1
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Stephens C, Naghavi MH. The host cytoskeleton: a key regulator of early HIV-1 infection. FEBS J 2024; 291:1835-1848. [PMID: 36527282 PMCID: PMC10272291 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to its central role in cell biology, the cytoskeleton is a key regulator of viral infection, influencing nearly every step of the viral life cycle. In this review, we will discuss the role of two key components of the cytoskeleton, namely the actin and microtubule networks in early HIV-1 infection. We will discuss key contributions to processes ranging from the attachment and entry of viral particles at the cell surface to their arrival and import into the nucleus and identify areas where further research into this complex relationship may yield new insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stephens
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H. Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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2
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Fert A, Richard J, Marchand LR, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin Enhances Antibody-Mediated Recognition of HIV-Infected CD4 + T-Cells by Decreasing Viral Release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580166. [PMID: 38464135 PMCID: PMC10925111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-weeks supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T-cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T-cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/Tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T-cells by HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-transcription/translation steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Lead Contact
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3
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Xu Y, Li M, Lin M, Cui D, Xie J. Glutaminolysis of CD4 + T Cells: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:603-616. [PMID: 38318243 PMCID: PMC10840576 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s443482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases, which are activated by the internal metabolic pathways encountering with viral antigens. Glutaminolysis converts glutamine into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulating metabolites by α-ketoglutaric acid, which is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells and plays a central role in providing the energy and structural components needed for viral replication after the virus hijacks the host cell. Changes in glutaminolysis in CD4+ T cells are accompanied by changes in the viral status of the host cell due to competition for glutamine between immune cells and host cells. More recently, attempts have been made to treat tumours, autoimmune diseases, and viral diseases by altering the breakdown of glutamine in T cells. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of glutaminolysis in the CD4+ T cell subsets from viral diseases, not only increasing our understanding of immunometabolism but also providing a new perspective for therapeutic target in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
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4
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da Silva ES, Naghavi MH. Microtubules and viral infection. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:87-134. [PMID: 37173066 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form rapidly adaptable, complex intracellular networks of filaments that not only provide structural support, but also form the tracks along which motors traffic macromolecular cargos to specific sub-cellular sites. These dynamic arrays play a central role in regulating various cellular processes including cell shape and motility as well as cell division and polarization. Given their complex organization and functional importance, MT arrays are carefully controlled by many highly specialized proteins that regulate the nucleation of MT filaments at distinct sites, their dynamic growth and stability, and their engagement with other subcellular structures and cargoes destined for transport. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how MTs and their regulatory proteins function, including their active targeting and exploitation, during infection by viruses that utilize a wide variety of replication strategies that occur within different cellular sub-compartments or regions of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; HIV Clinical and Translational Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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5
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Yero A, Bouassa RSM, Ancuta P, Estaquier J, Jenabian MA. Immuno-metabolic control of the balance between Th17-polarized and regulatory T-cells during HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:1-13. [PMID: 36681548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Th17-polarized CD4+ effector T-cells together with their immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) counterparts, with transcriptional profiles governed by the lineage transcription factors RORγt/RORC2 and FOXP3, respectively, are important gatekeepers at mucosal interfaces. Alterations in the Th17/Treg ratios, due to the rapid depletion of Th17 cells and increased Treg frequencies, are a hallmark of both HIV and SIV infections and a marker of disease progression. The shift in Th17/Treg balance, in favor of increased Treg frequencies, contributes to gut mucosal permeability, immune dysfunction, and microbial translocation, subsequently leading to chronic immune activation/inflammation and disease progression. Of particular interest, Th17 cells and Tregs share developmental routes, with changes in the Th17 versus Treg fate decision influencing the pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory responses. The differentiation and function of Th17 cells and Tregs rely on independent yet complementary metabolic pathways. Several pathways have been described in the literature to be involved in Th17 versus Treg polarization, including 1) the activity of ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73; 2) the increase in TGF-β1 production; 3) a hypoxic environment, and subsequent upregulation in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); 4) the increased mTOR activity and glycolysis induction; 5) the lipid metabolism, including fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, and lipid storage, which are regulated by the AMPK, mevalonate and PPARγ pathways; and 6) the tryptophan catabolism. These metabolic pathways are understudied in the context of HIV-1 infection. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on metabolic pathways that are dysregulated during HIV-1 infection and their impact on Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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6
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Caputo V, Libera M, Sisti S, Giuliani B, Diotti RA, Criscuolo E. The initial interplay between HIV and mucosal innate immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104423. [PMID: 36798134 PMCID: PMC9927018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection, several aspects need to be clarified, including how innate immunity acts in different anatomical compartments. Given the nature of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease, one of the aspects that demands particular attention is the mucosal innate immune response. Given this scenario, we focused our attention on the interplay between HIV and mucosal innate response: the different mucosae act as a physical barrier, whose integrity can be compromised by the infection, and the virus-cell interaction induces the innate immune response. In addition, we explored the role of the mucosal microbiota in facilitating or preventing HIV infection and highlighted how its changes could influence the development of several opportunistic infections. Although recent progress, a proper characterization of mucosal innate immune response and microbiota is still missing, and further studies are needed to understand how they can be helpful for the formulation of an effective vaccine.
