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Dong H, He X, Zhang L, Chen W, Lin YC, Liu SB, Wang H, Nguyen LXT, Li M, Zhu Y, Zhao D, Ghoda L, Serody J, Vincent B, Luznik L, Gojo I, Zeidner J, Su R, Chen J, Sharma R, Pirrotte P, Wu X, Hu W, Han W, Shen B, Kuo YH, Jin J, Salhotra A, Wang J, Marcucci G, Luo YL, Li L. Targeting PRMT9-mediated arginine methylation suppresses cancer stem cell maintenance and elicits cGAS-mediated anticancer immunity. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:601-624. [PMID: 38413714 PMCID: PMC11056319 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Current anticancer therapies cannot eliminate all cancer cells, which hijack normal arginine methylation as a means to promote their maintenance via unknown mechanisms. Here we show that targeting protein arginine N-methyltransferase 9 (PRMT9), whose activities are elevated in blasts and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), eliminates disease via cancer-intrinsic mechanisms and cancer-extrinsic type I interferon (IFN)-associated immunity. PRMT9 ablation in AML cells decreased the arginine methylation of regulators of RNA translation and the DNA damage response, suppressing cell survival. Notably, PRMT9 inhibition promoted DNA damage and activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, which underlies the type I IFN response. Genetically activating cyclic GMP-AMP synthase in AML cells blocked leukemogenesis. We also report synergy of a PRMT9 inhibitor with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 in eradicating AML. Overall, we conclude that PRMT9 functions in survival and immune evasion of both LSCs and non-LSCs; targeting PRMT9 may represent a potential anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Dong
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Song-Bai Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Min Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Ghoda
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Serody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Vincent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Computational Medicine Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leo Luznik
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Zeidner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Weidong Han
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Huei Kuo
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Amandeep Salhotra
- Department of Hematology and HCT, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Hematology and HCT, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yun Lyna Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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2
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He X, Wedn A, Wang J, Gu Y, Liu H, Zhang J, Lin Z, Zhou R, Pang X, Cui Y. IUPHAR ECR review: The cGAS-STING pathway: Novel functions beyond innate immune and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107063. [PMID: 38216006 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial innate immune sensor responsible for distinguishing pathogens and cytosolic DNA, mediating innate immune signaling pathways to defend the host. Recent studies have revealed additional regulatory functions of STING beyond its innate immune-related activities, including the regulation of cellular metabolism, DNA repair, cellular senescence, autophagy and various cell deaths. These findings highlight the broader implications of STING in cellular physiology beyond its role in innate immunity. Currently, approximately 10 STING agonists have entered the clinical stage. Unlike inhibitors, which have a maximum inhibition limit, agonists have the potential for infinite amplification. STING signaling is a complex process that requires precise regulation of STING to ensure balanced immune responses and prevent detrimental autoinflammation. Recent research on the structural mechanism of STING autoinhibition and its negative regulation by adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) provides valuable insights into its different effects under physiological and pathological conditions, offering a new perspective for developing immune regulatory drugs. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the regulatory functions and molecular mechanisms of STING beyond innate immune regulation, along with updated details of its structural mechanisms. We discuss the implications of these complex regulations in various diseases, emphasizing the importance and feasibility of targeting the immunity-dependent or immunity-independent functions of STING. Moreover, we highlight the current trend in drug development and key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research related to STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Abdalla Wedn
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongjin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Juqi Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230601, China; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT06519, USA.
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
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Farahani E, Reinert LS, Narita R, Serrero MC, Skouboe MK, van der Horst D, Assil S, Zhang B, Iversen MB, Gutierrez E, Hazrati H, Johannsen M, Olagnier D, Kunze R, Denham M, Mogensen TH, Lappe M, Paludan SR. The HIF transcription network exerts innate antiviral activity in neurons and limits brain inflammation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113792. [PMID: 38363679 PMCID: PMC10915869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce host defense but can also induce exacerbated inflammatory responses. This raises the question of whether other mechanisms are also involved in early host defense. Using transcriptome analysis of disrupted transcripts in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells, we find that HSV infection disrupts the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription network in neurons and epithelial cells. Importantly, HIF activation leads to control of HSV replication. Mechanistically, HIF activation induces autophagy, which is essential for antiviral activity. HSV-2 infection in vivo leads to hypoxia in CNS neurons, and mice with neuron-specific HIF1/2α deficiency exhibit elevated viral load and augmented PRR signaling and inflammatory gene expression in the CNS after HSV-2 infection. Data from human stem cell-derived neuron and microglia cultures show that HIF also exerts antiviral and inflammation-restricting activity in human CNS cells. Collectively, the HIF transcription factor system senses virus-induced hypoxic stress to induce cell-intrinsic antiviral responses and limit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manutea C Serrero
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Kelder Skouboe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Demi van der Horst
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sonia Assil
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Baocun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eugenio Gutierrez
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hossein Hazrati
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Forensic Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Denham
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Lappe
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; CONNECT - Center for Clinical and Genomic Data, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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4
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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5
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Cabral-Piccin MP, Papagno L, Lahaye X, Perdomo-Celis F, Volant S, White E, Monceaux V, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Fromentin R, Price DA, Chomont N, Manel N, Saez-Cirion A, Appay V. Primary role of type I interferons for the induction of functionally optimal antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104557. [PMID: 37058769 PMCID: PMC10130611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ T cells equipped with a full arsenal of antiviral effector functions are critical for effective immune control of HIV-1. It has nonetheless remained unclear how best to elicit such potent cellular immune responses in the context of immunotherapy or vaccination. HIV-2 has been associated with milder disease manifestations and more commonly elicits functionally replete virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses compared with HIV-1. We aimed to learn from this immunological dichotomy and to develop informed strategies that could enhance the induction of robust CD8+ T cell responses against HIV-1. METHODS We developed an unbiased in vitro system to compare the de novo induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses after exposure to HIV-1 or HIV-2. The functional properties of primed CD8+ T cells were assessed using flow cytometry and molecular analyses of gene transcription. FINDINGS HIV-2 primed functionally optimal antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with enhanced survival properties more effectively than HIV-1. This superior induction process was dependent on type I interferons (IFNs) and could be mimicked via the adjuvant delivery of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a known agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). CD8+ T cells elicited in the presence of cGAMP were polyfunctional and highly sensitive to antigen stimulation, even after priming from people living with HIV-1. INTERPRETATION HIV-2 primes CD8+ T cells with potent antiviral functionality by activating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/STING pathway, which results in the production of type I IFNs. This process may be amenable to therapeutic development via the use of cGAMP or other STING agonists to bolster CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1. FUNDING This work was funded by INSERM, the Institut Curie, and the University of Bordeaux (Senior IdEx Chair) and by grants from Sidaction (17-1-AAE-11097, 17-1-FJC-11199, VIH2016126002, 20-2-AEQ-12822-2, and 22-2-AEQ-13411), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche sur le SIDA (ECTZ36691, ECTZ25472, ECTZ71745, and ECTZ118797), and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (EQ U202103012774). D.A.P. was supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (100326/Z/12/Z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela P Cabral-Piccin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Laura Papagno
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer Department, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eoghann White
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer Department, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 75015, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Victor Appay
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France; International Research Center of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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6
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Li Y, Gao Y, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Xu L, Liu X, Huang Z, Xie C, Gong Y. SAMHD1 silencing cooperates with radiotherapy to enhance anti-tumor immunity through IFI16-STING pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2022; 20:628. [PMID: 36578072 PMCID: PMC9798699 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterile alpha motif domain and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a DNA end resection factor, which is involved in DNA damage repair and innate immunity. However, the role of SAMHD1 in anti-tumor immunity is still unknown. This study investigated the effects of SAMHD1 on stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-type I interferon (IFN) pathway and radiation-induced immune responses. METHODS The roles of SAMHD1 in the activation of cytosolic DNA sensing STING pathway in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells were investigated with flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and qPCR. The combined effects of SAMHD1 silencing and radiation on tumor cell growth and STING pathway activation were also evaluated with colony formation and CCK8 assay. The Lewis lung cancer mouse model was used to evaluate the combined efficiency of SAMHD1 silencing and radiotherapy in vivo. Macrophage M1 polarization and cytotoxic T cell infiltration were evaluated with flow cytometry. RESULTS The single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) accumulated in the cytosol of SAMHD1-deficient lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells, accompanied by upregulated DNA sensor IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and activated STING pathway. The translocation of IFI16 from nucleus to cytosol was detected in SAMHD1-deficient cells. IFI16 and STING were acquired in the activation of STING-IFN-I pathway in SAMHD1-deficient cells. SAMHD1 silencing in LUAD cells promoted macrophage M1 polarization in vitro. SAMHD1 silencing synergized with radiation to activate ssDNA-STING-IFN-I pathway, inhibit proliferation, promote apoptosis and regulate cell cycle. SAMHD1 silencing cooperated with radiotherapy to inhibit tumor growth and increase CD86+MHC-IIhigh M1 proportion and CD8+ T cell infiltration in vivo. CONCLUSIONS SAMHD1 deficiency induced IFN-I production through cytosolic IFI16-STING pathway in LUAD cells. Moreover, SAMHD1 downregulation and radiation cooperated to inhibit tumor growth and enhance anti-tumor immune responses through macrophage M1 polarization and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Combination of SAMHD1 inhibition and radiotherapy may be a potentially therapeutic strategy for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Li
