1
|
Chen X, Gong D, Lin Y, Xu Q, Wang Y, Liu S, Li Q, Ma F, Li J, Deng S, Wang H, Wang B. Emission characteristics of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a subtropical pristine forest of southern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:665-682. [PMID: 39095198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Emission characteristics of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from dominant tree species in the subtropical pristine forests of China are extremely limited. Here we conducted in situ field measurements of BVOCs emissions from representative mature evergreen trees by using dynamic branch enclosures at four altitude gradients (600-1690 m a.s.l.) in the Nanling Mountains of southern China. Composition characteristics as well as seasonal and altitudinal variations were analyzed. Standardized emission rates and canopy-scale emission factors were then calculated. Results showed that BVOCs emission intensities in the wet season were generally higher than those in the dry season. Monoterpenes were the dominant BVOCs emitted from most broad-leaved trees, accounting for over 70% of the total. Schima superba, Yushania basihirsuta and Altingia chinensis had relatively high emission intensities and secondary pollutant formation potentials. The localized emission factors of isoprene were comparable to the defaults in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), while emission factors of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were 2 to 58 times of those in the model. Our results can be used to update the current BVOCs emission inventory in MEGAN, thereby reducing the uncertainties of BVOCs emission estimations in forested regions of southern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Youjing Lin
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yujin Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Fangyuan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seco R, Nagalingam S, Joo E, Gu D, Guenther A. The UCI Fluxtron: a versatile dynamic chamber and software system for biosphere-atmosphere exchange research. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:143061. [PMID: 39127187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Here we present the UCI Fluxtron, a cost-effective multi-enclosure dynamic gas exchange system that provides an adequate level of control of the experimental conditions for investigating biosphere-atmosphere exchange of trace gases. We focus on the hardware and software used to monitor, control, and record the air flows, temperatures, and valve switching, and on the software that processes the collected data to calculate the exchange flux of trace gases. We provide the detailed list of commercial materials used and also the software code developed for the Fluxtron, so that similar dynamic enclosure systems can be quickly adopted by interested researchers. Furthermore, the two software components -Fluxtron Control and Fluxtron Process- work independently of each other, thus being highly adaptable for other experimental designs. Beyond plants, the same experimental setup can be applied to the study of trace gas exchange by animals, microbes, soil, or any materials that can be enclosed in a suitable container.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Seco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Sanjeevi Nagalingam
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Eva Joo
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Dasa Gu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ndah FA, Michelsen A, Rinnan R, Maljanen M, Mikkonen S, Kivimäenpää M. Impact of three decades of warming, increased nutrient availability, and increased cloudiness on the fluxes of greenhouse gases and biogenic volatile organic compounds in a subarctic tundra heath. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17416. [PMID: 38994730 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is exposing subarctic ecosystems to higher temperatures, increased nutrient availability, and increasing cloud cover. In this study, we assessed how these factors affect the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (i.e., methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2)), and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in a subarctic mesic heath subjected to 34 years of climate change related manipulations of temperature, nutrient availability, and light. GHGs were sampled from static chambers and gases analyzed with gas chromatograph. BVOCs were measured using the push-pull method and gases analyzed with chromatography-mass spectrometry. The soil temperature and moisture content in the warmed and shaded plots did not differ significantly from that in the controls during GHG and BVOC measurements. Also, the enclosure temperatures during BVOC measurements in the warmed and shaded plots did not differ significantly from temperatures in the controls. Hence, this allowed for assessment of long-term effects of the climate treatment manipulations without interference of temperature and moisture differences at the time of measurements. Warming enhanced CH4 uptake and the emissions of CO2, N2O, and isoprene. Increased nutrient availability increased the emissions of CO2 and N2O but caused no significant changes in the fluxes of CH4 and BVOCs. Shading (simulating increased cloudiness) enhanced CH4 uptake but caused no significant changes in the fluxes of other gases compared to the controls. The results show that climate warming and increased cloudiness will enhance CH4 sink strength of subarctic mesic heath ecosystems, providing negative climate feedback, while climate warming and enhanced nutrient availability will provide positive climate feedback through increased emissions of CO2 and N2O. Climate warming will also indirectly, through vegetation changes, increase the amount of carbon lost as isoprene from subarctic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flobert A Ndah
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Center for Volatile Interactions (VOLT), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marja Maljanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gu S, Luo W, Charmchi A, McWhirter KJ, Rosenstiel T, Pankow J, Faiola CL. Limonene Enantiomeric Ratios from Anthropogenic and Biogenic Emission Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024; 11:130-135. [PMID: 38371653 PMCID: PMC10867824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Emissions from volatile chemical products (VCPs) have been identified as contributors to air quality degradation in urban areas. Limonene can be a tracer compound for VCPs containing fragrances in densely populated regions, but limonene is also emitted from conifers that are planted in urban areas. This creates challenges for using limonene to estimate VCP emissions. In this study, the -/+ enantiomeric ratios of limonene from VCP and conifer emission sources were quantified to evaluate if this measurement could be used to aid in source apportionment and emission inventory development. Samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a chiral column and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that limonene exhibits distinct enantiomeric ratios when sourced from VCPs versus conifers. (+)-Limonene was dominant in VCP sources (>97%), which was not universally true for conifer sources. The results were compared to those of air samples collected outside at two locations and indoors. The levels of (-)-limonene in outdoor air in Irvine and Portland and in indoor air were 50%, 22%, and 4%, respectively. This suggests outdoor limonene had both VCP and plant emission sources while indoor air was dominated by VCP sources. This study demonstrates the potential utility of enantiomeric analysis for improving VCP emission estimates in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gu
- Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Portland
State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Avisa Charmchi
- Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Chemistry, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Portland
State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Todd Rosenstiel
- Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - James Pankow
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Portland
State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Celia L. Faiola
- Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Chemistry, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jaakkola E, Hellén H, Olin S, Pleijel H, Tykkä T, Holst T. Ozone stress response of leaf BVOC emission and photosynthesis in mountain birch ( Betula pubescens spp. czerepanovii) depends on leaf age. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10134. [PMID: 38323128 PMCID: PMC10840370 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress from ozone (O3) causes plants to alter their emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) and their photosynthetic rate. Stress reactions from O3 on birch trees can result in prohibited plant growth and lead to increased BVOC emission rates as well as changes in their compound blend to emit more monoterpenes (MT) and sesquiterpenes (SQT). BVOCs take part in atmospheric reactions such as enhancing the production of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). As the compound blend and emission rate change with O3 stress, this can influence the atmospheric conditions by affecting the production of SOA. Studying the stress responses of plants provides important information on how these reactions might change, which is vital to making better predictions of the future climate. In this study, measurements were taken to find out how the leaves of mature mountain birch trees (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) respond to different levels of elevated O3 exposure in situ depending on leaf age. We found that leaves from both early and late summers responded with induced SQT emission after exposure to 120 ppb O3. Early leaves were, however, more sensitive to increased O3 concentrations, with enhanced emission of green leaf volatiles (GLV) and tendencies of both induced leaf senescence as well as poor recovery in the photosynthetic rate between exposures. Late leaves had more stable photosynthetic rates throughout the experiment and responded less to exposure at different O3 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Jaakkola
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Atmospheric Composition ResearchFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stefan Olin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Toni Tykkä
- Atmospheric Composition ResearchFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Thomas Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malik TG, Sahu LK, Gupta M, Mir BA, Gajbhiye T, Dubey R, Clavijo McCormick A, Pandey SK. Environmental Factors Affecting Monoterpene Emissions from Terrestrial Vegetation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3146. [PMID: 37687392 PMCID: PMC10489858 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are volatile organic compounds that play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, plant physiology, communication, and defense. This review compiles the monoterpene emission flux data reported for different regions and plant species and highlights the role of abiotic environmental factors in controlling the emissions of biogenic monoterpenes and their emission fluxes for terrestrial plant species (including seasonal variations). Previous studies have demonstrated the role and importance of ambient air temperature and light in controlling monoterpene emissions, likely contributing to higher monoterpene emissions during the summer season in temperate regions. In addition to light and temperature dependence, other important environmental variables such as carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), soil moisture, and nutrient availability are also known to influence monoterpene emissions rates, but the information available is still limited. Throughout the paper, we identify knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanzil Gaffar Malik
- Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India;
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India;
| | - Lokesh Kumar Sahu
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India;
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India;
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir (North Campus), Delina, Baramulla 193103, Jammu & Kashmir, India;
| | - Triratnesh Gajbhiye
- Department of Botany, Govt. Shankar Sao Patel College Waraseoni, Waraseoni 481331, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Rashmi Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, L.B.S. College, Baloda 495559, Chhattisgarh, India;
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang B, Qiao L, Han H, Xie W, Li L. Variations in VOCs Emissions and Their O 3 and SOA Formation Potential among Different Ages of Plant Foliage. TOXICS 2023; 11:645. [PMID: 37624151 PMCID: PMC10458546 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant foliage play an important role in ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Their emissions can be influenced by the leaf age. We explored the VOCs emissions and their effects on the formation of O3 and SOA from plant foliage in different ages. VOCs emissions from the young, mature, and senescent leaves of Ginkgo biloba, Ligustrum lucidum, and Forsythia suspensa were measured using the dynamic enclosure system and the TD-GC-MS technique. Based on the emission rates of quantified compounds, their potential to form O3 and SOA was estimated. Results showed that there were significant differences in the VOCs emission rate and their composition among leaves in different ages. The emission rate of the total VOCs by young leaves was the highest, while the lowest by senescent leaves. Monoterpenes were the dominant VOCs category, and isoprene emission had the lowest contribution for the leaves at each age. With increasing leaf age, the proportion of monoterpenes emission increased, and the proportion of sesquiterpenes decreased. The variations of isoprene and other VOCs were different. The potentials of total VOCs, isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other VOCs to form O3 (OFP) and SOA (SOAP) varied significantly among leaves at different ages. The total OFP and SOAP were the highest by young leaves, while the lowest by senescent leaves. With increasing leaf age, the contribution of monoterpenes to OFP and SOAP also increased, while that of sesquiterpenes decreased. Our study will provide support for the more accurate parameterization of the emission model and help to understand the VOCs emissions and study the precise prevention and control of complex air pollution at different times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenxia Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (B.Z.); (L.Q.); (H.H.)