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7
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Pellaers E, Bhat A, Christ F, Debyser Z. Determinants of Retroviral Integration and Implications for Gene Therapeutic MLV-Based Vectors and for a Cure for HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 36680071 PMCID: PMC9861059 DOI: 10.3390/v15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To complete their replication cycle, retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their RNA genome into a host chromosome. Integration site selection is not random and is driven by multiple viral and cellular host factors specific to different classes of retroviruses. Today, overwhelming evidence from cell culture, animal experiments and clinical data suggests that integration sites are important for retroviral replication, oncogenesis and/or latency. In this review, we will summarize the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the integration site selection of the gammaretrovirus MLV and the lentivirus HIV-1. We will discuss how host factors of the integration site selection of retroviruses may steer the development of safer viral vectors for gene therapy. Next, we will discuss how altering the integration site preference of HIV-1 using small molecules could lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Yu JJ, Goncharova EA. mTOR Signaling Network in Cell Biology and Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416142. [PMID: 36555783 PMCID: PMC9787689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates multiple processes, including gene transcription, protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, autophagy, cell metabolism, and cell growth [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J. Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Elena A. Goncharova
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Center, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 530-752-9405
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9
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Crater JM, Nixon DF, Furler O’Brien RL. HIV-1 replication and latency are balanced by mTOR-driven cell metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1068436. [PMID: 36467738 PMCID: PMC9712982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) relies on host cell metabolism for all aspects of viral replication. Efficient HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription, and integration occurs in activated T cells because HIV-1 proteins co-opt host metabolic pathways to fuel the anabolic requirements of virion production. The HIV-1 viral life cycle is especially dependent on mTOR, which drives signaling and metabolic pathways required for viral entry, replication, and latency. As a central regulator of host cell metabolism, mTOR and its downstream effectors help to regulate the expression of enzymes within the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways along with other metabolic pathways regulating amino acid uptake, lipid metabolism, and autophagy. In HIV-1 pathogenesis, mTOR, in addition to HIF-1α and Myc signaling pathways, alter host cell metabolism to create an optimal environment for viral replication. Increased glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activity are required in the early stages of the viral life cycle, such as providing sufficient dNTPs for reverse transcription. In later stages, fatty acid synthesis is required for creating cholesterol and membrane lipids required for viral budding. Epigenetics of the provirus fueled by metabolism and mTOR signaling likewise controls active and latent infection. Acetyl-CoA and methyl group abundance, supplied by the TCA cycle and amino acid uptake respectively, may regulate latent infection and reactivation. Thus, understanding and exploring new connections between cellular metabolism and HIV-1 pathogenesis may yield new insights into the latent viral reservoirs and fuel novel treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert L. Furler O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Abstract
Metabolic adaptation to viral infections critically determines the course and manifestations of disease. At the systemic level, a significant feature of viral infection and inflammation that ensues is the metabolic shift from anabolic towards catabolic metabolism. Systemic metabolic sequelae such as insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia represent long-term health consequences of many infections such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The long-held presumption that peripheral and tissue-specific 'immune responses' are the chief line of defence and thus regulate viral control is incomplete. This Review focuses on the emerging paradigm shift proposing that metabolic engagements and metabolic reconfiguration of immune and non-immune cells following virus recognition modulate the natural course of viral infections. Early metabolic footprints are likely to influence longer-term disease manifestations of infection. A greater appreciation and understanding of how local biochemical adjustments in the periphery and tissues influence immunity will ultimately lead to interventions that curtail disease progression and identify new and improved prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis S Palmer
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
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11
