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Halawa E, Ryad L, El-Shenawy NS, Al-Eisa RA, EL-Hak HNG. Evaluation of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin residues and their hormonal disrupting effects on male rats using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259383. [PMID: 34855766 PMCID: PMC8638893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds as pesticides affect the hormonal balance, and this can result in several diseases. Therefore, the analysis of representative hormones with acetamiprid (AC) and azoxystrobin (AZ) was a good strategy for the investigation of the endocrine-disrupting activity of pesticides. Hence, a sensitive and rapid analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The method was validated for the analysis of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone in the serum, testis, and liver of rats. The correlation between the residues of pesticides and the disturbance of the endocrine system was evaluated. The different mass parameters, mobile phase types, analytical columns, injection volumes, and extraction solvents were compared to get the lowest limit of detection of the studied compounds. The detection limits of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone were 0.05, 0.05, 1.0, 10, and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed was applied to evaluate the changes in these hormones induced by the duration of exposure to AC and AZ in rat testis and serum. The hormones level in rat serum and testis had a significant decrease as they were oral gavage treated with different high concentrations of studied pesticides. Both pesticides were distributed in the body of rats by the multi-compartment model (liver, testis, and serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Halawa
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lamia Ryad
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nahla S. El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Al-Eisa
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba N. Gad EL-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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2
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Fenske L, Concato AC, Vanin AP, Tamagno WA, de Oliveira Sofiatti JR, Treichel H, da Rosa JGS, Barcellos LJG, Kaizer RR. 17-α-Ethinylestradiol modulates endocrine and behavioral responses to stress in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29341-29351. [PMID: 32440876 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen, 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), present in contraceptive pills, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that can be found in the aquatic environment. We examined the impacts of EE2 on zebrafish behavioral and physiological responses through the novel tank test (NTT), which measures anxiety-like behavior; the mirror-induced aggression (MIA) test, which measures aggressiveness; and the social preference test (SPT), which measures social cohesion. The steroid hormone levels were also measured. Here, we show that exposure to EE2 impairs stress responses by regulating the levels of specific hormones and eliciting an anxiolytic response, increasing aggression, and reducing social preference in zebrafish. In nature, these changes in behavior compromise reproduction and anti-predator behaviors, which, in turn, affects species survival. The maintenance of an intact behavioral repertoire in zebrafish is essential for their survival. Thus, our results point to the danger of environmental contamination with EE2 as it may alter the dynamics of the prey-predator relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurian Fenske
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Rodovia RS 135, Km 72, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil
| | - Ani Carla Concato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Rodovia RS 135, Km 72, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Rodovia RS 135, Km 25, Sertão, RS, 99170-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vanin
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Rodovia RS 135, Km 25, Sertão, RS, 99170-000, Brazil
| | - Wagner Antonio Tamagno
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Rodovia RS 135, Km 25, Sertão, RS, 99170-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Reis de Oliveira Sofiatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Rodovia RS 135, Km 72, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Rodovia RS 135, Km 72, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Rosilene R Kaizer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Rodovia RS 135, Km 72, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Rodovia RS 135, Km 25, Sertão, RS, 99170-000, Brazil.
