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Lu N, Zhang Y, Mu Q, Li Y, Li Y, Yan Z, Wang Y. Hexabromocyclododecane-induced reproductive toxicity in Brachionus plicatilis: Impacts and assessment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106853. [PMID: 38330652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), third-generation brominated flame retardants (BRFs), has aroused worldwide concern because of its wide application and potentially negative impacts on marine ecosystems, but an information gap still exists regarding marine low-trophic organisms. Brachionus plicatilis, the model marine zooplankton, was used in the present study, and its reproductive responses were used as the endpoint to indicate HBCD-induced toxicity. HBCD was suggested to be extremely highly toxic compounds regarding the 96 h-LC50 of 0.58 mg L-1. The sublethal exposure of HBCD injured the reproduction of B. plicatilis: The total number of offspring per female and the key population index calculated from the life table, including the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) and net reproductive rate (R0), were significantly influenced in a concentration-dependent manner. The reproductive process was also altered, as indicated by the first spawning time, first hatching time and oocyst development time. At the same time, individual survival and growth (body length) were also negatively affected by HBCD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were suggested to be responsible for reproductive toxicity mainly because the total ROS contents as well as the main components of •OH and H2O2 greatly increased and resulted in the oxidative imbalance that presented as malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation. Simultaneous activation of the glutathione antioxidant system was accompanied by the apoptosis marker enzymes Caspase-3 and 9, as well as the correlation between ROS content, physiological alteration and cell apoptosis, providing further evidence for this. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) showed that HBCD had a significant toxic effect on B. plicatilis near the concentration range of 96 h-LC50. The establishment of this concentration range will provide a reliable reference for future environmental concentration warning of HBCD in marine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaya Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinglin Mu
- Zhejiang Marine Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, No.20 Tiyu Road, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongyong Yan
- Zhejiang Marine Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, No.20 Tiyu Road, Zhoushan, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, China.
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Lin L, Huang Y, Wang P, Chen CC, Qian W, Zhu X, Xu X. Environmental occurrence and ecotoxicity of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132015. [PMID: 37437480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products such as fishing nets and foam buoys have been widely used in aquaculture. To enhance the desirable characteristics of the final equipment, plastic gear for aquaculture is mixed with a wide range of additives. Recent studies have shown that additives could be leached out to the environment with a long-term use of aquaculture plastics, forming aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. It should be emphasized that some leachates such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are endocrine disruptors, which could increase the exposure risk of aquatic products and subsequently display potential threats to human health via food chain. However, systematic studies on the release, occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates are missing, overlooking their potential sources and ecotoxicological risks in aquatic environments. We have reviewed and compared the concentrations of major plastic leachates in the water environment and organisms of global aquaculture and non-farmed areas, confirming that aquaculture leachate is an important source of contaminants in the environment. Moreover, the toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic additives and the related mechanisms are summarized with fish as a representative, revealing their potential health risk. In addition, we proposed current challenges and future research needs, which provides scientific guidance for the use and management of plastic products in aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ciara Chun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Southern Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Malala Irugal Bandaralage S, Ignacio Bertucci J, Park B, Green D, Brinkmann M, Masse A, Crump D, Basu N, Hogan N, Hecker M. Maternal Transfer and Apical and Physiological Effects of Dietary Hexabromocyclododecane Exposure in Parental Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:143-153. [PMID: 36282020 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a persistent organic pollutant that has been characterized as an endocrine disruptor, undergoes maternal transfer, and hinders development and growth in oviparous organisms. The present study examined the apical effects of dietary HBCD (11.5, 36.4, 106 mg/kg, wet wt) on adult fathead minnow exposed for 49 days and the subsequent accumulation and maternal transfer kinetics in adult tissue and eggs, respectively. Exposed adults displayed a significant increase in egg production in the medium treatment group, but no other significant effects were noted. Maternal transfer of dietary HBCD had a similar egg-to-muscle ratios (EMR) in the low and medium treatment groups (1.65 and 1.27 [wet wt], respectively). However, the high treatment group deviated from other treatments with an EMR of 4.2 (wet wt), potentially due to differences in total lipid content in food and/or reaching diffusion/lipid saturation limits in adult tissue, resulting in lower accumulation in the adult muscle tissue. A positive correlation was observed between egg HBCD concentration and time of exposure, which indicates that maternal transfer of HBCD is of concern in fish, and further studies should be conducted to fully elucidate the potential adverse effects that may be observed in the early life stage of oviparous organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:143-153. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susari Malala Irugal Bandaralage
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Brad Park
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek Green
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anita Masse
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Brandon AM, El Abbadi SH, Ibekwe UA, Cho YM, Wu WM, Criddle CS. Fate of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), A Common Flame Retardant, In Polystyrene-Degrading Mealworms: Elevated HBCD Levels in Egested Polymer but No Bioaccumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:364-371. [PMID: 31804807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As awareness of the ubiquity and magnitude of plastic pollution has increased, so has interest in the long term fate of plastics. To date, however, the fate of potentially toxic plastic additives has received comparatively little attention. In this study, we investigated the fate of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in polystyrene (PS)-degrading mealworms and in mealworm-fed shrimp. Most of the commercial HBCD consumed by the mealworms was egested in frass within 24 h (1-log removal) with nearly a 3-log removal after 48 h. In mealworms fed PS containing high HBCD levels, only 0.27 ± 0.10%, of the ingested HBCD remained in the mealworm body tissue. This value did not increase over the course of the experiment, indicating little or no bioaccumulation. Additionally, no evidence of higher trophic level bioaccumulation or toxicity was observed when L. vannamei (Pacific whiteleg shrimp) were fed mealworm biomass grown with PS containing HBCD. Differences in shrimp survival were attributable to the fraction of mealworm biomass incorporated into the diet, not HBCD. We conclude that the environmental effects of PS ingestion need further evaluation as the generation of smaller, more contaminated particles is possible, and may contribute to toxicity at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Malawi Brandon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sahar H El Abbadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Uwakmfon A Ibekwe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yeo-Myoung Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Guo Z, Zhang L, Liu X, Yu Y, Liu S, Chen M, Huang C, Hu G. The enrichment and purification of hexabromocyclododecanes and its effects on thyroid in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109690. [PMID: 31563749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the third most highly produced brominated flame retardants (BFRs) all over the world. Based on the current research status of HBCDs, zebrafish were exposed to three dietary concentrations of HBCDs (0, 10, 100, 400 ng/g) for 56 days, and followed by clean food for 28 days. In order to investigate the enrichment and purification of HBCDs in zebrafish, HBCD enantiomers in zebrafish were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). To investigate the effects of long-term exposure of HBCDs on thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in zebrafish, the concentrations of thyroid hormone (T3, T4, FT3 and FT4) and the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. RT-PCR was used to reveal the molecular mechanism of HBCDs' influence on thyroid hormone in zebrafish. The result of UPLC-MS/MS showed that there were three main reasons for the existence of α-HBCD as the major isomer in the organism. HBCDs had significant inhibitory effect on T3 and T4 in liver of adult zebrafish after 56 days' exposure. Compared with the control group, the ratio of T3 and T4was significantly higher in the medium and high concentration group. The content of FT3 and FT4 in the liver tissue of zebrafish increased first and then decreased with the increase of exposure concentration. With the increase of exposure concentration, the content of MDA in zebrafish liver decreased firstly and then increased. The activity of SOD and CAT in zebrafish liver showed the opposite trend with MDA. And the concentration of GSH in liver decreased gradually, which showed a significant dose-effect relationship. HBCDs exposure has an inhibitory effect on thyroid hormone receptor gene (TRβ) and adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone gene (Crh) in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China; South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Mianbiao Chen
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Chushan Huang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China; South China Institute of Environment Sciences, The Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510535, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou, 510535, China.