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Lund NC, Kayode Y, McReynolds MR, Clemmer DC, Hudson H, Clerc I, Hong HK, Brenchley JM, Bass J, D'Aquila RT, Taylor HE. mTOR regulation of metabolism limits LPS-induced monocyte inflammatory and procoagulant responses. Commun Biol 2022; 5:878. [PMID: 36028574 PMCID: PMC9412771 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates monocytes via TLR4 and is hypothesized to increase cardiovascular disease risk in persons living with HIV. We tested whether mTOR activity supports LPS-stimulated monocyte production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue factor (TF), as it propels the inflammatory response in several immune cell types besides monocytes. However, multi-omics analyses here demonstrate that mTOR activates a metabolic pathway that limits abundance of these gene products in monocytes. Treatment of primary human monocytes with catalytic mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) increased LPS-induced polyfunctional responses, including production of IL-1β, IL-6, and the pro-coagulant, TF. NF-κB-driven transcriptional activity is enhanced with LPS stimulation after mTORi treatment to increase expression of F3 (TF). Moreover, intracellular NAD+ availability is restricted due to decreased salvage pathway synthesis. These results document mTOR-mediated restraint of the LPS-induced transcriptional response in monocytes and a metabolic mechanism informing strategies to reverse enhanced risk of coagulopathy in pro-inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Lund
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yetunde Kayode
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Deanna C Clemmer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Hannah Hudson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Clerc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hee-Kyung Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Harry E Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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12
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Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ancuta P. Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission/cure interventions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:580-594. [PMID: 35659433 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication cycle and mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). Major barriers to HIV-1 remission/cure include the persistence of viral reservoirs (VRs) in long-lived CD4+ T cells, residual viral transcription, and lack of mucosal immunity restoration during ART, which together fuel systemic inflammation. Recently, T helper (Th)17-polarized cells were identified as major contributors to the pool of transcriptionally/translationally competent VRs. In this review, we discuss the functional features of Th17 cells that were elucidated by fundamental immunology studies in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlight recent discoveries supporting the possibility of extrapolating this knowledge toward the identification of new putative Th17-targeted HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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13
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Choe K, Park HY, Ikram M, Lee HJ, Park TJ, Ullah R, Kim MO. Systematic Review of the Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration: The Role of Bioactive Compounds and Natural Antioxidants. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081298. [PMID: 35455977 PMCID: PMC9031507 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoVCOVID-19) belongs to the Beta coronavirus family, which contains MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 activates the innate immune system, thereby activating the inflammatory mechanism, causing the release of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it has been suggested that COVID-19 may penetrate the central nervous system, and release inflammatory cytokines in the brains, inducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Several links connect COVID-19 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as elevated oxidative stress, uncontrolled release of the inflammatory cytokines, and mitochondrial apoptosis. There are severe concerns that excessive immune cell activation in COVID-19 may aggravate the neurodegeneration and amyloid-beta pathology of AD. Here, we have collected the evidence, showing the links between the two diseases. The focus has been made to collect the information on the activation of the inflammation, its contributors, and shared therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we have given future perspectives, research gaps, and overlapping pathological bases of the two diseases. Lastly, we have given the short touch to the drugs that have equally shown rescuing effects against both diseases. Although there is limited information available regarding the exact links between COVID-19 and neuroinflammation, we have insight into the pathological contributors of the diseases. Based on the shared pathological features and therapeutic targets, we hypothesize that the activation of the immune system may induce neurological disorders by triggering oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyonghwan Choe
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
| | - Hyeon Jin Lee
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
| | - Tae Ju Park
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK;
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
- Alz-Dementia Korea Co., Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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14
