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Chen C. Inhibiting degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108394. [PMID: 36966972 PMCID: PMC10123871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid signaling mediators that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid and is a full agonist of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), which are targets of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. While 2-AG has been well recognized as a retrograde messenger modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity at both inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the brain, growing evidence suggests that 2-AG also functions as an endogenous terminator of neuroinflammation in response to harmful insults, thus maintaining brain homeostasis. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the key enzyme that degrades 2-AG in the brain. The immediate metabolite of 2-AG is arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes. Several lines of evidence indicate that pharmacological or genetic inactivation of MAGL, which boosts 2-AG levels and reduces its hydrolytic metabolites, resolves neuroinflammation, mitigates neuropathology, and improves synaptic and cognitive functions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neurodegenerative disease. Thus, it has been proposed that MAGL is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. As the main enzyme hydrolyzing 2-AG, several MAGL inhibitors have been identified and developed. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which inactivation of MAGL produces neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases remains limited. A recent finding that inhibition of 2-AG metabolism in astrocytes, but not in neurons, protects the brain from TBI-induced neuropathology might shed some light on this unsolved issue. This review provides an overview of MAGL as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and discusses possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of restraining degradation of 2-AG in the brain.
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Aretxabala X, García del Caño G, Barrondo S, López de Jesús M, González-Burguera I, Saumell-Esnaola M, Goicolea MA, Sallés J. Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis and Metabolism at Neuronal Nuclear Matrix Fractions Derived from Adult Rat Brain Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043165. [PMID: 36834575 PMCID: PMC9965625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe the kinetics characteristics of the diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGLα) located at the nuclear matrix of nuclei derived from adult cortical neurons. Thus, using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, classical biochemical subcellular fractionation, and Western blot techniques, we demonstrate that the DGLα enzyme is located in the matrix of neuronal nuclei. Furthermore, by quantifying the 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) level by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry when 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (SAG) was exogenously added as substrate, we describe the presence of a mechanism for 2-AG production through DGLα dependent biosynthesis with an apparent Km (Kmapp) of 180 µM and a Vmax of 1.3 pmol min-1 µg-1 protein. We also examined the presence of enzymes with hydrolytic and oxygenase activities that are able to use 2-AG as substrate, and described the localization and compartmentalization of the major 2-AG degradation enzymes, namely monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), α/β-hydrolase domain 12 protein (ABHD12) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). Of these, only ABHD12 exhibited the same distribution with respect to chromatin, lamin B1, SC-35 and NeuN as that described for DGLα. When 2-AG was exogenously added, we observed the production of arachidonic acid (AA), which was prevented by inhibitors (but not specific MGL or ABHD6 inhibitors) of the ABHD family. Overall, our results expand knowledge about the subcellular distribution of neuronal DGLα, and provide biochemical and morphological evidence to ensure that 2-AG is produced in the neuronal nuclear matrix. Thus, this work paves the way for proposing a working hypothesis about the role of 2-AG produced in neuronal nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Aretxabala
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gontzal García del Caño
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miquel Saumell-Esnaola
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Aranzazu Goicolea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Joan Sallés
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-945-013114
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Evers P, Pezacki JP. Unraveling Complex MicroRNA Signaling Pathways with Activity‐Based Protein Profiling to Guide Therapeutic Discovery**. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parrish Evers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt. K1N 6N5 Ottawa Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt. K1N 6N5 Ottawa Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa 451 Smyth Rd. K1H 8M5 Ottawa Canada
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Bockmann EC, Brito R, Madeira LF, da Silva Sampaio L, de Melo Reis RA, França GR, Calaza KDC. The Role of Cannabinoids in CNS Development: Focus on Proliferation and Cell Death. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1469-1485. [PMID: 35925507 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active principles of Cannabis sativa are potential treatments for several diseases, such as pain, seizures and anorexia. With the increase in the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, a more careful assessment of the possible impacts on embryonic development becomes necessary. Surveys indicate that approximately 3.9% of pregnant women use cannabis in a recreational and/or medicinal manner. However, although the literature has already described the presence of endocannabinoid system components since the early stages of CNS development, many of their physiological effects during this stage have not yet been established. Moreover, it is still uncertain how the endocannabinoid system can be altered in terms of cell proliferation and cell fate, neural migration, neural differentiation, synaptogenesis and particularly cell death. In relation to cell death in the CNS, knowledge about the effects of cannabinoids is scarce. Thus, the present work aims to review the role of the endocannabinoid system in different aspects of CNS development and discuss possible side effects or even opportunities for treating some conditions in the development of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cosendey Bockmann
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Fragel Madeira
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia da Silva Sampaio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rapozeiro França
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shi H, Zhuang Q, Zheng A, Zhan P, Guan Y, Wei D, Xu X, Wu T. Antibacterial Mechanism of N-PMI and the Characteristics of PMMA-Co-N-PMI Copolymer. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100753. [PMID: 35560720 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the excellent killing effect of N-phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) on microorganisms, this article used structural simulation analysis, fluorescence analysis, confocal laser scanning microscope and SEM to find that the double bond in N-PMI could interact with the sulfur groups in the membrane protein, changing its conformation, rupturing the plasma membrane of the cell, leaking the contents, and ultimately causing the death of the microorganisms. Therefore, once the double bond participated in the polymerization, N-PMI lost its antimicrobial function. N-PMI could achieve azeotropic copolymerization with MMA through reactive extrusion polymerization. N-PMI with a content of 5 % can be evenly inserted into the PMMA chain segment during the copolymerization reaction, thereby increasing the Tg of pure PMMA by up to 15 °C, which provided the PMMA-co-PMI copolymer with resistance to boiling water sterilization advantageous conditions. In addition, N-PMI with a content of 5 % has little effect on the transparency of PMMA after participating in the copolymerization. Moreover, the trace amount of residual N-PMI made the material have excellent antimicrobial function, and the bacteriostatic zone is extremely small, which provided an excellent guarantee for the safety and durability of the material. As a medical biological material, the PMMA-co-PMI copolymer has a good industrialization application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qixin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Anna Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yong Guan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dafu Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Inhibiting Endocannabinoid Hydrolysis as Emerging Analgesic Strategy Targeting a Spectrum of Ion Channels Implicated in Migraine Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084407. [PMID: 35457225 PMCID: PMC9027089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder characterized by severe pain with still limited efficient treatments. Endocannabinoids, the endogenous painkillers, emerged, alternative to plant cannabis, as promising analgesics against migraine pain. In this thematic review, we discuss how inhibition of the main endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), could raise the level of endocannabinoids (endoCBs) such as 2-AG and anandamide in order to alleviate migraine pain. We describe here: (i) migraine pain signaling pathways, which could serve as specific targets for antinociception; (ii) a divergent distribution of MAGL and FAAH activities in the key regions of the PNS and CNS implicated in migraine pain signaling; (iii) a complexity of anti-nociceptive effects of endoCBs mediated by cannabinoid receptors and through a direct modulation of ion channels in nociceptive neurons; and (iv) the spectrum of emerging potent MAGL and FAAH inhibitors which efficiently increase endoCBs levels. The specific distribution and homeostasis of endoCBs in the main regions of the nociceptive system and their generation ‘on demand’, along with recent availability of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors suggest new perspectives for endoCBs-mediated analgesia in migraine pain.