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Yuke Gao
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Xueping Jiang
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Yajie Cheng
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Liexi Xu
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China ,grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Conghua Xie
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China ,grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China ,grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Yan Gong
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China ,grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
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7
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The DNA damage induced immune response: Implications for cancer therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 120:103409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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An N, Ge Q, Shao H, Li Q, Guo F, Liang C, Li X, Yi D, Yang L, Cen S. Interferon-inducible SAMHD1 restricts viral replication through downregulation of lipid synthesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007718. [PMID: 36532074 PMCID: PMC9755837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type I interferon (IFN) inhibits virus infection through multiple processes. Recent evidence indicates that IFN carries out its antiviral activity through readjusting of the cellular metabolism. The sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), has been reported to inhibit a number of retroviruses and DNA viruses, by depleting dNTPs indispensable for viral DNA replication. Here we report a new antiviral activity of SAMHD1 against RNA viruses including HCV and some other flaviviruses infection. Methods Multiple cellular and molecular biological technologies have been used to detect virus infection, replication and variation of intracellular proteins, including western blotting, qRT-PCR, Gene silencing, immunofluorescence, etc. Besides, microarray gene chip technology was applied to analyze the effects of SAMHD1 overexpression on total expressed genes. Results Our data show that SAMHD1 down-regulates the expression of genes related to lipid bio-metabolic pathway, accompanied with impaired lipid droplets (LDs) formation, two events important for flaviviruses infection. Mechanic study reveals that SAMHD1 mainly targets on HCV RNA replication, resulting in a broad inhibitory effect on the infectivity of flaviviruses. The C-terminal domain of SAMHD1 is showed to determine its antiviral function, which is regulated by the phosphorylation of T592. Restored lipid level by overexpression of SREBP1 or supplement with LDs counteracts with the antiviral activity of SAMHD1, providing evidence supporting the role of SAMHD1-mediated down-regulation of lipid synthesis in its function to inhibit viral infection. Conclusion SAMHD1 plays an important role in IFN-mediated blockade of flaviviruses infection through targeting lipid bio-metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni An
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Ge
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huihan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Dongrong Yi, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Dongrong Yi, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Dongrong Yi, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
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9
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Schumann T, Ramon SC, Schubert N, Mayo MA, Hega M, Maser KI, Ada SR, Sydow L, Hajikazemi M, Badstübner M, Müller P, Ge Y, Shakeri F, Buness A, Rupf B, Lienenklaus S, Utess B, Muhandes L, Haase M, Rupp L, Schmitz M, Gramberg T, Manel N, Hartmann G, Zillinger T, Kato H, Bauer S, Gerbaulet A, Paeschke K, Roers A, Behrendt R. Deficiency for SAMHD1 activates MDA5 in a cGAS/STING-dependent manner. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213670. [PMID: 36346347 PMCID: PMC9648672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in nucleic acid metabolizing enzymes can lead to spontaneous but selective activation of either cGAS/STING or RIG-like receptor (RLR) signaling, causing type I interferon-driven inflammatory diseases. In these pathophysiological conditions, activation of the DNA sensor cGAS and IFN production are linked to spontaneous DNA damage. Physiological, or tonic, IFN signaling on the other hand is essential to functionally prime nucleic acid sensing pathways. Here, we show that low-level chronic DNA damage in mice lacking the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome gene SAMHD1 reduced tumor-free survival when crossed to a p53-deficient, but not to a DNA mismatch repair-deficient background. Increased DNA damage did not result in higher levels of type I interferon. Instead, we found that the chronic interferon response in SAMHD1-deficient mice was driven by the MDA5/MAVS pathway but required functional priming through the cGAS/STING pathway. Our work positions cGAS/STING upstream of tonic IFN signaling in Samhd1-deficient mice and highlights an important role of the pathway in physiological and pathophysiological innate immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schumann
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Santiago Costas Ramon
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Schubert
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamad Aref Mayo
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Hega
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Isabell Maser
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Servi-Remzi Ada
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Sydow
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mona Hajikazemi
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Badstübner
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yan Ge
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farhad Shakeri
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Buness
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rupf
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Utess
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lina Muhandes
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Haase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Rupp
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U932, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerbaulet
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Paeschke
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Correspondence to Rayk Behrendt:
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10
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Aditi, McKinnon PJ. Genome integrity and inflammation in the nervous system. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 119:103406. [PMID: 36148701 PMCID: PMC9844216 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of genomic integrity is crucial for nervous system development and function. DNA repair deficiency results in several human diseases that are characterized by both neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Recent research has highlighted a role for compromised genomic integrity as a key factor driving neuropathology and triggering innate immune signaling to cause inflammation. Here we review the mechanisms by which DNA damage engages innate immune signaling and how this may promote neurological disease. We also consider the contributions of different neural cell types towards DNA damage-driven neuroinflammation. A deeper knowledge of genome maintenance mechanisms that prevent aberrant immune activation in neural cells will guide future therapies to ameliorate neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Dept. Cell & Mol. Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Dept. Cell & Mol. Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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11
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Lee JH, Kanwar B, Khattak A, Balentine J, Nguyen NH, Kast RE, Lee CJ, Bourbeau J, Altschuler EL, Sergi CM, Nguyen TNM, Oh S, Sohn MG, Coleman M. COVID-19 Molecular Pathophysiology: Acetylation of Repurposing Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13260. [PMID: 36362045 PMCID: PMC9656873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces immune-mediated type 1 interferon (IFN-1) production, the pathophysiology of which involves sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) tetramerization and the cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway. As a result, type I interferonopathies are exacerbated. Aspirin inhibits cGAS-mediated signaling through cGAS acetylation. Acetylation contributes to cGAS activity control and activates IFN-1 production and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling via STING. Aspirin and dapsone inhibit the activation of both IFN-1 and NF-κB by targeting cGAS. We define these as anticatalytic mechanisms. It is necessary to alleviate the pathologic course and take the lag time of the odds of achieving viral clearance by day 7 to coordinate innate or adaptive immune cell reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hoon Lee
- Science and Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Badar Kanwar
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care, Hunt Regional Hospital, Greenville, 75401 TX, USA
| | - Asif Khattak
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care, Hunt Regional Hospital, Greenville, 75401 TX, USA
| | - Jenny Balentine
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care, Hunt Regional Hospital, Greenville, 75401 TX, USA
| | - Ngoc Huy Nguyen
- Department of Health, Phutho Province, Tran Phu Str., Viet Tri City 227, Vietnam
| | | | - Chul Joong Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jean Bourbeau
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Eric L. Altschuler
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Metropolitan Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Consolato M. Sergi
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | | | - Sangsuk Oh
- Department of Food Engineering, Food Safety Laboratory, Memory Unit, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03600, Korea
| | - Mun-Gi Sohn
- Department of Food Science, KyungHee University College of Life Science, Seoul 17104, Korea
| | - Michael Coleman
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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12
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Maharana S, Kretschmer S, Hunger S, Yan X, Kuster D, Traikov S, Zillinger T, Gentzel M, Elangovan S, Dasgupta P, Chappidi N, Lucas N, Maser KI, Maatz H, Rapp A, Marchand V, Chang YT, Motorin Y, Hubner N, Hartmann G, Hyman AA, Alberti S, Lee-Kirsch MA. SAMHD1 controls innate immunity by regulating condensation of immunogenic self RNA. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3712-3728.e10. [PMID: 36150385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived foreign nucleic acids is central to innate immune defense. This requires discrimination between structurally highly similar self and nonself nucleic acids to avoid aberrant inflammatory responses as in the autoinflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). How vast amounts of self RNA are shielded from immune recognition to prevent autoinflammation is not fully understood. Here, we show that human SAM-domain- and HD-domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), one of the AGS-causing genes, functions as a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) 3'exonuclease, the lack of which causes cellular RNA accumulation. Increased ssRNA in cells leads to dissolution of RNA-protein condensates, which sequester immunogenic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Release of sequestered dsRNA from condensates triggers activation of antiviral type I interferon via retinoic-acid-inducible gene I-like receptors. Our results establish SAMHD1 as a key regulator of cellular RNA homeostasis and demonstrate that buffering of immunogenic self RNA by condensates regulates innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovamayee Maharana
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India.