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Varco-Merth BD, Brantley W, Marenco A, Duell DD, Fachko DN, Richardson B, Busman-Sahay K, Shao D, Flores W, Engelman K, Fukazawa Y, Wong SW, Skalsky RL, Smedley J, Axthelm MK, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Edlefsen PT, Picker L, Cameron CM, Henrich TJ, Okoye AA. Rapamycin limits CD4+ T cell proliferation in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156063. [PMID: 35316218 PMCID: PMC9106346 DOI: 10.1172/jci156063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of latently infected CD4+ T cells with replication-competent proviruses is an important mechanism contributing to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). One approach to targeting this latent cell expansion is to inhibit mTOR, a regulatory kinase involved with cell growth, metabolism, and proliferation. Here, we determined the effects of chronic mTOR inhibition with rapamycin with or without T cell activation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) on ART. Rapamycin perturbed the expression of multiple genes and signaling pathways important for cellular proliferation and substantially decreased the frequency of proliferating CD4+ memory T cells (TM cells) in blood and tissues. However, levels of cell-associated SIV DNA and SIV RNA were not markedly different between rapamycin-treated RMs and controls during ART. T cell activation with an anti-CD3LALA antibody induced increases in SIV RNA in plasma of RMs on rapamycin, consistent with SIV production. However, upon ART cessation, both rapamycin and CD3LALA–treated and control-treated RMs rebounded in less than 12 days, with no difference in the time to viral rebound or post-ART viral load set points. These results indicate that, while rapamycin can decrease the proliferation of CD4+ TM cells, chronic mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with T cell activation was not sufficient to disrupt the stability of the SIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Derick D Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Walter Flores
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Engelman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Louis Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Ma Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
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15
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Gibson MS, Noronha-Estima C, Gama-Carvalho M. Therapeutic Metabolic Reprograming Using microRNAs: From Cancer to HIV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020273. [PMID: 35205318 PMCID: PMC8872267 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes, including metabolism. Attempts to use miRNAs as therapeutic agents are being explored in several areas, including the control of cancer progression. Recent evidence suggests fine tuning miRNA activity to reprogram tumor cell metabolism has enormous potential as an alternative treatment option. Indeed, cancer growth is known to be linked to profound metabolic changes. Likewise, the emerging field of immunometabolism is leading to a refined understanding of how immune cell proliferation and function is governed by glucose homeostasis. Different immune cell types are now known to have unique metabolic signatures that switch in response to a changing environment. T-cell subsets exhibit distinct metabolic profiles which underlie their alternative differentiation and phenotypic functions. Recent evidence shows that the susceptibility of CD4+ T-cells to HIV infection is intimately linked to their metabolic activity, with many of the metabolic features of HIV-1-infected cells resembling those found in tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the use of miRNA modulation to achieve metabolic reprogramming for cancer therapy and explore the idea that the same approach may serve as an effective mechanism to restrict HIV replication and eliminate infected cells.
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16
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HIV-1 hypermethylated guanosine cap licenses specialized translation unaffected by mTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2105153118. [PMID: 34949712 PMCID: PMC8740576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105153118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of viral pathogens is restricted by hosts, but resilient pathogens antagonize the restriction by hosts. Findings explain that HIV-1 blocked mono-methylated guanosine cap by hypermethylation and engaged novel cap-binding complex for virion protein translation unaffected by global translation inhibition. The hypermethylated cap activity required RNA-structure-dependent binding of RNA helicase A/DHX9. eIF4E interaction proceeded on completely spliced HIV messenger RNA templates encoding viral regulatory proteins, thus eIF4E inactivation by catalytic site mTOR inhibitor suppressed regulatory protein translation, while structural/accessory protein translation was maintained. Two mutually exclusive translation pathways antagonize hosts and facilitate HIV-1 proliferation in primary CD4+ T cells to the detriment of hosts. eIF4E inactivation imposed an operational rheostat that suppressed regulatory proteins, while maintaining virion production in immune cells. Appended to the 5′ end of nascent RNA polymerase II transcripts is 7-methyl guanosine (m7G-cap) that engages nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) to facilitate messenger RNA (mRNA) maturation. Mature mRNAs exchange CBC for eIF4E, the rate-limiting translation factor that is controlled through mTOR. Experiments in immune cells have now documented HIV-1 incompletely processed transcripts exhibited hypermethylated m7G-cap and that the down-regulation of the trimethylguanosine synthetase-1–reduced HIV-1 infectivity and virion protein synthesis by several orders of magnitude. HIV-1 cap hypermethylation required nuclear RNA helicase A (RHA)/DHX9 interaction with the shape of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) primer binding site (PBS) segment. Down-regulation of RHA or the anomalous shape of the PBS segment abrogated hypermethylated caps and derepressed eIF4E binding for virion protein translation during global down-regulation of host translation. mTOR inhibition was detrimental to HIV-1 proliferation and attenuated Tat, Rev, and Nef synthesis. This study identified mutually exclusive translation pathways and the calibration of virion structural/accessory protein synthesis with de novo synthesis of the viral regulatory proteins. The hypermethylation of select, viral mRNA resulted in CBC exchange to heterodimeric CBP80/NCBP3 that expanded the functional capacity of HIV-1 in immune cells.