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Kashyap A, Kumar S, Dutt R. A review on structurally diversified synthesized molecules as monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors and their therapeutic uses. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:96-115. [PMID: 35232358 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220301111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol is a metabolic key serine hydrolase, engaged in the regulation of signalling network system of endocannabinoids, which is associated with various physiological processes like pain, inflammation, feeding cognition and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease. The monoacylglycerol also found to act as a regulator and the free fatty acid provider in the proliferation of cancer cells, numerous aggressive tumours such as colorectal cancer, neuroblastoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It also played an important role in increasing the concentration of specific lipids derived from free fatty acids like phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1-phosphate and prostaglandin E2. These signalling lipids are associated with cell proliferation, survival, tumour cell migration, contributing to tumour development, maturation and metastases. In the present study here, we are presenting a review on structurally diverse MAGL inhibitors, their development and their evaluation for different pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kashyap
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Ph.D. Scholar), School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Ph.D. Scholar), School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, India
| | - Rohit Dutt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, India
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8
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Ma Z, Qiu S, Chen HC, Zhang D, Lu YL, Chen XL. Maleimide structure: a promising scaffold for the development of antimicrobial agents. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:1-14. [PMID: 33511872 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1877675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds bearing maleimide rings are a series of secondary metabolites derived from fungi/marine microorganisms, which are characterized by a general structure -CO-N(R)-CO-, and the R group is normally substituted with alkyl or aryl groups. Maleimide compounds show various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity. In this review, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities of 15 maleimide compounds from natural sources and 32 artificially synthesized maleimides were summarized, especially against Candida albicans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Staphylococcus aureus. It highlights that maleimide scaffold has tremendous potential to be utilized in the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuo Qiu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Han-Chi Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yue-Le Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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9
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On the Biomedical Properties of Endocannabinoid Degradation and Reuptake Inhibitors: Pre-clinical and Clinical Evidence. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2072-2097. [PMID: 34741755 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of endogenous cannabinoids; components involved in their synthesis, transport, and degradation; and an expansive variety of cannabinoid receptors. Hypofunction or deregulation of the ECS is related to pathological conditions. Consequently, endogenous enhancement of endocannabinoid levels and/or regulation of their metabolism represent promising therapeutic approaches. Several major strategies have been suggested for the modulation of the ECS: (1) blocking endocannabinoids degradation, (2) inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake, and (3) pharmacological modulation of cannabinoid receptors as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we focused in this review on degradation/reuptake inhibitors over cannabinoid receptor modulators in order to provide an updated synopsis of contemporary evidence advancing mechanisms of endocannabinoids as pharmacological tools with therapeutic properties for the treatment of several disorders. For this purpose, we revisited the available literature and reported the latest advances regarding the biomedical properties of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We also highlighted anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol reuptake inhibitors with promising results in pre-clinical studies using in vitro and animal models as an outlook for future research in clinical trials.
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10
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Abstract
The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived messengers that play a diversity of regulatory roles in mammalian physiology. Dysfunctions in their activity have been implicated in various disease conditions, attracting attention to the endocannabinoid system as a possible source of therapeutic drugs. This signaling complex has three components: the endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG); a set of enzymes and transporters that generate, eliminate, or modify such ligands; and selective cell surface receptors that mediate their biological actions. We provide an overview of endocannabinoid formation, deactivation, and biotransformation and outline the properties and therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents that interfere with those processes. We describe small-molecule inhibitors that target endocannabinoid-producing enzymes, carrier proteins that transport the endocannabinoids into cells, and intracellular endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes. We briefly discuss selected agents that simultaneously interfere with components of the endocannabinoid system and with other functionally related signaling pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; .,Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Alex Mabou Tagne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
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Bajaj S, Jain S, Vyas P, Bawa S, Vohora D. The role of endocannabinoid pathway in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease: Can the inhibitors of MAGL and FAAH prove to be potential therapeutic targets against the cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease? Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:305-322. [PMID: 34217798 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline of cognitive function in combination with neuronal death. Current approved treatment target single dysregulated pathway instead of multiple mechanism, resulting in lack of efficacy in slowing down disease progression. The proclivity of endocannabinoid system to exert neuroprotective action and mitigate symptoms of neurodegeneration condition has received substantial interest. Growing evidence suggest the endocannabinoids (eCB) system, viz. anadamide (AEA) and arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), as potential therapeutic targets with the ability to modify Alzheimer's pathology by targeting the inflammatory, neurodegenerative and cognitive aspects of the disease. In order to modulate endocannabinoid system, number of agents have been reported amongst which are inhibitors of the monoacylglycerol (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzymes that hydrolyses 2-AG and AEA respectively. However, little is known regarding the exact mechanistic signalling and their effects on pathophysiology and cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Both MAGL and FAAH inhibitors possess fascinating properties that may offer a multi-faceted approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease such as potential to protect neurons from deleterious effect of amyloid-β, reducing phosphorylation of tau, reducing amyloid-β induced oxidative stress, stimulating neurotrophin to support brain intrinsic repair mechanism etc. Based on empirical evidence, MAGL and FAAH inhibitors might have potential for therapeutic efficacy against cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the experimental studies demonstrating the polyvalent properties of MAGL or FAAH inhibitor compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and also effect of these on learning and types of memories, which together encourage to study these compounds over other therapeutics targets. Further research in this direction would enhance the molecular mechanisms and development of applicable interventions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which nevertheless stay as the primary unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanshu Bajaj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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12
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New Disulfiram Derivatives as MAGL-Selective Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113296. [PMID: 34070869 PMCID: PMC8199291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme in the human endocannabinoid system. It is also the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibition of MAGL activity would be beneficial for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders and cancer. Here, the author reports the pharmacological evaluation of new disulfiram derivatives as potent inhibitors of MAGL. These analogues displayed high inhibition selectivity over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), another endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme. In particular, compound 2i inhibited MAGL in the low micromolar range. However, it did not show any inhibitory activity against FAAH.