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3
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Renaud L, Agarwal N, Richards DJ, Falcinelli S, Hazard ES, Carnevali O, Hyde J, Hardiman G. Transcriptomic analysis of short-term 17α-ethynylestradiol exposure in two Californian sentinel fish species sardine (Sardinops sagax) and mackerel (Scomber japonicus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:926-937. [PMID: 30469287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances which disrupt normal functioning of the endocrine system by interfering with hormone regulated physiological pathways. Aquatic environments provide the ultimate reservoir for many EDCs as they enter rivers and the ocean via effluent discharges and accumulate in sediments. One EDC widely dispersed in municipal wastewater effluent discharges is 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), which is one of the most widely prescribed medicines. EE2 is a bio-active estrogen employed in the majority of oral contraceptive pill formulations. As evidence of the health risks posed by EDCs mount, there is an urgent need to improve diagnostic tools for monitoring the effects of pollutants. As the cost of high throughput sequencing (HTS) diminishes, transcriptional profiling of an organism in response to EDC perturbation presents a cost-effective way of screening a wide range of endocrine responses. Coastal pelagic filter feeding fish species analyzed using HTS provide an excellent tool for EDC risk assessment in the marine environment. Unfortunately, there are limited genome sequence data and annotation for many of these species including Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), which limits the utility of molecular tools such as HTS to interrogate the effects of endocrine disruption. In this study, we carried out RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of liver RNA harvested from wild sardine and mackerel exposed for 5 h under laboratory conditions to a concentration of 12.5 pM EE2 in the tank water. We developed an analytical framework for transcriptomic analyses of species with limited genomic information. EE2 exposure altered expression patterns of key genes involved in important metabolic and physiological processes. The systems approach presented here provides a powerful tool for obtaining a comprehensive picture of endocrine disruption in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Renaud
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nisha Agarwal
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Silvia Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica della Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - E Starr Hazard
- MUSC Bioinformatics, Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Academic Affairs Faculty & Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica della Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - John Hyde
- NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; MUSC Bioinformatics, Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory for Marine Systems Biology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA; School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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4
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Farkas J, Salaberria I, Styrishave B, Staňková R, Ciesielski TM, Olsen AJ, Posch W, Flaten TP, Krøkje Å, Salvenmoser W, Jenssen BM. Exposure of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to silver nanoparticles and 17α-ethinylestradiol mixtures: Implications for contaminant uptake and plasma steroid hormone levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:328-336. [PMID: 27692975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined exposure to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and anthropogenic contaminants can lead to changes in bioavailability, uptake and thus effects of both groups of contaminants. In this study we investigated effects of single and combined exposures of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on tissue uptake of both contaminants in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Silver uptake and tissue distribution (gills, liver, kidney, stomach, muscle and bile) were analyzed following a 14-day, 2-h daily pulsed exposure to AgNPs (2 μg L-1 and 200 μg L-1), Ag+ (50 μg L-1), EE2 (50 ng L-1) and AgNP + EE2 (2 or 200 μg L-1+50 ng L-1). Effects of the exposures on plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) levels, EE2 and steroid hormone concentrations were investigated. The AgNP and AgNP + EE2 exposures resulted in similar Ag concentrations in the tissues, indicating that combined exposure did not influence Ag uptake in tissues. The highest Ag concentrations were found in gills. For the Ag+ exposed fish, the highest Ag concentrations were measured in the liver. Our results show dissolution processes of AgNPs in seawater, indicating that the tissue concentrations of Ag may partly originate from ionic release. Plasma EE2 concentrations and Vtg induction were similar in fish exposed to the single contaminants and the mixed contaminants, indicating that the presence of AgNPs did not significantly alter EE2 uptake. Similarly, concentrations of most steroid hormones were not significantly altered due to exposures to the combined contaminants versus the single compound exposures. However, high concentrations of AgNPs in combination with EE2 caused a drop of estrone (E1) (female fish) and androstenedione (AN) (male and female fish) levels in plasma below quantification limits. Our results indicate that the interactive effects between AgNPs and EE2 are limited, with only high concentrations of AgNPs triggering synergistic effects on plasma steroid hormone concentrations in juvenile turbots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Radka Staňková
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Trond P Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Liu ZH, Yin H, Dang Z. Do estrogenic compounds in drinking water migrating from plastic pipe distribution system pose adverse effects to human? An analysis of scientific literature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2126-2134. [PMID: 27830418 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread application of plastic pipes in drinking water distribution system, the effects of various leachable organic chemicals have been investigated and their occurrence in drinking water supplies is monitored. Most studies focus on the odor problems these substances may cause. This study investigates the potential endocrine disrupting effects of the migrating compound 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-d-t-BP). The summarized results show that the migration of 2,4-d-t-BP from plastic pipes could result in chronic exposure and the migration levels varied greatly among different plastic pipe materials and manufacturing brands. Based on estrogen equivalent (EEQ), the migrating levels of the leachable compound 2,4-d-t-BP in most plastic pipes were relative low. However, the EEQ levels in drinking water migrating from four out of 15 pipes may pose significant adverse effects. With the increasingly strict requirements on regulation of drinking water quality, these results indicate that some drinking water transported with plastic pipes may not be safe for human consumption due to the occurrence of 2,4-d-t-BP. Moreover, 2,4-d-t-BP is not the only plastic pipe-migrating estrogenic compound, other compounds such as 2-tert-butylphenol (2-t-BP), 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP), and others may also be leachable from plastic pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