| | - Stefanie Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susan Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiao Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Kuster
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Gentzel
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shobha Elangovan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India
| | - Padmanava Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India
| | - Nagaraja Chappidi
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Isabell Maser
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrike Maatz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13235 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, IMoPA UMR7365 CNRS-UL and UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-Inserm-UL, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, IMoPA UMR7365 CNRS-UL and UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-Inserm-UL, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13235 Berlin, Germany; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13235 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Alberti
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; University Centre for Rare Diseases, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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14
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Bowen NE, Oo A, Kim B. Mechanistic Interplay between HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Kinetics and Host SAMHD1 Protein: Viral Myeloid-Cell Tropism and Genomic Mutagenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081622. [PMID: 35893688 PMCID: PMC9331428 DOI: 10.3390/v14081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) has been the primary interest among studies on antiviral discovery, viral replication kinetics, drug resistance, and viral evolution. Following infection and entry into target cells, the HIV-1 core disassembles, and the viral RT concomitantly converts the viral RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA, which is integrated into the host genome. The successful completion of the viral life cycle highly depends on the enzymatic DNA polymerase activity of RT. Furthermore, HIV-1 RT has long been known as an error-prone DNA polymerase due to its lack of proofreading exonuclease properties. Indeed, the low fidelity of HIV-1 RT has been considered as one of the key factors in the uniquely high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1, which leads to efficient viral escape from immune and therapeutic antiviral selective pressures. Interestingly, a series of studies on the replication kinetics of HIV-1 in non-dividing myeloid cells and myeloid specific host restriction factor, SAM domain, and HD domain-containing protein, SAMHD1, suggest that the myeloid cell tropism and high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1 are mechanistically connected. Here, we review not only HIV-1 RT as a key antiviral target, but also potential evolutionary and mechanistic crosstalk among the unique enzymatic features of HIV-1 RT, the replication kinetics of HIV-1, cell tropism, viral genetic mutation, and host SAMHD1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.E.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.E.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.E.B.); (A.O.)
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Orris B, Huynh KW, Ammirati M, Han S, Bolaños B, Carmody J, Petroski MD, Bosbach B, Shields DJ, Stivers JT. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation and ssDNA binding kinetics. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7545-7559. [PMID: 35801923 PMCID: PMC9303311 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) is driven into its activated tetramer form by binding of GTP activator and dNTP activators/substrates. In addition, the inactive monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme bind to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. During DNA replication SAMHD1 can be phosphorylated by CDK1 and CDK2 at its C-terminal threonine 592 (pSAMHD1), localizing the enzyme to stalled replication forks (RFs) to promote their restart. Although phosphorylation has only a small effect on the dNTPase activity and ssDNA binding affinity of SAMHD1, perturbation of the native T592 by phosphorylation decreased the thermal stability of tetrameric SAMHD1 and accelerated tetramer dissociation in the absence and presence of ssDNA (∼15-fold). In addition, we found that ssDNA binds competitively with GTP to the A1 site. A full-length SAMHD1 cryo-EM structure revealed substantial dynamics in the C-terminal domain (which contains T592), which could be modulated by phosphorylation. We propose that T592 phosphorylation increases tetramer dynamics and allows invasion of ssDNA into the A1 site and the previously characterized DNA binding surface at the dimer-dimer interface. These features are consistent with rapid and regiospecific inactivation of pSAMHD1 dNTPase at RFs or other sites of free ssDNA in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Orris
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Seungil Han
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ben Bolaños
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jason Carmody
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Benedikt Bosbach
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, NY, NY 10016, USA
| | - David J Shields
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, NY, NY 10016, USA
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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16
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Oo A, Zandi K, Shepard C, Bassit LC, Musall K, Goh SL, Cho YJ, Kim DH, Schinazi RF, Kim B. Elimination of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome protein SAMHD1 activates cellular innate immunity and suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101635. [PMID: 35085552 PMCID: PMC8786443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of antiviral innate immune responses during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is characterized by limited production of interferons (IFNs). One protein associated with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, SAMHD1, has been shown to negatively regulate the IFN-1 signaling pathway. However, it is unclear whether elevated IFN signaling associated with genetic loss of SAMHD1 would affect SARS-CoV-2 replication. In this study, we established in vitro tissue culture model systems for SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus OC43 infections in which SAMHD1 protein expression was absent as a result of CRISPR-Cas9 gene KO or lentiviral viral protein X-mediated proteosomal degradation. We show that both SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus OC43 replications were suppressed in SAMHD1 KO 293T and differentiated THP-1 macrophage cell lines. Similarly, when SAMHD1 was degraded by virus-like particles in primary monocyte-derived macrophages, we observed lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The loss of SAMHD1 in 293T and differentiated THP-1 cells resulted in upregulated gene expression of IFNs and innate immunity signaling proteins from several pathways, with STAT1 mRNA being the most prominently elevated ones. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 replication was significantly increased in both SAMHD1 WT and KO cells when expression and phosphorylation of STAT1 were downregulated by JAK inhibitor baricitinib, which over-rode the activated antiviral innate immunity in the KO cells. This further validates baricitinib as a treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients primarily at the postviral clearance stage. Overall, our tissue culture model systems demonstrated that the elevated innate immune response and IFN activation upon genetic loss of SAMHD1 effectively suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leda C Bassit
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katie Musall
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shu Ling Goh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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17
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Barrett B, Nguyen DH, Xu J, Guo K, Shetty S, Jones ST, Mickens KL, Shepard C, Roers A, Behrendt R, Wu L, Kim B, Santiago ML. SAMHD1 Promotes the Antiretroviral Adaptive Immune Response in Mice Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:444-453. [PMID: 34893529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a potent HIV-1 restriction factor that blocks reverse transcription in monocytes, dendritic cells and resting CD4+ T cells by decreasing intracellular dNTP pools. However, SAMHD1 may diminish innate immune sensing and Ag presentation, resulting in a weaker adaptive immune response. To date, the role of SAMHD1 on antiretroviral immunity remains unclear, as mouse SAMHD1 had no impact on murine retrovirus replication in prior in vivo studies. Here, we show that SAMHD1 significantly inhibits acute Friend retrovirus infection in mice. Pretreatment with LPS, a significant driver of inflammation during HIV-1 infection, further unmasked a role for SAMHD1 in influencing immune responses. LPS treatment in vivo doubled the intracellular dNTP levels in immune compartments of SAMHD1 knockout but not wild-type mice. SAMHD1 knockout mice exhibited higher plasma infectious viremia and proviral DNA loads than wild-type mice at 7 d postinfection (dpi), and proviral loads inversely correlated with a stronger CD8+ T cell response. SAMHD1 deficiency was also associated with weaker NK, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses by 14 dpi and weaker neutralizing Ab responses by 28 dpi. Intriguingly, SAMHD1 influenced these cell-mediated immune (14 dpi) and neutralizing Ab (28 dpi) responses in male but not female mice. Our findings formally demonstrate SAMHD1 as an antiretroviral factor in vivo that could promote adaptive immune responses in a sex-dependent manner. The requirement for LPS to unravel the SAMHD1 immunological phenotype suggests that comorbidities associated with a "leaky" gut barrier may influence the antiviral function of SAMHD1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- BradleyS Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - David H Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Joella Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Shravida Shetty
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Sean T Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kaylee L Mickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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18