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17
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Post-translational modifications and stabilization of microtubules regulate transport of viral factors during infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1735-1748. [PMID: 34436545 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a source of diversity for microtubule (MT) functions, in addition to the different isotypes of α and β-tubulin acting as building blocks of MTs. Also, MT-associated proteins (MAPs) confer different characteristics to MTs. The combination of all these factors regulates the stability of these structures that act as rails to transport organelles within the cell, facilitating the association of motor complexes. All these functions are involved in crucial cellular processes in most cell types, ranging from spindle formation in mitosis to the defense against incoming cellular threats during phagocytosis mediated by immune cells. The regulation of MT dynamics through tubulin PTMs has evolved to depend on many different factors that act in a complex orchestrated manner. These tightly regulated processes are particularly relevant during the induction of effective immune responses against pathogens. Viruses have proved not only to hijack MTs and MAPs in order to favor an efficient infection, but also to induce certain PTMs that improve their cellular spread and lead to secondary consequences of viral processes. In this review, we offer a perspective on relevant MT-related elements exploited by viruses.
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18
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Th17 T cells and immature dendritic cells are the preferential initial targets after rectal challenge with an SIV-based replication-defective dual-reporter vector. J Virol 2021; 95:e0070721. [PMID: 34287053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00707-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the earliest events of HIV sexual transmission is critical to develop and optimize HIV prevention strategies. To gain insights into the earliest steps of HIV rectal transmission, including cellular targets, rhesus macaques were intra-rectally challenged with a single-round SIV-based dual reporter that expresses luciferase and iRFP670 upon productive transduction. The vector was pseudotyped with the HIV-1 envelope JRFL. Regions of tissue containing foci of luminescent, transduced cells were identified macroscopically using an in vivo imaging system, and individual transduced cells expressing fluorescent protein were identified and phenotyped microscopically. This system revealed that anal and rectal tissues are both susceptible to transduction 48 hours after the rectal challenge. Detailed phenotypic analysis revealed that on average, 62% of transduced cells are CCR6+ T cells-the vast majority of which express RORγT, a Th17 lineage-specific transcription factor. The second most common target cells were immature dendritic cells at 20%. These two cell types were transduced at the rates that are four to five times higher than their relative abundances indicate. Our work demonstrates that Th17 T and immature dendritic cells are preferential initial targets of HIV/SIV rectal transmission. IMPORTANCE Men and women who participate in unprotected receptive anal intercourse are at high risk for acquiring HIV. While in vitro data have developed a framework for understanding HIV cell tropism, the initial target cells in the rectal mucosa have not been identified. In this study, we identify these early host cells by using an innovative rhesus macaque rectal challenge model and methodology, which we previously developed. Thus, by shedding light on these early HIV/SIV transmission events, this study provides a specific cellular target for future prevention strategies.
