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Ramirez M, Bastien E, Chae H, Gianello P, Gilon P, Bouzin C. 3D evaluation of the extracellular matrix of hypoxic pancreatic islets using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Islets 2024; 16:2298518. [PMID: 38267218 PMCID: PMC10810165 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2023.2298518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes, but the survival and function of transplanted islets are hindered by the loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) during islet isolation and by low oxygenation upon implantation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of hypoxia on ECM using a cutting-edge imaging approach based on tissue clearing and 3D microscopy. Human and rat islets were cultured under normoxic (O2 21%) or hypoxic (O2 1%) conditions. Immunofluorescence staining targeting insulin, glucagon, CA9 (a hypoxia marker), ECM proteins (collagen 4, fibronectin, laminin), and E-cadherin (intercellular adhesion protein) was performed on fixed whole islets. The cleared islets were imaged using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) and digitally analyzed. The volumetric analysis of target proteins did not show significant differences in abundance between the experimental groups. However, 3D projections revealed distinct morphological features that differentiated normoxic and hypoxic islets. Under normoxic conditions, ECM could be found throughout the islets. Hypoxic islets exhibited areas of scattered nuclei and central clusters of ECM proteins, indicating central necrosis. E-cadherin was absent in these areas. Our results, demonstrating a diminution of islets' functional mass in hypoxia, align with the functional decline observed in transplanted islets experiencing low oxygenation after grafting. This study provides a methodology combining tissue clearing, multiplex immunofluorescence, Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy, and digital image analysis to investigate pancreatic islet morphology. This 3D approach allowed us to highlight ECM organizational changes during hypoxia from a morphological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Ramirez
- Pole of Experimental Surgery and Transplantation, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Bastien
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heeyoung Chae
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Transplantation, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Gilon
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Jevon D, Cottle L, Hallahan N, Harwood R, Samra JS, Gill AJ, Loudovaris T, Thomas HE, Thorn P. Capillary contact points determine beta cell polarity, control secretion and are disrupted in the db/db mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06180-x. [PMID: 38814445 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Almost all beta cells contact one capillary and insulin granule fusion is targeted to this region. However, there are reports of beta cells contacting more than one capillary. We therefore set out to determine the proportion of beta cells with multiple contacts and the impact of this on cell structure and function. METHODS We used pancreatic slices in mice and humans to better maintain cell and islet structure than in isolated islets. Cell structure was assayed using immunofluorescence and 3D confocal microscopy. Live-cell two-photon microscopy was used to map granule fusion events in response to glucose stimulation. RESULTS We found that 36% and 22% of beta cells in islets from mice and humans, respectively, have separate contact with two capillaries. These contacts establish a distinct form of cell polarity with multiple basal regions. Both capillary contact points are enriched in presynaptic scaffold proteins, and both are a target for insulin granule fusion. Cells with two capillary contact points have a greater capillary contact area and secrete more, with analysis showing that, independent of the number of contact points, increased contact area is correlated with increased granule fusion. Using db/db mice as a model for type 2 diabetes, we observed changes in islet capillary organisation that significantly reduced total islet capillary surface area, and reduced area of capillary contact in single beta cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Beta cells that contact two capillaries are a significant subpopulation of beta cells within the islet. They have a distinct form of cell polarity and both contact points are specialised for secretion. The larger capillary contact area of cells with two contact points is correlated with increased secretion. In the db/db mouse, changes in capillary structure impact beta cell capillary contact, implying that this is a new factor contributing to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Jevon
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Cottle
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Hallahan
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Harwood
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S Samra
- The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Helen E Thomas
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Idevall-Hagren O, Incedal Nilsson C, Sanchez G. Keeping pace: the primary cilium as the conducting baton of the islet. Diabetologia 2024; 67:773-782. [PMID: 38353726 PMCID: PMC10955035 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are rod-like sensory organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells, including the cells of the islet, and mounting evidence supports important roles of these structures in the regulation of beta cell function and insulin secretion. The sensory abilities of the cilium arise from local receptor activation that is coupled to intrinsic signal transduction, and ciliary signals can propagate into the cell and influence cell function. Here, we review recent advances and studies that provide insights into intra-islet cues that trigger primary cilia signalling; how second messenger signals are generated and propagated within cilia; and how ciliary signalling affects beta cell function. We also discuss the potential involvement of primary cilia and ciliary signalling in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, identify gaps in our current understanding of islet cell cilia function and provide suggestions on how to further our understanding of this intriguing structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Sanchez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Bender RHF, O’Donnell BT, Shergill B, Pham BQ, Tahmouresie S, Sanchez CN, Juat DJ, Hatch MMS, Shirure VS, Wortham M, Nguyen-Ngoc KV, Jun Y, Gaetani R, Christman KL, Teyton L, George SC, Sander M, Hughes CCW. A vascularized 3D model of the human pancreatic islet for ex vivostudy of immune cell-islet interaction. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025001. [PMID: 38128127 PMCID: PMC10782895 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad17d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is an essential regulator of blood glucose homeostasis that is produced exclusively byβcells within the pancreatic islets of healthy individuals. In those affected by diabetes, immune inflammation, damage, and destruction of isletβcells leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Current efforts to understand the mechanisms underlyingβcell damage in diabetes rely onin vitro-cultured cadaveric islets. However, isolation of these islets involves removal of crucial matrix and vasculature that supports islets in the intact pancreas. Unsurprisingly, these islets demonstrate reduced functionality over time in standard culture conditions, thereby limiting their value for understanding native islet biology. Leveraging a novel, vascularized micro-organ (VMO) approach, we have recapitulated elements of the native pancreas by incorporating isolated human islets within a three-dimensional matrix nourished by living, perfusable blood vessels. Importantly, these islets show long-term viability and maintain robust glucose-stimulated insulin responses. Furthermore, vessel-mediated delivery of immune cells to these tissues provides a model to assess islet-immune cell interactions and subsequent islet killing-key steps in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Together, these results establish the islet-VMO as a novel,ex vivoplatform for studying human islet biology in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Benjamen T O’Donnell
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Bhupinder Shergill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Brittany Q Pham
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Sima Tahmouresie
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Celeste N Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Damie J Juat
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Michaela M S Hatch
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Venktesh S Shirure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kim-Vy Nguyen-Ngoc
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Yesl Jun
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen L Christman
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Maike Sander
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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5
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Ho KH, Gu G, Kaverina I. Preparation of Whole-mount Mouse Islets on Vascular Extracellular Matrix for Live Islet Cell Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4868. [PMID: 37969764 PMCID: PMC10632159 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet β cells preferentially secrete insulin toward the plasma membrane, making contact with the capillary extracellular matrix (ECM). Isolated islets separated from the exocrine acinar cells are the best system for cell biology studies of primary β cells, whereas isolated islets lose their capillary network during ex vivo culture. Providing the appropriate extracellular signaling by attaching islets to vascular ECM-coated surfaces can restore the polarized insulin secretion toward the ECM. The guided secretion toward ECM-coated glass coverslips provides a good model for recording insulin secretion in real time to study its regulation. Additionally, β cells attached to the ECM-coated coverslips are suitable for confocal live imaging of subcellular components including adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton, and ion channels. This procedure is also compatible for total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, which provides optimal signal-to-noise ratio and high spatial precision of structures close to the plasma membrane. In this article, we describe the optimized protocol for vascular ECM-coating of glass coverslips and the process of attachment of isolated mouse islets on the coverslip. This preparation is compatible with any high-resolution microscopy of live primary β cells. Key features • Optimized coating procedure to attach isolated islets, compatible for both confocal and TIRF microscopy. • The ECM-coated glass coverslip functions as the artificial capillary surface to guide secretion toward the coated surface for optimal imaging of secretion events. • Shows the process of islets attachment to the ECM-coated surface in a 6-day ex vivo culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Sionov RV, Ahdut-HaCohen R. A Supportive Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Insulin-Producing Langerhans Islets with a Specific Emphasis on The Secretome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37761001 PMCID: PMC10527322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a gradual destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the endocrine pancreas due to innate and specific immune responses, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. T1D patients usually require regular insulin injections after meals to maintain normal serum glucose levels. In severe cases, pancreas or Langerhans islet transplantation can assist in reaching a sufficient β-mass to normalize glucose homeostasis. The latter procedure is limited because of low donor availability, high islet loss, and immune rejection. There is still a need to develop new technologies to improve islet survival and implantation and to keep the islets functional. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells with high plasticity that can support human pancreatic islet function both in vitro and in vivo and islet co-transplantation with MSCs is more effective than islet transplantation alone in attenuating diabetes progression. The beneficial effect of MSCs on islet function is due to a combined effect on angiogenesis, suppression of immune responses, and secretion of growth factors essential for islet survival and function. In this review, various aspects of MSCs related to islet function and diabetes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ronit Ahdut-HaCohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