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6
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Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A case study applying tiered testing for human health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yu Y, Zhu X, Zhu J, Li L, Zhang X, Xiang M, Ma R, Yu L, Yu Z, Wang Z. Rapid and simultaneous analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane in water by direct immersion solid phase microextraction: Uniform design to explore factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:364-369. [PMID: 30959350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct immersion solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is of significant research interest because of its low solvent consumption, simple design, and efficient, sensitive, fast performance. In this work, a combination of these two methods (DI-SPME-LC-MS) for the determination of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in water was developed. Important factors, which included temperature, stirring rate, salt concentration, pH value and adsorption time, were evaluated in for the optimization of solid phase microextraction (SPME) method. The method was developed using spiked natural waters in a concentration range of 0.1-10 ng mL-1, and showed notable linearity with regression coefficients ranging between 0.992 and 0.999. The limits of detection varied from 0.01 to 0.04 ng mL-1 (at S/N = 3) and relative standard deviation (RSD < 11%) were obtained showing that the precision of the method was reliable. Recoveries were in relatively high levels for both analytes and ranged from 88% to 108%. Moreover, in comparison with the performance time of traditional sample pretreatment methods such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), DI-SPME-LC-MS takes only approximately 35 min to perform. The optimized method was successfully applied for monitoring concentrations of TBBPA and HBCD in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, PR China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Lehuan Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China; Biology and Food Engineering Institute, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, PR China
| | - Ziling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
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Farmahin R, Gannon AM, Gagné R, Rowan-Carroll A, Kuo B, Williams A, Curran I, Yauk CL. Hepatic transcriptional dose-response analysis of male and female Fischer rats exposed to hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 133:110262. [PMID: 30594549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant found in the environment and human tissues. The toxicological effects of HBCD exposure are not clearly understood. We employed whole-genome RNA-sequencing on liver samples from male and female Fischer rats exposed to 0, 250, 1250, and 5000 mg technical mixture of HBCD/kg diet for 28 days to gain further insight into HBCD toxicity. HBCD altered 428 and 250 gene transcripts in males and females, respectively, which were involved in metabolism of xenobiotics, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolism of glucose and lipids, circadian regulation, cell cycle, fibrotic activity, and hormonal balance. Signature analysis supported that HBCD operates through the constitutive androstane and pregnane X receptors. The median transcriptomic benchmark dose (BMD) for the lowest statistically significant pathway was within 1.5-fold of the BMD for increased liver weight, while the BMD for the lowest pathway with at least three modeled genes (minimum 5% of pathway) was similar to the lowest apical endpoint BMD. The results show how transcriptional analyses can inform mechanisms underlying chemical toxicity and the doses at which potentially adverse effects occur. This experiment is part of a larger study exploring the use of toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farmahin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Gannon
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ivan Curran
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wang P, Shi Y. Biomagnification of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a coastal ecosystem near a large producer in China: Human exposure implication through food web transfer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1213-1220. [PMID: 29929234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely used brominated flame retardant which is mainly produced in China. Many HBCD facilities are located at the coast and the released HBCD may enter into the coastal ecosystem. There is a risk that HBCD can transfer through the food web to the diet of local population. Therefore, the coastal organisms near one of the biggest HBCD facilities in China were investigated. Variation was observed for the bioaccumulation of HBCD between the detrital food chain and the grazing food chain. In the studied species, the mullet was most contaminated which may be caused by its feeding on detritus. At the same time, the transfer of HBCD along the food web was investigated, and HBCD was biomagnified from the prey to the predator in the grazing food chains. Among the three diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was biomagnified with increasing trophic levels in the food web while β- and γ-HBCD were not. To assess the human dietary exposure, the dietary intake of HBCD from seafood was estimated, and the estimated daily intake (EDI) was 5.22ng/kg/day for adults, and 16.39ng/kg/day for children. The EDI for local residents were tens of times higher than that for general population in China, but the risk through dietary intake was very low in terms of existing reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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10
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Yao F, Wang J, Chen J, Zhang H, Qian M, Zeng Y, Xia W, Lu Y. Efficient Detection of α-, β-, and γ-Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers and Their Hydroxylated Metabolites in Poultry Tissues Based on Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Using an Enhanced Lipid-Removing Material Combined with UPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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El Megdiche Y, Ameur WB, Bèchir H, Hassine SB, Badreddine B, Touil S, Driss MR, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Anthropogenic (PBDE) and naturally-produced (MeO-PBDE) brominated compound levels in Bizerte Lagoon clams (Ruditapes decussatus): Levels and human health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:176-185. [PMID: 28818605 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Information on the occurrence of organobrominated compounds in bivalves from Tunisia is scarce. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these compounds in clams from Tunisia. The aim of this study is to measure natural and synthetic organobrominated compound concentrations and evaluate congener distribution and pollution sources in a clam species (Ruditapes decussatus) from three sites of the Bizerte Lagoon. Total synthetic organobrominated pollutant levels in clam ranged from 34.8 to 188ngg-1lw. For natural organobrominated compounds, concentrations varied from 18.2 to 49.5ngg-1lw. Total PBDE and MeO-PBDE concentrations in clams from the Bizerte Lagoon were similar or slightly lower than those reported for other species from other locations around the world. The health risks associated with the consumption of this species were assessed and posed no threat to public health concerning PBDE intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine El Megdiche
