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50
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Dίaz E. Beyond the AMPA receptor: Diverse roles of SynDIG/PRRT brain-specific transmembrane proteins at excitatory synapses. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 58:76-82. [PMID: 33964729 PMCID: PMC8195862 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are responsible for fast excitatory transmission in the brain. Deficits in synaptic transmission underlie a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, drugs that target AMPARs are challenging to develop, given the central role played in neurotransmission. Targeting AMPAR auxiliary factors offers an innovative approach for achieving specificity without altering baseline synaptic transmission. This review focuses on the SynDIG/proline-rich transmembrane protein (PRRT) family of AMPAR-associated transmembrane proteins. Although these factors are related based on sequence similarity, the proteins have evolved diverse actions at excitatory synapses that are not limited to the traditional role ascribed to an AMPAR auxiliary factor. SynDIG4/PRRT1 acts as a typical AMPAR auxiliary protein, while PRRT2 functions at presynaptic sites to regulate synaptic vesicle dynamics and is the causative gene for neurological paroxysmal disorders in humans. SynDIG/PRRT proteins are members of a larger superfamily that also include antiviral proteins known to restrict fusion between host and viral membranes and share some interesting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva Dίaz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health, Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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