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6
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Chen J, Xiao Y, Gai Z, Li R, Zhu Z, Bai C, Tanguay RL, Xu X, Huang C, Dong Q. Reproductive toxicity of low level bisphenol A exposures in a two-generation zebrafish assay: Evidence of male-specific effects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:204-14. [PMID: 26562050 PMCID: PMC6689195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a high-volume chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, is a ubiquitous contaminant in environment and human body. To investigate the reproductive effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of BPA, a two-generation study was conducted using the aquatic model species of zebrafish. Our findings revealed that exposure to 1nM (0.228μg/L) BPA for continuous two generations resulted in female-biased sex ratio in both F1 and F2 adult population, decreased sperm density, and decreased sperm quality as measured by motility, velocity, ATP content and lipid peroxidation in F1 and F2 males. Females were less sensitive to BPA exposures than males as no adverse effects were found in female gonads or gametes. Delayed hatching at 48hpf and increased malformation and mortality were found in the offspring from BPA exposed F2, but not F1 parents. Most importantly, the adverse effect on larval development and survival from BPA exposed F2 parents was paternal-specific, resulting mainly from BPA exposed males. Subsequent transcription analysis of F2 male gonads revealed dysregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and significant activation of non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity and Wnt/Calcium signaling pathways. Gene expression analysis of larvae from BPA exposed F2 parents showed significant reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases such as dnmt1, dnmt3, and dnmt5. In conclusion, low level BPA exposures for continuous two generations not only affects sex ratio and sperm quantity/quality in F1 and F2 adults, reproductive success in offspring from F2 parents, but also perturbs various molecular pathways potentially contributing to these BPA induced male-specific reproductive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanyan Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zengxin Gai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zixu Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chenglian Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State, University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Integrated Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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7
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Massart S, Milla S, Redivo B, Flamion E, Mandiki SNM, Falisse E, Kestemont P. Influence of short-term exposure to low levels of 17α-ethynylestradiol on expression of genes involved in immunity and on immune parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:57-69. [PMID: 25456220 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish are exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), which are well known to disturb not only the reproductive system but also the immune system in vertebrates. However, the mechanisms by which these compounds are able to modify fish immunity are not well understood. In order to test the EE2 effects on immunity in selected organs, we exposed rainbow trout male juveniles for 3 weeks to EE2 concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 μg/L. The results of this study suggest that EE2 affects the immunity of rainbow trout in a tissue dependent manner. This molecule affects both cellular and humoral immune systems. Indeed, blood leukocyte populations, as well as hepatic and plasma lysozyme, plasma MPO and renal complement activities, are modulated by EE2. Moreover, EE2 alters the gene expression of some mucus compounds, hepatic expression of complement sub-unit and lysozyme, or genes involved in the hepatic phagocytosis and transport of immunoglobulin across the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Massart
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Milla
- Unit Research Animal and Functionality of Animal Products (URAFPA), University of Lorraine, F-54003 Nancy, France
| | - Baptiste Redivo
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Enora Flamion
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Elodie Falisse
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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8
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Montgomery TM, Brown AC, Gendelman HK, Ota M, Clotfelter ED. Exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol decreases motility and ATP in sperm of male fighting fish Betta splendens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:243-252. [PMID: 22223459 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical released into aquatic environments from sewage treatment facilities. We tested the effects of two environmentally relevant concentrations of waterborne EE2, 10 and 100 ng L(-1) , on reproductive endpoints in the teleost fish Betta splendens. In the first experiment, testes were removed from males and sperm were exposed to EE2 directly through the activation water. Direct exposure to EE2 had no effect on any measure of sperm swimming performance. In the second experiment, we exposed sexually mature male B. splendens to EE2 using a semi-static exposure protocol for 4 weeks. There were no significant treatment effects in the 10 ng L(-1) treatment group, but at the 100 ng L(-1) dose we found that fish had smaller gonads and reduced sperm swimming velocity. When allowed to interact freely with female conspecifics, males exposed to 100 ng L(-1) EE2 built smaller nests and showed a nonsignificant decrease in fertilization success. To investigate further the potential mechanism underlying the decrease in sperm quality, we repeated the chronic exposure experiment and analyzed the ATP content of sperm from fish in each treatment group. We found that males exposed to 100 ng L(-1) of EE2 had fewer moles of ATP per sperm than did fish in the other two treatment groups, suggesting that a decrease in intracellular ATP caused a reduction in sperm swimming velocity. The current study adds to the growing body of literature that indicates the risks to aquatic organisms of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2.