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13
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Miralpeix C, Reguera AC, Fosch A, Casas M, Lillo J, Navarro G, Franco R, Casas J, Alexander SPH, Casals N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C negatively regulates the endocannabinoid hydrolase ABHD6 in mice, depending on nutritional status. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1507-1523. [PMID: 33444462 PMCID: PMC9328656 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The enzyme α/β‐hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6), a new member of the endocannabinoid system, is a promising therapeutic target against neuronal‐related diseases. However, how ABHD6 activity is regulated is not known. ABHD6 coexists in protein complexes with the brain‐specific carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (CPT1C). CPT1C is involved in neuro‐metabolic functions, depending on brain malonyl–CoA levels. Our aim was to study CPT1C–ABHD6 interaction and determine whether CPT1C is a key regulator of ABHD6 activity depending on nutritional status. Experimental Approach Co‐immunoprecipitation and FRET assays were used to explore ABHD6 interaction with CPT1C or modified malonyl–CoA‐insensitive or C‐terminal truncated CPT1C forms. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor‐mediated signalling was investigated by determining cAMP levels. A novel highly sensitive fluorescent method was optimized to measure ABHD6 activity in non‐neuronal and neuronal cells and in brain tissues from wild‐type (WT) and CPT1C–KO mice. Key Results CPT1C interacted with ABHD6 and negatively regulated its hydrolase activity, thereby regulating 2‐AG downstream signalling. Accordingly, brain tissues of CPT1C–KO mice showed increased ABHD6 activity. CPT1C malonyl–CoA sensing was key to the regulatory role on ABHD6 activity and CB1 receptor signalling. Fasting, which attenuates brain malonyl–CoA, significantly increased ABHD6 activity in hypothalamus from WT, but not CPT1C–KO, mice. Conclusions and Implications Our finding that negative regulation of ABHD6 activity, particularly in the hypothalamus, is sensitive to nutritional status throws new light on the characterization and the importance of the proteins involved as potential targets against diseases affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Miralpeix
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ana Cristina Reguera
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Fosch
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Casas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rafael Franco
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department on Biomedical Chemistry, Research Unit of BioActive Molecules, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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14
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Deng H, Li W. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: modulators for lipid metabolism in cancer malignancy, neurological and metabolic disorders. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:582-602. [PMID: 32322464 PMCID: PMC7161712 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that plays a crucial role catalysing the hydrolysis of monoglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. It links the endocannabinoid and eicosanoid systems together by degradation of the abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidaoylglycerol into arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. MAGL inhibitors have been considered as important agents in many therapeutic fields, including anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and even anti-cancer. Currently, ABX-1431, a first-in-class inhibitor of MAGL, is entering clinical phase 2 studies for neurological disorders and other diseases. This review summarizes the diverse (patho)physiological roles of MAGL and will provide an overview on the development of MAGL inhibitors. Although a large number of MAGL inhibitors have been reported, novel inhibitors are still required, particularly reversible ones.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
- 2-Arachidaoylglycerol
- 2-OG, 2-oleoylglycerol
- 4-NPA, 4-nitrophenylacetate
- 7-HCA, 7-hydroxycoumarinyl arachidonate
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ABHD6 and ABHD12, α/β-hydrolase 6 and 12
- ABP, activity-based probes
- ABPP, activity-based protein profiling
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AEA, anandamide
- Arachidonic acid
- BCRP, breast cancer resistant protein
- CB1R and CB2R, cannabinoid receptors
- CC-ABPP, click chemistry activity-based protein profiling
- CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cyclooxygenases
- CYP, cytochrome P450 proteins
- Cancer
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DAGLs, diacylglycerol lipases
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Drug discovery
- EAE, encephalomyelitis
- EI, enzyme–inhibitor complex
- FAAH, amide hydrolase
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FP, fluorophosphonate
- FP-Rh, fluorophosphonate-rhodamine
- FQ, fit quality
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HFIP, hexafluoroisopropyl
- LC–MS, liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- MAGs, monoglycerides
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metabolic syndrome
- Monoacylglycerol lipases
- NAM, N-arachidonoyl maleimide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
- Neuroinflammation
- OCT2, organic cation transporter 2
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PGE2, prostaglandin
- PGs, prostaglandins
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PLA2G7, phospholipase A2 group VII
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SBDD, structure-based drug design
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- THL, tetrahydrolipstatin
- cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
| | - Weimin Li
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
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15
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Hossain MZ, Ando H, Unno S, Kitagawa J. Targeting Peripherally Restricted Cannabinoid Receptor 1, Cannabinoid Receptor 2, and Endocannabinoid-Degrading Enzymes for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Including Neuropathic Orofacial Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1423. [PMID: 32093166 PMCID: PMC7073137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain conditions including neuropathic orofacial pain (NOP) are difficult to treat. Contemporary therapeutic agents for neuropathic pain are often ineffective in relieving pain and are associated with various adverse effects. Finding new options for treating neuropathic pain is a major priority in pain-related research. Cannabinoid-based therapeutic strategies have emerged as promising new options. Cannabinoids mainly act on cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors, and the former is widely distributed in the brain. The therapeutic significance of cannabinoids is masked by their adverse effects including sedation, motor impairment, addiction and cognitive impairment, which are thought to be mediated by CB1 receptors in the brain. Alternative approaches have been developed to overcome this problem by selectively targeting CB2 receptors, peripherally restricted CB1 receptors and endocannabinoids that may be locally synthesized on demand at sites where their actions are pertinent. Many preclinical studies have reported that these strategies are effective for treating neuropathic pain and produce no or minimal side effects. Recently, we observed that inhibition of degradation of a major endocannabinoid, 2-arachydonoylglycerol, can attenuate NOP following trigeminal nerve injury in mice. This review will discuss the above-mentioned alternative approaches that show potential for treating neuropathic pain including NOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan; (S.U.); (J.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan; (S.U.); (J.K.)
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan; (S.U.); (J.K.)
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16
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Yoo E, Schulze CJ, Stokes BH, Onguka O, Yeo T, Mok S, Gnädig NF, Zhou Y, Kurita K, Foe IT, Terrell SM, Boucher MJ, Cieplak P, Kumpornsin K, Lee MCS, Linington RG, Long JZ, Uhlemann AC, Weerapana E, Fidock DA, Bogyo M. The Antimalarial Natural Product Salinipostin A Identifies Essential α/β Serine Hydrolases Involved in Lipid Metabolism in P. falciparum Parasites. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:143-157.e5. [PMID: 31978322 PMCID: PMC8027986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salinipostin A (Sal A) is a potent antiplasmodial marine natural product with an undefined mechanism of action. Using a Sal A-derived activity-based probe, we identify its targets in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. All of the identified proteins contain α/β serine hydrolase domains and several are essential for parasite growth. One of the essential targets displays a high degree of homology to human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and is able to process lipid esters including a MAGL acylglyceride substrate. This Sal A target is inhibited by the anti-obesity drug Orlistat, which disrupts lipid metabolism. Resistance selections yielded parasites that showed only minor reductions in sensitivity and that acquired mutations in a PRELI domain-containing protein linked to drug resistance in Toxoplasma gondii. This inability to evolve efficient resistance mechanisms combined with the non-essentiality of human homologs makes the serine hydrolases identified here promising antimalarial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Yoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher J Schulze
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Barbara H Stokes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nina F Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yani Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Kenji Kurita
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ian T Foe
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie M Terrell
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Piotr Cieplak
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Roger G Linington
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Castelli R, Scalvini L, Vacondio F, Lodola A, Anselmi M, Vezzosi S, Carmi C, Bassi M, Ferlenghi F, Rivara S, Møller IR, Rand KD, Daglian J, Wei D, Dotsey EY, Ahmed F, Jung KM, Stella N, Singh S, Mor M, Piomelli D. Benzisothiazolinone Derivatives as Potent Allosteric Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors That Functionally Mimic Sulfenylation of Regulatory Cysteines. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1261-1280. [PMID: 31714779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe a set of benzisothiazolinone (BTZ) derivatives that are potent inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the primary degrading enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG). Structure-activity relationship studies evaluated various substitutions on the nitrogen atom and the benzene ring of the BTZ nucleus. Optimized derivatives with nanomolar potency allowed us to investigate the mechanism of MGL inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis and mass spectrometry experiments showed that BTZs interact in a covalent reversible manner with regulatory cysteines, Cys201 and Cys208, causing a reversible sulfenylation known to modulate MGL activity. Metadynamics simulations revealed that BTZ adducts favor a closed conformation of MGL that occludes substrate recruitment. The BTZ derivative 13 protected neuronal cells from oxidative stimuli and increased 2-AG levels in the mouse brain. The results identify Cys201 and Cys208 as key regulators of MGL function and point to the BTZ scaffold as a useful starting point for the discovery of allosteric MGL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Mattia Anselmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Stefano Vezzosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Caterina Carmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Michele Bassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Francesca Ferlenghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Ingvar R Møller
- Department of Pharmacy , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7280 , United States
| | - Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7280 , United States
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
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18
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Scherma M, Masia P, Satta V, Fratta W, Fadda P, Tanda G. Brain activity of anandamide: a rewarding bliss? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:309-323. [PMID: 30050084 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide is a lipid mediator that acts as an endogenous ligand of CB1 receptors. These receptors are also the primary molecular target responsible for the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient in Cannabis sativa. Several studies demonstrate that anandamide exerts an overall modulatory effect on the brain reward circuitry. Several reports suggest its involvement in the addiction-producing actions of other abused drugs, and it can also act as a behavioral reinforcer in animal models of drug abuse. Importantly, all these effects of anandamide appear to be potentiated by pharmacological inhibition of its metabolic degradation. Enhanced brain levels of anandamide after treatment with inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the main enzyme responsible for its degradation, seem to affect the rewarding and reinforcing actions of many drugs of abuse. In this review, we will provide an overview from a preclinical perspective of the current state of knowledge regarding the behavioral pharmacology of anandamide, with a particular emphasis on its motivational/reinforcing properties. We will also discuss how modulation of anandamide levels through inhibition of enzymatic metabolic pathways could provide a basis for developing new pharmaco-therapeutic tools for the treatment of substance use disorders.
