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Huang Y, Huang L, Li Y, Sidikjan N, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Du W, Chen L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Yang J, Meng W, Shen G, Liu M, Tao S. Unintentional emissions of polychlorinated naphthalenes in China: Sources, composition, and historical trends. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:221-229. [PMID: 39095159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are detrimental to human health and the environment. With the commercial production of PCNs banned, unintentional releases have emerged as a significant environmental source. However, relevant information is still scarce. In this study, provincial emissions for eight PCNs homologues from 37 sources in the Chinese mainland during the period of 1960-2019 were estimated based on a source-specific and time-varying emission factor database. The results showed that the total PCNs emissions in 2019 reached 757.0 kg with Hebei ranked at the top among all the provinces and iron & steel industry as the biggest source. Low-chlorinated PCNs comprised 90% of emissions by mass, while highly chlorinated PCNs dominated in terms of toxicity, highlighting divergent priorities for mitigating emissions and safeguarding human health. The emissions showed an overall upward trend from 1960 to 2019 driven by emission increase from iron & steel industry in terms of source, and from North China and East China in terms of geographic area. Per-capita emissions followed an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve while emission intensities decreased with increasing per-capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) following a nearly linear pattern when log-transformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Nazupar Sidikjan
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yangmin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenjun Meng
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Falandysz J, Hart A, Rose M, Anastassiadou M, Eskes C, Gergelova P, Innocenti M, Rovesti E, Whitty B, Nielsen E. Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8640. [PMID: 38476320 PMCID: PMC10928787 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.
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Gebru TB, Zhang Q, Dong C, Hao Y, Li C, Yang R, Li Y, Jiang G. The long-term spatial and temporal distributions of polychlorinated naphthalene air concentrations in Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132824. [PMID: 37890383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Antarctic atmosphere is quite limited compared to the Arctic. PCNs are a global concern because of their PBT characteristics (i.e., persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) and severe and often deadly biological effects on people and other animals. Therefore, the present study used a passive air sampling method to conduct long-term air monitoring of PCNs for almost a decade from 2013 to 2022, specifically on Fildes Peninsula, situated on King George Island, located in West Antarctica. The median sum of mono-CNs to octa-CN concentration (∑75PCNs) in the Antarctic atmosphere was 12.4 pg/m3. In terms of homologues, mono-CNs to tri-CNs predominated. Among these, the prevalent congeners observed were PCN-1 and PCN-2, originating from mono-CNs, followed by PCN-5/7 from di-CNs, and PCN-24/14 from tri-CNs, respectively. Between 2013 and 2022, the total levels of PCNs were found to have decreased approximately fourfold. Ratio analyses and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the long-range atmospheric transport and combustion-related sources as the potential PCN sources in the study area. This paper provides the most up-to-date temporal trend analysis of PCNs in the Antarctic continent and is the first to document all 75 congeners (mono-CNs to octa-CN homologue groups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Bekele Gebru
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Cui Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Rezania S, Talaiekhozani A, Oryani B, Cho J, Barghi M, Rupani PF, Kamali M. Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of South Korea: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119586. [PMID: 35680069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies found the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. POPs have been discovered in various industrial and agricultural products with severe environmental and human health consequences. According to the data, South Korea is a hotspot for POP pollution in the southern part of Asia; hence, South Korea has implemented the Stockholm Convention's National Implementation Plan (NIP) to address this worldwide issue. The purpose of this review is to assess the distribution pattern of POPs pollution in South Korea's atmosphere. According to findings, PAHs, PCBs, BFRs, and PBDEs significantly polluted the atmosphere of South Korea; however, assessing their exposure nationwide is difficult due to a shortage of data. The POPs temporal trend and meta-analysis disclosed no proof of a decrease in PAHs and BFRs residues in the atmosphere. However, POP pollution in South Korea tends to decrease compared to contamination levels in neighboring countries like Japan and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Amirreza Talaiekhozani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, Isfahan, 84919-63395, Iran
| | - Bahareh Oryani
- Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | | | - Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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Determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in ambient air by isotope dilution gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2022; 40:644-652. [PMID: 35791603 PMCID: PMC9404119 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
环境空气中的多氯萘(PCNs)一般为痕量水平(pg/m3),要实现其准确定量必然对分析方法的提取、净化和仪器分析提出较高要求。研究通过考察提取溶剂种类、净化流程和色谱-质谱参数,建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-多层硅胶复合中性氧化铝柱的净化方法,并利用同位素稀释气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)对环境空气中的多氯萘进行测定。同时,通过在采样、提取和进样分析前分别添加同位素内标,开展质量控制和保证。结果表明,在2~100 ng/mL范围内3~8氯萘的平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于16%。PCNs同类物的方法检出限为1~3 pg/m3(以样品体积为288 m3计算)。采用基质加标法评价了方法对环境空气样品中PCNs测定的精密度和准确度,低、中、高加标水平下3 ~8氯萘的平均加标回收率分别为89.0%~119.4%、98.6%~122.5%和93.7%~124.5%,测定结果的平均相对标准偏差分别为1.9%~7.0%、1.6%~6.6%和1.0%~4.8%。整个分析过程中,采样内标和提取内标的平均回收率分别为136.2%~146.0%和42.4%~78.1%, RSD分别为5.6%~7.5%和2.7%~17.5%,满足痕量分析的要求且平行性较好。方法的灵敏度和准确度高,精密度良好,适用于环境空气中3~8氯萘的准确定量测定,可在一定程度上缓解多氯萘监测对高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱的依赖,为实现多氯萘的国际履约提供方法支持。
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Zhu M, Yuan Y, Yin H, Guo Z, Wei X, Qi X, Liu H, Dang Z. Environmental contamination and human exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150270. [PMID: 34536863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), together with 11 other organic compounds, were initially listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention because of their potential threat to ecosystems and humans. In China, many monitoring studies have been undertaken to reveal the level of PCBs in environment since 2005 due to the introduced stricter environmental regulations. However, there are still significant gaps in understanding the overall spatial and temporal distributions of PCBs in China. This review systematically discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices, organisms, and humans in China. Results showed that PCB contamination in northern and southern China was not significantly different, but the PCB levels in East China were commonly higher than those in West China, which might have been due to the widespread consumption of PCBs and intensive human activities in East China. Serious PCB contamination was found in e-waste disassembling areas (e.g., Taizhou of Zhejiang Province and Qingyuan and Guiyu of Guangdong Province). Higher PCB concentrations were also chronicled in megalopolises and industrial clusters. The unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) formed during industrial thermal processes may play an increasingly significant role in PCB pollution in China. Low PCB levels were recorded in rural and underdeveloped districts, particularly in remote and high-altitude localities such as the Tibetan Plateau and the South China Sea. However, these data are limited. Human exposure to PCBs is closely related to the characteristics of environmental pollution. This review also discusses existing issues and future research prospects on PCBs in China. For instance, the accumulation characteristics and migration regularities of PCBs in food webs should be further studied. More investigations should be undertaken to assess the quantitative relationship between external and internal exposure to PCBs. For example, bioaccessibility and bioavailability studies should be supplemented to evaluate human health risks more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Riaz R, Malik RN, de Wit CA. Soil-air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the Lesser Himalaya region: Influence of soil organic matter, atmospheric transport processes and secondary emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118006. [PMID: 34543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After decades of imposed regulations about reducing the primary emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), these pollutants are still present in the environment. Soils are important repositories of such persistent semivolatile organic contaminants (SVOCs), and it is assumed that SVOCs sequestered in these reservoirs are being re-mobilized due to anthropogenic influence. In this study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and air, their fugacities, fluxes and the soil-air partition coefficient (KSA) were determined for three different land cover types (glacial, remote/mountainous and urban) of the Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR). The concentrations of OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs in soils and air ranged between 0.01 and 2.8, 0.81-4.8, 0.089-0.75 ng g-1; 0.2-106, 0.027-182, and 0.011-7.26 pg m-3, respectively. The levels of SVOCs in the soil were correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) indicating that SOM is a substrate for the organic pollutants in soils. The Clausius-Clapeyron plots between ln P and inverse of temperature (1000/T) suggested that long range atmospheric transport was the major input source of PBDEs and higher chlorinated PCBs over the LHR. The uneven and wide distribution of local sources in LHR and up-slope enrichment of SVOCs explained the spatial variability and altitudinal patterns. The soils near mountain and urban lakes act as local sinks of SVOCs such as β-HCH, pp΄-DDT, CB-28, -118, -153, BDE-47, -99, and -154, with soil-air exchange fluxes tending more toward deposition. However, the soils near glacial lakes acted as local sources of more volatile congeners of α-HCH, γ-HCH, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE and lower to medium chlorinated PCBs such as CB-18, -28, -53, -42 and BDE-47, -99, with soil-air exchange tending more toward volatilization flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Riaz