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Hammami Bèchir
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Ben Hassine
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Barhoumi Badreddine
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Heteroatom Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damia Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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García-Alcega S, Rauert C, Harrad S, Collins CD. Does the source migration pathway of HBCDs to household dust influence their bio-accessibility? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:244-251. [PMID: 27343943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the human bioaccessibility of dust contaminated with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) via two migration pathways a) volatilisation with subsequent partitioning to dust particles, and b) abrasion of treated textile fibres directly to the dust. This was achieved using previously developed experimental chamber designs to generate dust samples contaminated with HBCDs emitted from a HBCD treated textile curtain. The generated dust samples were exposed to an in vitro colon extended physiologically based extraction test (CE-PBET). The bioaccessibility of the HBCDs which were incorporated within dust as a result of volatilisation from the curtain material with subsequent partitioning to dust was higher than in dusts contaminated with HBCDs via abrasion of the curtain (35% and 15% respectively). We propose this occurs due to a stronger binding of HBCDs to treated fabric fibres than that experienced following volatilisation and sorption of HBCDs to dust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassie Rauert
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris D Collins
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
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13
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Anisuzzaman S, Whalen MM. Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane alter secretion of IL-1β from human immune cells. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:403-16. [PMID: 27297965 PMCID: PMC4910520 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), flame retardant compounds used in epoxy resin circuit boards and upholstery, contaminate the environment and are found in human serum. Lymphocytes and monocytes are immune cells that, among other functions, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, an important regulator of immune responsiveness and tissue growth and repair. Thus, if its levels are dysregulated, loss of proper immune function and increased invasiveness of tumors could ensue. This study examines whether exposures to varying concentrations (0.05-5.0 μM) of TBBPA and HBCD for 24 h, 48 h and 6 days interfere with the ability of immune cells to secrete IL-1β. The immune cell preparations examined were human natural killer (NK) cells, monocyte-depleted (MD) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MD-PBMC) and PBMC. Both increased and decreased secretion of IL-1β from all three types of cell preparation were seen with TBBPA exposures and were dependent on concentration and length of exposure. TBBPA induced changes varied considerably from donor to donor. Exposure to HBCD from 0.5-5.0 μM caused increases in IL-1β secretion after all lengths of exposures in all cell preparations. The specific HBCD levels at which increases occurred varied among donors. Examinations of the signaling pathway(s) responsible for the elevated secretion of IL-1β after HBCD exposure were carried out in MD-PBMC cells. Results revealed that MAPK pathways (ERK1/2 and p38) appear to be the targets of HBCD that lead to increased IL-1β secretion from immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Anisuzzaman
- a Department of Chemistry , Tennessee State University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Margaret M Whalen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tennessee State University , Nashville , TN , USA
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14
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Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to investigate the molecular responses of human cell lines exposed to the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:2116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Abdallah MAE, Pawar G, Harrad S. Effect of Bromine Substitution on Human Dermal Absorption of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10976-83. [PMID: 26301594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human dermal absorption of eight mono- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was investigated for the first time using EPISKIN human skin equivalent tissue. Using a standard in vitro protocol, EPISKIN tissues mounted in specially designed diffusion cells were exposed to the target PBDEs for 24 h. Estimated steady-state flux (Jss) and permeation coefficients (Papp) across the skin increased with decreasing bromine substitution from BDE-153 (Papp = 4.0 × 10(-4) cm/h) to BDE-1 (Papp = 1.1 × 10(-2) cm/h). This was accompanied by an increase in the time required to traverse the skin tissue into the receptor fluid (lag time) from 0.25 h for BDE-1 to 1.26 h for BDE-153. Papp values for the studied PBDEs were correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with physicochemical parameters like water solubility and log KOW. While less brominated congeners achieved faster dermal penetration, higher PBDEs displayed greater accumulation within the skin tissue. The PBDEs thus accumulated represent a contaminant depot from which they may be slowly released to the systemic circulation over a prolonged period. Maximal percutaneous penetration was observed for BDE-1 (∼ 30% of the applied 500 ng/cm(2) dose). Interestingly, BDE-183 and BDE-209 showed very low dermal absorption, exemplified by a failure to reach the steady state within the 24 h exposure period that was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Gopal Pawar
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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16