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9
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da Silva DAM, Buzitis J, Reichert WL, West JE, O'Neill SM, Johnson LL, Collier TK, Ylitalo GM. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish bile: a rapid method of analysis using English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, WA, USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1550-1556. [PMID: 23683869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a recently developed and rapid method to measure bisphenol A (BPA), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in bile of fish using enzymatic hydrolysis of samples followed by solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for BPA, EE2 and E2 were 6.3ngmL(-1), 12.5ngmL(-1) and 6.3ngmL(-1), respectively. These compounds were analyzed in bile of male English sole (Parophrys vetulus) collected from urban and non-urban sites in Puget Sound, WA, USA. The BPA and E2 concentrations (and occurrence) ranged from <LOQ - 52ngmL(-1) (10-100%) and <LOQ - 310ngmL(-1) (10-70%), respectively. EE2 levels were below the LOQ in all samples. Urban sites were significantly different than non-urban sites, demonstrating the environmental applicability of this analytical method. Moreover, this study presented, for the first time in United States coastal waters, biliary environmental concentrations of these compounds in male English sole collected from Puget Sound, a region of increasing urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A M da Silva
- Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
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10
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Souza MS, Hallgren P, Balseiro E, Hansson LA. Low concentrations, potential ecological consequences: synthetic estrogens alter life-history and demographic structures of aquatic invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:237-243. [PMID: 23584603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Contraceptive drugs are nowadays found in aquatic environments around the globe. Particularly, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) may act even at low concentrations, such as those recorded in natural ecosystems. We evaluated the physiological effects of EE2 on cyclopoids and calanoids, common copepods in both marine and freshwater communities. We used three EE2 concentrations and assessed its impact on activity of different physiological endpoints: Acetylcholinesterase (neurotransmission), Glutathione S-transferase (detoxifying system), and Caspase-3 (apoptosis). While EE2 exerts, distinctive effect on detoxifying and apoptotic systems, no effect on AChE was observed at environmental doses. Our results show that EE2 exposure affects differently copepod physiology endpoints, altering moulting process, adult recruitment in calanoids and calanoid to cyclopoid ratio. The ecological consequences of this underlying physiological process may affect since life history to population and community structures, and this represent a new aspects of this xenobiotic in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Souza
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComahue), Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Río Negro R8400, Argentina.
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Gillio Meina E, Lister A, Bosker T, Servos M, Munkittrick K, MacLatchy D. Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on reproductive endocrine status in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) under differing salinity and temperature conditions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 134-135:92-103. [PMID: 23608699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE₂), a synthetic estrogen, has previously been shown to decrease reproductive endocrine status and egg production in northern mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus). The objective of this study was to evaluate if variations in salinity or temperature conditions of EE₂-exposed mummichog modify the effect on whole organism reproductive endocrine status and gonadal steroidogenesis. Mummichog were exposed in vivo for 14 days to 0, 50 and 250 ng/L EE₂ in 0, 16 and 32 ppt salinity at 18 °C and to 0 and 250 ng/L EE₂ at 10, 18 and 26 °C at 16 ppt. There was a little overall effect of salinity on measured endpoints. In the salinity exposure, 250 ng/L EE₂-exposed females had significantly reduced 17β-estradiol (E₂) levels. Increased temperature triggered gonadal growth in both sexes and increased plasma E₂ and E₂ production and decreased 11-KT (11-ketotestosterone) production. EE₂ counteracted the effect of temperature by depressing gonadal growth in males. In both exposures, EE₂ effects on testosterone (T) production were variable. The use of steroidogenic precursors (25-OH-cholesterol, and/or pregnenolone and/or testosterone) in the in vitro gonadal incubations indicated decreased E₂ production in females and 11-KT production in males were predominately due to suppression of the terminal conversion step between T and E₂ or 11-KT. Ovarian aromatase A (cyp19a) gene expression at 16 ppt and 18 °C was not affected by 250 ng/L EE₂ (the only treatment combinations tested). Overall, temperature is a factor regulating northern mummichog reproduction; EE₂ overrides its effects and disrupts the terminal step of steroidogenesis. Our results should be considered in designing future estuarine fish bioassays and in understanding effects of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Gillio Meina
- Department of Biology and Canadian Rivers Institute/Laurier Institute of Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
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12