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lunder Halvorsen H, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Eckhardt S, Gusev A, Krogseth IS, Moeckel C, Shatalov V, Skogeng LP, Breivik K. Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistent organic pollutants on a national scale. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112172. [PMID: 33873078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
National long-term monitoring programs on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in background air have traditionally relied on active air sampling techniques. Due to limited spatial coverage of active air samplers, questions remain (i) whether active air sampler monitoring sites are representative for atmospheric burdens within the larger geographical area targeted by the monitoring programs, and thus (ii) if the main sources affecting POPs in background air across a nation are understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the utility of spatial and temporal trends in concert with multiple modelling approaches to understand the main sources affecting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in background air across a nation. For this purpose, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in summer 2016, measuring POPs in background air across Norway using passive air sampling. Results were compared to a similar campaign in 2006 to assess possible changes over one decade. We furthermore used the Global EMEP Multi-media Modeling System (GLEMOS) and the Flexible Particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to predict and evaluate the relative importance of primary emissions, secondary emissions, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and national emissions in controlling atmospheric burdens of PCB-153 on a national scale. The concentrations in air of both PCBs and most of the targeted OCPs were generally low, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A limited spatial variability for all POPs in this study, together with predictions by both models, suggest that LRAT dominates atmospheric burdens across Norway. Model predictions by the GLEMOS model, as well as measured isomeric ratios, further suggest that LRAT of some POPs are dictated by secondary emissions. Our results illustrate the utility of combining observations and mechanistic modelling approaches to help identify the main factors affecting atmospheric burdens of POPs across a nation, which, in turn, may be used to inform both national monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Lunder Halvorsen
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alexey Gusev
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Victor Shatalov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
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Chen MY, Liu HY, Luo XJ, Mai BX, Lu FH. Investigating the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment in the Pearl River Delta, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:321. [PMID: 33945020 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred forty-three surface sediment (0-5 cm depth) samples were collected from locations representing industrialized areas, less-industrialized areas, and e-waste recycling areas in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms were investigated. The average PCB concentration in the less-industrialized areas (background) in the PRD was approximately 10 ng/g dry weight (dw), which was generally half that found in the industrialized areas (approximately 22 ng/g dw). Severe PCB contamination, with concentrations ranging from 1000 to 26500 ng/g dw, was found in pond sediments collected from e-waste recycling areas. It is very likely that such contamination would have had adverse effects on the aquatic biota there. PCBs in the e-waste recycling areas were dominated by penta- and hex-PCB congeners, which made them significantly different from those found in other regions, where tri- and tetra-PCB congeners were predominant. Higher abundances of less chlorinated congeners were seen in the less-industrialized areas compared to the industrialized areas. Differences in the transport abilities of different congeners, together with dechlorination of higher chlorinated congeners, is the most likely reasons for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ying Chen
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Guangzhou, 528300, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hong-Yin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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10
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Xu S, Liu W, Liu GB, Wang S, Li C, Pan K. Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated Naphthalenes, and Metals in Atmosphere Around Industrial Parks in Jiangsu, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:683-689. [PMID: 33590262 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected around industrial parks in Jiangsu, China, to allow the concentrations, profiles, and risk assessment of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and metals to be investigated. The concentrations of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were 1324.26-2080.98 fg/m3 (11.35-42.57 fg I-TEQ/m3) and 10,404.9-29,322.9 fg/m3 (1.32-7.19 fg I-TEQ/ m3), respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were observed at site C. PBDD/Fs were mainly dominated by PBDFs. The main contributor to the ΣPBDD/Fs in all samples was 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, which accounted for 25.75%-39.4%. For PCNs, the predominating homologues were tetra-, tri- and penta-CNs, which contributed 30.7%-43.3%, 24.7%-31.0%, and 10.6%-21.6%, respectively. As for metals, the pollution of As, Mn, Cr, and Ni in most samples exceeded National Ambient Air Quality Standards of China. Assessing the risk of inhalation exposure showed that there were potential carcinogenic risks to local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang-Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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11