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19
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Kind L, Kursula P. Structural properties and role of the endocannabinoid lipases ABHD6 and ABHD12 in lipid signalling and disease. Amino Acids 2018; 51:151-174. [PMID: 30564946 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is an important part of both the human central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological and neuronal processes and has been associated with various diseases. The eCB system is a complex network composed of receptor molecules, their cannabinoid ligands, and enzymes regulating the synthesis, release, uptake, and degradation of the signalling molecules. Although the eCB system and the molecular processes of eCB signalling have been studied extensively over the past decades, the involved molecules and underlying signalling mechanisms have not been described in full detail. An example pose the two poorly characterised eCB-degrading enzymes α/β-hydrolase domain protein six (ABHD6) and ABHD12, which have been shown to hydrolyse 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-the main eCB in the CNS. We review the current knowledge about the eCB system and the role of ABHD6 and ABHD12 within this important signalling system and associated diseases. Homology modelling and multiple sequence alignments highlight the structural features of the studied enzymes and their similarities, as well as the structural basis of disease-related ABHD12 mutations. However, homologies within the ABHD family are very low, and even the closest homologues have widely varying substrate preferences. Detailed experimental analyses at the molecular level will be necessary to understand these important enzymes in full detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kind
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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20
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Gil-Ordóñez A, Martín-Fontecha M, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) as a promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:18-32. [PMID: 30059673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) has been characterized as the main enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the most abundant brain endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Besides this role, MAGL has progressively acquired a growing importance as an integrative metabolic hub that controls not only the in vivo levels of 2-AG but also of other monoacylglycerides and, indirectly, the levels of free fatty acids derived from their hydrolysis as well as other lipids with pro-inflammatory or pro-tumorigenic effects, coming from the further metabolism of fatty acids. All these functions have only started to be elucidated in the last years due to the progress made in the knowledge of the structure of MAGL and in the development of genetic and chemical tools. In this review we report the advances made in the field with a special focus on the last decade and how MAGL has become a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases that currently lack appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Ordóñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Baraldi S, Ruggiero E, De Stefano L, Rizzolio F, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C, Chicca A, Lapillo M, Gertsch J, Manera C, Macchia M, Martinelli A, Granchi C, Minutolo F, Tuccinardi T. Discovery of 1,5-Diphenylpyrazole-3-Carboxamide Derivatives as Potent, Reversible, and Selective Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1340-1354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ruggiero
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Graduate
School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Division
of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular
Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Division
of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular
Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari Università di Venezia, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department
of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department
of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margherita Lapillo
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Macchia
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Sbarro
Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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22
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Grabner GF, Zimmermann R, Schicho R, Taschler U. Monoglyceride lipase as a drug target: At the crossroads of arachidonic acid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:35-46. [PMID: 28213089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoglyerides (MGs) are short-lived, intermediary lipids deriving from the degradation of phospho- and neutral lipids, and monoglyceride lipase (MGL), also designated as monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), is the major enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of MGs into glycerol and fatty acids. This distinct function enables MGL to regulate a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes since both MGs and fatty acids can act as signaling lipids or precursors thereof. The most prominent MG species acting as signaling lipid is 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) which is the most abundant endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors in the body. Importantly, recent observations demonstrate that 2-AG represents a quantitatively important source for arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. Accordingly, MGL-mediated 2-AG degradation affects lipid signaling by cannabinoid receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies gave important insights into MGL's role in (patho-)physiological processes, and the enzyme is now considered as a promising drug target for a number of disorders including cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the basics of MG (2-AG) metabolism and provides an overview on the therapeutic potential of MGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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23
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Riccardi L, Arencibia JM, Bono L, Armirotti A, Girotto S, De Vivo M. Lid domain plasticity and lipid flexibility modulate enzyme specificity in human monoacylglycerol lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:441-451. [PMID: 28088576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a membrane-interacting enzyme that generates pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. For this reason, MAGL inhibition is a promising strategy to treat pain, cancer, and neuroinflammatory diseases. MAGL can hydrolyze monoacylglycerols bearing an acyl chain of different lengths and degrees of unsaturation, cleaving primarily the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Importantly, the enzymatic binding site of MAGL is confined by a 75-amino-acid-long, flexible cap domain, named 'lid domain', which is structurally similar to that found in several other lipases. However, it is unclear how lid domain plasticity affects catalysis in MAGL. By integrating extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments, we here define a lid-domain-mediated mechanism for substrate selection and binding in MAGL catalysis. In particular, we clarify the key role of Phe159 and Ile179, two conserved residues within the lid domain, in regulating substrate specificity in MAGL. We conclude by proposing that other structurally related lipases may share this lid-domain-mediated mechanism for substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riccardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jose M Arencibia
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Bono
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Stefania Girotto
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; IAS-5/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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24
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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25
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Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Guindon J, Ruiz M, Tejero ME, Hubbard G, Martinez-de-Villarreal LE, Barrera-Saldaña HA, Dick EJ, Comuzzie AG, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE. The endocannabinoid system in the baboon (Papio spp.) as a complex framework for developmental pharmacology. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 58:23-30. [PMID: 27327781 PMCID: PMC5897907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of marijuana (exogenous cannabinoid) almost doubled in adults during last decade. Consumption of exogenous cannabinoids interferes with the endogenous cannabinoid (or "endocannabinoid" (eCB)) system (ECS), which comprises N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), endocannabinoid receptors (cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), encoded by CNR1 and CNR2, respectively), and synthesizing/degrading enzymes (FAAH, fatty-acid amide hydrolase; MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase; DAGL-α, diacylglycerol lipase-alpha). Reports regarding the toxic and therapeutic effects of pharmacological compounds targeting the ECS are sometimes contradictory. This may be caused by the fact that structure of the eCBs varies in the species studied. OBJECTIVES First: to clone and characterize the cDNAs of selected members of ECS in a non-human primate (baboon, Papio spp.), and second: to compare those cDNA sequences to known human structural variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes). MATERIALS AND METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene products from baboon tissues were transformed into Escherichia coli. Amplicon-positive clones were sequenced, and the obtained sequences were conceptually translated into amino-acid sequences using the genetic code. RESULTS Among the ECS members, CNR1 was the best conserved gene between humans and baboons. The phenotypes associated with mutations in the untranslated regions of this gene in humans have not been described in baboons. One difference in the structure of CNR2 between humans and baboons was detected in the region with the only known clinically relevant polymorphism in a human receptor. All of the differences in the amino-acid structure of DAGL-α between humans and baboons were located in the hydroxylase domain, close to phosphorylation sites. None of the differences in the amino-acid structure of MAGL observed between baboons and humans were located in the area critical for enzyme function. CONCLUSION The evaluation of the data, obtained in non-human primate model of cannabis-related developmental exposure should take into consideration possible evolutionary-determined species-specific differences in the CB1R expression, CB2R transduction pathway, and FAAH and DAGLα substrate-enzyme interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Genética, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Josee Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marco Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Tejero