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (B.Z.); (L.Q.); (H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stringari G, Villanueva J, Rosell-Melé A, Moraleda-Cibrián N, Orsini F, Villalba G, Gabarrell X. Assessment of greenhouse emissions of the green bean through the static enclosure technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162319. [PMID: 36801412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban green installations are extensively promoted to increase sustainable and accessible food production and simultaneously improve the environmental performance and liveability of city buildings. In addition to the multiple benefits of plant retrofitting, these installations may lead to a consistent increase in biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the urban environment, especially indoors. Accordingly, health concerns could limit the implementation of building-integrated agriculture. In a building-integrated rooftop greenhouse (i-RTG), throughout the whole hydroponic cycle, green bean emissions were dynamically collected in a static enclosure. Four representative BVOCs, α-pinene (monoterpene), β-caryophyllene (sesquiterpene), linalool (oxygenated monoterpene) and cis-3-hexenol (LOX derivate), were investigated in the samples collected from two equivalent sections of a static enclosure, one empty and one occupied by the i-RTG plants, to estimate the volatile emission factor (EF). Throughout the season, extremely variable BVOC levels between 0.04 and 5.36 ppb were found with occasional but not significant (P > 0.05) variations between the two sections. The highest emission rates were observed during plant vegetative development, with EFs equivalent to 78.97, 75.85 and 51.34 ng g-1 h-1 for cis-3-hexenol, α-pinene, and linalool, respectively; at plant maturity, all volatiles were either close to the LLOQ (lowest limit of quantitation) or not detected. Consistent with previous studies significant relationships (r ≥ 0.92; P < 0.05) were individuated within volatiles and temperature and relative humidity of the sections. However, correlations were all negative and were mainly attributed to the relevant effect of the enclosure on the final sampling conditions. Overall, levels found were at least 15 folds lower than the given Risk and LCI values of the EU-LCI protocol for indoor environments, suggesting low BVOC exposure in the i-RTG. Statistical outcomes demonstrated the applicability of the static enclosure technique for fast BVOC emissions survey inside green retrofitted spaces. However, providing high sampling performance over entire BVOCs collection is recommended to reduce sampling error and incorrect estimation of the emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Stringari
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB MdM Unit (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Villanueva
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB MdM Unit (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Rosell-Melé
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB MdM Unit (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Moraleda-Cibrián
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB MdM Unit (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francesco Orsini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gara Villalba
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB MdM Unit (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Gabarrell
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB MdM Unit (CEX2019-0940-M), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith N, Crescenzo GV, Bertram AK, Nizkorodov SA, Faiola CL. Insect Infestation Increases Viscosity of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1060-1071. [PMID: 37223424 PMCID: PMC10201571 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress alters emissions of volatile organic compounds. However, little is known about how this could influence climate-relevant properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), particularly from complex mixtures such as real plant emissions. In this study, the chemical composition and viscosity were examined for SOA generated from real healthy and aphid-stressed Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) trees, which are commonly used for landscaping in Southern California. Healthy Canary Island pine (HCIP) and stressed Canary Island pine (SCIP) aerosols were generated in a 5 m3 environmental chamber at 35-84% relative humidity and room temperature via OH-initiated oxidation. Viscosities of the collected particles were measured using an offline poke-flow method, after conditioning the particles in a humidified air flow. SCIP particles were consistently more viscous than HCIP particles. The largest differences in particle viscosity were observed in particles conditioned at 50% relative humidity where the viscosity of SCIP particles was an order of magnitude larger than that of HCIP particles. The increased viscosity for the aphid-stressed pine tree SOA was attributed to the increased fraction of sesquiterpenes in the emission profile. The real pine SOA particles, both healthy and aphid-stressed, were more viscous than α-pinene SOA particles, demonstrating the limitation of using a single monoterpene as a model compound to predict the physicochemical properties of real biogenic SOA. However, synthetic mixtures composed of only a few major compounds present in emissions (<10 compounds) can reproduce the viscosities of SOA observed from the more complex real plant emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie
R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Giuseppe V. Crescenzo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Celia L. Faiola
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rieksta J, Li T, Davie‐Martin CL, Aeppli LCB, Høye TT, Rinnan R. Volatile responses of dwarf birch to mimicked insect herbivory and experimental warming at two elevations in Greenlandic tundra. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:23-35. [PMID: 37284597 PMCID: PMC10168049 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants release a complex blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to stressors. VOC emissions vary between contrasting environments and increase with insect herbivory and rising temperatures. However, the joint effects of herbivory and warming on plant VOC emissions are understudied, particularly in high latitudes, which are warming fast and facing increasing herbivore pressure. We assessed the individual and combined effects of chemically mimicked insect herbivory, warming, and elevation on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) VOC emissions in high-latitude tundra ecosystems in Narsarsuaq, South Greenland. We hypothesized that VOC emissions and compositions would respond synergistically to warming and herbivory, with the magnitude differing between elevations. Warming increased emissions of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and isoprene. Herbivory increased the homoterpene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, emissions, and the response was stronger at high elevation. Warming and herbivory had synergistic effects on GLV emissions. Dwarf birch emitted VOCs at similar rates at both elevations, but the VOC blends differed between elevations. Several herbivory-associated VOC groups did not respond to herbivory. Harsher abiotic conditions at high elevations might not limit VOC emissions from dwarf birch, and high-elevation plants might be better at herbivory defense than assumed. The complexity of VOC responses to experimental warming, elevation, and herbivory are challenging our understanding and predictions of future VOC emissions from dwarf birch-dominated ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Tao Li
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research StationKey Laboratory for Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Cleo L. Davie‐Martin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Laurids Christian Brogaard Aeppli
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Toke Thomas Høye
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang W, Zhang B, Wu Y, Liu S, Kong F, Li L. Effects of soil drought and nitrogen deposition on BVOC emissions and their O 3 and SOA formation for Pinus thunbergii. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120693. [PMID: 36402418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil drought and nitrogen (N) deposition can influence the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and thereby their ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study addressed their single and combined effects on BVOC emissions of Pinus thunbergii by laboratory simulation experiments. The results showed that light drought (LD, 50% soil volumetric water content (VWC)) stimulated isoprene, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and total BVOC emissions, while moderate drought (MD, 30% and 40% VWC) and severe drought (SD, 10% and 20% VWC) inhibited their emissions (except for sesquiterpene in 20% VWC). N deposition decreased other VOC emissions and increased isoprene and sesquiterpene emissions. Total BVOCs and monoterpene were stimulated in low N deposition (LN, 2 g N/(m2·yr)) and inhibited in moderate (MN, 5 g N/(m2·yr)) and high N deposition (HN, 10 g N/(m2·yr)). Under combined treatment of soil drought and N deposition, total BVOC, monoterpene, and other VOC emissions were inhibited, sesquiterpene had no significant change, and isoprene emission was inhibited in MD combined treatment but promoted in SD. The O3 formation potential (OFP) and SOA formation potential (SOAP) from the changed BVOC emissions were calculated, OFP and SOAP of BVOC emissions and their compositions varied significantly among the treatments. Our study provided theoretical basis for assessing the impact of climate change and atmospheric pollution on BVOC emissions and their contribution to the formation of secondary atmospheric pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ge X, Gu D, Liu X, Bai J, Ma Z, Tan Y, Zhu F, Xia S, Du J, Tan Y, Shu X, Tang J, Sun Y. Impacts of Drought and Rehydration Cycles on Isoprene Emissions in Populus nigra Seedlings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14528. [PMID: 36361409 PMCID: PMC9655116 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The volatile organic compounds emitted by plants significantly impact the atmospheric environment. The impacts of drought stress on the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions of plants are still under debate. In this study, the effects of two drought-rehydration cycle groups with different durations on isoprene emissions from Populus nigra (black poplar) seedlings were studied. The P. nigra seedlings were placed in a chamber that controlled the soil water content, radiation, and temperature. The daily emissions of isoprene and physiological parameters were measured. The emission rates of isoprene (Fiso) reached the maximum on the third day (D3), increasing by 58.0% and 64.2% compared with the controlled groups, respectively, and then Fiso significantly decreased. Photosynthesis decreased by 34.2% and 21.6% in D3 in the first and second groups, respectively. After rehydration, Fiso and photosynthesis recovered fully in two groups. However, Fiso showed distinct inconsistencies in two groups, and the recovery rates of Fiso in the second drought group were slower than the recovery rates of Fiso in the first groups. The response of BVOC emissions during the drought-rehydration cycle was classified into three phases, including stimulated, inhibited, and restored after rehydration. The emission pattern of isoprene indicated that isoprene played an important role in the response of plants to drought stress. A drought-rehydration model was constructed, which indicated the regularity of BVOC emissions in the drought-rehydration cycle. BVOC emissions were extremely sensitive to drought, especially during droughts of short duration. Parameters in computational models related to BVOC emissions of plants under drought stress should be continuously improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Han
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yisheng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511486, China
| | - Houyong Zhang
- Jinan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xuan Ge
- Jinan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Dasa Gu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jianhui Bai
- LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zizhen Ma
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Shiyong Xia
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinhua Du