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Luigi V, Giuseppe M, Claudio R. Emerging and priority contaminants with endocrine active potentials in sediments and fish from the River Po (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14050-14066. [PMID: 25956513 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a substantial lack of information on most priority pollutants, related contamination trends, and (eco)toxicological risks for the major Italian watercourse, the River Po. Targeting substances of various uses and origins, this study provides the first systematic data for the River Po on a wide set of priority and emerging chemicals, all characterized by endocrine-active potentials. Flame retardants, natural and synthetic hormones, surfactants, personal care products, legacy pollutants, and other chemicals have been investigated in sediments from the River Po and its tributary, the River Lambro, as well as in four fish species from the final section of the main river. With few exceptions, all chemicals investigated could be tracked in the sediments of the main Italian river for tens or hundreds of kilometres downstream from the Lambro tributary. Nevertheless, the results indicate that most of these contaminants, i.e., TBBPA, TCBPA, TBBPA-bis, DBDPE, HBCD, BPA, OP, TCS, TCC, AHTN, HHCB, and DDT, individually pose a negligible risk to the River Po. In contrast, PBDE, PCB, natural and synthetic estrogens, and to a much lower extent NP, were found at levels of concern either to aquatic life or human health. Adverse biological effects and prohibition of fish consumption deserve research attention and management initiatives, also considering the transport of contaminated sediments to transitional and coastal environments of the Italian river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viganò Luigi
- National Research Council (CNR), Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (Water Research Institute), Sezione di Brugherio, Via del Mulino, 19, 20861, Brugherio, MB, Italy,
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17
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Harmon SM. The Toxicity of Persistent Organic Pollutants to Aquatic Organisms. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS): ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Jarque S, Piña B. Deiodinases and thyroid metabolism disruption in teleost fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:361-375. [PMID: 25462686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic compounds with endocrine disrupting activity have been described since the late eighties. These compounds are able to interact with natural hormone systems and potentially induce deleterious effects in wildlife, notably piscine species. However, while the characterization of endocrine disruptors with "dioxin-like", estrogenic or androgenic activities is relatively well established, little is known about environmentally relevant pollutants that may act at thyroid system level. Iodothyronine deiodinases, the key enzymes in the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones, have been suggested as suitable biomarkers for thyroid metabolism disruption. The present article reviews the biotic and abiotic factors that are able to modulate deiodinases in teleosts, a representative model organism for vertebrates. Data show that deiodinases are highly sensitive to several physiological and physical variables, so they should be taken into account to establish natural basal deiodination patterns to further understand responses under chemical exposure. Among xenobiotic compounds, brominated flame retardants are postulated as chemicals of major concern because of their similar structure shared with thyroid hormones. More ambiguous results are shown for the rest of compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluorinated chemicals, pesticides, metals and synthetic drugs, in part due to the limited information available. The different mechanisms of action still remain unknown for most of those compounds, although several hypothesis based on observed effects are discussed. Future tasks are also suggested with the aim of moving forward in the full characterization of chemical compounds with thyroid disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jarque
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5/753, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Foekema EM, Lopez Parron M, Mergia MT, Carolus ERM, vd Berg JHJ, Kwadijk C, Dao Q, Murk AJ. Internal effect concentrations of organic substances for early life development of egg-exposed fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:14-22. [PMID: 24507121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the likelihood that early life development of marine fish from contaminated areas is affected by maternally transferred persistent organic substances (POPs). The common sole (Solea solea) was used as model species. Fertilized eggs were exposed via the water until hatching, 6 days post fertilization. The newly hatched larvae were allowed to develop further under unexposed conditions until the end of the metamorphosis. Effects on the larvae were determined for the dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl PCB 126, the technical PCB-mixture Arochlor 1254, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), for an artificial mixture of PCBs and PBDEs, and for 'field mixtures' extracted from sole from the North Sea and the contaminated Western Scheldt estuary. Effect levels were expressed as tissue concentrations in the newly hatched larvae at the end of the exposure period. Exposure to PCBs, PBDEs, and the artificial and field mixtures caused mortality that started to occur shortly after the larvae became free-feeding (10 days post fertilization) and continued to increase until the onset of metamorphosis, 15 days later. The effects induced by the field mixtures correlated well with the ΣPCB concentrations in the tissue of the exposed larvae. No indications were found for synergistic effects or for substantial contribution of other (unknown) substances in the field mixtures. HBCD did not induce toxic effects. As lipid normalized POP levels in fish eggs are in general comparable to the levels in the tissue of the female fish, fish tissue concentrations are indicative of the internal exposure of the developing larvae as a result maternally transferred POPs will occur in the field. In sole from the Western Scheldt estuary POP levels are about twenty times lower than the larval tissue concentration that produced 50 percent early life stage mortality. Levels in North Sea sole are an order of a magnitude lower. At more heavily contaminated sites negative effect of PCBs, especially of those with dioxin-like toxicity can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M Foekema
- IMARES Wageningen UR, Institute for marine resources and ecosystem Studies, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, Netherlands.