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gene Hubbard
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Hugo A Barrera-Saldaña
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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26
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Scalvini L, Vacondio F, Bassi M, Pala D, Lodola A, Rivara S, Jung KM, Piomelli D, Mor M. Free-energy studies reveal a possible mechanism for oxidation-dependent inhibition of MGL. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31046. [PMID: 27499063 PMCID: PMC4976315 DOI: 10.1038/srep31046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), a key actor in the hydrolytic deactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2AG), is tightly controlled by the cell’s redox state: oxidative signals such as hydrogen peroxide suppress MGL activity in a reversible manner through sulfenylation of the peroxidatic cysteines, C201 and C208. Here, using as a starting point the crystal structures of human MGL (hMGL), we present evidence from molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations along with high-resolution mass spectrometry studies indicating that sulfenylation of C201 and C208 alters the conformational equilibrium of the membrane-associated lid domain of MGL to favour closed conformations of the enzyme that do not permit the entry of substrate into the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Bassi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.,Unit of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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27
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Aaltonen N, Kedzierska E, Orzelska-Górka J, Lehtonen M, Navia-Paldanius D, Jakupovic H, Savinainen JR, Nevalainen T, Laitinen JT, Parkkari T, Gynther M. In Vivo Characterization of the Ultrapotent Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor {4-[bis-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl]-piperidin-1-yl}(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methanone (JJKK-048). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:62-72. [PMID: 27451409 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that acts as a principal degradative enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). In addition to terminating the signaling function of 2-AG, MAGL liberates arachidonic acid to be used as a primary source for neuroinflammatory prostaglandin synthesis in the brain. MAGL activity also contributes to cancer pathogenicity by producing precursors for tumor-promoting bioactive lipids. Pharmacological inhibitors of MAGL provide valuable tools for characterization of MAGL and 2-AG signaling pathways. They also hold great therapeutic potential to treat several pathophysiological conditions, such as pain, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. We have previously reported piperidine triazole urea, {4-[bis-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl]-piperidin-1-yl}(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methanone (JJKK-048), to be an ultrapotent and highly selective inhibitor of MAGL in vitro. Here, we characterize in vivo effects of JJKK-048. Acute in vivo administration of JJKK-048 induced a massive increase in mouse brain 2-AG levels without affecting brain anandamide levels. JJKK-048 appeared to be extremely potent in vivo. Activity-based protein profiling revealed that JJKK-048 maintains good selectivity toward MAGL over other serine hydrolases. Our results are also the first to show that JJKK-048 promoted significant analgesia in a writhing test with a low dose that did not cause cannabimimetic side effects. At a high dose, JJKK-048 induced analgesia both in the writhing test and in the tail-immersion test, as well as hypomotility and hyperthermia, but not catalepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Aaltonen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Jolanta Orzelska-Górka
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Dina Navia-Paldanius
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Hermina Jakupovic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Tapio Nevalainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Teija Parkkari
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology (N.A., D.N.-P., H.J., J.R.S., J.T.L.), and School of Pharmacy, (M.L., T.N., T.P., M.G.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (E.K., J.O.-G.)
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28
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Wang C, Placzek MS, Van de Bittner GC, Schroeder FA, Hooker JM. A Novel Radiotracer for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase in the Brain Using Positron Emission Tomography. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:484-9. [PMID: 26694017 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes monoacylglycerols to glycerol and fatty acid and plays an important role in neuroinflammation. MAGL inhibitors are a class of molecules with therapeutic potential for human diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), in areas such as pain and inflammation, immunological disorders, and neurological and psychiatric conditions. Development of a noninvasive imaging probe would elucidate the distribution and functional roles of MAGL in the brain and accelerate medical research and drug discovery in this domain. Herein, we describe the synthesis and pilot rodent imaging of a novel MAGL imaging agent, [(11)C]SAR127303. Our imaging results demonstrate the high specificity, good selectivity, and appropriate kinetics and distribution of [(11)C]SAR127303, validating its utility for imaging MAGL in the brain. Our findings support the translational potential for human CNS MAGL imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Wang
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Michael S. Placzek
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of
Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Genevieve C. Van de Bittner
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Frederick A. Schroeder
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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29
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Dotsey EY, Jung KM, Basit A, Wei D, Daglian J, Vacondio F, Armirotti A, Mor M, Piomelli D. Peroxide-Dependent MGL Sulfenylation Regulates 2-AG-Mediated Endocannabinoid Signaling in Brain Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:619-28. [PMID: 26000748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger hydrogen peroxide transduces changes in the cellular redox state by reversibly oxidizing protein cysteine residues to sulfenic acid. This signaling event regulates many cellular processes but has never been shown to occur in the brain. Here, we report that hydrogen peroxide heightens endocannabinoid signaling in brain neurons through sulfenylation of cysteines C201 and C208 in monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), a serine hydrolase that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) in nerve terminals. The results suggest that MGL sulfenylation may provide a presynaptic control point for 2-AG-mediated endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Y Dotsey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Abdul Basit
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Don Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Jennifer Daglian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | | | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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30
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Chen B, Ge SS, Zhao YC, Chen C, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling: an efficient approach to study serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the identification of serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yuan-Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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31
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Onyango MG, Beebe NW, Gopurenko D, Bellis G, Nicholas A, Ogugo M, Djikeng A, Kemp S, Walker PJ, Duchemin JB. Assessment of population genetic structure in the arbovirus vector midge, Culicoides brevitarsis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), using multi-locus DNA microsatellites. Vet Res 2015; 231:39-58. [PMID: 26408175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a major pathogen of ruminants that is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Australian BTV serotypes have origins in Asia and are distributed across the continent into two distinct episystems, one in the north and another in the east. Culicoides brevitarsis is the major vector of BTV in Australia and is distributed across the entire geographic range of the virus. Here, we describe the isolation and use of DNA microsatellites and gauge their ability to determine population genetic connectivity of C. brevitarsis within Australia and with countries to the north. Eleven DNA microsatellite markers were isolated using a novel genomic enrichment method and identified as useful for genetic analyses of sampled populations in Australia, northern Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Timor-Leste. Significant (P < 0.05) population genetic subdivision was observed between all paired regions, though the highest levels of genetic sub-division involved pair-wise tests with PNG (PNG vs. Australia (FST = 0.120) and PNG vs. Timor-Leste (FST = 0.095)). Analysis of multi-locus allelic distributions using STRUCTURE identified a most probable two-cluster population model, which separated PNG specimens from a cluster containing specimens from Timor-Leste and Australia. The source of incursions of this species in Australia is more likely to be Timor-Leste than PNG. Future incursions of BTV positive C. brevitarsis into Australia may be genetically identified to their source populations using these microsatellite loci. The vector's panmictic genetic structure within Australia cannot explain the differential geographic distribution of BTV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Onyango
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pidgons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Ecosciences Precinct, 41, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - David Gopurenko
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia. .,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - Glenn Bellis
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 1 Pederson Road, Marrara, Northern Territory, 0812, Australia.