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Zhou Y, Zha J, Xu Y, Lei B, Wang Z. Occurrences of six steroid estrogens from different effluents in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1719-1729. [PMID: 21544500 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentration levels of six natural and anthropogenic origin steroid estrogens, namely, diethylstilbestrol (DES), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estradiol-17-valerate (Ev), from different effluents in Beijing were assessed. Sampling sites include two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a chemical plant, a hospital, a pharmaceutical factory, a hennery, and a fish pool. In general, concentrations of estrogens in the effluents varied from no detection (nd) to 11.1 ng/l, 0.7 to 1.2 × 10(3) ng/l, nd to 67.4 ng/l, nd to 4.1 × 10(3) ng/l, nd to 1.2 × 10(3) ng/l, and nd to 11.2 ng/l for DES, E1, E2, EE2, E3, and Ev, respectively. The concentration levels of steroid estrogens from different effluents decreased in the order of pharmaceutical factory and WWTP inlets > hospital > hennery > chemical factory > fish pool. This study indicated that natural estrogens E1, E2, and E3 and synthetic estrogen EE2 are the dominant steroid estrogens found in the different Beijing effluents. For source identification, an indicator (hE = E3/(E1 + E2 + E3)) was used to trace human estrogen excretion. Accordingly, hE in effluents from the hospital and WWTP inlets exceeded 0.4, while much smaller values were obtained for the other effluents. Human excretions were the major contributor of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater. Estimation results demonstrated that direct discharge was the major contributor of steroid estrogen pollution in receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
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13
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Multi-residue analysis of free and conjugated hormones and endocrine disruptors in rat testis by QuEChERS-based extraction and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cailleaud K, Budzinski H, Lardy S, Augagneur S, Barka S, Souissi S, Forget-Leray J. Uptake and elimination, and effect of estrogen-like contaminants in estuarine copepods: an experimental study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:226-236. [PMID: 20607617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE In recent years, anthropogenic chemicals which can disrupt the hormonal systems of both humans and wildlife have been raised to a major cause of concern. The aim of the present work was to determine the bioconcentration factors of the two major alkylphenols (AP) of the Seine Estuary [4-nonylphenol (4 NP) and nonylphenol acetic acid (NP1EC)] and of the synthetic estrogen, estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2), in Eurytemora affinis after exposure in a continuous flow-through system under environmental realistic conditions. Moreover, the elimination of these compounds in copepods from the Seine Estuary has been investigated by measuring concentrations after 1 week in clean water in comparison to background levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the dominant copepod species of the Seine Estuary, E. affinis, was exposed at environmental relevant concentrations under laboratory-controlled conditions to selected waterborn contaminants, a mixture of 4 NP/NP1EC, and a synthetic EE2. The uptake and the elimination of these contaminants by E. affinis have been studied. RESULTS The results show that, at the end of the uptake period, both 4 NP and NP1EC, and also EE2 were accumulated in exposed copepods with respective concentration factors of 324, 3,020, and 5,383. A rapid elimination of these compounds was also observed in copepods placed in clean water since 54% of total NP1EC and 100% of EE2 amounts have been lost after 3 days. Pregnenolone was synthesized after exposure to EE2 and AP mixture. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that E. affinis has the potency to accumulate but also to eliminate endocrine disrupters which suggests a non-negligible role of this copepod species in the biogeochemical cycles of these contaminants in estuarine ecosystems. Hence, these results also suggest that a transfer of 4 NP, NP1EC, and EE2 to copepod predators and subsequently that secondary poisoning of these organisms might be possible. Estrogen-like contaminants can induce pregnenolone synthesis and affect the reproduction of E. affinis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the important role of this copepod species in biogeochemical cycles of non-ionic surfactants as well as synthetic steroids in estuarine ecosystems. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES E. affinis could be a non-negligible route of exposure for juvenile fish and underline the potential for deleterious effects on copepod predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cailleaud
- University of Bordeaux 1, CNRS, ISM-LPTC-UMR 5255, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