- Department of Science, The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
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7
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Tixi W, Maldonado M, Chang YT, Chiu A, Yeung W, Parveen N, Nelson MS, Hart R, Wang S, Hsu WJ, Fueger P, Kopp JL, Huising MO, Dhawan S, Shih HP. Coordination between ECM and cell-cell adhesion regulates the development of islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation. eLife 2023; 12:e90006. [PMID: 37610090 PMCID: PMC10482429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are three-dimensional cell aggregates consisting of unique cellular composition, cell-to-cell contacts, and interactions with blood vessels. Cell aggregation is essential for islet endocrine function; however, it remains unclear how developing islets establish aggregation. By combining genetic animal models, imaging tools, and gene expression profiling, we demonstrate that islet aggregation is regulated by extracellular matrix signaling and cell-cell adhesion. Islet endocrine cell-specific inactivation of extracellular matrix receptor integrin β1 disrupted blood vessel interactions but promoted cell-cell adhesion and the formation of larger islets. In contrast, ablation of cell-cell adhesion molecule α-catenin promoted blood vessel interactions yet compromised islet clustering. Simultaneous removal of integrin β1 and α-catenin disrupts islet aggregation and the endocrine cell maturation process, demonstrating that establishment of islet aggregates is essential for functional maturation. Our study provides new insights into understanding the fundamental self-organizing mechanism for islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Tixi
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Maricela Maldonado
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, California State University, Long BeachLong BeachUnited States
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Amy Chiu
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Wilson Yeung
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Michael S Nelson
- Light Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Ryan Hart
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Shihao Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Wu Jih Hsu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Patrick Fueger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Hung Ping Shih
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
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8
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Fye MA, Kaverina I. Insulin secretion hot spots in pancreatic β cells as secreting adhesions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1211482. [PMID: 37305687 PMCID: PMC10250740 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1211482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell secretion of insulin is crucial to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and prevention of diseases related to glucose regulation, including diabetes. Pancreatic β cells accomplish efficient insulin secretion by clustering secretion events at the cell membrane facing the vasculature. Regions at the cell periphery characterized by clustered secretion are currently termed insulin secretion hot spots. Several proteins, many associated with the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons, are known to localize to and serve specific functions at hot spots. Among these proteins are the scaffolding protein ELKS, the membrane-associated proteins LL5β and liprins, the focal adhesion-associated protein KANK1, and other factors typically associated with the presynaptic active zone in neurons. These hot spot proteins have been shown to contribute to insulin secretion, but many questions remain regarding their organization and dynamics at hot spots. Current studies suggest microtubule- and F-actin are involved in regulation of hot spot proteins and their function in secretion. The hot spot protein association with the cytoskeleton networks also suggests a potential role for mechanical regulation of these proteins and hot spots in general. This perspective summarizes the existing knowledge of known hot spot proteins, their cytoskeletal-mediated regulation, and discuss questions remaining regarding mechanical regulation of pancreatic beta cell hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Kaverina Lab, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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9
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Amin ML, Deng K, Tran HA, Singh R, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Thorn P. Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion from β Cell Spheroids Is Enhanced by Embedding into Softer Alginate Hydrogels Functionalised with RGD Peptide. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120722. [PMID: 36550929 PMCID: PMC9774350 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from the loss of pancreatic β cells, reduced insulin secretion and dysregulated blood glucose levels. Replacement of these lost β cells with stem cell-derived β cells, and protecting these cells within macro-device implants is a promising approach to restore glucose homeostasis. However, to achieve this goal of restoration of glucose balance requires work to optimise β cell function within implants. We know that native β cell function is enhanced by cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions within the islets of Langerhans. Reproducing these interactions in 2D, such as culture on matrix proteins, does enhance insulin secretion. However, the impact of matrix proteins on the 3D organoids that would be in implants has not been widely studied. Here, we use native β cells that are dispersed from islets and reaggregated into small spheroids. We show these β cell spheroids have enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion when embedded into softer alginate hydrogels conjugated with RGD peptide (a common motif in extracellular matrix proteins). Embedding into alginate-RGD causes activation of integrin responses and repositioning of liprin, a protein that controls insulin secretion. We conclude that insulin secretion from β cell spheroids can be enhanced through manipulation of the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Lutful Amin
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kylie Deng
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hien A. Tran
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Barillaro M, Schuurman M, Wang R. β1-Integrin-A Key Player in Controlling Pancreatic Beta-Cell Insulin Secretion via Interplay With SNARE Proteins. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6772824. [PMID: 36282882 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Shortcomings in cell-based therapies for patients with diabetes have been revealed to be, in part, a result of an improper extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. In vivo, pancreatic islets are emersed in a diverse ECM that provides physical support and is crucial for healthy function. β1-Integrin receptors have been determined to be responsible for modulation of beneficial interactions with ECM proteins influencing beta-cell development, proliferation, maturation, and function. β1-Integrin signaling has been demonstrated to augment insulin secretion by impacting the actin cytoskeleton via activation of focal adhesion kinase and downstream signaling pathways. In other secretory cells, evidence of a bidirectional relationship between integrins and exocytotic machinery has been demonstrated, and, thus, this relationship could be present in pancreatic beta cells. In this review, we will discuss the role of ECM-β1-integrin interplay with exocytotic proteins in controlling pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion through their dynamic and unique signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina Barillaro
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Meg Schuurman
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
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11
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Desmoglein-2 is important for islet function and β-cell survival. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:911. [PMID: 36309486 PMCID: PMC9617887 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a complex disease characterized by the lack of endogenous insulin secreted from the pancreatic β-cells. Although β-cell targeted autoimmune processes and β-cell dysfunction are known to occur in type 1 diabetes, a complete understanding of the cell-to-cell interactions that support pancreatic function is still lacking. To characterize the pancreatic endocrine compartment, we studied pancreata from healthy adult donors and investigated a single cell surface adhesion molecule, desmoglein-2 (DSG2). Genetically-modified mice lacking Dsg2 were examined for islet cell mass, insulin production, responses to glucose, susceptibility to a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of hyperglycaemia, and ability to cure diabetes in a syngeneic transplantation model. Herein, we have identified DSG2 as a previously unrecognized adhesion molecule that supports β-cells. Furthermore, we reveal that DSG2 is within the top 10 percent of all genes expressed by human pancreatic islets and is expressed by the insulin-producing β-cells but not the somatostatin-producing δ-cells. In a Dsg2 loss-of-function mice (Dsg2lo/lo), we observed a significant reduction in the number of pancreatic islets and islet size, and consequently, there was less total insulin content per islet cluster. Dsg2lo/lo mice also exhibited a reduction in blood vessel barrier integrity, an increased incidence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and islets isolated from Dsg2lo/lo mice were more susceptible to cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis. Following transplantation into diabetic mice, islets isolated from Dsg2lo/lo mice were less effective than their wildtype counterparts at curing diabetes. In vitro assays using the Beta-TC-6 murine β-cell line suggest that DSG2 supports the actin cytoskeleton as well as the release of cytokines and chemokines. Taken together, our study suggests that DSG2 is an under-appreciated regulator of β-cell function in pancreatic islets and that a better understanding of this adhesion molecule may provide new opportunities to combat type 1 diabetes.