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Sun J, Li L, Hu J, Gao Y, Song J, Zhang X, Hu H. Time-course RNA-Seq profiling reveals isoform-level gene expression dynamics of the cGAS-STING pathway. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6490-6500. [PMCID: PMC9686058 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway, orchestrating complicated transcriptome-wide immune responses, is essential for host antiviral defense but can also drive immunopathology in severe COVID-19. Here, we performed time-course RNA-Seq experiments to dissect the transcriptome expression dynamics at the gene-isoform level after cGAS-STING pathway activation. The in-depth time-course transcriptome after cGAS-STING pathway activation within 12 h enabled quantification of 48,685 gene isoforms. By employing regression models, we obtained 13,232 gene isoforms with expression patterns significantly associated with the process of cGAS-STING pathway activation, which were named activation-associated isoforms. The combination of hierarchical and k-means clustering algorithms revealed four major expression patterns of activation-associated isoforms, including two clusters with increased expression patterns enriched in cell cycle, autophagy, antiviral innate-immune functions, and COVID-19 coronavirus disease pathway, and two clusters showing decreased expression pattern that mainly involved in ncRNA metabolism, translation process, and mRNA processing. Importantly, by merging four clusters of activation-associated isoforms, we identified three types of genes that underwent isoform usage alteration during the cGAS-STING pathway activation. We further found that genes exhibiting protein-coding and non-protein-coding gene isoform usage alteration were strongly enriched for the factors involved in innate immunity and RNA splicing. Notably, overexpression of an enriched splicing factor, EFTUD2, shifted transcriptome towards the cGAS-STING pathway activated status and promoted protein-coding isoform abundance of several key regulators of the cGAS-STING pathway. Taken together, our results revealed the isoform-level gene expression dynamics of the cGAS-STING pathway and uncovered novel roles of splicing factors in regulating cGAS-STING pathway mediated immune responses.
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Abstract
As brutally demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, an effective immune system is essential for survival. Developed over evolutionary time, viral nucleic acid detection is a central pillar in the defensive armamentarium used to combat foreign microbial invasion. To ensure cellular homeostasis, such a strategy necessitates the efficient discrimination of pathogen-derived DNA and RNA from that of the host. In 2011, it was suggested that an upregulation of type I interferon signalling might serve as a defining feature of a novel set of Mendelian inborn errors of immunity, where antiviral sensors are triggered by host nucleic acids due to a failure of self versus non-self discrimination. These rare disorders have played a surprisingly significant role in informing our understanding of innate immunity and the relevance of type I interferon signalling for human health and disease. Here we consider what we have learned in this time, and how the field may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanick J. Crow
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Daniel B. Stetson
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
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20
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Wang Y, Qian G, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Han W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xiong T, Zeng H, Yu X, Yu X, Zhang X, Xu J, Zou Q, Yan D. HIV-1 Vif suppresses antiviral immunity by targeting STING. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:108-121. [PMID: 34811497 PMCID: PMC8752805 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection-induced cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 signaling activates innate immunity to produce type I interferon (IFN). The HIV-1 nonstructural protein viral infectivity factor (Vif) is essential in HIV-1 replication, as it degrades the host restriction factor APOBEC3G. However, whether and how it regulates the host immune response remains to be determined. In this study, we found that Vif inhibited the production of type I IFN to promote immune evasion. HIV-1 infection induced the activation of the host tyrosine kinase FRK, which subsequently phosphorylated the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) of Vif and enhanced the interaction between Vif and the cellular tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to inhibit type I IFN. Mechanistically, the association of Vif with SHP-1 facilitated SHP-1 recruitment to STING and inhibited the K63-linked ubiquitination of STING at Lys337 by dephosphorylating STING at Tyr162. However, the FRK inhibitor D-65495 counteracted the phosphorylation of Vif to block the immune evasion of HIV-1 and antagonize infection. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism through which HIV-1 evades antiviral immunity via the ITIM-containing protein to inhibit the posttranslational modification of STING. These results provide a molecular basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Basic Courses, NCO School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Gui Qian
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yinan Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wendong Han
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tingrong Xiong
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Hao Zeng
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Quanming Zou
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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21
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Constitutive and latent immune mechanisms exert 'silent' control of virus infections in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:158-166. [PMID: 34062364 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to severe disease manifestations often mediated by a combination of viral cytopathic effects and immunopathology. Moreover, neuronal tissue and brain activities are highly sensitive to excessive inflammation that disturb homeostasis. Immune responses to virus infections in the CNS should therefore be tightly balanced and limited in magnitude and duration to avoid immunopathology and tissue damage. Recent data from genetic studies of patients with viral infections in the CNS as well as experimental cell and animal models have provided evidence of non-redundant roles for constitutive and latent immune mechanisms, which mediate a first line of antiviral control without significantly triggering inflammatory activities. Collectively, accumulating data suggest the existence of a layer of immune mechanisms in the CNS exerting immediate control of infection, hence buffering the need for activation of more potent immune reactions with inherent potential to induce immunopathology and disease.
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22
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Yu L, Liu P. Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:170. [PMID: 33927185 PMCID: PMC8085147 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2'3'-cGAMP, as the secondary messenger to bind and activate STING for subsequent production of type I interferons and other immune-modulatory genes. Hyperactivation of cGAS signaling contributes to autoimmune diseases but serves as an adjuvant for anticancer immune therapy. On the other hand, inactivation of cGAS signaling causes deficiency to sense and clear the viral and bacterial infection and creates a tumor-prone immune microenvironment to facilitate tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Thus, cGAS activation is tightly controlled. In this review, we summarize up-to-date multilayers of regulatory mechanisms governing cGAS activation, including cGAS pre- and post-translational regulations, cGAS-binding proteins, and additional cGAS regulators such as ions and small molecules. We will also reveal the pathophysiological function of cGAS and its product cGAMP in human diseases. We hope to provide an up-to-date review for recent research advances of cGAS biology and cGAS-targeted therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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23
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de Lima LLP, de Oliveira AQT, Moura TCF, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Lima SS, da Silva ANMR, Queiroz MAF, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. STING and cGAS gene expressions were downregulated among HIV-1-infected persons after antiretroviral therapy. Virol J 2021; 18:78. [PMID: 33858455 PMCID: PMC8047565 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The HIV-1 epidemic is still considered a global public health problem, but great advances have been made in fighting it by antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has a considerable impact on viral replication and host immunity. The production of type I interferon (IFN) is key to the innate immune response to viral infections. The STING and cGAS proteins have proven roles in the antiviral cascade. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of ART on innate immunity, which was represented by STING and cGAS gene expression and plasma IFN-α level. Methods This cohort study evaluated a group of 33 individuals who were initially naïve to therapy and who were treated at a reference center and reassessed 12 months after starting ART. Gene expression levels and viral load were evaluated by real-time PCR, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts by flow cytometry, and IFN-α level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results From before to after ART, the CD4+ T cell count and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio significantly increased (p < 0.0001), the CD8+ T cell count slightly decreased, and viral load decreased to undetectable levels in most of the group (84.85%). The expression of STING and cGAS significantly decreased (p = 0.0034 and p = 0.0001, respectively) after the use of ART, but IFN-α did not (p = 0.1558). Among the markers evaluated, the only markers that showed a correlation with each other were STING and CD4+ T at the time of the first collection. Conclusions ART provided immune recovery and viral suppression to the studied group and indirectly downregulated the STING and cGAS genes. In contrast, ART did not influence IFN-α. The expression of STING and cGAS was not correlated with the plasma level of IFN-α, which suggests that there is another pathway regulating this cytokine in addition to the STING–cGAS pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01548-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
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SAMHD1 … and Viral Ways around It. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030395. [PMID: 33801276 PMCID: PMC7999308 DOI: 10.3390/v13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SAM and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTP triphosphohydrolase that plays a crucial role for a variety of different cellular functions. Besides balancing intracellular dNTP concentrations, facilitating DNA damage repair, and dampening excessive immune responses, SAMHD1 has been shown to act as a major restriction factor against various virus species. In addition to its well-described activity against retroviruses such as HIV-1, SAMHD1 has been identified to reduce the infectivity of different DNA viruses such as the herpesviruses CMV and EBV, the poxvirus VACV, or the hepadnavirus HBV. While some viruses are efficiently restricted by SAMHD1, others have developed evasion mechanisms that antagonize the antiviral activity of SAMHD1. Within this review, we summarize the different cellular functions of SAMHD1 and highlight the countermeasures viruses have evolved to neutralize the restriction factor SAMHD1.