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Jin Y, Shu L, Huang F, Cao L, Sun L, Fu Z. Environmental cues influence EDC-mediated endocrine disruption effects in different developmental stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:254-260. [PMID: 21040983 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and photoperiod are the two most important environmental cues in the regulation of the annual cycles of circulating sex steroid hormones and reproduction in fish. Thus, these variables may alter the endocrine disruption effects induced by environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In the present study, we found that the temperature and photoperiod significantly influence the transcription of the estrogen-responsive genes, vitellogenin1 (Vtg1), vitellogenin2 (Vtg2) and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) after a 7-day exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP) in different developmental stages of Japanese medaka. In general, gene transcription levels increased as temperature and photoperiod length increased. The Vtg1 mRNA levels in 20 °C-12L group were 10-30 times higher than those in 10 °C-10 L group when larvae, both sexes of juvenile or male adult medaka were exposed to 50 ng/L E2. In addition, juveniles of both sexes and adult males were more sensitive to temperature and photoperiod changes than larval and adult female medaka. Specifically, two-way analysis indicated that both E2 and NP-mediated induction of Vtg1 mRNA (the most effective) expression interacted with environmental cues (temperature and photoperiod) and exposure concentrations in a developmental stage- and sex-specific manner. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that the endocrine disrupting effects of environmental chemicals can be modified by seasonality and life stage in which the exposure occurs and that Vtg1 transcription is a good biomarker to evaluate these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Nadzialek S, Kestemont P. 17alpha-ethinylestradiol induces an imbalance between apoptosis and cell proliferation to sex steroid disruption in a testis culture of gudgeon, Gobio gobio. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:881-886. [PMID: 20821517 DOI: 10.1002/etc.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the most potent xenoestrogen currently found in the environment, ethinylestradiol (EE2), on some physiological events occurring during early spermatogenesis of gudgeon (Gobio gobio), a common European fish species. Physiological pathways studies were apoptosis, cell proliferation, and steroidogenesis on sex steroids (testosterone [T], 11-ketotestosterone [11-KT], and 17beta-estradiol [E2]). Testis pieces were cultured in vitro during 21 d at 10(-4), 10(-3), 10(-2), 10(-1), 1 and 10 microg/L of EE2 as well as in positive (10(-1) microg/L of E2) and ethanol control medium. Apoptosis and cell proliferation displayed opposite responses related to the EE2 concentration. When apoptosis inhibition was observed, cell proliferation was induced at 10(-2) and 10(-1) microg/L of EE2 as well as in the positive control. In contrast, a massive cell death was detected for high EE2 concentrations (1 and 10 microg/L). Steroidogenesis was also disrupted in a dose-related manner. 11-Ketotestosterone was depressed at 10(-2) and 10(-1) microg/L of EE2 whereas E2 was detectable in the medium only at 10(-3), 10(-2), and 10(-1) microg/L of EE2. High concentrations of T were detected in the medium at 10(-3), 10(-2), and 10(-1) microg/L of EE2 but depressed at 1 and 10 microg/L of EE2. In conclusion, intermediate EE2 concentrations (10(-2) and 10(-1) microg/L) used in this experimental design have obviously disrupted early spermatogenesis, leading to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation in a sex steroid environment toward E2. The results of the present study could be the basis conditions for oocyte development within the testis of a common teleost fish under xenoestrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Nadzialek
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Stanford BD, Leising JF, Bond RG, Snyder SA. Chapter 11 Inland Desalination: Current Practices, Environmental Implications, and Case Studies in Las Vegas, NV. SUSTAINABLE WATER FOR THE FUTURE: WATER RECYCLING VERSUS DESALINATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-2711(09)00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Lei B, Huang S, Zhou Y, Wang D, Wang Z. Levels of six estrogens in water and sediment from three rivers in Tianjin area, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:36-42. [PMID: 19303134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of estrogens in the aquatic environment attracts increasing attention because of their strong endocrine disrupting potency. In the present work, concentrations of six estrogens including diethylstilbestrol (DES), estrone (E1), beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and beta-estradiol 17-valerate (EV) in surface water and sediment sampled from three rivers in Tianjin area, northern China, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of all six estrogens (Sigma6ES) ranged from 0.64 to 174 ng L(-1) in waters and from 0.98 to 51.6 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) in sediments, and varied for each river. Among these estrogens, E1 was the most abundant and could be detected in all samples. DES and EV could be detected either in river water or in sediment, but in the concentration below 10 ng L(-1) and 10 ng g(-1) for water and sediment, respectively. The relationships between concentration of estrogens and organic carbon content in sediments and the relationships between sediment-water partition coefficient (logK(oc)) and octanol-water partition coefficient (logK(ow)) were examined. The results showed that the contents of the Sigma6ES correlated significantly with the contents of organic carbon (OC%). It indicated that sediments with high organic carbon were more likely to retain estrogens than those with lower organic carbon levels in the natural aquatic environment. Furthermore, the linear correlations between logK(ow) and logK(oc) were obtained for each river, which indicated that sediment-water partitioning of estrogens in three rivers could be predicted by their hydrophobic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Benotti MJ, Stanford BD, Wert EC, Snyder SA. Evaluation of a photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system for the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds from water. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:1513-22. [PMID: 19269667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system, employing UV/TiO(2) photocatalysis, was evaluated for its ability to remove thirty-two pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds, and estrogenic activity from water. Concentrations of all compounds decreased following treatment, and removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetics as a function of the amount of treatment. Twenty-nine of the targeted compounds in addition to total estrogenic activity were greater than 70% removed while only three compounds were less than 50% removed following the highest level of treatment (4.24 kW h/m(3)). No estrogenically active transformation products were formed during treatment. Additionally, the unit was operated in photolytic mode (UV only) and photolytic plus H(2)O(2) mode (UV/H(2)O(2)) to determine the relative amount of energy required. Based on the electrical energy per order (EEO), the unit achieved the greatest efficiency when operated in photolytic plus H(2)O(2) mode for the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Benotti
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
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20
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Yasuda T, Yasuda S, Williams FE, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Bhuiyan S, Snow R, Carter G, Liu MC. Characterization and ontogenic study of novel steroid-sulfating SULT3 sulfotransferases from zebrafish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 294:29-36. [PMID: 18644423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, sulfation as catalyzed by members of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) family has been suggested to be involved in the homeostasis of steroids. To establish the zebrafish as a model for investigating how sulfation functions to regulate steroid metabolism during the developmental process, we have embarked on the identification of steroid-sulfating SULTs in zebrafish. By searching the GenBank database, we identified two putative cytosolic SULT sequences from zebrafish, designated SULT3 ST1 and ST2. The recombinant proteins of these two zebrafish SULT3 STs were expressed in and purified from BL21 (DE3) cells transformed with the pGEX-2TK expression vector harboring SULT3 ST1 or ST2 cDNA. Upon enzymatic characterization, purified SULT3 ST1 displayed the strongest sulfating activity toward 17beta-estradiol among the endogenous substrates tested, while SULT3 ST2 exhibited substrate specificity toward hydroxysteroids, particularly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The pH-dependence and kinetic constants of these two enzymes with 17beta-estradiol and DHEA were determined. A developmental expression study revealed distinct patterns of the expression of SULT3 ST1 and ST2 during embryonic development and throughout the larval stage onto maturity. Collectively, these results imply that these two steroid-sulfating SULT3 STs may play differential roles in the metabolism and regulation of steroids during zebrafish development and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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21
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Kwon JH, Katz LE, Liljestrand HM. Modeling binding equilibrium in a competitive estrogen receptor binding assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:1025-31. [PMID: 17559906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the free concentration is more significant in the environmental chemistry and toxicology of receptor-mediated toxicants, few studies have been conducted to use it as a dose-metric. The relative binding affinity of three model endocrine disrupting compounds, diethylstilbestrol (DES), ethynylestradiol (EE2), and bisphenol A (BPA), were evaluated using a competitive ELISA with human estrogen receptor alpha. After measuring the available receptors and the dissociation constant for 17beta-estradiol, binding inhibition curves using the free concentration as the dose-metric were obtained by assuming species equilibrium in the ELISA system and compared with apparent inhibition curves generated using the nominal concentration as the dose-metric. Because ligand binding to estrogen receptors may reduce its free concentration in the assay system, the differences between the two curves for free and nominal concentrations are more significant for more strongly binding ligands. The ratio of a compound's nominal concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) to the IC50 of DES, the positive control, was strongly affected by specific assay conditions, while that estimated by modeling free concentration is independent of receptor concentration, indicating that the free concentration is a better dose-metric for a competitive binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0273, USA