| | - Maria Lopez Parron
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mekuria T Mergia
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisa R M Carolus
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes H J vd Berg
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Kwadijk
- IMARES Wageningen UR, Institute for marine resources and ecosystem Studies, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, Netherlands
| | - Quy Dao
- IMARES Wageningen UR, Institute for marine resources and ecosystem Studies, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, Netherlands
| | - AlberTinka J Murk
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, Netherlands
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Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in UK human milk: implications for infant exposure and relationship to external exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 63:130-6. [PMID: 24291653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen tri-deca polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in 35 human milk samples from Birmingham, UK. While none of the hepta-nona BDEs (the main components of the octaBDE technical mixture) was above the limit of quantitation (LOQ); BDE-47 (average concentration=3.3ngg(-1) lipid weight (lw)) was quantified in all samples contributing 34-74% to Σtri-hexa BDEs (the principal constituents of the pentaBDE commercial formulation). BDE-209 (the main congener in the decaBDE formulation) was present above the LOQ in 69% of samples (average concentration=0.31ngg(-1) lw). Concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs ranged from 0.2 to 26ngg(-1) lw with concentrations of BDE-47>BDE-153>BDE-99. While concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs in this study (average=5.95ngg(-1) lw) were at the high end of those reported from other European countries, concentrations of BDE-209 were lower than those reported in human milk from other countries. The average exposure of a UK nursing infant to Σtri-hexa BDEs (35ng (kg bw)(-1)day(-1)) via breast milk exceeded the upper-bound dietary intakes of both UK adults and toddlers. Using a simple one compartment pharmacokinetic model, PBDE intakes of UK adults via inhalation, diet and dust ingestion were converted to predicted body burdens. Predictions compared well with those observed for Σtri-hexa BDEs and BDE-209 in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
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Sanders JM, Knudsen GA, Birnbaum LS. The fate of β-hexabromocyclododecane in female C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:251-7. [PMID: 23733921 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high production volume cycloaliphatic used as an additive flame retardant primarily in polystyrene foam building materials. HBCD mixtures contain three major stereoisomers, alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), at a typical ratio of 1.2:0.6:8.2. The toxicokinetic properties of the α and γ isomers differ. For instance, α-HBCD has greater bioavailability and potential for accumulation in mice than γ-HBCD. The present study reports comparative kinetics data for β-HBCD needed to support toxicological evaluations of HBCD mixtures. Results indicated that a single oral dose of 3mg/kg of [(14)C]-labeled β-HBCD was absorbed rapidly (≥ 85% total dose) in the female C57BL/6 mouse. The C max for β-HBCD-derived radioactivity in tissues, except adipose, was observed 3h following gavage. Approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted in urine and feces within 24h, primarily as β-HBCD-derived metabolites. A portion of the dose (circa 9%) was excreted in feces as γ-HBCD. Oral administration of 30 or 100mg/kg of β-HBCD resulted initially in slower rates of [(14)C] elimination; however, cumulative excretion data were similar across the dosing range 4 days postdosing. Residual concentrations of [(14)C] in tissues were highest in adipose and liver. β-HBCD-derived radioactivity accumulated in most tissues following four consecutive daily oral doses of 3mg/kg. The extent of metabolism and excretion of β-HBCD in female C57BL/6 mice was similar to that for γ-HBCD. The potential for accumulation of β-HBCD-derived material in most tissues appeared to be less than for α-HBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Sanders
- Toxicology and Toxicokinetics Group, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Yang X, Sun L, Xiang J, Hu S, Su S. Pyrolysis and dehalogenation of plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:462-473. [PMID: 22951495 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) have been an important environmental problem because these plastics commonly contain toxic halogenated flame retardants which may cause serious environmental pollution, especially the formation of carcinogenic substances polybrominated dibenzo dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), during treat process of these plastics. Pyrolysis has been proposed as a viable processing route for recycling the organic compounds in WEEE plastics into fuels and chemical feedstock. However, dehalogenation procedures are also necessary during treat process, because the oils collected in single pyrolysis process may contain