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yuran Tan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Xiao Shu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Jingchao Tang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simin T, Davie-Martin CL, Petersen J, Høye TT, Rinnan R. Impacts of elevation on plant traits and volatile organic compound emissions in deciduous tundra shrubs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155783. [PMID: 35537508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The northernmost regions of our planet experience twice the rate of climate warming compared to the global average. Despite the currently low air temperatures, tundra shrubs are known to exhibit high leaf temperatures and are increasing in height due to warming, but it is unclear how the increase in height will affect the leaf temperature. To study how temperature, soil moisture, and changes in light availability influence the physiology and emissions of climate-relevant volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we conducted a study on two common deciduous tundra shrubs, Salix glauca (separating males and females for potential effects of plant sex) and Betula glandulosa, at two elevations in South Greenland. Low-elevation Salix shrubs were 45% taller, but had 37% lower rates of net CO2 assimilation and 63% lower rates of isoprene emission compared to high-elevation shrubs. Betula shrubs showed 40% higher stomatal conductance and 24% higher glandular trichome density, in the low-elevation valley, compared to those from the high-elevation mountain slope. Betula green leaf volatile emissions were 235% higher at high elevation compared to low elevation. Male Salix showed a distinct VOC blend and emitted 55% more oxygenated VOCs, compared to females, possibly due to plant defense mechanisms. In our light response curves, isoprene emissions increased linearly with light intensity, potentially indicating adaptation to strong light. Leaf temperature decreased with increasing Salix height, at 4 °C m-1, which can have implications for plant physiology. However, no similar relationship was observed for B. glandulosa. Our results highlight that tundra shrub traits and VOC emissions are sensitive to temperature and light, but that local variations in soil moisture strongly interact with temperature and light responses. Our results suggest that effects of climate warming, alone, poorly predict the actual plant responses in tundra vegetation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Simin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Cleo L Davie-Martin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Julie Petersen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Toke T Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doting EL, Davie-Martin CL, Johansen A, Benning LG, Tranter M, Rinnan R, Anesio AM. Greenland Ice Sheet Surfaces Colonized by Microbial Communities Emit Volatile Organic Compounds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:886293. [PMID: 35747370 PMCID: PMC9211068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.886293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by organisms for a range of physiological and ecological reasons. They play an important role in biosphere–atmosphere interactions and contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols. The Greenland ice sheet is home to a variety of microbial communities, including highly abundant glacier ice algae, yet nothing is known about the VOCs emitted by glacial communities. For the first time, we present VOC emissions from supraglacial habitats colonized by active microbial communities on the southern Greenland ice sheet during July 2020. Emissions of C5–C30 compounds from bare ice, cryoconite holes, and red snow were collected using a push–pull chamber active sampling system. A total of 92 compounds were detected, yielding mean total VOC emission rates of 3.97 ± 0.70 μg m–2 h–1 from bare ice surfaces (n = 31), 1.63 ± 0.13 μg m–2 h–1 from cryoconite holes (n = 4), and 0.92 ± 0.08 μg m–2 h–1 from red snow (n = 2). No correlations were found between VOC emissions and ice surface algal counts, but a weak positive correlation (r = 0.43, p = 0.015, n = 31) between VOC emission rates from bare ice surfaces and incoming shortwave radiation was found. We propose that this may be due to the stress that high solar irradiance causes in bare ice microbial communities. Acetophenone, benzaldehyde, and phenylmaleic anhydride, all of which have reported antifungal activity, accounted for 51.1 ± 11.7% of emissions from bare ice surfaces, indicating a potential defense strategy against fungal infections. Greenland ice sheet microbial habitats are, hence, potential sources of VOCs that may play a role in supraglacial microbial interactions, as well as local atmospheric chemistry, and merit future research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Doting
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Doting,
| | - Cleo L. Davie-Martin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansen
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Liane G. Benning
- Interface Geochemistry, German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martyn Tranter
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandre M. Anesio
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Alexandre M. Anesio,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu L, Seyler BC, Liu H, Zhou L, Chen D, Liu S, Yan C, Yang F, Song D, Tan Q, Jia F, Feng C, Wang Q, Li Y. Biogenic volatile organic compound emission patterns and secondary pollutant formation potentials of dominant greening trees in Chengdu, southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:179-193. [PMID: 35459483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integral to the urban ecosystem, greening trees provide many ecological benefits, but the active biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) they release contribute to the production of ozone and secondary organic aerosols, which harm ambient air quality. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the BVOC emission characteristics of dominant greening tree species and their relative contribution to secondary pollutants in various urban contexts. Consequently, this study utilized a dynamic enclosure system to collect BVOC samples of seven dominant greening tree species in urban Chengdu, Southwest China. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the BVOC components and standardized BVOC emission rates of each tree species were then calculated to assess their relative potential to form secondary pollutants. We found obvious differences in the composition of BVOCs emitted by each species. Ficus virens displayed a high isoprene emission rate at 31.472 μgC/(gdw (g dry weight)•hr), while Cinnamomum camphora emitted high volumes of D-Limonene at 93.574 μgC/(gdw•hr). In terms of the BVOC emission rates by leaf area, C. camphora had the highest emission rate of total BVOCs at 13,782.59 μgC/(m2•hr), followed by Cedrus deodara with 5466.86 μgC/(m2•hr). Ginkgo biloba and Osmanthus fragrans mainly emitted oxygenated VOCs with lower overall emission rates. The high BVOC emitters like F. virens, C. camphora, and Magnolia grandiflora have high potential for significantly contributing to environmental secondary pollutants, so should be cautiously considered for future planting. This study provides important implications for improving urban greening efforts for subtropical Chinese urban contexts, like Chengdu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Barnabas C Seyler
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Dongyang Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Song Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chang Yan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Fengju Jia
- Chengdu Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Cheng Feng
- Chengdu Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qiuwei Wang
- Longquanyi Ecology and Environment Bureau, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yunchun Li
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ndah F, Valolahti H, Schollert M, Michelsen A, Rinnan R, Kivimäenpää M. Influence of increased nutrient availability on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and leaf anatomy of subarctic dwarf shrubs under climate warming and increased cloudiness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:443-455. [PMID: 35029638 PMCID: PMC8944702 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Climate change is subjecting subarctic ecosystems to elevated temperature, increased nutrient availability and reduced light availability (due to increasing cloud cover). This may affect subarctic vegetation by altering the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and leaf anatomy. We investigated the effects of increased nutrient availability on BVOC emissions and leaf anatomy of three subarctic dwarf shrub species, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Cassiope tetragona and Betula nana, and if increased nutrient availability modifies the responses to warming and shading. METHODS Measurements of BVOCs were performed in situ in long-term field experiments in the Subarctic using a dynamic enclosure system and collection of BVOCs into adsorbent cartridges analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Leaf anatomy was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS Increased nutrient availability increased monoterpene emission rates and altered the emission profile of B. nana, and increased sesquiterpene and oxygenated monoterpene emissions of C. tetragona. Increased nutrient availability increased leaf tissue thicknesses of B. nana and C. tetragona, while it caused thinner epidermis and the highest fraction of functional (intact) glandular trichomes for E. hermaphroditum. Increased nutrient availability and warming synergistically increased mesophyll intercellular space of B. nana and glandular trichome density of C. tetragona, while treatments combining increased nutrient availability and shading had an opposite effect in C. tetragona. CONCLUSIONS Increased nutrient availability may enhance the protection capacity against biotic and abiotic stresses (especially heat and drought) in subarctic shrubs under future warming conditions as opposed to increased cloudiness, which could lead to decreased resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of changes in nutrient availability in the Subarctic, which can interact with climate warming and increased cloudiness effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Valolahti
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
- Ramboll, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Michelle Schollert
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1350, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu M, Wu T, Zhao X, Zan F, Yang G, Miao Y. Cyanobacteria blooms potentially enhance volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a eutrophic lake: Field and experimental evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111664. [PMID: 34256073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication promotes massive cyanobacteria blooms (CBBs), leading to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To investigate the effects of cyanobacteria on VOC emissions, field campaigns were carried out in eutrophic Chaohu Lake at six sites with different microalgae densities during CBBs in summer 2019, and incubation experiments were performed in the laboratory. The results showed that the lake water was the primary source of VOCs at six sampling sites in Chaohu Lake during CBBs, with an average total VOC flux of 81.2 ± 20.6 μg m-2 h-1. Alkanes were the most abundantly emitted VOCs, with a share of 23.1-63.7% of total emitted VOCs, followed by aromatics (16.6-46.3%). The fluxes of total VOCs were significantly greater at sites B and/or C than at site A in July, and at site B' and/or C' than at site A' in August in Chaohu Lake. The fluxes of total VOCs from living and decayed cyanobacteria in the experimental treatments were two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding values in the control treatments in the laboratory incubation. Taken together, these results suggested that CBBs potentially enhanced VOC emissions from the eutrophic lake, and that cyanobacteria acted as an important source of VOCs. Additionally, non-methane hydrocarbons (i.e., alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics) predominated among the released VOCs during the stabilization and senescence stages, while oxygenated volatile organic compounds (i.e. alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and furans) prevailed during the apoptosis stage and aromatics and volatile organic sulfur compounds predominated during the decomposition stage, suggesting that VOC emissions varied markedly at different life stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Fengyu Zan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Geng Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
BVOC Emissions From a Subarctic Ecosystem, as Controlled by Insect Herbivore Pressure and Temperature. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The biogenic volatile organic compounds, BVOCs have a central role in ecosystem–atmosphere interactions. High-latitude ecosystems are facing increasing temperatures and insect herbivore pressure, which may affect their BVOC emission rates, but evidence and predictions of changes remain scattered. We studied the long-term effects of + 3 °C warming and reduced insect herbivory (achieved through insecticide sprayings) on mid- and late summer BVOC emissions from field layer vegetation, supplemented with birch saplings, and the underlying soil in Subarctic mountain birch forest in Finland in 2017–2018. Reduced insect herbivory decreased leaf damage by 58–67% and total ecosystem BVOC emissions by 44–72%. Of the BVOC groups, total sesquiterpenes had 70–80% lower emissions with reduced herbivory, and in 2017 the decrease was greater in warmed plots (89% decrease) than in ambient plots (34% decrease). While non-standardized total BVOC, monoterpene, sesquiterpene and GLV emissions showed instant positive responses to increasing chamber air temperature in midsummer samplings, the long-term warming treatment effects on standardized emissions mainly appeared as changes in the compound structure of BVOC blends and varied with compounds and sampling times. Our results suggest that the effects of climate warming on the total quantity of BVOC emissions will in Subarctic ecosystems be, over and above the instant temperature effects, mediated through changes in insect herbivore pressure rather than plant growth. If insect herbivore numbers will increase as predicted under climate warming, our results forecast herbivory-induced increases in the quantity of Subarctic BVOC emissions.