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Wu Y, Niu Y, Wu Y, Chen X, Shen X, Gao W. SAMHD1 can suppress lung adenocarcinoma progression through the negative regulation of STING. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:189-201. [PMID: 33569199 PMCID: PMC7867844 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) has been specifically linked to lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms in regulating lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) are unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the specific regulation between SAMHD1 and LAC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 238 patients who underwent surgery for LAC between January 2018 and December 2019. The expression of SAMHD1 was detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in tumors and paired adjacent tissues. A lentivirus was used to overexpress SAMHD1 and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in A549 cells; and RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to verify their levels. Cell proliferation was evaluated via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Celigo imaging cytometry. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V staining. Overexpressed SAMHD1 suppressed LAC progression in a xenograft model. The DNA damage response inhibitor (DDRi) was used to assess the cell proliferation and apoptosis rate in SAMHD1-overexpressing A549 cells and the control group. A rescue experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential influence of SAMHD1 and STING. Results A low expression of SAMHD1 was associated with advanced disease. Overexpression of SAMHD1 decreased cell proliferation and invasion in A549 cells, and the apoptosis rate was significantly higher in the overexpressed SAMHD1 cells than those in the control group. The overexpression of SAMHD1 inhibited tumor progression in the xenograft model. The expression of STING was lower in SAMHD1-overexpressing A549 cells than those in the wild-type group. Furthermore, the inhibited cellular behaviors of LAC cells resulting from the stable SAMHD1 expression were partially reversed after STING overexpression. Treatment with DDRi could inhibit cancer cell progression. Conclusions Upregulation of SAMHD1 could suppress the progression of LAC in vivo and in vitro through the negative regulation of STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxu Niu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Hertzog J, Rehwinkel J. Regulation and inhibition of the DNA sensor cGAS. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51345. [PMID: 33155371 PMCID: PMC7726805 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous sensing of nucleic acids is essential for host defence against invading pathogens by inducing antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. cGAS has emerged in recent years as a non-redundant DNA sensor important for detection of many viruses and bacteria. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS synthesises the cyclic dinucleotide 2'3'-cGAMP that binds to the adaptor protein STING and thereby triggers IRF3- and NFκB-dependent transcription. In addition to infection, the pathophysiology of an ever-increasing number of sterile inflammatory conditions in humans involves the recognition of DNA through cGAS. Consequently, the cGAS/STING signalling axis has emerged as an attractive target for pharmacological modulation. However, the development of cGAS and STING inhibitors has just begun and a need for specific and effective compounds persists. In this review, we focus on cGAS and explore how its activation by immunostimulatory DNA is regulated by cellular mechanisms, viral immune modulators and small molecules. We further use our knowledge of cGAS modulation by cells and viruses to conceptualise potential new ways of pharmacological cGAS targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Hertzog
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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27
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Cui S, Yu Q, Chu L, Cui Y, Ding M, Wang Q, Wang H, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang C. Nuclear cGAS Functions Non-canonically to Enhance Antiviral Immunity via Recruiting Methyltransferase Prmt5. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Li M, Liu C, Xu X, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Li Y, Lv Y, Lu S, Hu C, Mao H. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) GPATCH3 initiates IFN 1 expression via the activation of STING-IRF7 signal axis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 112:103781. [PMID: 32645337 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
GPATCH3, a protein with G-patch domain, is known to participate in innate immune response and organ development in mammals. However, there are few reports on GPATCH3 in fish. Here the cDNA sequence of GPATCH3 was cloned from Ctenopharyngodon idella (CiGPATCH3, MN149902) and was determined its character. A cDNA sequence of CiGPATCH3 is 1646 bp and contains an ORF of 1221 bp translating a protein of 407 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis uncovered that CiGPATCH3 possesses a relatively high degree of homology with Cyprinus carpio GPATCH3. The mRNA level of CiGPATCH3 was increased following the intracellular stimulation of poly (I:C) into CIK cells. In vivo, over-expression of CiGPATCH3 can significantly up-regulate IFN 1 and ISG15 expression at mRNA and protein levels. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which GPATCH3 initiates the innate immune response in fish, co-IP experiments were performed to analyze the substrates of CiGPATCH3. The results showed that CiGPATCH3 directly interacted with CiSTING, but not with CiIRF3, CiIRF7, CiTBK1 or CiIPS-1. As compared with the single transfection of CO cells with either CiGPATCH3 or CiSTING, the expression of IFN 1 was more significantly up-regulated in cells under treatment with dual transfection of CiGPATCH3 and CiSTING. Knockdown of CiGPATCH3 inhibited STING-mediated IFN 1 expression in fish cells. Over-expression of CiGPATCH3 and CiSTING facilitated the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of CiIRF7. These results explicitly showed that CiGPATCH3 up-regulates IFN 1 and ISG15 expression via the activation of STING-IRF7 signal axis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Li
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Changxin Liu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeying Jiang
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shina Lu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Huiling Mao
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Constitutive immune mechanisms: mediators of host defence and immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:137-150. [PMID: 32782357 PMCID: PMC7418297 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system enables organisms to combat infections and to eliminate endogenous challenges. Immune responses can be evoked through diverse inducible pathways. However, various constitutive mechanisms are also required for immunocompetence. The inducible responses of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system and antigen-specific receptors of the adaptive immune system are highly effective, but they also have the potential to cause extensive immunopathology and tissue damage, as seen in many infectious and autoinflammatory diseases. By contrast, constitutive innate immune mechanisms, including restriction factors, basal autophagy and proteasomal degradation, tend to limit immune responses, with loss-of-function mutations in these pathways leading to inflammation. Although they function through a broad and heterogeneous set of mechanisms, the constitutive immune responses all function as early barriers to infection and aim to minimize any disruption of homeostasis. Supported by recent human and mouse data, in this Review we compare and contrast the inducible and constitutive mechanisms of immunosurveillance.