numerous halogenated organic compounds, which would detrimentally impact the reuse of these pyrolysis oils. Currently, dehalogenation has become a significant topic in recycling of WEEE plastics by pyrolysis. In order to fulfill the better resource utilization of the WEEE plastics, the compositions, characteristics and dehalogenation methods during the pyrolysis recycling process of WEEE plastics were reviewed in this paper. Dehalogenation and the decomposition or pyrolysis of WEEE plastics can be carried out simultaneously or successively. It could be 'dehalogenating prior to pyrolysing plastics', 'performing dehalogenation and pyrolysis at the same time' or 'pyrolysing plastics first then upgrading pyrolysis oils'. The first strategy essentially is the two-stage pyrolysis with the release of halogen hydrides at low pyrolysis temperature region which is separate from the decomposition of polymer matrixes, thus obtaining halogenated free oil products. The second strategy is the most common method. Zeolite or other type of catalyst can be used in the pyrolysis process for removing organohalogens. The third strategy separate pyrolysis and dehalogenation of WEEE plastics, which can, to some degree, avoid the problem of oil value decline due to the use of catalyst, but obviously, this strategy may increase the cost of whole recycling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, 430074 Wuhan, PR China
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Hakk H, Szabo DT, Huwe J, Diliberto J, Birnbaum LS. Novel and distinct metabolites identified following a single oral dose of α- or γ-hexabromocyclododecane in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:13494-503. [PMID: 23171393 PMCID: PMC3608416 DOI: 10.1021/es303209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of α- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was investigated in adult C57BL/6 female mice. α- or γ-[(14)C]HBCD (3 mg/kg bw) was orally administered with subsequent urine and feces collection for 4 consecutive days; a separate group of mice was dosed and sacrificed 3 h postexposure to investigate tissue metabolite levels. Extractable and nonextractable HBCD metabolites were quantitated in liver, blood, fat, brain, bile, urine, and feces and characterized by LC/MS (ESI-). Metabolites identified were distinct between the two stereoisomers. In mice exposed to α-HBCD, four hydroxylated metabolites were detected in fecal extracts, and one of these metabolite isomers was consistently characterized in liver, brain, and adipose tissue extracts. In contrast, fecal extracts from mice exposed to γ-HBCD contained multiple isomers of monohydroxy-pentabromocyclododecene, dihydroxy-pentabromocyclododecene, and dihydroxy-pentabromocyclododecadiene, while in liver and adipose tissues extracts only a single monohydroxy-pentabromocyclododecane metabolite was observed. Both stereoisomers were transformed to metabolites which formed covalent bonds to proteins and/or lipids in the gut as suggested by high fecal nonextractables. The presence of tissue- and excreta-specific metabolic products after in vivo exposure to the two main HBCD stereoisomers supports previous toxicokinetic studies indicating that these two stereoisomers are biologically distinct. The distinct metabolic products identified in this study have the potential to aid in the identification of stereoisomer-specific HBCD exposures in future biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heldur Hakk
- USDA Agriculture Research Service, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, 58102-2765
| | - David T. Szabo
- David T Szabo, Ph.D., ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow/Toxicologist, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Janice Huwe
- USDA Agriculture Research Service, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, 58102-2765
| | - Janet Diliberto
- US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, ISTD, US EPA, MD B143-01, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- NCI and NIH/NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop B2-01, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Schecter A, Szabo DT, Miller J, Gent TL, Malik-Bass N, Petersen M, Paepke O, Colacino JA, Hynan LS, Harris TR, Malla S, Birnbaum LS. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers in U.S. food from Dallas, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1260-4. [PMID: 22647707 PMCID: PMC3440131 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1204993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, β, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food. OBJECTIVES We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets. METHODS Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 (< 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 (< 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; β-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 (< 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 (< 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively. CONCLUSIONS α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then β-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Schecter
- University of Texas School of Public Health, 6011 Harry Hines Blvd., V8.122E, Dallas, TX 75390-9128 USA.