Graphic Abstract
Collapse
|
20
|
Pasquini D, Gori A, Ferrini F, Brunetti C. An Improvement of SPME-Based Sampling Technique to Collect Volatile Organic Compounds from Quercus ilex at the Environmental Level. Metabolites 2021; 11:388. [PMID: 34198607 PMCID: PMC8232123 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) include many chemical compounds emitted by plants into the atmosphere. These compounds have a great effect on biosphere-atmosphere interactions and may affect the concentration of atmospheric pollutants, with further consequences on human health and forest ecosystems. Novel methods to measure and determine BVOCs in the atmosphere are of compelling importance considering the ongoing climate changes. In this study, we developed a fast and easy-to-handle analytical methodology to sample these compounds in field experiments using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers at the atmospheric level. An improvement of BVOCs adsorption from SPME fibers was obtained by coupling the fibers with fans to create a dynamic sampling system. This innovative technique was tested sampling Q. ilex BVOCs in field conditions in comparison with the conventional static SPME sampling technique. The results showed a great potential of this dynamic sampling system to collect BVOCs at the atmosphere level, improving the efficiency and sensitivity of SPME fibers. Indeed, our novel device was able to reduce the sampling time, increase the amount of BVOCs collected through the fibers and add information regarding the emissions of these compounds at the environmental level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Pasquini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.G.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.G.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.G.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- VALUE Laboratory on Green, Health & Wellbeing, University of Florence and the Italian Horticultural Society, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.G.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryde I, Li T, Rieksta J, dos Santos BM, Neilson EHJ, Gericke O, Jepsen JU, Bork LRH, Holm HS, Rinnan R. Seasonal and elevational variability in the induction of specialized compounds from mountain birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) by winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1019-1033. [PMID: 33601421 PMCID: PMC8190950 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The mountain birch [Betula pubescens var. pumila (L.)] forest in the Subarctic is periodically exposed to insect outbreaks, which are expected to intensify due to climate change. To mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses, plants have evolved chemical defenses, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-volatile specialized compounds (NVSCs). Constitutive and induced production of these compounds, however, are poorly studied in Subarctic populations of mountain birch. Here, we assessed the joint effects of insect herbivory, elevation and season on foliar VOC emissions and NVSC contents of mountain birch. The VOCs were sampled in situ by an enclosure technique and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. NVSCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using an untargeted approach. At low elevation, experimental herbivory by winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata) increased emissions of monoterpenes and homoterpenes over the 3-week feeding period, and sesquiterpenes and green leaf volatiles at the end of the feeding period. At high elevation, however, herbivory augmented only homoterpene emissions. The more pronounced herbivory effects at low elevation were likely due to higher herbivory intensity. Of the individual compounds, linalool, ocimene, 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, 2-methyl butanenitrile and benzyl nitrile were among the most responsive compounds in herbivory treatments. Herbivory also altered foliar NVSC profiles at both low and high elevations, with the most responsive compounds likely belonging to fatty acyl glycosides and terpene glycosides. Additionally, VOC emissions from non-infested branches were higher at high than low elevation, particularly during the early season, which was mainly driven by phenological differences. The VOC emissions varied substantially over the season, largely reflecting the seasonal variations in temperature and light levels. Our results suggest that if insect herbivory pressure continues to rise in the mountain birch forest with ongoing climate change, it will significantly increase VOC emissions with important consequences for local trophic interactions and climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Ryde
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tao Li
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Bruna M dos Santos
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth H J Neilson
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Oliver Gericke
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jane U Jepsen
- Department of Tromsø (NINA Tromsø), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Louise R H Bork
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hildur S Holm
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baggesen N, Li T, Seco R, Holst T, Michelsen A, Rinnan R. Phenological stage of tundra vegetation controls bidirectional exchange of BVOCs in a climate change experiment on a subarctic heath. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2928-2944. [PMID: 33709612 PMCID: PMC8251604 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are often considered a unidirectional flux, from the ecosystem to the atmosphere, but recent studies clearly show the potential for bidirectional exchange. Here we aimed to investigate how warming and leaf litter addition affect the bidirectional exchange (flux) of BVOCs in a long-term field experiment in the Subarctic. We also assessed changes in net BVOC fluxes in relation to the time of day and the influence of different plant phenological stages. The study was conducted in a full factorial experiment with open top chamber warming and annual litter addition treatments in a tundra heath in Abisko, Northern Sweden. After 18 years of treatments, ecosystem-level net BVOC fluxes were measured in the experimental plots using proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The warming treatment increased monoterpene and isoprene emissions by ≈50%. Increasing temperature, due to diurnal variations, can both increase BVOC emission and simultaneously, increase ecosystem uptake. For any given treatment, monoterpene, isoprene, and acetone emissions also increased with increasing ambient air temperatures caused by diurnal variability. Acetaldehyde, methanol, and sesquiterpenes decreased likely due to a deposition flux. For litter addition, only a significant indirect effect on isoprene and monoterpene fluxes (decrease by ~50%-75%) was observed. Litter addition may change soil moisture conditions, leading to changes in plant species composition and biomass, which could subsequently result in changes to BVOC emission compositions. Phenological stages significantly affected fluxes of methanol, isoprene and monoterpenes. We suggest that plant phenological stages differ in impacts on BVOC net emissions, but ambient air temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) also interact and influence BVOC net emissions differently. Our results may also suggest that BVOC fluxes are not only a response to changes in temperature and light intensity, as the circadian clock also affects emission rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Baggesen
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)University of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Tao Li
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)University of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Roger Seco
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)University of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Thomas Holst
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceCentre for GeoBiosphere ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)University of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)University of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Simin T, Tang J, Holst T, Rinnan R. Volatile organic compound emission in tundra shrubs - Dependence on species characteristics and the near-surface environment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 184:104387. [PMID: 33814646 PMCID: PMC7896103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the key abiotic factors during the life of plants, especially in the Arctic region which is currently experiencing rapid climate change. We evaluated plant traits and environmental variables determining leaf temperature in tundra shrubs and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions with field measurements on deciduous tundra shrubs, Salix myrsinites and Betula nana, and evergreen Cassiope tetragona and Rhododendron lapponicum. Higher leaf-to-air temperature difference was observed in evergreen, compared to deciduous shrubs. Evergreen shrubs also showed continuously increasing photosynthesis with increasing temperature, suggesting high thermal tolerance. For the deciduous species, the optimum temperature for net photosynthesis was between our measurement temperatures of 24 °C and 38 °C. Air temperature and vapor pressure deficit were the most important variables influencing leaf temperature and VOC emissions in all the studied plants, along with stomatal density and specific leaf area in the deciduous shrubs. Using climate data and emission factors from our measurements, we modelled total seasonal tundra shrub VOC emissions of 0.3-2.3 g m-2 over the main growing season. Our results showed higher-than-expected temperature optima for photosynthesis and VOC emission and demonstrated the relative importance of plant traits and local environments in determining leaf temperature and VOC emissions in a subarctic tundra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Simin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Jing Tang
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Holst
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Separating direct and indirect effects of rising temperatures on biogenic volatile emissions in the Arctic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32476-32483. [PMID: 33257556 PMCID: PMC7768730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants release to the atmosphere reactive gases, so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The release of VOCs from vegetation is temperature-dependent and controlled by vegetation composition because different plant species release a distinct blend of VOCs. We used modelling approaches on ecosystem VOC release data collected across the Arctic, which is experiencing both rapid warming and vegetation changes. We show that warming strongly stimulates release of plant-derived VOCs and that vegetation changes also increase VOC release, albeit less than temperature directly, and with large geographic differences in the Pan-Arctic area. The increasing VOC flux from the Arctic tundra to the atmosphere may have implications via climate feedbacks, for example, through particle and cloud formation in these regions with low anthropogenic influence. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from biogenic sources in a temperature-dependent manner. Consequently, Arctic ecosystems are expected to greatly increase their VOC emissions with ongoing climate warming, which is proceeding at twice the rate of global temperature rise. Here, we show that ongoing warming has strong, increasing effects on Arctic VOC emissions. Using a combination of statistical modeling on data from several warming experiments in the Arctic tundra and dynamic ecosystem modeling, we separate the impacts of temperature and soil moisture into direct effects and indirect effects through vegetation composition and biomass alterations. The indirect effects of warming on VOC emissions were significant but smaller than the direct effects, during the 14-y model simulation period. Furthermore, vegetation changes also cause shifts in the chemical speciation of emissions. Both direct and indirect effects result in large geographic differences in VOC emission responses in the warming Arctic, depending on the local vegetation cover and the climate dynamics. Our results outline complex links between local climate, vegetation, and ecosystem–atmosphere interactions, with likely local-to-regional impacts on the atmospheric composition.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cagliero C, Mastellone G, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P. Analytical strategies for in-vivo evaluation of plant volatile emissions - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:240-258. [PMID: 33485582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are metabolites emitted by living plants that have a fundamental ecological role since they influence atmospheric chemistry, plant communication and pollinator/herbivore behaviour, and human activities. Over the years, several strategies have been developed to isolate and identify them, and to take advantage of their activity. The main techniques used for in-vivo analyses include dynamic headspace (D-HS), static headspace (S-HS) and, more recently, direct contact (DC) methods in association with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The aim of this review is to provide insight into the in-vivo characterisation of plant volatile emissions with a focus on sampling, analysis and possible applications. This review first provides a critical discussion of the challenges associated with conventional approaches and their limitations and advantages. Then, it describes a series of applications of in-vivo volatilomic studies to enhance how the information they provide impact on our knowledge of plant behaviour, including the effects of abiotic (damage, flooding, climate) and biotic (insect feeding) stress factors in relation to the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mastellone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Farmer DK, Riches M. Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Short-Lived Climate Forcers and Their Precursors. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1427-1435. [PMID: 32687308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exchange of reactive trace gases over the biosphere is a key source of reactive organic carbon to the atmosphere and thus influences the formation of both ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Both O3 and aerosol particles are short-lived climate forcers and impact the radiative balance of the planet, and their sources and sinks are chemically complex. However, the biosphere also acts as a deposition sink for organic and inorganic compounds, including O3, aerosols, and their precursors. Wet and dry deposition provides a key lever on the lifetime of trace gases and particles in the atmosphere and thus on their potential to influence the radiative balance of the planet. The fluxes of reactive trace gases and particles are part of an atmospheric biogeochemical cycle that includes feedbacks through drought and other climate components.Recent advances in measurement techniques have enabled new field observations of trace gas and particle fluxes. Our method development has focused on the leaf, branch, and forest level, although satellite measurements coupled to modeling also provide promising new approaches to constraining trace gas fluxes. Leaf chamber measurements of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions highlight leaf-to-leaf and plant-to-plant variability in both photosynthesis and emissions of individual VOCs, in addition to differences in emissions across different isomers of monoterpenes. Isomers obviously have different chemical properties (e.g., reaction rates with OH radicals, SOA yield) and thus hold different potentials as precursors for short-lived climate forcers.The biosphere acts as both sources and sinks of the oxidation products of monoterpenes and other biogenic VOCs. Developments in chemical ionization mass spectrometry have recently enabled measurements of volatile organic acids, which demonstrate a strong temperature-dependent ecosystem source, as well as a source from in-canopy chemistry. In-canopy chemistry also influences particle fluxes, although deposition should dominate their net exchange. Our field observations of chemically resolved particle fluxes demonstrate the simultaneous, competing processes driving forest exchange. To separate out these competing processes, we use black carbon as an inert tracer for particle deposition. Our recent measurements demonstrate the importance of wet deposition in controlling particle lifetime in the atmosphere. Overall, new measurement techniques have enabled both field and laboratory observations to improve our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere interactions and their influence on climate processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Mj Riches
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Angot H, McErlean K, Hu L, Millet DB, Hueber J, Cui K, Moss J, Wielgasz C, Milligan T, Ketcherside D, Bret-Harte MS, Helmig D. Biogenic volatile organic compound ambient mixing ratios and emission rates in the Alaskan Arctic tundra. BIOGEOSCIENCES (ONLINE) 2020; 17:6219-6236. [PMID: 35222652 PMCID: PMC8872036 DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-6219-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and the increasing abundance of biogenic volatile-organic-compound-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers of 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0-500 parts per trillion by volume - pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (~ 2 pptv). Isoprene surface emission rates ranged from 0.2 to 2250 μgC m-2 h-1 (mean of 85 μgC m-2 h-1) and monoterpene emission rates remained, on average, below 1 μgC m-2 h-1 over the course of the study. We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation, including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180 %-215 % emission increase in response to a 3-4°C warming, and the MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures in the 0-30°C range. The data presented here provide a baseline for investigating future changes in the BVOC emission potential of the under-studied Arctic tundra environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Angot
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Katelyn McErlean
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jacques Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kaixin Cui
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jacob Moss
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine Wielgasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Tyler Milligan
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Damien Ketcherside
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rieksta J, Li T, Junker RR, Jepsen JU, Ryde I, Rinnan R. Insect Herbivory Strongly Modifies Mountain Birch Volatile Emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:558979. [PMID: 33193483 PMCID: PMC7652793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.558979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivory is known to augment emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Yet few studies have quantified BVOC responses to insect herbivory in natural populations in pan-Arctic regions. Here, we assess how quantitative and qualitative BVOC emissions change with increasing herbivore feeding intensity in the Subarctic mountain birch (Betula pubescens var pumila (L.)) forest. We conducted three field experiments in which we manipulated the larval density of geometrid moths (Operophtera brumata and Epirrita autumnata), on branches of mountain birch and measured BVOC emissions using the branch enclosure method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our study showed that herbivory significantly increased BVOC emissions from the branches damaged by larvae. BVOC emissions increased due to insect herbivory at relatively low larvae densities, causing up to 10% of leaf area loss. Insect herbivory also changed the blend composition of BVOCs, with damaged plants producing less intercorrelated BVOC blends than undamaged ones. Our results provide a quantitative understanding of the relationship between the severity of insect herbivore damage and emissions of BVOCs at larvae densities corresponding to background herbivory levels in the Subarctic mountain birch. The results have important and practical implications for modeling induced and constitutive BVOC emissions and their feedbacks to atmospheric chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Li
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tao Li,
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jane U. Jepsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Ryde
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Faiola CL, Pullinen I, Buchholz A, Khalaj F, Ylisirniö A, Kari E, Miettinen P, Holopainen JK, Kivimäenpää M, Schobesberger S, Yli-Juuti T, Virtanen A. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Healthy and Aphid-Stressed Scots Pine Emissions. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2019; 3:1756-1772. [PMID: 31565682 PMCID: PMC6757509 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One barrier to predicting biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in a changing climate can be attributed to the complex nature of plant volatile emissions. Plant volatile emissions are dynamic over space and time, and change in response to environmental stressors. This study investigated SOA production from emissions of healthy and aphid-stressed Scots pine saplings via dark ozonolysis and photooxidation chemistry. Laboratory experiments using a batch reaction chamber were used to investigate SOA production from different plant volatile mixtures. The volatile mixture from healthy plants included monoterpenes, aromatics, and a small amount of sesquiterpenes. The biggest change in the volatile mixture for aphid-stressed plants was a large increase (from 1.4 to 7.9 ppb) in sesquiterpenes-particularly acyclic sesquiterpenes, such as the farnesene isomers. Acyclic sesquiterpenes had different effects on SOA production depending on the chemical mechanism. Farnesenes suppressed SOA formation from ozonolysis with a 9.7-14.6% SOA mass yield from healthy plant emissions and a 6.9-10.4% SOA mass yield from aphid-stressed plant emissions. Ozonolysis of volatile mixtures containing more farnesenes promoted fragmentation reactions, which produced higher volatility oxidation products. In contrast, plant volatile mixtures containing more farnesenes did not appreciably change SOA production from photooxidation. SOA mass yields ranged from 10.8 to 23.2% from healthy plant emissions and 17.8-26.8% for aphid-stressed plant emissions. This study highlights the potential importance of acyclic terpene chemistry in a future climate regime with an increased presence of plant stress volatiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia L. Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Iida Pullinen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Farzaneh Khalaj
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Arttu Ylisirniö
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eetu Kari
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Miettinen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen YJ, Lin CY, Hsu HW, Yeh CY, Chen YH, Yeh TF, Chang ST. Seasonal variations in emission rates and composition of terpenoids emitted from Chamaecyparis formosensis (Cupressaceae) of different ages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:405-414. [PMID: 31408844 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chamaecyparis formosensis (Cupressaceae) is among the most precious endemic conifers in Taiwan. Field study was conducted on seasonal variations in emission rates and compositions of terpenoids from this tree species of two different ages. A total of 21 terpenoids were detected, of which there were 13 monoterpenoids (MTs), 4 sesquiterpenoids (STs), and 4 diterpenoids (DTs). MTs dominated the emissions in both saplings and adult trees and produced more than 80% of terpene emissions. Contrasting seasonal pattern between saplings and adult trees was found. Total actual emissions from saplings were higher in cold seasons (range, 64.40 ± 13.18 to 140.74 ± 18.90 ng g-1 h-1) than in warm seasons (range, 55.63 ± 15.84 to 63.48 ± 11.85 ng g-1 h-1). Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was found to be the most important factor affecting terpene emissions from saplings. On the contrary, higher emissions were found in warm seasons for adult trees (range, 101.49 ± 12.29 to 181.35 ± 80.15 ng g-1 h-1), and the emissions were mainly in response to temperature. Some compounds in C. formosensis of both ages (e.g., β-myrcene, α-terpinene, trans-β-ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, α-cedrene and trans-β-farnesene) showed comparably higher contents in cold seasons. Results presented here provide important fundamental information for better understanding of forest bathing and estimating air quality in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Chen
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Division of Forest Chemistry, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 10070, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ya Lin
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Wan Hsu
- Division of Forest Chemistry, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 10070, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ying Yeh
- Division of Forest Chemistry, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 10070, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Feng Yeh
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Tzen Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen J, Bi H, Yu X, Fu Y, Liao W. Influence of physiological and environmental factors on the diurnal variation in emissions of biogenic volatile compounds from Pinus tabuliformis. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 81:102-118. [PMID: 30975314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have a large influence on atmospheric environmental quality, climate change and the carbon cycle. This study assesses the composition and diurnal variation in emission rates of BVOCs from Pinus tabuliformis, using an enclosure technique. Environmental parameters (temperature and light intensity) and physiological parameters (net photosynthetic rate, Pn; stomatal conductance, gs; intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci; and transpiration rate, Tr) that may affect emission behavior were continuously monitored. The 10 most abundant compound groups emitted by P. tabuliformis were classified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant monoterpenoid compounds emitted were α-pinene, β-myrcene, α-farnesene and limonene. The diurnal emission rate of BVOCs changed with temperature and light intensity, with dynamic analysis of BVOCs emissions revealing that their emission rates were more affected by temperature than light. The variation in monoterpene emission rates was consistent with estimates of Pn, gs and Tr. Basal emission rates (at 30 °C,) of the main BVOCs ranged from 0.006 to 0.273 μg -1/(hr g), while the basal ER standardization coefficients ranged from 0.049 to 0.144 °C-1. Overall, these results provide a detailed reference for the effective selection and configuration of tree species to effectively prevent and control atmospheric pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Chen
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huaxing Bi
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Ji County Station, Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network (CNERN), Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement With Forestry and Fruit Trees, 102206 Beijing, China.