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Bartok E, Hartmann G. Immune Sensing Mechanisms that Discriminate Self from Altered Self and Foreign Nucleic Acids. Immunity 2020; 53:54-77. [PMID: 32668228 PMCID: PMC7359798 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity of the organism by detecting pathogens, dyshomeostasis and damage, and inducing appropriate responses to eliminate pathogens and reconstitute homeostasis. Effector mechanisms include i) immune signaling, ii) restriction of NA functions such as inhibition of mRNA translation, and iii) cell death pathways. An appropriate effector response is necessary for host defense, but dysregulated NA-sensing can lead to devastating autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Their inherent biochemical similarity renders the reliable distinction between self NA under homeostatic conditions and altered or exogenous NA particularly challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of the closely coordinated and regulated network of innate immune receptors, restriction factors, and nucleases to effectively respond to pathogens and maintain host integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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31
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Hai J, Zhang H, Zhou J, Wu Z, Chen T, Papadopoulos E, Dowling CM, Pyon V, Pan Y, Liu JB, Bronson RT, Silver H, Lizotte PH, Deng J, Campbell JD, Sholl LM, Ng C, Tsao MS, Thakurdin C, Bass AJ, Wong KK. Generation of Genetically Engineered Mouse Lung Organoid Models for Squamous Cell Lung Cancers Allows for the Study of Combinatorial Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3431-3442. [PMID: 32209571 PMCID: PMC7334092 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a deadly disease for which only a subset of patients responds to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Therefore, preclinical mouse models that recapitulate the complex genetic profile found in patients are urgently needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used CRISPR genome editing to delete multiple tumor suppressors in lung organoids derived from Cre-dependent SOX2 knock-in mice. We investigated both the therapeutic efficacy and immunologic effects accompanying combination PD-1 blockade and WEE1 inhibition in both mouse models and LSCC patient-derived cell lines. RESULTS We show that multiplex gene editing of mouse lung organoids using the CRISPR-Cas9 system allows for efficient and rapid means to generate LSCCs that closely mimic the human disease at the genomic and phenotypic level. Using this genetically defined mouse model and three-dimensional tumoroid culture system, we show that WEE1 inhibition induces DNA damage that primes the endogenous type I IFN and antigen presentation system in primary LSCC tumor cells. These events promote cytotoxic T-cell-mediated clearance of tumor cells and reduce the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils. Beneficial immunologic features of WEE1 inhibition are further enhanced by the addition of anti-PD-1 therapy. CONCLUSIONS We developed a mouse model system to investigate a novel combinatory approach that illuminates a clinical path hypothesis for combining ICB with DNA damage-inducing therapies in the treatment of LSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Editing
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organoids/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Eleni Papadopoulos
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Catríona M Dowling
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Val Pyon
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jie Bin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Heather Silver
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrick H Lizotte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra Thakurdin
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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32
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Simpson SR, Hemphill WO, Hudson T, Perrino FW. TREX1 - Apex predator of cytosolic DNA metabolism. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 94:102894. [PMID: 32615442 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic Three prime Repair EXonuclease 1 (TREX1) is a powerful DNA-degrading enzyme required for clearing cytosolic DNA to prevent aberrant inflammation and autoimmunity. In the absence of TREX1 activity, cytosolic DNA pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are constitutively activated by undegraded TREX1 substrates. This triggers a chronic inflammatory response in humans expressing mutant TREX1 alleles, eliciting a spectrum of rare autoimmune diseases dependent on the nature of the mutation. The precise origins of cytosolic DNA targeted by TREX1 continue to emerge, but DNA emerging from the nucleus or taken up by the cell could represent potential sources. In this Review, we explore the biochemical and immunological data supporting the role of TREX1 in suppressing cytosolic DNA sensing, and discuss the possibility that TREX1 may contribute to maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Wayne O Hemphill
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Teesha Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Fred W Perrino
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
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33
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The interactions between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:91. [PMID: 32532954 PMCID: PMC7293265 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is an indicator of pathogen invasion or DNA damage. The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects DNA and then mediates downstream immune responses through the molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also known as MITA, MPYS, ERIS and TMEM173). Recent studies focusing on the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in evolutionary distant species have partly sketched how the mammalian cGAS-STING pathways are shaped and have revealed its evolutionarily conserved mechanism in combating pathogens. Both this pathway and pathogens have developed sophisticated strategies to counteract each other for their survival. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the interactions between the cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens from both evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Deeper insight into these interactions might enable us to clarify the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases and better harness the cGAS-STING pathway for antimicrobial methods.
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34
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Li J, Gao C, Huang S, Jin L, Jin C. SAMHD1 expression is associated with low immune activation but not correlated with HIV‑1 DNA levels in CD4+ T cells of patients with HIV‑1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:879-885. [PMID: 32468062 PMCID: PMC7339818 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile α motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain‑containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) can inhibit reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus‑1 (HIV‑1) by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxy‑ribonucleoside triphosphate. However, its role in HIV‑1 disease progression has not been extensively studied. To study the impacts of SAMHD1 on HIV‑1 disease progression, especially on DNA levels, we investigated SAMHD1 levels in the peripheral blood of HIV‑1 elite controllers (ECs), antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive viremic progressors (VPs) and patients with HIV‑1 receiving ART (HIV‑ARTs) compared with healthy controls. In addition, the present study analyzed the relationship between SAMHD1 and interferon‑α, immune activation and HIV‑1 DNA levels. The results of the present study demonstrated elevated SAMHD1 expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all patients withHIV‑1, but higher SAMHD1 expression in the CD4+ T cells of only ECs compared with healthy controls. Immune activation was increased in the VPs and decreased in the ECs compared with healthy controls. Substantially lower HIV‑1 DNA levels were identified in ECs compared with those in VPs and HIV‑ARTs. SAMHD1 expression was associated with low levels of immune activation. No significant correlation was observed between SAMHD1 and HIV‑1 DNA levels. Overall, the findings of the present study indicated that SAMHD1 was highly expressed in ECs, which may be associated with low immune activation levels, but was not directly related to HIV‑1 DNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhua Gao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomaterials, Department of Materials, College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Longteng Jin
- Department of Childhood Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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35
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Davenne T, Klintman J, Sharma S, Rigby RE, Blest HTW, Cursi C, Bridgeman A, Dadonaite B, De Keersmaecker K, Hillmen P, Chabes A, Schuh A, Rehwinkel J. SAMHD1 Limits the Efficacy of Forodesine in Leukemia by Protecting Cells against the Cytotoxicity of dGTP. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107640. [PMID: 32402273 PMCID: PMC7225753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-leukemia agent forodesine causes cytotoxic overload of intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) but is efficacious only in a subset of patients. We report that SAMHD1, a phosphohydrolase degrading deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), protects cells against the effects of dNTP imbalances. SAMHD1-deficient cells induce intrinsic apoptosis upon provision of deoxyribonucleosides, particularly deoxyguanosine (dG). Moreover, dG and forodesine act synergistically to kill cells lacking SAMHD1. Using mass cytometry, we find that these compounds kill SAMHD1-deficient malignant cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Normal cells and CLL cells from patients without SAMHD1 mutation are unaffected. We therefore propose to use forodesine as a precision medicine for leukemia, stratifying patients by SAMHD1 genotype or expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Klintman
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Henry T W Blest
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hillmen
- St James' Institute of Oncology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Schuh
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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36
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Wan D, Jiang W, Hao J. Research Advances in How the cGAS-STING Pathway Controls the Cellular Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:615. [PMID: 32411126 PMCID: PMC7198750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) along with the downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acting as essential immune-surveillance mediators have become hot topics of research. The intrinsic function of the cGAS-STING pathway facilitates type-I interferon (IFN) inflammatory signaling responses and other cellular processes such as autophagy, cell survival, senescence. cGAS-STING pathway interplays with other innate immune pathways, by which it participates in regulating infection, inflammatory disease, and cancer. The therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway show promise for future translation into clinical applications. Here, we present a review of the important previous works and recent advances regarding the cGAS-STING pathway, and provide a comprehensive understanding of the modulatory pattern of the cGAS-STING pathway under multifarious pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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37