| | - Adrian Nicholas
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - Moses Ogugo
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Biosciences eastern and central Africa - ILRI Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub), ILRI, PO Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Steve Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
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Chen H, Tian R, Ni Z, Zhang Z, Chen H, Guo Q, Vastermark A. Conformational transition pathway in the inhibitor binding process of human monoacylglycerol lipase. Protein J 2015; 33:503-11. [PMID: 25078047 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol to arachidonic and glycerol, which plays a pivotal role in the normal biological processes of brain. Co-crystal structure of the MGL in complex with its inhibitor, compound 1, shows that the helix α4 undergoes large-scale conformational changes in response to the compound 1 binding compared to the apo MGL. However, the detailed conformational transition pathway of the helix α4 in the inhibitor binding process of MGL has remained unclear. Here, conventional molecular dynamics (MD) and nudged elastic band (NEB) simulations were performed to explore the conformational transition pathway of the helix α4. Conventional MD simulations unveiled that the compound 1 induced the closed conformation of the active site of MGL, reduced the conformational flexibility of the helix α4, and elicited the large-scale conformational rearrangement of the helix α4, leading to the complete folding of the helix α4. Moreover, NEB simulations revealed that the conformational transition pathway of helix α4 underwent an almost 180° counter-clockwise rotation of the helix α4. Our computational results advance the structural and mechanistic understanding of the inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayou Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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Abstract
Monoglyceride lipase (MGL), the main enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic deactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), is an intracellular serine hydrolase that plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, such as pain, inflammation, neuroprotection and cancer. The crystal structures of MGL that are currently available provide valuable information about how this enzyme might function and interact with site-directed small-molecule inhibitors. On the other hand, its conformational equilibria and the contribution of regulatory cysteine residues present within the substrate-binding pocket or on protein surface remain open issues. Several classes of MGL inhibitors have been developed, from early reversible ones, such as URB602 and pristimerin, to carbamoylating agents that react with the catalytic serine, such as JZL184 and more recent O-hexafluoroisopropyl carbamates. Other inhibitors that modulate MGL activity by interacting with conserved regulatory cysteines act through mechanisms that deserve to be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Unit of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
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Subbanna S, Psychoyos D, Xie S, Basavarajappa BS. Postnatal ethanol exposure alters levels of 2-arachidonylglycerol-metabolizing enzymes and pharmacological inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase does not cause neurodegeneration in neonatal mice. J Neurochem 2015; 134:276-87. [PMID: 25857698 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of ethanol by pregnant women may cause neurological abnormalities, affecting learning and memory processes in children, and are collectively described as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are still poorly understood. In our previous studies, we found that ethanol treatment of postnatal day 7 (P7) mice significantly enhances the anandamide levels but not the 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) levels and induces widespread neurodegeneration, but the reason for the lack of significant effects of ethanol on the 2-AG level is unknown. In this study, we examined developmental changes in diacylglycerol lipase-α, β (DAGL-α and β) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). We found that the levels of these proteins were significantly higher in adult brains compared to those detected early in brain development. Next, we examined the influence of P7 ethanol treatment on these enzymes, finding that it differentially altered the DAGL-α protein and mRNA levels but consistently enhanced those of the DAGL-β. Interestingly, the ethanol treatment enhanced MAGL protein and mRNA levels. Inhibition of MAGL with KML29 failed to induce neurodegeneration in P7 mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that ethanol significantly activates DAGL-β and MAGL in the neonatal brain, resulting in no net change in 2-AG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Subbanna
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Delphine Psychoyos
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shan Xie
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Douglass JD, Zhou YX, Wu A, Zadroga JA, Gajda AM, Lackey AI, Lang W, Chevalier KM, Sutton SW, Zhang SP, Flores CM, Connelly MA, Storch J. Global deletion of MGL in mice delays lipid absorption and alters energy homeostasis and diet-induced obesity. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1153-71. [PMID: 25842377 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols (MGs) to yield FFAs and glycerol. MGL contributes to energy homeostasis through the mobilization of fat stores and also via the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. To further examine the role of MG metabolism in energy homeostasis, MGL(-/-) mice were fed either a 10% (kilocalories) low-fat diet (LFD) or a 45% (kilocalories) high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Profound increases of MG species in the MGL(-/-) mice compared with WT control mice were found. Weight gain over the 12 weeks was blunted in both diet groups. MGL(-/-) mice were leaner than WT mice at both baseline and after 12 weeks of LFD feeding. Circulating lipids were decreased in HFD-fed MGL(-/-) mice, as were the levels of several plasma peptides involved in glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Interestingly, MGL(-/-) mice had markedly reduced intestinal TG secretion following an oral fat challenge, suggesting delayed lipid absorption. Overall, the results indicate that global MGL deletion leads to systemic changes that produce a leaner phenotype and an improved serum metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Douglass
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Yin Xiu Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - John A Zadroga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Atreju I Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Wensheng Lang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | | | - Sui-Po Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | | | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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Del Carlo S, Manera C, Chicca A, Arena C, Bertini S, Burgalassi S, Tampucci S, Gertsch J, Macchia M, Saccomanni G. Development of an HPLC/UV assay for the evaluation of inhibitors of human recombinant monoacylglycerol lipase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 108:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ignatowska-Jankowska B, Wilkerson JL, Mustafa M, Abdullah R, Niphakis M, Wiley JL, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. Selective monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: antinociceptive versus cannabimimetic effects in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:424-32. [PMID: 25762694 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) plays an important role in a variety of physiologic processes, but its rapid breakdown by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) results in short-lived actions. Initial MAGL inhibitors were limited by poor selectivity and low potency. In this study, we tested JZL184 [4-nitrophenyl 4-[bis(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)(hydroxy)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate] and MJN110 [2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate], MAGL inhibitors that possess increased selectivity and potency, in mouse behavioral assays of neuropathic pain [chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve], interoceptive cannabimimetic effects (drug-discrimination paradigm), and locomotor activity in an open field test. MJN110 (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) and JZL184 (16 and 40 mg/kg) significantly elevated 2-AG and decreased arachidonic acid but did not affect anandamide in whole brains. Both MAGL inhibitors significantly reduced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia with the following potencies [ED50 (95% confidence limit [CL]) values in mg/kg: MJN110 (0.43 [0.30-0.63]) > JZL184 (17.8 [11.6-27.4])] and also substituted for the potent cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55,940 [2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol] in the drug-discrimination paradigm [ED50 (95% CL) values in mg/kg: MJN110 (0.84 [0.69-1.02]) > JZL184 (24.9 [14.6-42.5])]; however, these compounds elicited differential effects on locomotor behavior. Similar to cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor agonists, JZL184 produced hypomotility, whereas MJN110 increased locomotor behavior and did not produce catalepsy or hypothermia. Although both drugs substituted for CP55,940 in the drug discrimination assay, MJN110 was more potent in reversing allodynia in the CCI model than in producing CP55,940-like effects. Overall, these results suggest that MAGL inhibition may alleviate neuropathic pain, while displaying limited cannabimimetic effects compared with direct CB1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Ignatowska-Jankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Rehab Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Micah Niphakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (B.I.-J., J.L.Wilk., M.M., R.A., A.H.L.); The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.N., B.F.C.); and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.Wile.)