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Yang X, Wu J, Li M, Qi M, Wang R, Hu J, Jin J. Particle size distributions and health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in atmospheric particles around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128742. [PMID: 33127115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen samples of atmospheric particles in four size fractions (diameter: > 10 μm, 5-10 μm, 2.5-5 μm, and <2.5 μm) were collected around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. The levels, particle size distributions, and potential health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in these samples were analyzed. The concentration ranges for the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs were 3.13-5.77 pg m-3, 0.43-0.56 pg m-3, and 4.76-9.89 pg m-3, respectively. All of the compounds accumulated strongly in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in particles of various sizes were similar, and were consistent with those in stack gases from local secondary copper smelters. However, the congener profiles of dl-PCBs and PCNs in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm differed from those for the other particle size fractions. The proportion of highly chlorinated homologs in particles with diameters of <2.5 μm was much higher than that of particles with diameters of >2.5 μm. The results of a risk assessment indicated that the contribution of PCDD/Fs to the total carcinogenic risk (PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs + PCNs) was >95%. For the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs, 78%, 71%, and 86% of the carcinogenic risk was associated with the <2.5 μm fraction, respectively. This study improves our understanding of the particle size distributions and human health risks of exposure to PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs in the atmosphere around secondary copper smelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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12
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Gu W, Li X, Li Q, Hou Y, Zheng M, Li Y. Combined remediation of polychlorinated naphthalene-contaminated soil under multiple scenarios: An integrated method of genetic engineering and environmental remediation technology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124139. [PMID: 33092886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the types of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN)-contaminated soil and determined the practicable scheme of combined remediation using an integrated method of genetic engineering and environmental remediation technology. A multi-scenario comprehensive evaluation system of a plant-microbial combined bioremediation of PCN-contaminated soil was established using the intelligent integration of analytic hierarchy process and formula evaluation methods based on the current situation of PCN contamination in China, which showed the bioremediation of PCN-contaminated soil by the plant-microbial system could be divided into four scenarios. QSAR models were constructed to quantify the remediation mechanism that electronic parameter ∆E was the key factor changing the efficiency of combined bioremediation. Moreover, the macro-control scheme of PCN-contaminated soil was established, which indicated that four new multifunctional proteins promoted the absorption, degradation, and mineralization of PCNs in specific soil pollution types significantly, were obtained through cross gene recombination. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results showed the efficiency of the plant-microbial combined bioremediation were increased by 15.45% (Scenario 1, 2, 3) and 20.02% (Scenario 4) under the optimal regulation scheme. The findings will be helpful to realize the regional control of PCN-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yilin Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Maosheng Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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13
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Mao S, Liu S, Zhou Y, An Q, Zhou X, Mao Z, Wu Y, Liu W. The occurrence and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soils across China with an emphasis on unintentionally produced PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116171. [PMID: 33387783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being historically intentionally manufactured as commercial products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be unintentionally released as by-products from industrial processes. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) and have even identified them as major contributors to atmospheric PCBs. However, little is known about contributions of UP-PCBs in current soils. In this study, all 209 PCB congeners were analyzed in agricultural soils on a national scale to investigate the influence of unintentional sources on Chinese soil. The concentration of Σ209PCBs in soils across China was in the range of 64.3-4358 pg/g. Four non-Aroclor congeners, i.e., PCB11, PCB44 + 47+65, PCB68, and PCB209, were dominant among all PCBs, averagely accounting for 26.3%, 8.83%, 3.03%, and 2.80% of total PCBs, respectively. PCB11 and PCB209 were found to be higher in East China, while PCB44 + 47+65 and PCB68 were higher in South China. Their spatial distributions were largely dependent on local sources. The results of source apportionment indicated that the legacy of historically produced and used commercial PCB mixtures was the dominant contributor to seven indicator PCBs in Chinese agricultural soils, especially high-chlorinated congeners. However, unintentional sources (i.e., pigment/paint, combustion-related sources, and polymer sealant), which contributed 57.4% of the total PCBs, are controlling PCB burdens in agricultural soils across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuji Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhouying Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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14
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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15
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Mao S, Zhang G, Li J, Geng X, Wang J, Zhao S, Cheng Z, Xu Y, Li Q, Wang Y. Occurrence and sources of PCBs, PCNs, and HCB in the atmosphere at a regional background site in east China: Implications for combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114267. [PMID: 32179224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), can be unintentionally released from combustion or thermal industrial processes, which are speculated to be the main sources of these contaminants, as they were banned on production and use since several decades ago. In this study, concentrations and sources of 40 PCBs, 39 PCNs, and HCB were analyzed in air samples collected during the period 2012-2015 at a background site in east China. ΣPCBs, ΣPCNs, and HCB were in the range of 9-341 pg/m3, 6-143 pg/m3, and 14-522 pg/m3, respectively. Seasonal characteristics with high levels in winter and low levels in summer were observed for PCNs and HCB. PCBs also exhibited slightly higher levels in winter. Source apportionment was conducted, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as combustion sources indicator, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results indicated that the legacy of past produced and used commercial PCBs was the dominant contributor (∼56%) to the selected PCBs in the atmosphere in east China. PCNs were mainly emitted from combustion sources (∼64%), whereas HCB almost entirely originated from combustion process (>90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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16
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling for simultaneous determination of POP- and PAH-related compounds: A case study in informal waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125991. [PMID: 32069737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and unsubstituted/methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs/Me-PAHs) were simultaneously monitored in the air samples collected from Vietnamese urban and vehicular waste processing areas by using polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method. Concentrations (pg m-3) of organic pollutants decreased in the order: PAHs (median 29,000; range 5100-100,000) > Me-PAHs (6000; 1000-33,000) > PCBs (480; 170-1100) > PBDEs (11; 5.3-86) > NBFRs (0.20; n. d. - 51) > BB-153 (n.d.). The difference in total PCB and PBDE concentrations between the urban and waste processing air samples was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, levels of PAHs, Me-PAHs, benzo [a]pyrene equivalents (BaP-EQs), and toxic equivalents of dioxin-like PCBs (WHO-TEQs) were much higher in the waste processing sites. This is the first report on the abundance of mono- and di-CBs (notably CB-11) in the air from a developing country, suggesting their roles as emerging and ubiquitous air pollutants. Our results have indicated potential sources of specific organic pollutants such as dioxin-like PCBs, PAHs, and Me-PAHs from improper treatment of end-of-life vehicles and other vehicle related materials (e.g., waste oils and rubber tires), as well as current emission of PCBs and PBDEs in the urban area in Vietnam. Further atmospheric monitoring studies should be conducted in this developing country that cover both legacy and emerging contaminants with a focus on areas affected by rapid urbanization and informal waste processing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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17
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Niu S, Chen R, Zou Y, Dong L, Hai R, Huang Y. Spatial distribution and profile of atmospheric short-chain chlorinated paraffins in the Yangtze River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113958. [PMID: 32023802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the atmospheric occurrence of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in industrialized areas is scarce. In this study, we investigated the concentrations, profile, and spatial distribution of SCCPs in the highly industrialized and developed areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China using polyurethane foam passive air samplers. Sampling was performed during two separate periods in 2011. The concentrations of atmospheric SCCPs ranged from 6.1 to 63 ng m-3 in summer and 6.2-42 ng m-3 in winter. The C10 and C11 groups were the predominant carbon groups in all the samples. Different congener patterns between summer and winter were found, indicating that congeners in the air in winter may be influenced by local and external sources. The highest level of SCCPs was found in Suzhou, which is a highly industrialized area with many manufactories including electronic industries and plastic factories. Higher levels of SCCPs were found in the air than polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs), suggesting that the production and use of SCCPs were much higher than prohibited or restricted persistent organic pollutants (e.g., PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs). Future studies should investigate the different sources of atmospheric SCCPs by conducting a comprehensive assessment of SCCP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China; National Research Center of Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. LTD., Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yun Zou