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Andersson C, Katsiadaki I, Lundstedt-Enkel K, Orberg J. Effects of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol on EROD activity, spiggin and vitellogenin in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 83:33-42. [PMID: 17445917 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has quantifiable biomarkers of exposure to estrogens (vitellogenin), androgens (spiggin) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists (EROD activity) and is therefore a promising test species for biomonitoring of reprotoxic chemicals in aquatic environments. In this study we evaluated the effects of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) on EROD activity, induction of vitellogenin and spiggin, hepatosomatic index (HSI), ovarian somatic index (OSI) and nephrosomatic index (NSI). Adult male and female three-spined sticklebacks were exposed to concentrations of 0-170 ng EE(2)/l (measured concentrations) in a flow-through system for 21 days. Exposure to 170 ng EE(2)/l resulted in a significant 8- and 9-fold induction of gill EROD activity in males and females, respectively. In livers, EROD activity expressed in relation to microsomal protein content was suppressed due to a significant increase in microsomal protein content. Hepatic EROD activity per se expressed as picomol/min was not affected by exposure to EE(2). The lowest observed effect concentration for induction of vitellogenin in males was 53.7 ng EE(2)/l. In females, vitellogenin levels were significantly higher in those exposed to 170 ng EE(2)/l compared to controls. Spiggin production was significantly inhibited and NSI lower in males exposed to 170 ng EE(2)/l. In both females and males LSI was significantly higher in fish exposed to 170 ng EE(2)/l than in controls. In females exposed to 170 ng EE(2)/l, OSI was significantly lower and NSI higher than controls. The observed results from this study show that a synthetic estrogen can affect the well-known biomarker of exposure for dioxin-like compounds, EROD activity, and further that this response can differ between tissues. These findings are important for interpretation of biomonitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Andersson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Greco L, Capri E, Rustad T. Biochemical responses in Salmo salar muscle following exposure to ethynylestradiol and tributyltin. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:564-71. [PMID: 17258276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of nominal concentrations of two endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on fish physiology. The effects of the synthetic pharmaceutical estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) and the antifoulant tributyltin (TBT) were investigated in exposure studies with immature Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Fish were exposed for 7 days to waterborne EE(2), TBT, or a combination of both. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lactate and glycogen content were determined in samples of fish muscle. Fish exposed to EE(2) for 3 days responded rapidly with increasing AchE and GST activities and increasing lactate content. These responses were limited to the first 3 days of exposure and had disappeared by day 7, indicating that the fish had adapted to EE(2) exposure. Compared to the controls, TBT increased AchE and LDH activity, inhibited GST activity and had no effect on lactate content. When mixed, the highest concentration of EE(2) increased the effect of TBT on lactate content. However, fish exposed to a lower concentration of EE(2) in combination with TBT had the lowest lactate content. Effects on AchE and LDH activities were smaller when TBT was combined with EE(2) compared to TBT alone. This suggests that TBT and EE(2) influence biochemical processes in fish muscle, acting on different organizational levels, by antagonistic and synergistic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greco
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Institute, Plant Chemistry Section, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy.
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Yasuda S, Liu MY, Yang YS, Snow R, Takahashi S, Liu MC. Identification of novel hydroxysteroid-sulfating cytosolic SULTs, SULT2 ST2 and SULT2 ST3, from zebrafish: Cloning, expression, characterization, and developmental expression. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 455:1-9. [PMID: 17045951 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By searching the expressed sequence tag database, two zebrafish cDNAs encoding putative cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) were identified. Sequence analysis indicated that these two zebrafish SULTs belong to the cytosolic SULT2 gene family. The recombinant form of these two novel zebrafish SULTs, designated SULT2 ST2 and SULT2 ST3, were expressed using the pGEX-2TK glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene fusion system and purified from transformed BL21 (DE3) Escherichia coli cells. Purified GST-fusion protein form of SULT2 ST2 and SULT2 ST3 exhibited strong sulfating activities toward dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and corticosterone, respectively, among various endogenous compounds tested as substrates. Both enzymes displayed pH optima at approximately 6.5. Kinetic constants of the two enzymes, as well as the GST-fusion protein form of the previously identified SULT2 ST1, with DHEA and corticosterone as substrates were determined. Developmental stage-dependent expression experiments revealed distinct patterns of expression of SULT2 ST2 and SULT2 ST3, as well as the previously identified SULT2 ST1, during embryonic development and throughout the larval stage onto maturity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Cytosol/enzymology
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hydroxysteroids/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sulfates/metabolism
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- Sulfotransferases/isolation & purification
- Sulfotransferases/metabolism
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/isolation & purification
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yasuda
- Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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