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Nicolussi S, Gertsch J. Endocannabinoid transport revisited. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 98:441-85. [PMID: 25817877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are arachidonic acid-derived endogenous lipids that activate the endocannabinoid system which plays a major role in health and disease. The primary endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA, N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. While their biosynthesis and metabolism have been studied in detail, it remains unclear how endocannabinoids are transported across the cell membrane. In this review, we critically discuss the different models of endocannabinoid trafficking, focusing on AEA cellular uptake which is best studied. The evolution of the current knowledge obtained with different AEA transport inhibitors is reviewed and the confusions caused by the lack of their specificity discussed. A comparative summary of the most important AEA uptake inhibitors and the studies involving their use is provided. Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, we propose a model of facilitated AEA membrane transport followed by intracellular shuttling and sequestration. We conclude that novel and more specific probes will be essential to identify the missing targets involved in endocannabinoid membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicolussi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms possess huge numbers of uncharacterized enzymes. Selective inhibitors offer powerful probes for assigning functions to enzymes in native biological systems. Here, we discuss how the chemical proteomic platform activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can be implemented to discover selective and in vivo-active inhibitors for enzymes. We further describe how these inhibitors have been used to delineate the biochemical and cellular functions of enzymes, leading to the discovery of metabolic and signaling pathways that make important contributions to human physiology and disease. These studies demonstrate the value of selective chemical probes as drivers of biological inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037;
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40
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Ogawa S, Kunugi H. Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Monoacylglycerol Lipase: New Targets for Future Antidepressants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:760-75. [PMID: 26630956 PMCID: PMC4759315 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150612225212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and analogs of Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol have been used for therapeutic purposes, but their therapeutic use remains limited because of various adverse effects. Endogenous cannabinoids have been discovered, and dysregulation of endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recently, endocannabinoid hydrolytic enzymes such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) have become new therapeutic targets in the treatment of MDD. Several FAAH or MAGL inhibitors are reported to have no cannabimimetic side effects and, therefore, are new potential therapeutic options for patients with MDD who are resistant to first-line antidepressants (selective serotonin and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors). In this review, we focus on the possible relationships between MDD and the endocannabinoid system as well as the inhibitors' therapeutic potential. MAGL inhibitors may reduce inflammatory responses through activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2. In the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, repeated FAAH inhibitor administration may be beneficial for reducing circulating glucocorticoid levels. Both FAAH and MAGL inhibitors may contribute to dopaminergic system regulation. Recently, several new inhibitors have been developed with strong potency and selectivity. FAAH inhibitor, MAGL inhibitor, or dual blocker use would be promising new treatments for MDD. Further pre-clinical studies and clinical trials using these inhibitors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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41
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Structure–affinity relationships and pharmacological characterization of new alkyl-resorcinol cannabinoid receptor ligands: Identification of a dual cannabinoid receptor/TRPA1 channel agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4770-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Seillier A, Dominguez Aguilar D, Giuffrida A. The dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor JZL195 has enhanced effects on endocannabinoid transmission and motor behavior in rats as compared to those of the MAGL inhibitor JZL184. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:153-9. [PMID: 24911644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological actions of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are terminated by enzymatic hydrolysis of these lipids via fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. While several selective FAAH inhibitors have been developed and characterized in vitro and in vivo, none of the initial MAGL blockers have shown adequate potency and specificity for in vivo applications. More recently, a selective MAGL inhibitor, JZL184, has been shown to produce a long-lasting elevation of brain 2-AG, as well as cannabinoid-like behavioral responses in mice. However, its effectiveness in rats remains controversial. Indeed, although JZL184 can elicit behavioral responses that are mediated, at least in part, via activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, several reports indicate that this compound does not alter 2-AG levels in this species. In this study we compared the behavioral and neurochemical effects of JZL 184 with those of the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor JZL195, and showed that systemic administration of the former can selectively elevate brain 2-AG in rats and produce motor suppression through a CB1-independent mechanism. These findings indicate that, despite its lower potency against rat MAGL, JZL184 can be used to enhance 2-AG transmission and elicit behavioral responses in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Seillier
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David Dominguez Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Andrea Giuffrida
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Wiley JL, Walentiny DM, Wright MJ, Beardsley PM, Burston JJ, Poklis JL, Lichtman AH, Vann RE. Endocannabinoid contribution to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 737:97-105. [PMID: 24858366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism through which marijuana produces its psychoactive effects is Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. These receptors are normally activated by endogenous lipids, including anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). A logical "first step" in determination of the role of these endocannabinoids in THC׳s psychoactive effects is to investigate the degree to which pharmacologically induced increases in anandamide and/or 2-AG concentrations through exogenous administration and/or systemic administration of inhibitors of their metabolism, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively, share THC׳s discriminative stimulus effects. To this end, adult male mice and rats were trained to discriminate THC (5.6 and 3mg/kg, respectively). In Experiment 1, exogenous administration of anandamide or 2-AG did not substitute for THC in mice nor was substitution enhanced by co-administration of the FAAH or MAGL inhibitors, URB597 and N-arachidonyl maleimide (NAM), respectively. Significant decreases in responding may have prevented assessment of adequate endocannabinoid doses. In mice trained at higher baseline response rates (Experiment 2), the FAAH inhibitor PF3845 (10mg/kg) enhanced anandamide substitution for THC without producing effects of its own. The MAGL inhibitor JZL184 increased brain levels of 2-AG in vitro and in vivo, increased THC-like responding without co-administration of 2-AG. In rats, neither URB597 nor JZL184 engendered significant THC-appropriate responding, but co-administration of these two enzyme inhibitors approached full substitution. The present results highlight the complex interplay between anandamide and 2-AG and suggest that endogenous increases of both endocannabinoids are most effective in elicitation of THC-like discriminative stimulus effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
| | - D Matthew Walentiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - M Jerry Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Patrick M Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - James J Burston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Robert E Vann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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Laitinen T, Navia-Paldanius D, Rytilahti R, Marjamaa JJT, Kařízková J, Parkkari T, Pantsar T, Poso A, Laitinen JT, Savinainen JR. Mutation of Cys242 of Human Monoacylglycerol Lipase Disrupts Balanced Hydrolysis of 1- and 2-Monoacylglycerols and Selectively Impairs Inhibitor Potency. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:510-9. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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45