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12
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Yang L, Fye MA, Yang B, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Haigh S, Covington BA, Bracey K, Taraska JW, Kaverina I, Qu S, Chen W. Genome-wide CRISPR screen identified a role for commander complex mediated ITGB1 recycling in basal insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101541. [PMID: 35835371 PMCID: PMC9304790 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin postprandially and during fasting to maintain glucose homeostasis. Although glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) has been extensively studied, much less is known about basal insulin secretion. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen to identify novel regulators of insulin secretion. METHODS To identify genes that cell autonomously regulate insulin secretion, we engineered a Cas9-expressing MIN6 subclone that permits irreversible fluorescence labeling of exocytic insulin granules. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay of exocytosis in low glucose and high glucose conditions in individual cells, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen. RESULTS We identified several members of the COMMD family, a conserved family of proteins with central roles in intracellular membrane trafficking, as positive regulators of basal insulin secretion, but not GSIS. Mechanistically, we show that the Commander complex promotes insulin granules docking in basal state. This is mediated, at least in part, by its function in ITGB1 recycling. Defective ITGB1 recycling reduces its membrane distribution, the number of focal adhesions and cortical ELKS-containing complexes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a previously unknown function of the Commander complex in basal insulin secretion. We showed that by ITGB1 recycling, Commander complex increases cortical adhesions, which enhances the assembly of the ELKS-containing complexes. The resulting increase in the number of insulin granules near the plasma membrane strengthens basal insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Margret A Fye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bingyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zihan Tang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sander Haigh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brittney A Covington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kai Bracey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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13
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Dissanayake WC, Shepherd PR. β-cells retain a pool of insulin-containing secretory vesicles regulated by adherens junctions and the cadherin binding protein p120 catenin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102240. [PMID: 35809641 PMCID: PMC9358467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-cells of the islets of Langerhans are the sole producers of insulin in the human body. In response to rising glucose levels, insulin-containing vesicles inside β-cells fuse with the plasma membrane and release their cargo. However, the mechanisms regulating this process are only partly understood. Previous evidence indicated reductions in α-catenin elevate insulin release, while reductions in β-catenin decrease insulin release. α- and β-catenin contribute to cellular regulation in a range of ways but one is as members of the adherens junction complex and these contribute to the development of cell polarity in b-cells. Therefore, we investigated the effects of adherens junctions on insulin release. We show in INS-1E β-cells knockdown of either E- or N-cadherin had only small effects on insulin secretion, but simultaneous knockout of both cadherins resulted in a significant increase in basal insulin release to the same level as glucose-stimulated release. This double knockdown also significantly attenuated levels of p120 catenin, a cadherin binding partner involved in regulating cadherin turnover. Conversely, reducing p120 catenin levels with siRNA destabilized both E- and N-cadherin, and this was also associated with an increase in levels of insulin secreted from INS-1E cells. Furthermore, there were also changes in these cells consistent with higher insulin release, namely reductions in levels of F-actin and increased intracellular free Ca2+ levels in response to KCl-induced membrane depolarization. Taken together, these data provide evidence that adherens junctions play important roles in retaining a pool of insulin secretory vesicles within the cell and establish a role for p120 catenin in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waruni C Dissanayake
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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14
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Karimova MV, Gvazava IG, Vorotelyak EA. Overcoming the Limitations of Stem Cell-Derived Beta Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060810. [PMID: 35740935 PMCID: PMC9221417 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great advances in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment have been made to this day. However, modern diabetes therapy based on insulin injections and cadaveric islets transplantation has many disadvantages. That is why researchers are developing new methods to regenerate the pancreatic hormone-producing cells in vitro. The most promising approach is the generation of stem cell-derived beta cells that could provide an unlimited source of insulin-secreting cells. Recent studies provide methods to produce beta-like cell clusters that display glucose-stimulated insulin secretion—one of the key characteristics of the beta cell. However, in comparison with native beta cells, stem cell-derived beta cells do not undergo full functional maturation. In this paper we review the development and current state of various protocols, consider advantages, and propose ways to improve them. We examine molecular pathways, epigenetic modifications, intracellular components, and the microenvironment as a possible leverage to promote beta cell functional maturation. A possibility to create islet organoids from stem cell-derived components, as well as their encapsulation and further transplantation, is also examined. We try to combine modern research on beta cells and their crosstalk to create a holistic overview of developing insulin-secreting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana V. Karimova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Inessa G. Gvazava
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (I.G.G.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Jevon D, Deng K, Hallahan N, Kumar K, Tong J, Gan WJ, Tran C, Bilek MM, Thorn P. Local activation of focal adhesion kinase orchestrates the positioning of presynaptic scaffold proteins and Ca 2+ signalling to control glucose dependent insulin secretion. eLife 2022; 11:76262. [PMID: 35559734 PMCID: PMC9126582 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A developing understanding suggests that spatial compartmentalisation in pancreatic β cells is critical in controlling insulin secretion. To investigate the mechanisms, we have developed live-cell sub-cellular imaging methods using the mouse organotypic pancreatic slice. We demonstrate that the organotypic pancreatic slice, when compared with isolated islets, preserves intact β cell structure, and enhances glucose dependent Ca2+ responses and insulin secretion. Using the slice technique, we have discovered the essential role of local activation of integrins and the downstream component, focal adhesion kinase, in regulating β cells. Integrins and focal adhesion kinase are exclusively activated at the β cell capillary interface and using in situ and in vitro models we show their activation both positions presynaptic scaffold proteins, like ELKS and liprin, and regulates glucose dependent Ca2+ responses and insulin secretion. We conclude that focal adhesion kinase orchestrates the final steps of glucose dependent insulin secretion within the restricted domain where β cells contact the islet capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Jevon
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kylie Deng
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole Hallahan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krish Kumar
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Tong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wan Jun Gan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Tran
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Peter Thorn
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Patel SN, Mathews CE, Chandler R, Stabler CL. The Foundation for Engineering a Pancreatic Islet Niche. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881525. [PMID: 35600597 PMCID: PMC9114707 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in diabetes research is hindered, in part, by deficiencies in current experimental systems to accurately model human pathophysiology and/or predict clinical outcomes. Engineering human-centric platforms that more closely mimic in vivo physiology, however, requires thoughtful and informed design. Summarizing our contemporary understanding of the unique and critical features of the pancreatic islet can inform engineering design criteria. Furthermore, a broad understanding of conventional experimental practices and their current advantages and limitations ensures that new models address key gaps. Improving beyond traditional cell culture, emerging platforms are combining diabetes-relevant cells within three-dimensional niches containing dynamic matrices and controlled fluidic flow. While highly promising, islet-on-a-chip prototypes must evolve their utility, adaptability, and adoptability to ensure broad and reproducible use. Here we propose a roadmap for engineers to craft biorelevant and accessible diabetes models. Concurrently, we seek to inspire biologists to leverage such tools to ask complex and nuanced questions. The progenies of such diabetes models should ultimately enable investigators to translate ambitious research expeditions from benchtop to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit N. Patel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rachel Chandler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Cherie L. Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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17
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Deng K, Thorn P. Presynaptic-like mechanisms and the control of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Ahuja N, Cleaver O. The cell cortex as mediator of pancreatic epithelial development and endocrine differentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 72:118-127. [PMID: 34929610 PMCID: PMC8915777 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis is the complex process of cells coordinating their own proliferation with changes to their shape, cell migration and cell-cell signaling, so that they transform into a three dimensional functional tissue, with its own custom range of differentiated cell types. Understanding when and where critical signals emanate from, and how those signals are transduced and interpreted, is the fundamental challenge of developmental biology. Here, we review recent findings regarding how progenitor cells interpret cues during pancreatic morphogenesis and how they coordinate cell fate determination. Recent evidence suggests that molecules located in the cell cortex play a crticial role in determining cellular behavior during pancreatic morphogenesis. Specifically, we find that control of cell adhesion, polarity, and constriction are all integral to both initiation of epithelial development and to later cell differentiation. Here, we review key molecules that coordinate these processes and suggest that the cell cortex acts as a signaling center that relays cues during pancreas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ahuja
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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19
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Budnik B, Straubhaar J, Neveu J, Shvartsman D. In‐depth analysis of proteomic and genomic fluctuations during the time course of human embryonic stem cells directed differentiation into beta cells. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2100265. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory (MSPRL) FAS Division of Science Harvard University 52 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Juerg Straubhaar
- Informatics and Scientific Applications Group FAS Center for Systems Biology Harvard University 38 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - John Neveu