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanlin Fu
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenchao Liao
- Beijing Water Consulting Co., LTD, 100048 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fung AG, Yamaguchi MS, McCartney MM, Aksenov AA, Pasamontes A, Davis CE. SPME-based mobile field device for active sampling of volatiles. Microchem J 2019; 146:407-413. [PMID: 31749504 PMCID: PMC6867132 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring plant volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles can reveal information regarding the health state of the plant, such as whether it is nutrient stressed or diseased. Typically, plant VOC sampling uses sampling enclosures. Enclosures require time and equipment which are not easily adapted to high throughput sampling in field environments. We have developed a new, easily assembled active sampling device using solid phase microextraction (SPME) that uses a commercial off the shelf (COTS) hand vacuum base to provide rapid and easy mobile plant VOC collection. Calibration curves for three representative plant VOCs (α-pinene, limonene, and ocimene) were developed to verify device functionality and enable the quantification of field-samples from a Meyer lemon tree. We saw that the active sampling allowed us to measure and quantify this chemical in an orchard setting. This device has the potential to be used for VOC sampling as a preliminary diagnostic in precision agriculture applications due to its ease of manufacturing, availability, and low cost of the COTS hand vacuum module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Fung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; Davis, CA 95616; U.S.A
| | - Mei S. Yamaguchi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; Davis, CA 95616; U.S.A
| | - Mitchell M. McCartney
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; Davis, CA 95616; U.S.A
| | - Alexander A. Aksenov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; Davis, CA 95616; U.S.A
| | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; Davis, CA 95616; U.S.A
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; Davis, CA 95616; U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yu YJ, Li CY, Shen W, Wang Z, Xu PQ, Yu HX. Volatile compounds released by microalgae-water phase from Taihu Lake in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:56-63. [PMID: 31128813 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released by the microalgae-water phase of Taihu Lake in China was examined, then release behaviors were studied using non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC, including a few polar organics) to describe the total amount of the released VOCs. Coupled dynamic headspace sampling with on-line monitoring of methane and NMHC was used to reflect the quasi-realtime release behavior of methane and NMHC by the microalgae-water phase. Alkanes, alkenes, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and volatile sulfide chemicals (VOSCs) were detected. Their relative contents over time varied markedly from the stationary to the apoptosis phase, with their release rates as described by NMHC estimated from 0.02 to 0.59 μgC/(h g). Methane was investigated simultaneously, and its release rate was found to be 0.05-3.96 μgC/(h g). The release rates of both NMHC and methane were found to relate to the culture phase of the microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biomonitoring, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Jiangsu Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biomonitoring, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Jiangsu Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biomonitoring, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biomonitoring, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China
| | - Pu-Qing Xu
- Changzhou Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
| | - Hong-Xia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Piva LRDO, Jardine KJ, Gimenez BO, de Oliveira Perdiz R, Menezes VS, Durgante FM, Cobello LO, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ. Volatile monoterpene 'fingerprints' of resinous Protium tree species in the Amazon rainforest. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 160:61-70. [PMID: 30711572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenoid resins represent a diverse group of plant defense chemicals involved in defense against herbivory, abiotic stress, and communication. However, their composition in tropical forests remains poorly characterized. As a part of tree identification, the 'smell' of damaged trunks is widely used, but is highly subjective. Here, we analyzed trunk volatile monoterpene emissions from 15 species of the genus Protium in the central Amazon. By normalizing the abundances of 28 monoterpenes, 9 monoterpene 'fingerprint' patterns emerged, characterized by a distinct dominant monoterpene. While 4 of the 'fingerprint' patterns were composed of multiple species, 5 were composed of a single species. Moreover, among individuals of the same species, 6 species had a single 'fingerprint' pattern, while 9 species had two or more 'fingerprint' patterns among individuals. A comparison of 'fingerprints' between 2015 and 2017 from 15 individuals generally showed excellent agreement, demonstrating a strong dependence on species identity, but not time of collection. The results are consistent with a previous study that found multiple divergent copies of monoterpene synthase enzymes in Protium. We conclude that the monoterpene 'fingerprint' database has important implications for constraining Protium species identification and phylogenetic relationships and enhancing understanding of physiological and ecological functions of resins and their potential commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luani R de O Piva
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Kolby J Jardine
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Bruno O Gimenez
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | | | - Valdiek S Menezes
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Flávia M Durgante
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Leticia O Cobello
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Department of Forest Management, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
McCartney MM, Roubtsova TV, Yamaguchi MS, Kasuga T, Ebeler SE, Davis CE, Bostock RM. Effects of Phytophthora ramorum on volatile organic compound emissions of Rhododendron using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1475-1487. [PMID: 29247382 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora ramorum is an invasive and devastating plant pathogen that causes sudden oak death in coastal forests in the western United States and ramorum blight in nursery ornamentals and native plants in various landscapes. As a broad host-range quarantine pest that can be asymptomatic in some hosts, P. ramorum presents significant challenges for regulatory efforts to detect and contain it, particularly in commercial nurseries. As part of a program to develop new detection methods for cryptic infections in nursery stock, we compared volatile emissions of P. ramorum-inoculated and noninoculated Rhododendron plants using three gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The first used a branch enclosure combined with headspace sorptive extraction to measure plant volatiles in situ. Seventy-eight compounds were found in the general Rhododendron profile. The volatile profile of inoculated but asymptomatic plants (121 days post-inoculation) was distinguishable from the profile of the noninoculated controls. Three compounds were less abundant in inoculated Rhododendron plants relative to noninoculated and mock-inoculated control plants. A second method employed stir bar sorptive extraction to measure volatiles in vitro from leaf extractions in methanol; 114 volatiles were found in the overall profile with 30 compounds less abundant and one compound more abundant in inoculated Rhododendron plants relative to mock-inoculated plants. At 128 days post-inoculation, plants were asymptomatic and similar in appearance to the noninoculated controls, but their chemical profiles were different. In a third technique, volatiles from water runoff from the soil of potted healthy and inoculated Rhododendron plants were compared. Runoff from the inoculated plants contained four unique volatile compounds that never appeared in the runoff from mock-inoculated plants. These three volatile detection techniques could lead to innovative approaches that augment detection and diagnosis of P. ramorum and oomycete pathogens in nurseries and other settings. Graphical abstract Detection of volatile signatures may aid in discriminating healthy vs. infected but asymptomatic plants in nursery and greenhouse facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tatiana V Roubtsova
- Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mei S Yamaguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Takao Kasuga
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard M Bostock
- Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schollert M, Kivimäenpää M, Michelsen A, Blok D, Rinnan R. Leaf anatomy, BVOC emission and CO2 exchange of arctic plants following snow addition and summer warming. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:433-445. [PMID: 28064192 PMCID: PMC5314650 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Climate change in the Arctic is projected to increase temperature, precipitation and snowfall. This may alter leaf anatomy and gas exchange either directly or indirectly. Our aim was to assess whether increased snow depth and warming modify leaf anatomy and affect biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and CO2 exchange of the widespread arctic shrubs Betula nana and Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum METHODS: Measurements were conducted in a full-factorial field experiment in Central West Greenland, with passive summer warming by open-top chambers and snow addition using snow fences. Leaf anatomy was assessed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. BVOC emissions were measured using a dynamic enclosure system and collection of BVOCs into adsorbent cartridges analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carbon dioxide exchange was measured using an infrared gas analyser. KEY RESULTS Despite a later snowmelt and reduced photosynthesis for B. nana especially, no apparent delays in the BVOC emissions were observed in response to snow addition. Only a few effects of the treatments were seen for the BVOC emissions, with sesquiterpenes being the most responsive compound group. Snow addition affected leaf anatomy by increasing the glandular trichome density in B. nana and modifying the mesophyll of E. hermaphroditum The open-top chambers thickened the epidermis of B. nana, while increasing the glandular trichome density and reducing the palisade:spongy mesophyll ratio in E. hermaphroditum CONCLUSIONS: Leaf anatomy was modified by both treatments already after the first winter and we suggest links between leaf anatomy, CO2 exchange and BVOC emissions. While warming is likely to reduce soil moisture, melt water from a deeper snow pack alleviates water stress in the early growing season. The study emphasizes the ecological importance of changes in winter precipitation in the Arctic, which can interact with climate-warming effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schollert
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Daan Blok
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lüpke M, Steinbrecher R, Leuchner M, Menzel A. The Tree Drought Emission MONitor (Tree DEMON), an innovative system for assessing biogenic volatile organic compounds emission from plants. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:14. [PMID: 28321263 PMCID: PMC5358044 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emitted by plants play an important role for ecological and physiological processes, for example as response to stressors. These emitted compounds are involved in chemical processes within the atmosphere and contribute to the formation of aerosols and ozone. Direct measurement of BVOC emissions requires a specialized sample system in order to obtain repeatable and comparable results. These systems need to be constructed carefully since BVOC measurements may be disturbed by several side effects, e.g., due to wrong material selection and lacking system stability. RESULTS In order to assess BVOC emission rates, a four plant chamber system was constructed, implemented and throughout evaluated by synthetic tests and in two case studies on 3-year-old sweet chestnut seedlings. Synthetic system test showed a stable sampling with good repeatability and low memory effects. The first case study demonstrated the capability of the system to screen multiple trees within a few days and revealed three different emission patterns of sweet chestnut trees. The second case study comprised an application of drought stress on two seedlings compared to two in parallel assessed seedlings of a control. Here, a clear reduction of BVOC emissions during drought stress was observed. CONCLUSION The developed system allows assessing BVOC as well as CO2 and water vapor gas exchange of four tree specimens automatically and in parallel with repeatable results. A canopy volume of 30 l can be investigated, which constitutes in case of tree seedlings the whole canopy. Longer lasting experiments of e.g., 1-3 weeks can be performed easily without any significant plant interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Lüpke
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Michael Leuchner
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Van Godewijckstraat 30, 3311 GX Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstraße 2 a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Svendsen SH, Lindwall F, Michelsen A, Rinnan R. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions along a high arctic soil moisture gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:131-138. [PMID: 27552736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from terrestrial ecosystems are important for the atmospheric chemistry and the formation of secondary organic aerosols, and may therefore influence the climate. Global warming is predicted to change patterns in precipitation and plant species compositions, especially in arctic regions where the temperature increase will be most pronounced. These changes are potentially highly important for the BVOC emissions but studies investigating the effects are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality and quantity of BVOC emissions from a high arctic soil moisture gradient extending from dry tundra to a wet fen. Ecosystem BVOC emissions were sampled five times in the July-August period using a push-pull enclosure technique, and BVOCs trapped in absorbent cartridges were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plant species compositions were estimated using the point intercept method. In order to take into account important underlying ecosystem processes, gross ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem production were measured in connection with chamber-based BVOC measurements. Highest emissions of BVOCs were found from vegetation communities dominated by Salix arctica and Cassiope tetragona, which had emission profiles dominated by isoprene and monoterpenes, respectively. These results show that emissions of BVOCs are highly dependent on the plant cover supported by the varying soil moisture, suggesting that high arctic BVOC emissions may affect the climate differently if soil water content and plant cover change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hagel Svendsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK -2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK -1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Frida Lindwall
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK -2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK -1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK -2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK -1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK -2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK -1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lüpke M, Leuchner M, Steinbrecher R, Menzel A. Impact of summer drought on isoprenoid emissions and carbon sink of three Scots pine provenances. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1382-1399. [PMID: 27591438 PMCID: PMC5225987 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provenances cover broad ecological amplitudes. In a greenhouse study, we investigated the impact of drought stress and rewetting on gas exchange for three provenances (Italy: Emilia Romagna; Spain: Alto Ebro; Germany: East-German lowlands) of 2-year old Scots pine seedlings. CO2, water vapour and isoprenoid exchange of stressed and control trees were quantified with a four-chamber dynamic-enclosure system in the controlled environment of a climate chamber. The three provenances showed distinct isoprenoid emission patterns and were classified into a non-Δ3-carene, with either high α-/β-pinene or β-myrcene fraction, and a Δ3-carene dominated type. Isoprenoid emission rates, net-photosynthesis and transpiration were reduced during summer drought stress and significantly recovered after rewetting. A seasonal increase of isoprenoid emission rates towards autumn was observed for all control groups. Compared with the German provenance, the Spanish and Italian provenances revealed higher isoprenoid emission rates and more plastic responses to drought stress and seasonal development, which points to a local adaptation to climate. As a result of drought, net carbon uptake and transpiration of trees was reduced, but recovered after rewetting. We conclude from our study that Scots pine isoprenoid emission is more variable than expected and sensitive to drought periods, likely impacting regional air chemistry. Thus, a provenance-specific emission assessment accounting for reduced emission during prolonged (summer) drought is recommend for setting up biogenic volatile organic compound emission inventories used in air quality models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lüpke
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Leuchner
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Springer Science+Business Media B.V. , Van Godewijckstraat 30, 3311 GX Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Steinbrecher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU) , Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - A Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Repellent Activity of the Essential Oil from the Heartwood of Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin against Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Molecules 2016; 21:533. [PMID: 27110756 PMCID: PMC6274372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The weevil Aegorhinus superciliosus Guérin (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which is endemic to Central-Southern Chile and Argentina, is one of the major berry pests in Chile and the most important pest in the La Araucanía Region (38°44'9″S, 72°35'25″W). Due to the poor effectiveness and problems surrounding the implementation of the traditional control methods using organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, new strategies for controlling this pest are needed. In this communication, we evaluated the behavioral responses of male and female A. superciliosus to volatile compounds released from the essential oil (EO) obtained from the heartwood of Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin using olfactometric bioassays. The composition of the EO was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). According to these analyses, δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the principal components of the EO. The Pilgerodendron uviferum EO, which is almost exclusively composed of sesquiterpenes (99.5%), exhibited a repellent effect against A. superciliosus adults, regardless of the sex or concentration used (56.6 mg/cm³ and 1.58 × 10(-2) mg/cm³). The EO has low volatility and greater persistence than the EOs composed of monoterpenes and is considered a good model in the search for raspberry weevil repellents.