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Ryan A, Keany S, Eleftheriadou O, Ballet R, Cheng HY, Sim E. Mechanism-based inhibition of HsaD: a C-C bond hydrolase essential for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:42-7. [PMID: 24164668 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death by a bacterial pathogen worldwide. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms means prioritizing identification of targets for antituberculars. 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase (HsaD), part of the cholesterol metabolism operon, is vital for survival within macrophage. The C-C bond hydrolase, HsaD, has a serine protease-like catalytic triad. We tested a range of serine protease and esterase inhibitors for their effects on HsaD activity. As well as providing a potential starting point for drug development, the data provides evidence for the mechanism of C-C bond hydrolysis. This screen also provides a route to initiate development of fragment-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ryan
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, UK; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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CA1 pyramidal cell theta-burst firing triggers endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression at both somatic and dendritic inhibitory synapses. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13743-57. [PMID: 23966696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0817-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are retrograde lipid messengers that, by targeting presynaptic type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), mediate short- and long-term synaptic depression of neurotransmitter release throughout the brain. Short-term depression is typically triggered by postsynaptic, depolarization-induced calcium rises, whereas long-term depression is induced by synaptic activation of Gq/11 protein-coupled receptors. Here we report that a physiologically relevant pattern of postsynaptic activity, in the form of theta-burst firing (TBF) of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, can trigger long-term depression of inhibitory transmission (iLTD) in rat hippocampal slices. Paired recordings between CA1 interneurons and pyramidal cells, followed by post hoc morphological reconstructions of the interneurons' axon, revealed that somatic and dendritic inhibitory synaptic inputs equally expressed TBF-induced iLTD. Simultaneous recordings from neighboring pyramidal cells demonstrated that eCB signaling triggered by TBF was highly restricted to only a single, active cell. Furthermore, pairing submaximal endogenous activation of metabotropic glutamate or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with submaximal TBF unmasked associative iLTD. Although CB1Rs are also expressed at Schaffer-collateral excitatory terminals, long-term plasticity under various recording conditions was spared at these synapses. Consistent with this observation, TBF also shifted the balance of excitation and inhibition in favor of excitatory throughput, thereby altering information flow through the CA1 circuit. Given the near ubiquity of burst-firing activity patterns and CB1R expression in the brain, the properties described here may be a general means by which neurons fine tune the strength of their inputs in a cell-wide and cell-specific manner.
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Desroches J, Charron S, Bouchard JF, Beaulieu P. Endocannabinoids decrease neuropathic pain-related behavior in mice through the activation of one or both peripheral CB₁ and CB₂ receptors. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:441-52. [PMID: 24148808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The two most studied endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA), principally catalyzed by fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), mainly hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). Inhibitors targeting these two enzymes have been described, including URB597 and URB602, respectively. Several recent studies examining the contribution of CB₁ and/or CB₂ receptors on the peripheral antinociceptive effects of AEA, 2-AG, URB597 and URB602 in neuropathic pain conditions using either pharmacological tools or transgenic mice separately have been reported, but the exact mechanism is still uncertain. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated in 436 male C57BL/6, cnr1KO and cnr2KO mice in the presence or absence of cannabinoid CB₁ (AM251) or CB₂ (AM630) receptor antagonists in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Peripheral subcutaneous injections of AEA, 2-AG, WIN55,212-2 (WIN; a CB₁/CB₂ synthetic agonist), URB597 and URB602 significantly decreased mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. These effects were inhibited by both cannabinoid antagonists AM251 and AM630 for treatments with 2-AG, WIN and URB602 but only by AM251 for treatments with AEA and URB597 in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effects for AEA and URB597 were observed in cnr2KO mice but absent in cnr1KO mice, whereas the effects of 2-AG, WIN and URB602 were altered in both of these transgenic mice. Complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches revealed that the anti-hyperalgesic effects of 2-AG and URB602 required both CB₁ and CB₂ receptors, but only CB₂ receptors mediated its anti-allodynic actions. The antinociceptive properties of AEA and URB597 were mediated only by CB₁ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Desroches
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Charron
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bouchard
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Aaltonen N, Savinainen JR, Ribas CR, Rönkkö J, Kuusisto A, Korhonen J, Navia-Paldanius D, Häyrinen J, Takabe P, Käsnänen H, Pantsar T, Laitinen T, Lehtonen M, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Poso A, Nevalainen T, Laitinen JT. Piperazine and piperidine triazole ureas as ultrapotent and highly selective inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:379-90. [PMID: 23521796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) terminates the signaling function of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). During 2-AG hydrolysis, MAGL liberates arachidonic acid, feeding the principal substrate for the neuroinflammatory prostaglandins. In cancer cells, MAGL redirects lipid stores toward protumorigenic signaling lipids. Thus MAGL inhibitors may have great therapeutic potential. Although potent and increasingly selective MAGL inhibitors have been described, their number is still limited. Here, we have characterized piperazine and piperidine triazole ureas that combine the high potency attributable to the triazole leaving group together with the bulky aromatic benzodioxolyl moiety required for selectivity, culminating in compound JJKK-048 that potently (IC50 < 0.4 nM) inhibited human and rodent MAGL. JJKK-048 displayed low cross-reactivity with other endocannabinoid targets. Activity-based protein profiling of mouse brain and human melanoma cell proteomes suggested high specificity also among the metabolic serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Aaltonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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(4-Phenoxyphenyl)tetrazolecarboxamides and related compounds as dual inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Otrubova K, Brown M, McCormick MS, Han GW, O’Neal ST, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Boger DL. Rational design of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors that act by covalently bonding to two active site residues. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6289-99. [PMID: 23581831 PMCID: PMC3678763 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and characterization of α-ketoheterocycle fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors are disclosed that additionally and irreversibly target a cysteine (Cys269) found in the enzyme cytosolic port while maintaining the reversible covalent Ser241 attachment responsible for their rapid and initially reversible enzyme inhibition. Two α-ketooxazoles (3 and 4) containing strategically placed electrophiles at the C5 position of the pyridyl substituent of 2 (OL-135) were prepared and examined as inhibitors of FAAH. Consistent with the observed time-dependent noncompetitive inhibition, the cocrystal X-ray structure of 3 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed that 3 was not only covalently bound to the active site catalytic nucleophile Ser241 as a deprotonated hemiketal, but also to Cys269 through the pyridyl C5-substituent, thus providing an inhibitor with dual covalent attachment in the enzyme active site. In vivo characterization of the prototypical inhibitors in mice demonstrates that they raise endogenous brain levels of FAAH substrates to a greater extent and for a much longer duration (>6 h) than the reversible inhibitor 2, indicating that the inhibitors accumulate and persist in the brain to completely inhibit FAAH for a prolonged period. Consistent with this behavior and the targeted irreversible enzyme inhibition, 3 reversed cold allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in mice for a sustained period (>6 h) beyond that observed with the reversible inhibitor 2, providing effects that were unchanged over the 1-6 h time course monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Monica Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael S. McCormick
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gye W. Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Scott T. O’Neal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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