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory (MSPRL) FAS Division of Science Harvard University 52 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Dmitry Shvartsman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Harvard Stem Cell Institute Harvard University 7 Divinity Avenue Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Present address: Cellaria Inc. 9 Audubon Road Wakefield MA 01880 USA
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20
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Quizon MJ, García AJ. Engineering β Cell Replacement Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes: Biomaterial Advances and Considerations for Macroscale Constructs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:485-513. [PMID: 34813353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-094846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in treatments for type 1 diabetes (T1D) based on exogenous insulin, transplantation of insulin-producing cells (islets or stem cell-derived β cells) remains a promising curative strategy. The current paradigm for T1D cell therapy is clinical islet transplantation (CIT)-the infusion of islets into the liver-although this therapeutic modality comes with its own limitations that deteriorate islet health. Biomaterials can be leveraged to actively address the limitations of CIT, including undesired host inflammatory and immune responses, lack of vascularization, hypoxia, and the absence of native islet extracellular matrix cues. Moreover, in efforts toward a clinically translatable T1D cell therapy, much research now focuses on developing biomaterial platforms at the macroscale, at which implanted platforms can be easily retrieved and monitored. In this review, we discuss how biomaterials have recently been harnessed for macroscale T1D β cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Quizon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA; ,
| | - Andrés J García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA; ,
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21
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Noordstra I, van den Berg CM, Boot FWJ, Katrukha EA, Yu KL, Tas RP, Portegies S, Viergever BJ, de Graaff E, Hoogenraad CC, de Koning EJP, Carlotti F, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Organization and dynamics of the cortical complexes controlling insulin secretion in β-cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274234. [PMID: 35006275 PMCID: PMC8918791 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells is regulated by cortical complexes that are enriched at the sites of adhesion to extracellular matrix facing the vasculature. Many components of these complexes, including bassoon, RIM, ELKS and liprins, are shared with neuronal synapses. Here, we show that insulin secretion sites also contain the non-neuronal proteins LL5β (also known as PHLDB2) and KANK1, which, in migrating cells, organize exocytotic machinery in the vicinity of integrin-based adhesions. Depletion of LL5β or focal adhesion disassembly triggered by myosin II inhibition perturbed the clustering of secretory complexes and attenuated the first wave of insulin release. Although previous analyses in vitro and in neurons have suggested that secretory machinery might assemble through liquid–liquid phase separation, analysis of endogenously labeled ELKS in pancreatic islets indicated that its dynamics is inconsistent with such a scenario. Instead, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single-molecule imaging showed that ELKS turnover is driven by binding and unbinding to low-mobility scaffolds. Both the scaffold movements and ELKS exchange were stimulated by glucose treatment. Our findings help to explain how integrin-based adhesions control spatial organization of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Summary: Characterization of the composition of cortical complexes controlling insulin secretion, showing that their dynamics is inconsistent with assembly through liquid–liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Noordstra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cyntha M van den Berg
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fransje W J Boot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Lou Yu
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Tas
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren Portegies
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Viergever
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther de Graaff
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Gaus B, Brüning D, Groß S, Müller M, Rustenbeck I. The changing view of insulin granule mobility: From conveyor belt to signaling hub. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:983152. [PMID: 36120467 PMCID: PMC9478610 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.983152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the advent of TIRF microscopy the fate of the insulin granule prior to secretion was deduced from biochemical investigations, electron microscopy and electrophysiological measurements. Since Calcium-triggered granule fusion is indisputably necessary to release insulin into the extracellular space, much effort was directed to the measure this event at the single granule level. This has also been the major application of the TIRF microscopy of the pancreatic beta cell when it became available about 20 years ago. To better understand the metabolic modulation of secretion, we were interested to characterize the entirety of the insulin granules which are localized in the vicinity of the plasma membrane to identify the characteristics which predispose to fusion. In this review we concentrate on how the description of granule mobility in the submembrane space has evolved as a result of progress in methodology. The granules are in a state of constant turnover with widely different periods of residence in this space. While granule fusion is associated +with prolonged residence and decreased lateral mobility, these characteristics may not only result from binding to the plasma membrane but also from binding to the cortical actin web, which is present in the immediate submembrane space. While granule age as such affects granule mobility and fusion probability, the preceding functional states of the beta cell leave their mark on these parameters, too. In summary, the submembrane granules form a highly dynamic heterogeneous population and contribute to the metabolic memory of the beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Gaus
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Brüning
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sofie Groß
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Rustenbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ingo Rustenbeck,
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23
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Stožer A, Šterk M, Paradiž Leitgeb E, Markovič R, Skelin Klemen M, Ellis CE, Križančić Bombek L, Dolenšek J, MacDonald PE, Gosak M. From Isles of Königsberg to Islets of Langerhans: Examining the Function of the Endocrine Pancreas Through Network Science. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922640. [PMID: 35784543 PMCID: PMC9240343 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are multicellular microorgans located in the pancreas that play a central role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Through secretion of insulin and other hormones they regulate postprandial storage and interprandial usage of energy-rich nutrients. In these clusters of hormone-secreting endocrine cells, intricate cell-cell communication is essential for proper function. Electrical coupling between the insulin-secreting beta cells through gap junctions composed of connexin36 is particularly important, as it provides the required, most important, basis for coordinated responses of the beta cell population. The increasing evidence that gap-junctional communication and its modulation are vital to well-regulated secretion of insulin has stimulated immense interest in how subpopulations of heterogeneous beta cells are functionally arranged throughout the islets and how they mediate intercellular signals. In the last decade, several novel techniques have been proposed to assess cooperation between cells in islets, including the prosperous combination of multicellular imaging and network science. In the present contribution, we review recent advances related to the application of complex network approaches to uncover the functional connectivity patterns among cells within the islets. We first provide an accessible introduction to the basic principles of network theory, enumerating the measures characterizing the intercellular interactions and quantifying the functional integration and segregation of a multicellular system. Then we describe methodological approaches to construct functional beta cell networks, point out possible pitfalls, and specify the functional implications of beta cell network examinations. We continue by highlighting the recent findings obtained through advanced multicellular imaging techniques supported by network-based analyses, giving special emphasis to the current developments in both mouse and human islets, as well as outlining challenges offered by the multilayer network formalism in exploring the collective activity of islet cell populations. Finally, we emphasize that the combination of these imaging techniques and network-based analyses does not only represent an innovative concept that can be used to describe and interpret the physiology of islets, but also provides fertile ground for delineating normal from pathological function and for quantifying the changes in islet communication networks associated with the development of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Šterk
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Eva Paradiž Leitgeb
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Rene Markovič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maša Skelin Klemen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Cara E. Ellis
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marko Gosak
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Marko Gosak,
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24
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Yau B, Kebede MA. Islet Biology and Metabolism. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110786. [PMID: 34822444 PMCID: PMC8619344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Trogden KP, Lee J, Bracey KM, Ho KH, McKinney H, Zhu X, Arpag G, Folland TG, Osipovich AB, Magnuson MA, Zanic M, Gu G, Holmes WR, Kaverina I. Microtubules regulate pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity via spatiotemporal control of insulin secretion hot spots. eLife 2021; 10:59912. [PMID: 34783306 PMCID: PMC8635970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islets is physiologically important but poorly understood. Here, we utilize mouse islets to determine how microtubules (MTs) affect secretion toward the vascular extracellular matrix at single cell and subcellular levels. Our data indicate that MT stability in the β-cell population is heterogenous, and that GSIS is suppressed in cells with highly stable MTs. Consistently, MT hyper-stabilization prevents, and MT depolymerization promotes the capacity of single β-cell for GSIS. Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of secretion events shows that MT depolymerization activates otherwise dormant β-cells via initiation of secretion clusters (hot spots). MT depolymerization also enhances secretion from individual cells, introducing both additional clusters and scattered events. Interestingly, without MTs, the timing of clustered secretion is dysregulated, extending the first phase of GSIS and causing oversecretion. In contrast, glucose-induced Ca2+ influx was not affected by MT depolymerization yet required for secretion under these conditions, indicating that MT-dependent regulation of secretion hot spots acts in parallel with Ca2+ signaling. Our findings uncover a novel MT function in tuning insulin secretion hot spots, which leads to accurately measured and timed response to glucose stimuli and promotes functional β-cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Trogden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Kai M Bracey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Kung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Hudson McKinney
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Goker Arpag
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Anna B Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - William R Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Mathematics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Quantitative Systems Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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26