Collapse
|
41
|
McCartney MM, Spitulski SL, Pasamontes A, Peirano DJ, Schirle MJ, Cumeras R, Simmons JD, Ware JL, Brown JF, Poh AJ, Dike SC, Foster EK, Godfrey KE, Davis CE. Coupling a branch enclosure with differential mobility spectrometry to isolate and measure plant volatiles in contained greenhouse settings. Talanta 2016; 146:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
42
|
Schollert M, Kivimäenpää M, Valolahti HM, Rinnan R. Climate change alters leaf anatomy, but has no effects on volatile emissions from Arctic plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2048-60. [PMID: 25737381 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are expected to change substantially because of the rapid advancement of climate change in the Arctic. BVOC emission changes can feed back both positively and negatively on climate warming. We investigated the effects of elevated temperature and shading on BVOC emissions from arctic plant species Empetrum hermaphroditum, Cassiope tetragona, Betula nana and Salix arctica. Measurements were performed in situ in long-term field experiments in subarctic and high Arctic using a dynamic enclosure system and collection of BVOCs into adsorbent cartridges analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In order to assess whether the treatments had resulted in anatomical adaptations, we additionally examined leaf anatomy using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Against expectations based on the known temperature and light-dependency of BVOC emissions, the emissions were barely affected by the treatments. In contrast, leaf anatomy of the studied plants was significantly altered in response to the treatments, and these responses appear to differ from species found at lower latitudes. We suggest that leaf anatomical acclimation may partially explain the lacking treatment effects on BVOC emissions at plant shoot-level. However, more studies are needed to unravel why BVOC emission responses in arctic plants differ from temperate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schollert
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, 1350, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Hanna M Valolahti
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, 1350, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, 1350, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Niederbacher B, Winkler JB, Schnitzler JP. Volatile organic compounds as non-invasive markers for plant phenotyping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5403-16. [PMID: 25969554 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a great variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can actively participate in plant growth and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. VOC emissions are strongly dependent on environmental conditions; the greatest ambiguity is whether or not the predicted change in climate will influence and modify plant-pest interactions that are mediated by VOCs. The constitutive and induced emission patterns between plant genotypes, species, and taxa are highly variable and can be used as pheno(chemo)typic markers to distinguish between different origins and provenances. In recent years significant progress has been made in molecular and genetic plant breeding. However, there is actually a lack of knowledge in functionally linking genotypes and phenotypes, particularly in analyses of plant-environment interactions. Plant phenotyping, the assessment of complex plant traits such as growth, development, tolerance, resistance, etc., has become a major bottleneck, and quantitative information on genotype-environment relationships is the key to addressing major future challenges. With increasing demand to support and accelerate progress in breeding for novel traits, the plant research community faces the need to measure accurately increasingly large numbers of plants and plant traits. In this review article, we focus on the promising outlook of VOC phenotyping as a fast and non-invasive measure of phenotypic dynamics. The basic principle is to define plant phenotypes according to their disease resistance and stress tolerance, which in turn will help in improving the performance and yield of economically relevant plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J B Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J P Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Valolahti H, Kivimäenpää M, Faubert P, Michelsen A, Rinnan R. Climate change-induced vegetation change as a driver of increased subarctic biogenic volatile organic compound emissions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3478-88. [PMID: 25994223 PMCID: PMC4676918 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have been earlier shown to be highly temperature sensitive in subarctic ecosystems. As these ecosystems experience rapidly advancing pronounced climate warming, we aimed to investigate how warming affects the BVOC emissions in the long term (up to 13 treatment years). We also aimed to assess whether the increased litterfall resulting from the vegetation changes in the warming subarctic would affect the emissions. The study was conducted in a field experiment with factorial open-top chamber warming and annual litter addition treatments on subarctic heath in Abisko, northern Sweden. After 11 and 13 treatment years, BVOCs were sampled from plant communities in the experimental plots using a push-pull enclosure technique and collection into adsorbent cartridges during the growing season and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plant species coverage in the plots was analyzed by the point intercept method. Warming by 2 °C caused a 2-fold increase in monoterpene and 5-fold increase in sesquiterpene emissions, averaged over all measurements. When the momentary effect of temperature was diminished by standardization of emissions to a fixed temperature, warming still had a significant effect suggesting that emissions were also indirectly increased. This indirect increase appeared to result from increased plant coverage and changes in vegetation composition. The litter addition treatment also caused significant increases in the emission rates of some BVOC groups, especially when combined with warming. The combined treatment had both the largest vegetation changes and the highest BVOC emissions. The increased emissions under litter addition were probably a result of a changed vegetation composition due to alleviated nutrient limitation and stimulated microbial production of BVOCs. We suggest that the changes in the subarctic vegetation composition induced by climate warming will be the major factor indirectly affecting the BVOC emission potentials and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Valolahti
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geography and Geology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopio, Finland
| | - Patrick Faubert
- Chaire en éco-conseil, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geography and Geology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geography and Geology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: Riikka Rinnan, tel. +45 51827039, fax +45 35322321, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Müller A, Kaling M, Faubert P, Gort G, Smid HM, Van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Isoprene emission by poplar is not important for the feeding behaviour of poplar leaf beetles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:165. [PMID: 26122266 PMCID: PMC4486431 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysomela populi (poplar leaf beetle) is a common herbivore in poplar plantations whose infestation causes major economic losses. Because plant volatiles act as infochemicals, we tested whether isoprene, the main volatile organic compound (VOC) produced by poplars (Populus x canescens), affects the performance of C. populi employing isoprene emitting (IE) and transgenic isoprene non-emitting (NE) plants. Our hypothesis was that isoprene is sensed and affects beetle orientation or that the lack of isoprene affects plant VOC profiles and metabolome with consequences for C. populi feeding. RESULTS Electroantennographic analysis revealed that C. populi can detect higher terpenes, but not isoprene. In accordance to the inability to detect isoprene, C. populi showed no clear preference for IE or NE poplar genotypes in the choice experiments, however, the beetles consumed a little bit less leaf mass and laid fewer eggs on NE poplar trees in field experiments. Slight differences in the profiles of volatile terpenoids between IE and NE genotypes were detected by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer revealed genotype-, time- and herbivore feeding-dependent metabolic changes both in the infested and adjacent undamaged leaves under field conditions. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that C. populi is unable to sense isoprene. The detected minor differences in insect feeding in choice experiments and field bioassays may be related to the revealed changes in leaf volatile emission and metabolite composition between the IE and NE poplars. Overall our results indicate that lacking isoprene emission is of minor importance for C. populi herbivory under natural conditions, and that the lack of isoprene is not expected to change the economic losses in poplar plantations caused by C. populi infestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Müller
- Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Faubert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Chaire en éco-conseil, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boul. de l'Université, Chicoutimi, Qc, G7H 2B1, Canada.
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 100, 6700 AC, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Joop J A Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Faiola CL, Vanderschelden GS, Wen M, Elloy FC, Cobos DR, Watts RJ, Jobson BT, Vanreken TM. SOA formation potential of emissions from soil and leaf litter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:938-946. [PMID: 24328143 DOI: 10.1021/es4040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil and leaf litter are significant global sources of small oxidized volatile organic compounds, VOCs (e.g., methanol and acetaldehyde). They may also be significant sources of larger VOCs that could act as precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. To investigate this, soil and leaf litter samples were collected from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest and transported to the laboratory. There, the VOC emissions were characterized and used to drive SOA formation via dark, ozone-initiated reactions. Monoterpenes dominated the emission profile with emission rates as high as 228 μg-C m(-2) h(-1). The composition of the SOA produced was similar to biogenic SOA formed from oxidation of ponderosa pine emissions and α-pinene. Measured soil and litter monoterpene emission rates were compared with modeled canopy emissions. Results suggest surface soil and litter monoterpene emissions could range from 12 to 136% of canopy emissions in spring and fall. Thus, emissions from leaf litter may potentially extend the biogenic emissions season, contributing to significant organic aerosol formation in the spring and fall when reduced solar radiation and temperatures reduce emissions from living vegetation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Faiola
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kännaste A, Copolovici L, Niinemets Ü. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted by plants. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:161-9. [PMID: 24777796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most widely used methods for analyzing the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants. Preconcentration of VOCs on the cartridges filled with different adsorbents is a well-accepted method for sampling of headspace. Here, we describe a gas-chromatographic method for determination of different isoprenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes, homoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes). The technique is based on adsorption of compounds of interest on multibed adsorbent cartridges followed by thermodesorption, and detection and analysis by GC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kännaste
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in four vegetation types in high arctic Greenland. Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-013-1427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Helmig D, Daly RW, Milford J, Guenther A. Seasonal trends of biogenic terpene emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:35-46. [PMID: 23827483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from six coniferous tree species, i.e. Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa Pine), Picea pungens (Blue Spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Rocky Mountain Douglas Fir) and Pinus longaeva (Bristlecone Pine), as well as from two deciduous species, Quercus gambelii (Gamble Oak) and Betula occidentalis (Western River Birch) were studied over a full annual growing cycle. Monoterpene (MT) and sesquiterpene (SQT) emissions rates were quantified in a total of 1236 individual branch enclosure samples. MT dominated coniferous emissions, producing greater than 95% of BVOC emissions. MT and SQT demonstrated short-term emission dependence with temperature. Two oxygenated MT, 1,8-cineol and piperitone, were both light and temperature dependent. Basal emission rates (BER, normalized to 1000μmolm(-2)s(-1) and 30°C) were generally higher in spring and summer than in winter; MT seasonal BER from the coniferous trees maximized between 1.5 and 6.0μgg(-1)h(-1), while seasonal lows were near 0.1μgg(-1)h(-1). The fractional contribution of individual MT to total emissions was found to fluctuate with season. SQT BER measured from the coniferous trees ranged from <0.01 to 0.15μgg(-1)h(-1). BER of up to 1.2μgg(-1)h(-1) of the SQT germacrene B were found from Q. gambelii, peaking in late summer. The β-factor, used to define temperature dependence in emissions modeling, was not found to exhibit discernible growth season trends. A seasonal correction factor proposed by others in previous work to account for a sinusoidal shaped emission pattern was applied to the data. Varying levels of agreement were found between the data and model results for the different plant species seasonal data sets using this correction. Consequently, the analyses on this extensive data set suggest that it is not feasible to apply a universal seasonal correction factor across different vegetation species. A modeling exercise comparing two case scenarios, (1) without and (2) with consideration of the seasonal changes in emission factors illustrated large deviations when emission factors are applied for other seasons than those in which they were experimentally determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liyana-Arachchi TP, Hansel AK, Stevens C, Ehrenhauser FS, Valsaraj KT, Hung FR. Molecular modeling of the green leaf volatile methyl salicylate on atmospheric air/water interfaces. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4436-43. [PMID: 23668770 DOI: 10.1021/jp4029694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a green leaf volatile (GLV) compound that is emitted in significant amounts by plants, especially when they are under stress conditions. GLVs can then undergo chemical reactions with atmospheric oxidants, yielding compounds that contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). We investigated the adsorption of MeSA on atmospheric air/water interfaces at 298 K using thermodynamic integration (TI), potential of mean force (PMF) calculations, and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our molecular models can reproduce experimental results of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient of MeSA. A deep free energy minimum was found for MeSA at the air/water interface, which is mainly driven by energetic interactions between MeSA and water. At the interface, the oxygenated groups in MeSA tend to point toward the water side of the interface, with the aromatic group of MeSA lying farther away from water. Increases in the concentrations of MeSA lead to reductions in the height of the peaks in the MeSA-MeSA g(r) functions, a slowing down of the dynamics of both MeSA and water at the interface, and a reduction in the interfacial surface tension. Our results indicate that MeSA has a strong thermodynamic preference to remain at the air/water interface, and thus chemical reactions with atmospheric oxidants are more likely to take place at this interface, rather than in the water phase of atmospheric water droplets or in the gas phase.
Collapse
|