- China MS Center, Shimadzu (China) Co. LTD., Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center of Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Reti Hai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Yeru Huang
- National Research Center of Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
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18
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Zhao S, Jones KC, Li J, Sweetman AJ, Liu X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Lin T, Mao S, Li K, Tang J, Zhang G. Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2163-2171. [PMID: 31851493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not widely manufactured or used in China before they became the subject of international bans on production. Recent work has shown that they have reached China associated with imported wastes and that there are considerable unintentional sources of PCBs that have only recently been identified. As such, it was hypothesized that the source inventory and profile of PCBs may be different or unique in China, compared to countries where they were widely used and which have been widely studied. For the first time in this study, we undertook a complete analysis of 209 PCB congeners and assessed the contribution of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) in the atmosphere of China, using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) deployed across a wide range of Chinese locations. ∑209 PCBs ranged from 9 to 6856 pg/m3 (median: 95 pg/m3) during three deployments in 2016-2017. PCB 11 was one of the most detected congeners, contributing 33 ± 19% to ∑209 PCBs. The main sources to airborne PCBs in China were estimated and ranked as pigment/painting (34%), metallurgical industry/combustion (31%), e-waste (23%), and petrochemical/plastic industry (6%). For typical Aroclor-PCBs, e-waste sources were dominated (>50%). Results from our study indicate that UP-PCBs have become the controlling source in the atmosphere of China, and an effective control strategy is urgently needed to mitigate emissions from multiple industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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19
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Jin R, Fu J, Zheng M, Yang L, Habib A, Li C, Liu G. Polychlorinated Naphthalene Congener Profiles in Common Vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau as Biomonitors of Their Sources and Transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2314-2322. [PMID: 31951122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are globally transported, carcinogenic, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that were recently added to the Stockholm Convention with 184 parties. The Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in the global transportation and distribution of POPs. Knowledge of PCN sources and transportation on the Tibetan Plateau is important for their control globally. In this study, we quantified the congener-specific concentrations of PCNs in lichen, moss, soil, and air samples collected on the Tibetan plateau and found that common lichens were effective biomonitors for predicting atmospheric PCNs in this area. The physiochemical properties of the PCNs, the temperatures, and the lichen lipid contents were identified as important factors influencing PCN partitioning between lichens and air. Lichen-air partitioning equations were established and used to predict PCN concentrations in air in Southeast Tibet. The lichens could be used as PCN biomonitors to clarify their spatial variations, sources, and transportation in the southeast of the plateau. PCN concentrations in lichens increased with altitude, suggesting that high-mountain cold-trapping influenced the PCN transportation behavior. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis showed that the major source of PCNs in this region was long-range atmospheric transportation via the Indian monsoon in summer and wind from Southwest Asia in winter. This study provides a novel method using PCN congener profiles as fingerprints and statistical models for studying the geochemical effects of conditions in high-mountain regions on the contamination behaviors of 75 congeners of the notorious PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
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20