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Zhu Y, Chen S, Liu W, Zhang L, Xu F, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Collagens I and V differently regulate the proliferation and adhesion of rat islet INS-1 cells through the integrin β1/E-cadherin/β-catenin pathway. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:658-670. [PMID: 33957832 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1845321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in tissue repair, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Our previous study showed that collagen I and collagen V differently regulate the proliferation of rat pancreatic β cells (INS-1 cells) through opposite influences on the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In this study, we investigated the β-catenin pathway in INS-1 cells on dishes coated with collagen I or V. We found that nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Yes-associated protein (YAP) was enhanced by collagen I and suppressed by collagen V, but had no effect on INS-1 cell proliferation. Morphologically, INS-1 cells on collagen V-coated dishes showed stronger cell-to-cell adhesion, while the cells on collagen I-coated dishes showed weaker cell-to-cell adhesion in comparison with the cells on non-coated dishes. E-cadherin played an inhibitory role in the proliferation of INS-1 cells cultured on collagen I or collagen V coated dishes via regulation of the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Integrin β1 was enhanced with collagen I, while it was repressed with collagen V. The integrin β1 pathway positively regulated the cell proliferation. Inhibition of integrin β1 pathway restored the protein level of E-cadherin and inhibited the nuclear translocation of β-catenin in the cells on collagen I-coated dishes, but no effect was observed in the cells on collagen V-coated dishes. In conclusion, collagen I enhances the proliferation of INS-1 cells via the integrin β1 and E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling pathway. In INS-1 cells on collagen V-coated dishes, both integrin β1 and E-cadherin/β-catenin signal pathways are involved in the inhibition of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuaigao Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Luxin Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
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27
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Gaus B, Brüning D, Hatlapatka K, Rustenbeck I. Changes in granule mobility and age contribute to changes in insulin secretion after desensitization or rest. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002394. [PMID: 34620619 PMCID: PMC8499263 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional impairment of the stimulus secretion coupling in pancreatic beta cells is an essential component of type 2 diabetes. It is known that prolonged stimulation desensitizes the secretion of insulin and thus contributes to beta cell dysfunction. Beta cell rest, in contrast, was shown to enhance the secretory response. Here, the underlying mechanisms were investigated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To characterize the consequences of desensitization or rest for the number and mobility of submembrane granules, insulin-secreting MIN6 cells were desensitized by 18-hour culture with 500 µM tolbutamide or rested by 18-hour culture with 1 µM clonidine. The granules were labeled by hIns-EGFP or hIns-DsRed E5, imaged by TIRF microscopy of the cell footprint area and analyzed with an observer-independent program. Additionally, the insulin content and secretion were measured. RESULTS Concurrent with the insulin content, submembrane granules were only slightly reduced after desensitization but markedly increased after rest. Both types of pretreatment diminished arrivals and departures of granules in the submembrane space and increased the proportion of immobile long-term resident granules, but desensitization lowered and rest increased the number of exocytoses, in parallel with the effect on insulin secretion. Labeling with hIns-DsRed E5 ('timer') showed that desensitization did not affect the proportion of aged granules, whereas rest increased it. Aged granules showed a high mobility and made up only a minority of long-term residents. Long-term resident granules were more numerous after rest and had a lower lateral mobility, suggesting a firmer attachment to the membrane. CONCLUSION The number, mobility and age of submembrane granules reflect the preceding functional states of insulin-secreting cells. Representing the pool of releasable granules, their quantity and quality may thus form part of the beta cell memory on renewed stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Gaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Brüning
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hatlapatka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- DHD-Consulting GmbH, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Ingo Rustenbeck
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Goddi A, Schroedl L, Brey EM, Cohen RN. Laminins in metabolic tissues. Metabolism 2021; 120:154775. [PMID: 33857525 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Laminins are extracellular matrix proteins that reside in the basement membrane and provide structural support in addition to promoting cellular adhesion and migration. Through interactions with cell surface receptors, laminins stimulate intracellular signaling cascades which direct specific survival and differentiation outcomes. In metabolic tissues such as the pancreas, adipose, muscle, and liver, laminin isoforms are expressed in discrete temporal and spatial patterns suggesting that certain isoforms may support the development and function of particular metabolic cell types. This review focuses on the research to date detailing the expression of laminin isoforms, their potential function, as well as known pathways involved in laminin signaling in metabolic tissues. We will also discuss the current biomedical therapies involving laminins in these tissues in addition to prospective applications, with the goal being to encourage future investigation of laminins in the context of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goddi
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Liesl Schroedl
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 924 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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29
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Schiesser JV, Loudovaris T, Thomas HE, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. Integrin αvβ5 heterodimer is a specific marker of human pancreatic beta cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8315. [PMID: 33859325 PMCID: PMC8050092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of cell surface markers specific to pancreatic beta cells is important for both the study of islet biology and for investigating the pathophysiology of diseases in which this cell type is lost or damaged. Following analysis of publicly available RNAseq data, we identified specific integrin subunits, integrin αv and integrin β5, that were expressed in beta cells. This finding was further elaborated using immunofluorescence analysis of histological sections derived from donor human pancreas. Despite the broad expression of specific integrin subunits, we found that expression of integrin αvβ5 heterodimers was restricted to beta cells and that this complex persisted in islet remnants of some type 1 diabetic individuals from which insulin expression had been lost. This study identifies αvβ5 heterodimers as a novel cell surface marker of human pancreatic beta cells, a finding that will aid in the identification and characterisation of this important cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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30
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Luo S, Deng M, Xie Z, Li X, Huang G, Zhou Z. Circulating circular RNAs profiles associated with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3394. [PMID: 32798322 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently been shown to exert important effects in human diseases. However, the roles of circRNAs in type 1 diabetes (T1D) are largely unknown. This study is to identify the circRNA expression profiles in the peripheral blood of patients with T1D and predict their potential regulatory mechanisms and coding potential. METHODS CircRNA expression profiles were detected by Arraystar human circRNA microarray. With real-time PCR validation, multiple bioinformatics approaches were used to explore their biological functions, construct the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions, and predict circRNA coding potential. RESULTS A total of 93 differentially expressed circular transcripts were identified in T1D compared with controls, among which 30 were upregulated, and 63 were downregulated. Two circRNAs were identified to have significant differences by RT-PCR. Gene ontology analysis enriched terms such as cellular protein metabolic process, cytoplasm and zinc ion binding. The proposed molecular functions of these differentially expressed circRNAs, including cellular protein metabolic process, cytoplasm, and binding, may contribute to T1D. The most enriched pathways for these circRNAs were involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Hsa_circ_0072697 may be involved in 50 circRNA-miRNA-mRNA signalling pathways related to diabetes, such as circ_0072697-miR-15a-UBASH3A network. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0071224, hsa_circ_0002437, hsa_circ_0084429, hsa_circ_0072697, and hsa_circ_0000787 in T1D were considered to have the most coding potential involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with T1D and may play potential actions by interactions with miRNA and circRNA-derived peptides in the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoming Luo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
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31
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Cottle L, Gan WJ, Gilroy I, Samra JS, Gill AJ, Loudovaris T, Thomas HE, Hawthorne WJ, Kebede MA, Thorn P. Structural and functional polarisation of human pancreatic beta cells in islets from organ donors with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:618-629. [PMID: 33399909 PMCID: PMC7864831 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesised that human beta cells are structurally and functional polarised with respect to the islet capillaries. We set out to test this using confocal microscopy to map the 3D spatial arrangement of key proteins and live-cell imaging to determine the distribution of insulin granule fusion around the cells. METHODS Human pancreas samples were rapidly fixed and processed using the pancreatic slice technique, which maintains islet structure and architecture. Slices were stained using immunofluorescence for polarity markers (scribble, discs large [Dlg] and partitioning defective 3 homologue [Par3]) and presynaptic markers (liprin, Rab3-interacting protein [RIM2] and piccolo) and imaged using 3D confocal microscopy. Isolated human islets were dispersed and cultured on laminin-511-coated coverslips. Live 3D two-photon microscopy was used on cultured cells to image exocytic granule fusion events upon glucose stimulation. RESULTS Assessment of the distribution of endocrine cells across human islets found that, despite distinct islet-to-islet complexity and variability, including multi-lobular islets, and intermixing of alpha and beta cells, there is still a striking enrichment of alpha cells at the islet mantle. Measures of cell position demonstrate that most beta cells contact islet capillaries. Subcellularly, beta cells consistently position polar determinants, such as Par3, Dlg and scribble, with a basal domain towards the capillaries and apical domain at the opposite face. The capillary interface/vascular face is enriched in presynaptic scaffold proteins, such as liprin, RIM2 and piccolo. Interestingly, enrichment of presynaptic scaffold proteins also occurs where the beta cells contact peri-islet capillaries, suggesting functional interactions. We also observed the same polarisation of synaptic scaffold proteins in islets from type 2 diabetic patients. Consistent with polarised function, isolated beta cells cultured onto laminin-coated coverslips target insulin granule fusion to the coverslip. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Structural and functional polarisation is a defining feature of human pancreatic beta cells and plays an important role in the control of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Cottle