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Zhang Z, Zheng L, Yu Y, Wu J, Yang F, Xu Y, Guo Q, Wu X, Cao S, Cao L, Song X. Involvement of SAMHD1 in dNTP homeostasis and the maintenance of genomic integrity and oncotherapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:879-888. [PMID: 32319570 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain‑containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), the only deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, plays a crucial role in regulating the dynamic balance and ratio of cellular dNTP pools. Furthermore, SAMHD1 has been reported to be involved in the pathological process of several diseases. Homozygous SAMHD1 mutations have been identified in immune system disorders, such as autoimmune disease Aicardi‑Goutières syndrome (AGS), whose primary pathogenesis is associated with the abnormal accumulation and disproportion of dNTPs. SAMHD1 is also considered to be an intrinsic virus‑restriction factor by suppressing the viral infection process, including reverse transcription, replication, packaging and transmission. In addition, SAMHD1 has been shown to promote genome integrity during homologous recombination following DNA damage, thus being considered a promising candidate for oncotherapy applications. The present review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of SAMHD1 regarding the regulation of dNTP homeostasis and DNA damage response. Additionally, its potential effects on tumorigenesis and oncotherapy are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Jinying Wu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yingxi Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Sunrun Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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38
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Yin X, Langer S, Zhang Z, Herbert KM, Yoh S, König R, Chanda SK. Sensor Sensibility-HIV-1 and the Innate Immune Response. Cells 2020; 9:E254. [PMID: 31968566 PMCID: PMC7016969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the human immune system's first line of defense against a pathogenic intruder and is initiated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized cellular sensors, called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a unique human RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected individuals. During the replication cycle, HIV-1 undergoes reverse transcription of its RNA genome and integrates the resulting DNA into the human genome. Subsequently, transcription of the integrated provirus results in production of new virions and spreading infection of the virus. Throughout the viral replication cycle, numerous nucleic acid derived PAMPs can be recognized by a diverse set of innate immune sensors in infected cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved efficient strategies to evade or counteract this immune surveillance and the downstream responses. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the concerted actions of the innate immune system, as well as the corresponding viral evasion mechanisms during infection, is critical to understanding HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis, and may provide important guidance for the design of appropriate adjuvant and vaccine strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular basis for sensing HIV-1 in human cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which innate sensing is regulated, and describe the strategies developed by HIV-1 to evade sensing and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Simon Langer
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristina M. Herbert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sunnie Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Renate König
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
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Maelfait J, Liverpool L, Rehwinkel J. Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:552-568. [PMID: 31786265 PMCID: PMC7322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids derived from microorganisms are powerful triggers for innate immune responses. Proteins called RNA and DNA sensors detect foreign nucleic acids and, in mammalian cells, include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2. On binding to nucleic acids, these proteins initiate signaling cascades that activate host defense responses. An important aspect of this defense program is the production of cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. Studies conducted over recent years have revealed that nucleic acid sensors also activate programmed cell death pathways as an innate immune response to infection. Indeed, RNA and DNA sensors induce apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Cell death via these pathways prevents replication of pathogens by eliminating the infected cell and additionally contributes to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death triggered by nucleic acid sensors plays an important role in a number of noninfectious pathologies. In addition to nonself DNA and RNA from microorganisms, nucleic acid sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids, for example when cells are damaged by genotoxic agents and in certain autoinflammatory diseases. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the links between nucleic acid sensing and cell death and explores important open questions for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Layal Liverpool
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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40
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Tonduti D, Fazzi E, Badolato R, Orcesi S. Novel and emerging treatments for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:189-198. [PMID: 31855085 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1707663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is the prototype of the type I interferonopathies, a new heterogeneous group of autoinflammatory disorders in which type I interferon plays a pivotal role. The disease usually manifests itself during infancy, primarily affecting the brain and the skin, and is characterized by cerebrospinal fluid chronic lymphocytosis and raised levels of interferon-alpha and by cardinal neuroradiological features: cerebral calcification, leukoencephalopathy and cerebral atrophy. Recently many aspects of the pathogenesis of AGS have been clarified, making it possible to hypothesize new therapeutic strategies.Areas covered: We here review recent data concerning pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies in AGS, including the use of Janus kinase inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, anti-IFN-α antibodies, anti-interleukin antibodies, antimalarial drugs and other cGAS inhibitors.Expert opinion: Thanks to the identification of the molecular basis of AGS, many aspects of its pathogenesis have been clarified, making it possible to propose new therapeutic strategies for AGS and type I interferonopathies. A number of therapeutic options are now becoming possible, even though their efficacy is still to be proven. However, in spite of research advances coming from clinical trials and case series, there are still a number of open questions, which urgently need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tonduti
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Molecular Medicine Institute "Angelo Nocivelli" and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Child and Adolescent Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Ablasser A, Hur S. Regulation of cGAS- and RLR-mediated immunity to nucleic acids. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:17-29. [PMID: 31819255 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-derived nucleic acids are crucial signals for innate immunity. Despite the structural similarity between those and host nucleic acids, mammalian cells have been able to evolve powerful innate immune signaling pathways that originate from the detection of cytosolic nucleic acid species, one of the most prominent being the cGAS-STING pathway for DNA and the RLR-MAVS pathway for RNA, respectively. Recent advances have revealed a plethora of regulatory mechanisms that are crucial for balancing the activity of nucleic acid sensors for the maintenance of overall cellular homeostasis. Elucidation of the various mechanisms that enable cells to maintain control over the activity of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors has provided new insight into the pathology of human diseases and, at the same time, offers a rich and largely unexplored source for new therapeutic targets. This Review addresses the emerging literature on regulation of the sensing of cytosolic DNA and RNA via cGAS and RLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bergez M, Weber J, Riess M, Erdbeer A, Seifried J, Stanke N, Munz C, Hornung V, König R, Lindemann D. Insights into Innate Sensing of Prototype Foamy Viruses in Myeloid Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121095. [PMID: 31779173 PMCID: PMC6950106 DOI: 10.3390/v11121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) belong to the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily of retroviruses and are characterized by unique features in their replication strategy. This includes a reverse transcription (RTr) step of the packaged RNA genome late in replication, resulting in the release of particles with a fraction of them already containing an infectious viral DNA (vDNA) genome. Little is known about the immune responses against FVs in their hosts, which control infection and may be responsible for their apparent apathogenic nature. We studied the interaction of FVs with the innate immune system in myeloid cells, and characterized the viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the cellular pattern recognition receptors and sensing pathways involved. Upon cytoplasmic access, full-length but not minimal vector genome containing FVs with active reverse transcriptase, induced an efficient innate immune response in various myeloid cells. It was dependent on cellular cGAS and STING and largely unaffected by RTr inhibition during viral entry. This suggests that RTr products, which are generated during FV morphogenesis in infected cells, and are therefore already present in FV particles taken up by immune cells, are the main PAMPs of FVs with full-length genomes sensed in a cGAS and STING-dependent manner by the innate immune system in host cells of the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïwenn Bergez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (M.B.); (M.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakob Weber
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.W.); (A.E.); (N.S.); (C.M.)
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Riess
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (M.B.); (M.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Alexander Erdbeer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.W.); (A.E.); (N.S.); (C.M.)
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Janna Seifried
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (M.B.); (M.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Nicole Stanke
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.W.); (A.E.); (N.S.); (C.M.)
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Clara Munz
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.W.); (A.E.); (N.S.); (C.M.)
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany;
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (M.B.); (M.R.); (J.S.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225 Langen, Germany
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (D.L.); Tel.: +49-6103-77-4019 (R.K.); +49-351-458-6210 (D.L.)
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.W.); (A.E.); (N.S.); (C.M.)
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (D.L.); Tel.: +49-6103-77-4019 (R.K.); +49-351-458-6210 (D.L.)
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The triggers of the cGAS-STING pathway and the connection with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104094. [PMID: 31689545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor that can bind to dsDNA. It maintains an autoinhibited state in the absence of cytosolic dsDNA, while when activated, it in turn activates its adaptor protein STING, ultimately triggering a cascade that produces inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). With further research, additional types of nucleic acids have been found to be activators of the cGAS-STING pathway. The cGAS-STING pathway can provide protection or resistance against infections; however, improper or overactivation might cause severe inflammatory pathologies, including autoimmunity. This article systematically reviews the latest research progress on the axis, including categorical pathway triggers, the connection with autoimmune disease and drug therapy progress.