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19
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Naghavi MH. HIV-1 capsid exploitation of the host microtubule cytoskeleton during early infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:19. [PMID: 34229718 PMCID: PMC8259435 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form a filamentous array that provide both structural support and a coordinated system for the movement and organization of macromolecular cargos within the cell. As such, they play a critical role in regulating a wide range of cellular processes, from cell shape and motility to cell polarization and division. The array is radial with filament minus-ends anchored at perinuclear MT-organizing centers and filament plus-ends continuously growing and shrinking to explore and adapt to the intracellular environment. In response to environmental cues, a small subset of these highly dynamic MTs can become stabilized, acquire post-translational modifications and act as specialized tracks for cargo trafficking. MT dynamics and stability are regulated by a subset of highly specialized MT plus-end tracking proteins, known as +TIPs. Central to this is the end-binding (EB) family of proteins which specifically recognize and track growing MT plus-ends to both regulate MT polymerization directly and to mediate the accumulation of a diverse array of other +TIPs at MT ends. Moreover, interaction of EB1 and +TIPs with actin-MT cross-linking factors coordinate changes in actin and MT dynamics at the cell periphery, as well as during the transition of cargos from one network to the other. The inherent structural polarity of MTs is sensed by specialized motor proteins. In general, dynein directs trafficking of cargos towards the minus-end while most kinesins direct movement toward the plus-end. As a pathogenic cargo, HIV-1 uses the actin cytoskeleton for short-range transport most frequently at the cell periphery during entry before transiting to MTs for long-range transport to reach the nucleus. While the fundamental importance of MT networks to HIV-1 replication has long been known, recent work has begun to reveal the underlying mechanistic details by which HIV-1 engages MTs after entry into the cell. This includes mimicry of EB1 by capsid (CA) and adaptor-mediated engagement of dynein and kinesin motors to elegantly coordinate early steps in infection that include MT stabilization, uncoating (conical CA disassembly) and virus transport toward the nucleus. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of how MT regulators and their associated motors are exploited by incoming HIV-1 capsid during early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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Kishimoto N, Yamamoto K, Abe T, Yasuoka N, Takamune N, Misumi S. Glucose-dependent aerobic glycolysis contributes to recruiting viral components into HIV-1 particles to maintain infectivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:187-193. [PMID: 33676187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular environment affects optimal viral replication because viruses cannot replicate without their host cells. In particular, metabolic resources such as carbohydrates, lipids, and ATP are crucial for viral replication, which is sensitive to cellular metabolism. Intriguingly, recent studies have demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection induces a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in CD4+ T cells to produce the virus efficiently. However, the importance of aerobic glycolysis in maintaining the quality of viral components and viral infectivity has not yet been fully investigated. Here, we show that aerobic glycolysis is necessary not only to override the inhibitory effect of virion-incorporated glycolytic enzymes, but also to maintain the enzymatic activity of reverse transcriptase and the adequate packaging of envelope proteins into HIV-1 particles. To investigate the effect of metabolic remodeling on the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 produced by infected cells, we replaced glucose with galactose in the culture medium because the cells grown in galactose-containing medium are forced to carry out oxidative metabolism instead of aerobic glycolysis. We found that the packaging levels of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-enolase and pyruvate kinase muscle type 2, which decrease HIV-1 infectivity by packaging into viral particles, are increased in progeny viruses produced by the cells grown in galactose-containing medium. Furthermore, we found that the entry and reverse transcription efficiency of the progeny viruses were reduced, which was caused by a decrease in the enzymatic activity of reverse transcriptase in the viral particles and a decrease in the packaging levels of envelope proteins and reverse transcriptase. These results indicate that the aerobic glycolysis environment in HIV-1-infected cells may contribute to the quality control of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kengo Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Towa Abe
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Norito Yasuoka
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Kumamoto Innovative Development Organization, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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21
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Bishop EL, Gudgeon N, Dimeloe S. Control of T Cell Metabolism by Cytokines and Hormones. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653605. [PMID: 33927722 PMCID: PMC8076900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic, coordinated changes in metabolic pathway activity underpin the protective and inflammatory activity of T cells, through provision of energy and biosynthetic precursors for effector functions, as well as direct effects of metabolic enzymes, intermediates and end-products on signaling pathways and transcriptional mechanisms. Consequently, it has become increasingly clear that the metabolic status of the tissue microenvironment directly influences T cell activity, with changes in nutrient and/or metabolite abundance leading to dysfunctional T cell metabolism and interlinked immune function. Emerging evidence now indicates that additional signals are integrated by T cells to determine their overall metabolic phenotype, including those arising from interaction with cytokines and hormones in their environment. The impact of these on T cell metabolism, the mechanisms involved and the pathological implications are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Dimeloe
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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22