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Wan Jun Gan
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Temasek Life-Science Laboratory, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ian Gilroy
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S Samra
- The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Helen E Thomas
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melkam A Kebede
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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32
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Glieberman AL, Pope BD, Melton DA, Parker KK. Building Biomimetic Potency Tests for Islet Transplantation. Diabetes 2021; 70:347-363. [PMID: 33472944 PMCID: PMC7881865 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease of insulin insufficiency, requiring many to rely on exogenous insulin with constant monitoring to avoid a fatal outcome. Islet transplantation is a recent therapy that can provide insulin independence, but the procedure is still limited by both the availability of human islets and reliable tests to assess their function. While stem cell technologies are poised to fill the shortage of transplantable cells, better methods are still needed for predicting transplantation outcome. To ensure islet quality, we propose that the next generation of islet potency tests should be biomimetic systems that match glucose stimulation dynamics and cell microenvironmental preferences and rapidly assess conditional and continuous insulin secretion with minimal manual handing. Here, we review the current approaches for islet potency testing and outline technologies and methods that can be used to arrive at a more predictive potency test that tracks islet secretory capacity in a relevant context. With the development of potency tests that can report on islet secretion dynamics in a context relevant to their intended function, islet transplantation can expand into a more widely accessible and reliable treatment option for individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Glieberman
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Benjamin D Pope
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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33
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Sakhneny L, Epshtein A, Landsman L. Pericytes contribute to the islet basement membranes to promote beta-cell gene expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2378. [PMID: 33504882 PMCID: PMC7840750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Cells depend on the islet basement membrane (BM). While some islet BM components are produced by endothelial cells (ECs), the source of others remains unknown. Pancreatic pericytes directly support β-cells through mostly unidentified secreted factors. Thus, we hypothesized that pericytes regulate β-cells through the production of BM components. Here, we show that pericytes produce multiple components of the mouse pancreatic and islet interstitial and BM matrices. Several of the pericyte-produced ECM components were previously implicated in β-cell physiology, including collagen IV, laminins, proteoglycans, fibronectin, nidogen, and hyaluronan. Compared to ECs, pancreatic pericytes produce significantly higher levels of α2 and α4 laminin chains, which constitute the peri-islet and vascular BM. We further found that the pericytic laminin isoforms differentially regulate mouse β-cells. Whereas α2 laminins promoted islet cell clustering, they did not affect gene expression. In contrast, culturing on Laminin-421 induced the expression of β-cell genes, including Ins1, MafA, and Glut2, and significantly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Thus, alongside ECs, pericytes are a significant source of the islet BM, which is essential for proper β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sakhneny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alona Epshtein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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34
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Burganova G, Bridges C, Thorn P, Landsman L. The Role of Vascular Cells in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:667170. [PMID: 33981287 PMCID: PMC8109179 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.667170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-producing β-cells constitute the majority of the cells in the pancreatic islets. Dysfunction of these cells is a key factor in the loss of glucose regulation that characterizes type 2 diabetes. The regulation of many of the functions of β-cells relies on their close interaction with the intra-islet microvasculature, comprised of endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition to providing islet blood supply, cells of the islet vasculature directly regulate β-cell activity through the secretion of growth factors and other molecules. These factors come from capillary mural pericytes and endothelial cells, and have been shown to promote insulin gene expression, insulin secretion, and β-cell proliferation. This review focuses on the intimate crosstalk of the vascular cells and β-cells and its role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Burganova
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Claire Bridges
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Limor Landsman,
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35
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Tan RP, Hallahan N, Kosobrodova E, Michael PL, Wei F, Santos M, Lam YT, Chan AHP, Xiao Y, Bilek MMM, Thorn P, Wise SG. Bioactivation of Encapsulation Membranes Reduces Fibrosis and Enhances Cell Survival. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56908-56923. [PMID: 33314916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation devices are an emerging barrier technology designed to prevent the immunorejection of replacement cells in regenerative therapies for intractable diseases. However, traditional polymers used in current devices are poor substrates for cell attachment and induce fibrosis upon implantation, impacting long-term therapeutic cell viability. Bioactivation of polymer surfaces improves local host responses to materials, and here we make the first step toward demonstrating the utility of this approach to improve cell survival within encapsulation implants. Using therapeutic islet cells as an exemplar cell therapy, we show that internal surface coatings improve islet cell attachment and viability, while distinct external coatings modulate local foreign body responses. Using plasma surface functionalization (plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII)), we employ hollow fiber semiporous poly(ether sulfone) (PES) encapsulation membranes and coat the internal surfaces with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) to enhance islet cell attachment. Separately, the external fiber surface is coated with the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) to polarize local macrophages to an M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype, muting the fibrotic response. To demonstrate the power of our approach, bioluminescent murine islet cells were loaded into dual FN/IL-4-coated fibers and evaluated in a mouse back model for 14 days. Dual FN/IL-4 fibers showed striking reductions in immune cell accumulation and elevated levels of the M2 macrophage phenotype, consistent with the suppression of fibrotic encapsulation and enhanced angiogenesis. These changes led to markedly enhanced islet cell survival and importantly to functional integration of the implant with the host vasculature. Dual FN/IL-4 surface coatings drive multifaceted improvements in islet cell survival and function, with significant implications for improving clinical translation of therapeutic cell-containing macroencapsulation implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Tan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicole Hallahan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elena Kosobrodova
- Applied Plasma and Physics, A28, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Physics Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Praveesuda L Michael
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Wei
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Miguel Santos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuen Ting Lam
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alex H P Chan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Marcela M M Bilek
- Applied Plasma and Physics, A28, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Physics Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Steven G Wise
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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36
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Wieland FC, Sthijns MMJPE, Geuens T, van Blitterswijk CA, LaPointe VLS. The Role of Alpha Cells in the Self-Assembly of Bioengineered Islets. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:1055-1063. [PMID: 33076775 PMCID: PMC8392094 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularization is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges in tissue engineering. Its importance is particularly evident when considering the transplantation of (bioengineered) pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which are highly sensitive to the delivery of oxygen and nutrients for their survival and function. Here we studied pseudoislets of Langerhans, which are three-dimensional spheroids composed of β (INS1E), α (alpha TC-1), and endothelial (HUVEC) cells, and were interested in how the location and prevalence of the different cell types affected the presence of endothelial cells in the pseudoislet. We hypothesized that alpha (α) cells play an essential role in islet self-assembly and the incorporation of endothelial cells into the pseudoislet, and are thus important to consider in tissue engineering or regenerative medicine strategies, which typically focuses on the insulin-producing beta (β) cells alone. We first determined the effect of changing the relative ratios of the cells and found the cell distribution converged on a steady state of ∼21% α cells, 74% β cells, and 5% endothelial cells after 10 days of culture regardless of their respective ratios at seeding. We also found that the incorporation of endothelial cells was related to the pseudoislet size, with more endothelial cells found in the core of larger pseudoislets following a concomitant increase of α cells and a decrease in β cells. Finally, we observed that both endothelial and β cells were found adjacent to α cells significantly more frequently than to each other. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the self-assembly of a pseudoislet is an intrinsically cell-regulated process. The endothelial cells had preferential proximity to the α cells, and this persisted even when challenged with changing the cell ratios and numbers. This study gives insight into the rules governing the self-organization of pseudoislets and suggests an important role for α cells to promote the incorporation of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik C Wieland
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mireille M J P E Sthijns
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Geuens
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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37
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Insulin granule biogenesis and exocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1957-1970. [PMID: 33146746 PMCID: PMC7966131 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is produced by pancreatic β-cells, and once released to the blood, the hormone stimulates glucose uptake and suppresses glucose production. Defects in both the availability and action of insulin lead to elevated plasma glucose levels and are major hallmarks of type-2 diabetes. Insulin is stored in secretory granules that form at the trans-Golgi network. The granules undergo extensive modifications en route to their release sites at the plasma membrane, including changes in both protein and lipid composition of the granule membrane and lumen. In parallel, the insulin molecules also undergo extensive modifications that render the hormone biologically active. In this review, we summarize current understanding of insulin secretory granule biogenesis, maturation, transport, docking, priming and eventual fusion with the plasma membrane. We discuss how different pools of granules form and how these pools contribute to insulin secretion under different conditions. We also highlight the role of the β-cell in the development of type-2 diabetes and discuss how dysregulation of one or several steps in the insulin granule life cycle may contribute to disease development or progression.