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DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:95-112. [PMID: 31558839 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system has the capacity to detect 'non-self' molecules derived from pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, via pattern recognition receptors. In addition, an increasing number of endogenous host-derived molecules, termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), have been found to be sensed by various innate immune receptors. The recognition of DAMPs, which are produced or released by damaged and dying cells, promotes sterile inflammation, which is important for tissue repair and regeneration, but can also lead to the development of numerous inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here we examine recent discoveries concerning the roles of DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and in diseases resulting from dysregulated sterile inflammation, and then discuss insights into the cross-regulation of these receptors and their ligands.
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Morris ER, Taylor IA. The missing link: allostery and catalysis in the anti-viral protein SAMHD1. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1013-1027. [PMID: 31296733 PMCID: PMC7045340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate protein SAMHD1 (sterile-α-motif and HD domain containing protein 1) regulates the cellular dNTP (2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphate) pool by catalysing the hydrolysis of dNTP into 2'-deoxynucleoside and triphosphate products. As an important regulator of cell proliferation and a key player in dNTP homeostasis, mutations to SAMHD1 are implicated in hypermutated cancers, and germline mutations are associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and the inflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome. By limiting the supply of dNTPs for viral DNA synthesis, SAMHD1 also restricts the replication of several retroviruses, such as HIV-1, and some DNA viruses in dendritic and myeloid lineage cells and resting T-cells. SAMHD1 activity is regulated throughout the cell cycle, both at the level of protein expression and post-translationally, through phosphorylation. In addition, allosteric regulation further fine-tunes the catalytic activity of SAMHD1, with a nucleotide-activated homotetramer as the catalytically active form of the protein. In cells, GTP and dATP are the likely physiological activators of two adjacent allosteric sites, AL1 (GTP) and AL2 (dATP), that bridge monomer-monomer interfaces to stabilise the protein homotetramer. This review summarises the extensive X-ray crystallographic, biophysical and molecular dynamics experiments that have elucidated important features of allosteric regulation in SAMHD1. We present a comprehensive mechanism detailing the structural and protein dynamics components of the allosteric coupling between nucleotide-induced tetramerization and the catalysis of dNTP hydrolysis by SAMHD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Morris
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
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46
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Chyuan IT, Tzeng HT, Chen JY. Signaling Pathways of Type I and Type III Interferons and Targeted Therapies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090963. [PMID: 31450787 PMCID: PMC6769759 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) share several properties in common, including the induction of signaling pathways, the activation of gene transcripts, and immune responses, against viral infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of innate and adaptive immunity have led to the re-examination of the role of these IFNs in autoimmune diseases. To date, a variety of IFN-regulated genes, termed IFN signature genes, have been identified. The expressions of these genes significantly increase in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), highlighting the role of type I and type III IFNs in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this review, we first discussed the signaling pathways and the immunoregulatory roles of type I and type III IFNs. Next, we discussed the roles of these IFNs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including SLE. In SLE, IFN-stimulated genes induced by IFN signaling contribute to a positive feedback loop of autoimmunity, resulting in perpetual autoimmune inflammation. Based on this, we discussed the use of several specific IFN blocking strategies using anti-IFN-α antibodies, anti-IFN-α receptor antibodies, and IFN-α-kinoid or downstream small molecules, which intervene in Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, in clinical trials for SLE patients. Hopefully, the development of novel regimens targeting IFN signaling pathways will shed light on promising future therapeutic applications for SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Tai Tzeng
- Institute for translational research in biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan.
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47
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Ablasser A, Chen ZJ. cGAS in action: Expanding roles in immunity and inflammation. Science 2019; 363:363/6431/eaat8657. [PMID: 30846571 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA is highly immunogenic. It represents a key pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) during infection. Host DNA can, however, also act as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and elicit strong inflammatory responses. The cGAS-STING pathway has emerged as a major pathway that detects intracellular DNA. Here, we highlight recent advances on how cGAS and STING mediate inflammatory responses and how these are regulated, allowing cells to readily respond to infections and noxious agents while avoiding the inappropriate sensing of self-DNA. A particular focus is placed on the role of cGAS in the context of sterile inflammatory conditions. Manipulating cGAS or STING may open the door for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation relevant to many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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A Novel Phenotype Links HIV-1 Capsid Stability to cGAS-Mediated DNA Sensing. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00706-19. [PMID: 31167922 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00706-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid executes essential functions that are regulated by capsid stability and host factors. In contrast to increasing knowledge on functional roles of capsid-interacting host proteins during postentry steps, less is known about capsid stability and its impact on intracellular events. Here, using the antiviral compound PF-3450074 (PF74) as a probe for capsid function, we uncovered a novel phenotype of capsid stability that has a profound effect on innate sensing of viral DNA by the DNA sensor cGAS. A single mutation, R143A, in the capsid protein conferred resistance to high concentrations of PF74, without affecting capsid binding to PF74. A cell-free assay showed that the R143A mutant partially counteracted the capsid-destabilizing activity of PF74, pointing to capsid stabilization as a resistance mechanism for the R143A mutant. In monocytic THP-1 cells, the R143A virus, but not the wild-type virus, suppressed cGAS-dependent innate immune activation. These results suggest that capsid stabilization improves the shielding of viral DNA from innate sensing. We found that a naturally occurring transmitted founder (T/F) variant shares the same properties as the R143A mutant with respect to PF74 resistance and DNA sensing. Imaging assays revealed delayed uncoating kinetics of this T/F variant and the R143A mutant. All these phenotypes of this T/F variant were controlled by a genetic polymorphism located at the trimeric interface between capsid hexamers, thus linking these capsid-dependent properties. Overall, this work functionally connects capsid stability to innate sensing of viral DNA and reveals naturally occurring phenotypic variation in HIV-1 capsid stability.IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 capsid, which is made from individual viral capsid proteins (CA), is a target for a number of antiviral compounds, including the small-molecule inhibitor PF74. In the present study, we utilized PF74 to identify a transmitted/founder (T/F) strain that shows increased capsid stability. Interestingly, PF74-resistant variants prevented cGAS-dependent innate immune activation under a condition where the other T/F strains induced type I interferon. These observations thus reveal a new CA-specific phenotype that couples capsid stability to viral DNA recognition by cytosolic DNA sensors.
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that genomic instability in tumor cells leads to activation of inflammatory signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. In this review, we describe multiple ways by which genomic instability leads to cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory signaling, as well as the consequences for tumor development and the tumor microenvironment. Also, we elaborate on how tumor cells have apparently evolved to escape the immune surveillance mechanisms that are triggered by cGAS/STING signaling. Finally, we describe how cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory signaling can be therapeutically targeted to improve therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francien Talens
- a Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M Van Vugt
- a Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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50
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Lee JH, Chiang C, Gack MU. Endogenous Nucleic Acid Recognition by RIG-I-Like Receptors and cGAS. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:450-458. [PMID: 31066607 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune defense of mammalian hosts relies on its capacity to detect invading pathogens and then directly eliminate them or help guide adaptive immune responses. Recognition of microbial DNA and RNA by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is central to the detection of pathogens by initiating cytokine-mediated innate immunity. In contrast, disturbance of this pathogen surveillance system can result in aberrant innate immune activation, leading to proinflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Among the many important PRRs are proteins of the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which detect viral RNA and DNA, respectively, within the host cell. Intriguingly, recent evidence has shown that "unmasked," misprocessed, or mislocalized host-derived RNA or DNA molecules can also be recognized by RLRs or cGAS, thereby triggering antiviral host defenses or causing inflammation. Here, we review recent advances of endogenous nucleic acid recognition by RLRs and cGAS during viral infection and systemic proinflammatory/autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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