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Kang Y, Cao S, Yan F, Qin N, Wang B, Zhang Y, Shao K, El-Maleh CA, Duan X. Health risks and source identification of dietary exposure to indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lanzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:681-692. [PMID: 31538290 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widely present in multiple environmental media even long after the phaseout, posing a health risk to the general population. Dietary intake is the major exposure route of PCBs; however, information is limited regarding PCBs in food that people directly consume. This study aims to measure personal exposure to indicator PCBs, evaluate the health risks, and identify their sources in a typical metropolitan city in China. Multi-day food samples were collected from 21 subjects in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, in two seasons using the duplicate plate method. Samples were extracted and analyzed for seven indicator PCBs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Average daily doses (ADDs) of ∑7PCBs were estimated using Monte Carlo analysis with food intake information. Results show that PCB-118 and PCB-180 were the major congeners in food samples with average concentrations of 1.42 and 1.11 ng/g, respectively. The average (± SD) ADD of ∑7PCBs was 26.47 ± 22.10 ng/kg day among adults aged 18-69 years and displayed small variation across age groups. Comparing with the chronic RfD of 7 ng/kg day, 67% of people had their ADDs exceeding this threshold. The median cancer risk was 5.52 × 10-5, and 51% of residents had risks exceeding the action level of 10-4. The principal component analysis identified waste incineration, gasoline engine production, and leakage of #1 PCBs as the major PCBs sources. In conclusion, a large portion of Lanzhou residents has high non-cancer and cancer risks from dietary exposure to PCBs, which warrants control actions targeting these major sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Kang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Fangfang Yan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kan Shao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Citrine A El-Maleh
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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21
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Wu Z, Lin T, Li A, Zhou S, He H, Guo J, Hu L, Li Y, Guo Z. Sedimentary records of polychlorinated biphenyls in the East China Marginal Seas and Great Lakes: Significance of recent rise of emissions in China and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112972. [PMID: 31377329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dated sediment cores from the East China Marginal Seas (ECMSs) and the chronology of the net fluxes to sediments were analyzed. The accumulation of 27 PCBs (ΣPCBs) in the ECMS sediments is about 5-26 ng cm-2, with the net depositional fluxes of ΣPCBs 10 times lower than those observed in the Great Lakes during the 1960s-1970s. Exponential increases in PCB deposition to the ECMS sediments since the 1990s were observed, which closely follows the fast growth of PCB emissions from industrial thermal processes and e-waste related sources in China. Recent PCB fluxes to the study sites in the ECMSs and the Great Lakes are comparable; the former surged forward with a rising tendency, while the latter showed continued decline after the late 1970s. Due to the different PCB application histories and sources between the two regions, the ECMS sediments may remain as a net sink for land-derived PCBs, while sediments in the Great Lake may have been acting as a secondary source releasing PCBs to water. A higher proportion of trichlorobiphenyls in the ECMS sediments than the Great Lakes was indicated, which may imply the net transport of atmospheric PCBs from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Limin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Fang Y, Nie Z, Yang J, Die Q, He J, Yu H, Zhou Q, Huang Q. Polychlorinated naphthalene emissions to the atmosphere from typical secondary aluminum smelting plants in southwestern China: concentrations, characterization, and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12731-12740. [PMID: 30879233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aluminum smelting industry, as an important source of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) in environment, has been concerned in recent years. To figure out the emission characteristics of PCNs and the potential influence on surrounding environment, two typical secondary aluminum smelting plants were selected and PCNs were determined in flue gas, fly ash, aluminum slag, soil, and air samples collected at and around the plants by GC-MS coupled with DFS. PCN emission factors from the flue gas of the two plants (mean 0.006 ng toxic equivalents/t) were found obviously decreased compared with similar smelting process detected in 2010. The stage of feeding material was still the major PCNs discharge period during the whole smelting process. The total PCN concentrations in air were found to be ranked as following: workshops (290-1917 pg/m3), the area near the workshops (62.3-697 pg/m3), and the surrounding areas (29.9-164 pg/m3, mean 64.5 pg/m3). Similar high concentrations of PCNs were found in soil from by the workshop door (983 ng/g dry weight). Soil-air exchange calculations indicated that mono-CN to tetra-CN would volatilize but hepta-CN and octa-CN would be deposited to the soil. Exposure of plant workers and local inhabitants to PCNs through inhalation was found to be acceptable but higher (especially for workers in the workshops) than living areas. The workshop and the nearby area are potential PCNs polluted areas and should be paid attention during the practical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hongjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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23