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38
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Singh R, Cottle L, Loudovaris T, Xiao D, Yang P, Thomas HE, Kebede MA, Thorn P. Enhanced structure and function of human pluripotent stem cell-derived beta-cells cultured on extracellular matrix. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:492-505. [PMID: 33145960 PMCID: PMC7900592 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human stem cells into insulin secreting beta‐like cells holds great promise to treat diabetes. Current protocols drive stem cells through stages of directed differentiation and maturation and produce cells that secrete insulin in response to glucose. Further refinements are now needed to faithfully phenocopy the responses of normal beta cells. A critical factor in normal beta cell behavior is the islet microenvironment which plays a central role in beta cell survival, proliferation, gene expression and secretion. One important influence on native cell responses is the capillary basement membrane. In adult islets, each beta cell makes a point of contact with basement membrane protein secreted by vascular endothelial cells resulting in structural and functional polarization. Interaction with basement membrane proteins triggers local activation of focal adhesions, cell orientation, and targeting of insulin secretion. This study aims to identifying the role of basement membrane proteins on the structure and function of human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived beta cells. Here, we show that differentiated human stem cells‐derived spheroids do contain basement membrane proteins as a diffuse web‐like structure. However, the beta‐like cells within the spheroid do not polarize in response to this basement membrane. We demonstrate that 2D culture of the differentiated beta cells on to basement membrane proteins enforces cell polarity and favorably alters glucose dependent insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Singh
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Cottle
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Di Xiao
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melkam A Kebede
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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39
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Integrins Control Vesicular Trafficking; New Tricks for Old Dogs. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:124-137. [PMID: 33020011 PMCID: PMC7531435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that transduce biochemical and mechanical signals across the plasma membrane and promote cell adhesion and migration. In addition, integrin adhesion complexes are functionally and structurally linked to components of the intracellular trafficking machinery and accumulating data now reveal that they are key regulators of endocytosis and exocytosis in a variety of cell types. Here, we highlight recent insights into integrin control of intracellular trafficking in processes such as degranulation, mechanotransduction, cell–cell communication, antibody production, virus entry, Toll-like receptor signaling, autophagy, and phagocytosis, as well as the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms and the implications for a range of pathophysiological contexts, including hemostasis, immunity, tissue repair, cancer, and viral infection. Integrin adhesion complexes control polarized targeting of the intracellular trafficking machinery via microtubules. Integrin adhesions are exocytic hubs for a variety of vesicles, including lytic and dense granules, lysosome-related organelles, and biosynthetic vesicles. Integrin-dependent adhesion and signaling is required for degranulation of platelets and leukocytes and controls hemostasis and immunity. Specialized adhesion complexes containing integrin αvβ5 and clathrin are sites of frustrated endocytosis and hubs for mechanotransduction. Integrin control of endocytosis regulates Toll-like receptor signaling and autophagy in immune cells. Integrins control intercellular communication and viral transfer through extracellular vesicles.
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40
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Almaça J, Caicedo A, Landsman L. Beta cell dysfunction in diabetes: the islet microenvironment as an unusual suspect. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2076-2085. [PMID: 32894318 PMCID: PMC7655222 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells in different tissues, including endocrine cells in the pancreas, live in complex microenvironments that are rich in cellular and acellular components. Intricate interactions with their microenvironment dictate most cellular properties, such as their function, structure and size, and maintain tissue homeostasis. Pancreatic islets are populated by endocrine, vascular and immune cells that are immersed in the extracellular matrix. While the intrinsic properties of beta cells have been vastly investigated, our understanding of their interactions with their surroundings has only recently begun to unveil. Here, we review current research on the interplay between the islet cellular and acellular components, and the role these components play in beta cell physiology and pathophysiology. Although beta cell failure is a key pathomechanism in diabetes, its causes are far from being fully elucidated. We, thus, propose deleterious alterations of the islet niche as potential underlying mechanisms contributing to beta cell failure. In sum, this review emphasises that the function of the pancreatic islet depends on all of its components. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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41
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Ohara-Imaizumi M, Aoyagi K, Ohtsuka T. Role of the active zone protein, ELKS, in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Mol Metab 2020; 27S:S81-S91. [PMID: 31500835 PMCID: PMC6768504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin is stored within large dense-core granules in pancreatic beta (β)-cells and is released by Ca2+-triggered exocytosis with increasing blood glucose levels. Polarized and targeted secretion of insulin from β-cells in pancreatic islets into the vasculature has been proposed; however, the mechanisms related to cellular and molecular localization remain largely unknown. Within nerve terminals, the Ca2+-dependent release of a polarized transmitter is limited to the active zone, a highly specialized area of the presynaptic membrane. Several active zone-specific proteins have been characterized; among them, the CAST/ELKS protein family members have the ability to form large protein complexes with other active zone proteins to control the structure and function of the active zone for tight regulation of neurotransmitter release. Notably, ELKS but not CAST is also expressed in β-cells, implying that ELKS may be involved in polarized insulin secretion from β-cells. Scope of review This review provides an overview of the current findings regarding the role(s) of ELKS and other active zone proteins in β-cells and focuses on the molecular mechanism underlying ELKS regulation within polarized insulin secretion from islets. Major conclusions ELKS localizes at the vascular-facing plasma membrane of β-cells in mouse pancreatic islets. ELKS forms a potent insulin secretion complex with L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels on the vascular-facing plasma membrane of β-cells, enabling polarized Ca2+ influx and first-phase insulin secretion from islets. This model provides novel insights into the functional polarity observed during insulin secretion from β-cells within islets at the molecular level. This active zone-like region formed by ELKS at the vascular side of the plasma membrane is essential for coordinating physiological insulin secretion and may be disrupted in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mica Ohara-Imaizumi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Kyota Aoyagi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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42
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Camunas-Soler J, Dai XQ, Hang Y, Bautista A, Lyon J, Suzuki K, Kim SK, Quake SR, MacDonald PE. Patch-Seq Links Single-Cell Transcriptomes to Human Islet Dysfunction in Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1017-1031.e4. [PMID: 32302527 PMCID: PMC7398125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired function of pancreatic islet cells is a major cause of metabolic dysregulation and disease in humans. Despite this, it remains challenging to directly link physiological dysfunction in islet cells to precise changes in gene expression. Here we show that single-cell RNA sequencing combined with electrophysiological measurements of exocytosis and channel activity (patch-seq) can be used to link endocrine physiology and transcriptomes at the single-cell level. We collected 1,369 patch-seq cells from the pancreata of 34 human donors with and without diabetes. An analysis of function and gene expression networks identified a gene set associated with functional heterogeneity in β cells that can be used to predict electrophysiology. We also report transcriptional programs underlying dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and extend this approach to cryopreserved cells from donors with type 1 diabetes, generating a valuable resource for understanding islet cell heterogeneity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Camunas-Soler
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - James Lyon
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kunimasa Suzuki
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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43
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Hughes JW, Cho JH, Conway HE, DiGruccio MR, Ng XW, Roseman HF, Abreu D, Urano F, Piston DW. Primary cilia control glucose homeostasis via islet paracrine interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8912-8923. [PMID: 32253320 PMCID: PMC7184063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001936117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets regulate glucose homeostasis through coordinated actions of hormone-secreting cells. What underlies the function of the islet as a unit is the close approximation and communication among heterogeneous cell populations, but the structural mediators of islet cellular cross talk remain incompletely characterized. We generated mice specifically lacking β-cell primary cilia, a cellular organelle that has been implicated in regulating insulin secretion, and found that the β-cell cilia are required for glucose sensing, calcium influx, insulin secretion, and cross regulation of α- and δ-cells. Protein expression profiling in islets confirms perturbation in these cellular processes and reveals additional targets of cilia-dependent signaling. At the organism level, the deletion of β-cell cilia disrupts circulating hormone levels, impairs glucose homeostasis and fuel usage, and leads to the development of diabetes. Together, these findings demonstrate that primary cilia not only orchestrate β-cell-intrinsic activity but also mediate cross talk both within the islet and from islets to other metabolic tissues, thus providing a unique role of cilia in nutrient metabolism and insight into the pathophysiology of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing W Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Jung Hoon Cho
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hannah E Conway
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael R DiGruccio
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xue Wen Ng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Henry F Roseman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Damien Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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44
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ELKS/Voltage-Dependent Ca 2+ Channel-β Subunit Module Regulates Polarized Ca 2+ Influx in Pancreatic β Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1213-1226.e7. [PMID: 30699350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells secrete insulin by Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. However, there is no apparent secretory site similar to the neuronal active zones, and the cellular and molecular localization mechanism underlying polarized exocytosis remains elusive. Here, we report that ELKS, a vertebrate active zone protein, is used in β cells to regulate Ca2+ influx for insulin secretion. β cell-specific ELKS-knockout (KO) mice showed impaired glucose-stimulated first-phase insulin secretion and reduced L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC) current density. In situ Ca2+ imaging of β cells within islets expressing a membrane-bound G-CaMP8b Ca2+ sensor demonstrated initial local Ca2+ signals at the ELKS-localized vascular side of the β cell plasma membrane, which were markedly decreased in ELKS-KO β cells. Mechanistically, ELKS directly interacted with the VDCC-β subunit via the GK domain. These findings suggest that ELKS and VDCCs form a potent insulin secretion complex at the vascular side of the β cell plasma membrane for polarized Ca2+ influx and first-phase insulin secretion from pancreatic islets.