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Marteinson SC, Kimmins S, Letcher RJ, Palace VP, Bird DM, Ritchie IJ, Fernie KJ. Diet exposure to technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) affects testes and circulating testosterone and thyroxine levels in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1116-1123. [PMID: 21917248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high-production-volume, brominated flame-retardant that is used in items such as polystyrene foams. HBCD has been detected in the environment, wildlife tissues and in humans globally with some of the highest recorded levels in predatory birds. This study examined the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant levels of HBCD on the reproductive physiology of captive male American kestrels (Falco sparverius), a predatory bird. Two sets of males were used: one group not housed with females (unpaired: nc=12, nHBCD=10) and the second group housed with females (breeding: nc=10, nHBCD=20). All treatment birds were exposed to 0.51 μg HBCD/g kestrel/day technical HBCD, and controls to safflower oil only, injected into their food during seasonal testicular development. Unpaired males were exposed for 3 weeks and euthanized for testicular analysis. Breeding males were exposed for 3 weeks prior to pairing and throughout the courtship period. The HBCD-exposed unpaired males had heavier testes (p≤0.017) and a trend towards more seminiferous tubules containing elongated spermatids (p=0.052). There was also a moderate increase in plasma testosterone concentrations (p=0.056) compared to controls. In breeding males, testosterone levels increased during courtship to culminate in higher levels than controls by the time the first egg was laid (p=0.010) and circulating free and total T4 was reduced throughout. The number of sperm cells reaching the perivitelline layer of the first egg for breeding males did not differ between the two groups. This study is the first report that HBCD exposure at environmentally relevant levels alters reproductive physiology in male birds and suggests that birds may be more sensitive to HBCD than mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Avian Science and Conservation Centre, McGill University, 21-111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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Marvin CH, Tomy GT, Armitage JM, Arnot JA, McCarty L, Covaci A, Palace V. Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8613-23. [PMID: 21913722 DOI: 10.1021/es201548c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
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Park BJ, Palace V, Wautier K, Gemmill B, Tomy G. Thyroid axis disruption in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to the flame retardant β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (β-TBECH) via the diet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7923-7927. [PMID: 21851107 DOI: 10.1021/es201530m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (TBECH) is an additive brominated flame retardant used in domestic and industrial applications. It has been detected in wildlife, and there is early evidence that it is an endocrine disruptor. Whereas other brominated flame retardants with similar physicochemical properties have been shown to disrupt the thyroid axis, no such evaluation has been conducted for TBECH. To elucidate this, juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were fed either a control diet or diets containing low, medium, or high doses of β-TBECH, the isomer most frequently detected in wildlife, for 56 days (uptake phase) followed by a control diet for an additional 77 days (depuration phase). Eight fish per treatment were lethally sampled on uptake days 7, 14, 21, 35, 49, and 56 and on depuration days 7, 21, 35, 49, and 77 to assess fish condition, circulating free and total triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and thyroid epithelial cell height. Although there was no effect on condition factor, there was a significant reduction in total plasma thyroxine in the high dose group and a significant increase in mean thyroid epithelial cell height in the low, medium, and high dose groups during the uptake phase, whereas there were no differences in the depuration phase. These results indicate that β-TBECH may modulate the thyroid axis in fish at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Park
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 Canada.
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Riddell N, Becker R, Chittim B, Emmerling F, Köppen R, Lough A, McAlees A, McCrindle R. Preparation and X-ray structural characterization of further stereoisomers of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:900-907. [PMID: 21724224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Technical 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) consists largely of three diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) produced by the trans addition of bromine to cis,trans,trans-cyclododeca-1,5,9-triene (CDT). However, another seven diastereomers are theoretically possible and may be produced by trans addition of bromine across the double bonds of the other three isomers of 1,5,9-CDT. There are indications that small amounts of the minor HBCD isomers may be present in commercial HBCD mixtures or in products containing this brominated flame retardant (BFR). Such minor components may indeed derive from traces of other 1,5,9-CDTs in the cis, trans, trans starting material, however their formation may also be possible through isomerizations during the processing of this BFR or by bioisomerization subsequent to its release into the environment. Two of the seven additional diastereomers (δ- and ε-HBCD) were synthesized previously from trans,trans,trans-CDT. We now report the preparation of the remaining five diastereomers, ζ-, η-, and θ-HBCD from cis,cis,trans-CDT and ι- and κ-HBCD from cis,cis,cis-CDT, and their characterization by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The availability of these further diastereomers of HBCDshould aid in determining if the minor isomers are present in commercial samples of this BFR, in products containing HBCDs, or in environmental samples. We have also carried out an X-ray crystal structure determination on ε-HBCD, so that crystal structures are now available for all 10 HBCD diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, Research Division, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 3M5.
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Berntssen M, Valdersnes S, Rosenlund G, Torstensen B, Zeilmaker M, van Eijkeren J. Toxicokinetics and carry-over model of α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) from feed to consumption-sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1274-86. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.587029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.H.G. Berntssen
- a National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES) , Postbox 2029 Nordnes , N-5817 Bergen , Norway
| | - S. Valdersnes
- a National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES) , Postbox 2029 Nordnes , N-5817 Bergen , Norway
| | | | - B.E. Torstensen
- a National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES) , Postbox 2029 Nordnes , N-5817 Bergen , Norway
| | - M.J. Zeilmaker
- c RIVM National Institute of Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - J.C.H. van Eijkeren
- c RIVM National Institute of Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
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Tomy GT, Palace V, Marvin C, Stapleton HM, Covaci A, Harrad S. Biotransformation of HBCD in biological systems can confound temporal-trend studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:364-365. [PMID: 21155584 DOI: 10.1021/es1039369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg T Tomy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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