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Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Brantley W, Varco-Merth B, Sperber HS, Hull PA, Montano M, Migueles SA, Rosenthal D, Hogan LE, Johnson JR, Packard TA, Grimmett ZW, Herzig E, Besnard E, Nekorchuk M, Hsiao F, Deeks SG, Snape M, Kiernan B, Roan NR, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Picker LJ, Verdin E, Krogan NJ, Henrich TJ, Connors M, Ott M, Pillai SK, Okoye AA, Greene WC. Evaluating a New Class of AKT/mTOR Activators for HIV Latency Reversing Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02393-20. [PMID: 33536176 PMCID: PMC8103695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02393-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to activate latent HIV-1 expression could benefit many HIV cure strategies, but the first generation of latency reversing agents (LRAs) has proven disappointing. We evaluated AKT/mTOR activators as a potential new class of LRAs. Two glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors (GSK-3i's), SB-216763 and tideglusib (the latter already in phase II clinical trials) that activate AKT/mTOR signaling were tested. These GSK-3i's reactivated latent HIV-1 present in blood samples from aviremic individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the absence of T cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity, or impaired effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells. However, when administered in vivo to SIV-infected rhesus macaques on suppressive ART, tideglusib exhibited poor pharmacodynamic properties and resulted in no clear evidence of significant SIV latency reversal. Whether alternative pharmacological formulations or combinations of this drug with other classes of LRAs will lead to an effective in vivo latency-reversing strategy remains to be determined.IMPORTANCE If combined with immune therapeutics, latency reversing agents (LRAs) have the potential to reduce the size of the reservoir sufficiently that an engineered immune response can control the virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We have identified a new class of LRAs that do not induce T-cell activation and that are able to potentiate, rather than inhibit, CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxic effector functions. This new class of LRAs corresponds to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. In this work, we have also studied the effects of one member of this drug class, tideglusib, in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. When tested in vivo, however, tideglusib showed unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, which resulted in lack of SIV latency reversal. The disconnect between our ex vivo and in vivo results highlights the importance of developing next generation LRAs with pharmacological properties that allow systemic drug delivery in relevant anatomical compartments harboring latent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah S Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Free University of Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle Rosenthal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise E Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zachary W Grimmett
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eytan Herzig
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emilie Besnard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Feng Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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LILAC pilot study: Effects of metformin on mTOR activation and HIV reservoir persistence during antiretroviral therapy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103270. [PMID: 33662832 PMCID: PMC7930590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation and residual HIV transcription persist in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), thus increasing the risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and HIV transcription, and therefore represents an interesting novel therapeutic target. METHODS The LILAC pilot clinical trial, performed on non-diabetic ART-treated PLWH with CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios <0.8, evaluated the effects of metformin (12 weeks oral administration; 500-850 mg twice daily), an indirect mTOR inhibitor, on the dynamics of immunological/virological markers and changes in mTOR activation/phosphorylation in blood collected at Baseline, Week 12, and 12 weeks after metformin discontinuation (Week 24) and sigmoid colon biopsies (SCB) collected at Baseline and Week 12. FINDINGS CD4+ T-cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios, plasma markers of inflammation/gut damage, as well as levels of cell-associated integrated HIV-DNA and HIV-RNA, and transcriptionally-inducible HIV reservoirs, underwent minor variations in the blood in response to metformin. The highest levels of mTOR activation/phosphorylation were observed in SCB at Baseline. Consistently, metformin significantly decreased CD4+ T-cell infiltration in the colon, as well as mTOR activation/phosphorylation, especially in CD4+ T-cells expressing the Th17 marker CCR6. Also, metformin decreased the HIV-RNA/HIV-DNA ratios, a surrogate marker of viral transcription, in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells of 8/13 participants. INTERPRETATION These results are consistent with the fact that metformin preferentially acts on the intestine and that mTOR activation/phosphorylation selectively occurs in colon-infiltrating CCR6+CD4+ T-cells. Future randomized clinical trials should evaluate the benefits of long-term metformin supplementation of ART.
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24
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Possible Therapeutic Use of Natural Compounds Against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2021; 2:63-79. [PMID: 33768214 PMCID: PMC7990267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19); a pandemic disease that has resulted in devastating social, economic, morbidity and mortality burdens. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells following receptor-mediated endocytosis and priming by cellular proteases. Following uptake, SARS-CoV-2 replicates in autophagosome-like structures in the cytosol following its escape from endolysosomes. Accordingly, the greater endolysosome pathway including autophagosomes and the mTOR sensor may be targets for therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Naturally existing compounds (phytochemicals) through their actions on endolysosomes and mTOR signaling pathways might provide therapeutic relief against COVID-19. Here, we discuss evidence that some natural compounds through actions on the greater endolysosome system can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and thereby might be repurposed for use against COVID-19.
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