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45
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Berger C, Bjørlykke Y, Hahn L, Mühlemann M, Kress S, Walles H, Luxenhofer R, Ræder H, Metzger M, Zdzieblo D. Matrix decoded - A pancreatic extracellular matrix with organ specific cues guiding human iPSC differentiation. Biomaterials 2020; 244:119766. [PMID: 32199284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix represents a dynamic microenvironment regulating essential cell functions in vivo. Tissue engineering approaches aim to recreate the native niche in vitro using biological scaffolds generated by organ decellularization. So far, the organ specific origin of such scaffolds was less considered and potential consequences for in vitro cell culture remain largely elusive. Here, we show that organ specific cues of biological scaffolds affect cellular behavior. In detail, we report on the generation of a well-preserved pancreatic bioscaffold and introduce a scoring system allowing standardized inter-study quality assessment. Using multiple analysis tools for in-depth-characterization of the biological scaffold, we reveal unique compositional, physico-structural, and biophysical properties. Finally, we prove the functional relevance of the biological origin by demonstrating a regulatory effect of the matrix on multi-lineage differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells emphasizing the significance of matrix specificity for cellular behavior in artificial microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Berger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yngvild Bjørlykke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mühlemann
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kress
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany; Otto-von Guericke University, Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany.
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46
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Schaschkow A, Sigrist S, Mura C, Barthes J, Vrana NE, Czuba E, Lemaire F, Neidl R, Dissaux C, Lejay A, Lavalle P, Bruant-Rodier C, Bouzakri K, Pinget M, Maillard E. Glycaemic control in diabetic rats treated with islet transplantation using plasma combined with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:259-272. [PMID: 31811957 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is one of the most efficient cell therapies used in clinics and could treat a large proportion of patients with diabetes. However, it is limited by the high requirement of pancreas necessary to provide the sufficient surviving islet mass in the hepatic tissue and restore normoglycaemia. Reduction in organ procurement requirements could be achieved by extrahepatic transplantation using a biomaterial that enhances islet survival and function. We report a plasma-supplemented hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogel, engineered specifically using a newly developed technique for intra-omental islet infusion, known as hOMING (h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG). The HPMC hydrogel delivered islets with better performance than that of the classical intrahepatic infusion. After the validation of the HPMC suitability for islets in vivo and in vitro, plasma supplementation modified the rheological properties of HPMC without affecting its applicability with hOMING. The biomaterial association was proven to be more efficient both in vitro and in vivo, with better islet viability and function than that of the current clinical intrahepatic delivery technique. Indeed, when the islet mass was decreased by 25% or 35%, glycaemia control was observed in the group of plasma-supplemented hydrogels, whereas no regulation was observed in the hepatic group. Plasma gelation, observed immediately post infusion, decreased anoïkis and promoted vascularisation. To conclude, the threshold mass for islet transplantation could be decreased using HPMC-Plasma combined with the hOMING technique. The simplicity of the hOMING technique and the already validated use of its components could facilitate its transfer to clinics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: One of the major limitations for the broad deployment of current cell therapy for brittle type 1 diabetes is the islets' destruction during the transplantation process. Retrieved from their natural environment, the islets are grafted into a foreign tissue, which triggers massive cell loss. It is mandatory to provide the islets with an 3D environment specifically designed for promoting isletimplantation to improve cell therapy outcomes. For this aim, we combined HPMC and plasma. HPMC provides suitable rheological properties to the plasma to be injectable and be maintained in the omentum. Afterwards, the plasma polymerises around the graft in vivo, thereby allowing their optimal integration into their transplantation site. As a result, the islet mass required to obtain glycaemic control was reduced by 35%.
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Lammert E, Thorn P. The Role of the Islet Niche on Beta Cell Structure and Function. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1407-1418. [PMID: 31711959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets are pivotal in the control of blood glucose and are complex microorgans embedded within the larger volume of the exocrine pancreas. Humans can have ~3.2 million islets [1] which, to our current knowledge, function in a similar manner to sense circulating blood glucose levels and respond with the secretion of a mix of different hormones that act to maintain glucose concentrations around a specific set point [2]. At a cellular level, the control of hormone secretion by glucose and other secretagogues is well-understood [3]. The key signal cascades have been identified and many details of the secretory process are known. However, if we shift focus from single cells and consider cells within intact islets, we do not have a comprehensive model as to how the islet environment influences cell function and how the islets work as a whole. This is important because there is overwhelming evidence that the structure and function of the individual endocrine cells are dramatically affected by the islet environment [4,5]. Uncovering the influence of this islet niche might drive future progress in treatments for Type 2 diabetes [6] and cell replacement therapies for Type 1 diabetes [7]. In this review, we focus on the insulin secreting beta cells and their interactions with the immediate environment that surrounds them including endocrine-endocrine interactions and contacts with capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Lammert
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Mullapudi ST, Boezio GLM, Rossi A, Marass M, Matsuoka RL, Matsuda H, Helker CSM, Yang YHC, Stainier DYR. Disruption of the pancreatic vasculature in zebrafish affects islet architecture and function. Development 2019; 146:dev.173674. [PMID: 31597659 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A dense local vascular network is crucial for pancreatic endocrine cells to sense metabolites and secrete hormones, and understanding the interactions between the vasculature and the islets may allow for therapeutic modulation in disease conditions. Using live imaging in two models of vascular disruption in zebrafish, we identified two distinct roles for the pancreatic vasculature. At larval stages, expression of a dominant negative version of Vegfaa (dnVegfaa) in β-cells led to vascular and endocrine cell disruption with a minor impairment in β-cell function. In contrast, expression of a soluble isoform of Vegf receptor 1 (sFlt1) in β-cells blocked the formation of the pancreatic vasculature and drastically stunted glucose response, although islet architecture was not affected. Notably, these effects of dnVegfaa or sFlt1 were not observed in animals lacking vegfaa, vegfab, kdrl, kdr or flt1 function, indicating that they interfere with multiple ligands and/or receptors. In adults, disrupted islet architecture persisted in dnVegfaa-expressing animals, whereas sFlt1-expressing animals displayed large sheets of β-cells along their pancreatic ducts, accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance in both models. Thus, our study reveals novel roles for the vasculature in patterning and function of the islet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Teja Mullapudi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Giulia L M Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michele Marass
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hiroki Matsuda
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian S M Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yu Hsuan Carol Yang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Fu J, Githaka JM, Dai X, Plummer G, Suzuki K, Spigelman AF, Bautista A, Kim R, Greitzer-Antes D, Fox JEM, Gaisano HY, MacDonald PE. A glucose-dependent spatial patterning of exocytosis in human β-cells is disrupted in type 2 diabetes. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127896. [PMID: 31085831 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked to reduced insulin granule docking, disorganization of the exocytotic site, and an impaired glucose-dependent facilitation of insulin exocytosis. We show in β-cells from 80 human donors that the glucose-dependent amplification of exocytosis is disrupted in T2D. Spatial analyses of granule fusion, visualized by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy in 24 of these donors, demonstrate that these are non-random across the surface of β-cells from donors with no diabetes (ND). The compartmentalization of events occurs within regions defined by concurrent or recent membrane-resident secretory granules. This organization, and the number of membrane-associated granules, is glucose-dependent and notably impaired in T2D β-cells. Mechanistically, multi-channel Kv2.1 clusters contribute to maintaining the density of membrane-resident granules and the number of fusion 'hotspots', while SUMOylation sites at the channel N- (K145) and C-terminus (K470) determine the relative proportion of fusion events occurring within these regions. Thus, a glucose-dependent compartmentalization of fusion, regulated in part by a structural role for Kv2.1, is disrupted in β-cells from donors with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Fu
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology and
| | | | - Xiaoqing Dai
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Gregory Plummer
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Kunimasa Suzuki
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology and
| | | | - Austin Bautista
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Ryekjang Kim
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Dafna Greitzer-Antes
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Olaniru OE, Persaud SJ. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors: Implications for metabolic function. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:123-134. [PMID: 30825474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as important actors in energy homeostasis. Recent biochemical and functional studies using transgenic mice indicate that aGPCRs play important roles in endocrine and metabolic functions including β-cell differentiation, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and whole body fuel homeostasis. Most aGPCRs are orphans, for which endogenous ligands have not yet been identified, and many of the endogenous ligands of the already de-orphanised aGPCRs are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review we focus on aGPCR expression in metabolically active tissues, their activation by ECM proteins, and current knowledge of their potential roles in islet development, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo E Olaniru
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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