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Song S, Xue J, Lu Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Cao X, Li Q. Are unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls the main source of polychlorinated biphenyl occurrence in soils? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:492-500. [PMID: 30216881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been banned globally for decades, but PCB concentrations in environmental media remain relatively high, especially in urban areas. Emissions estimates, studies of soil gradients between urban and rural areas, and quantitative identification of regional sources of PCBs in soils are necessary for understanding the environmental behavior of PCBs. In this study, regional PCB emissions were estimated at a resolution of 10 km × 10 km, and the spatial distribution of soil PCBs from urban to rural areas was studied along the Bohai and Yellow Sea regions. Compared with rural areas, mean PCB concentrations in urban soils (20.7 ng/g) were found to be higher, and concentrations decreased with distance from the city. Across both latitude and longitude directions, high PCB emissions in urban areas matched the distribution of total PCB concentrations in soils. The concentrations of the pollutants PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB118, PCB138, PCB153, and PCB180 in soils originated from 5-year emissions, and accounted for 97%, 95%, 84%, 81%, 58%, 57%, and 27% of the total emissions, respectively. Unintentionally produced PCB (UP-PCB) emissions, which are mainly derived from cement (42%), pig iron (37%), crude steel (18%), and rolled steel (3%) industries, are the major contributors to PCBs in soils. Further identification of the sources and fates of PCBs requires a combination of field, laboratory, and modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jianfang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Kalina J, Scheringer M, Borůvková J, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Sáňka O, Melymuk L, Váňa M, Klánová J. Characterizing Spatial Diversity of Passive Sampling Sites for Measuring Levels and Trends of Semivolatile Organic Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10599-10608. [PMID: 30107733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is a relatively inexpensive method that facilitates extensive campaigns with numerous sampling sites. An important question in the design of passive-sampling networks concerns the number and location of samplers. We investigate this question with the example of 17 SVOCs sampled at 14 background sites across the Czech Republic. More than 200 time series (length 5-11 years) were used to characterize SVOC levels and trends in air between 2003 and 2015. Six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 5 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at 14 sites were assessed using data from the MONET passive sampling network. Significant decreases were found for most PCBs and OCPs whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and most PAHs showed (mostly insignificant) increases. Spatial variability was rather low for PCBs and OCPs except for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and rather high for PAHs. The variability of the SVOC levels and trends depends on characteristics of the sites including their remoteness, landscape, population, and pollution sources. The sites can be grouped in distinct clusters, which helps to identify similar and, thereby, potentially redundant sites. This information is useful when monitoring networks need to be optimized regarding the location and number of sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kalina
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Jana Borůvková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute - Košetice Observatory , 394 22 Košetice , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
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25
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Zhao Y, Gu W, Li Y. Molecular design of 1,3,5,7-TetraCN derivatives with reduced bioconcentration using 3D-QSAR modeling, full factorial design, and molecular docking. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 84:197-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Dat ND, Chang KS, Chang MB. Characteristics of atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) collected at different sites in northern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:186-195. [PMID: 29482024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples were collected simultaneously at three sites in northern Taiwan using high-volume samplers during winter and summer to evaluate the atmospheric PCN characteristics including concentration, distribution, potential sources and gas/particle partitioning. The average concentration (Σ73 PCNs from di-to octa-CN) observed at industrial site is the highest (172 ± 111 pg m-3), while PCN levels measured at urban and rural sites are comparable (45.2 ± 8.20 and 45.9 ± 24.4 pg m-3, respectively). The PCN concentrations are higher in summer compared with those measured in winter for all three sampling sites. Gas-phase PCNs predominate in ambient air, accounting for 94 ± 6.0% of total concentration. Homologue distributions of PCNs measured at industrial site are different from two other sites for both gas and particulate phases, suggesting that different sources contribute to PCNs collected at industrial site. Based on the ratios of characteristic PCN congeners and fraction of Σcombustion-related PCNs/ΣPCNs, thermal processes are identified as major sources of PCNs at industrial site. PCNs collected at urban and rural sites are mixed sources of thermal emissions and evaporation, however, more influence of thermal sources in winter and more impact of evaporation sources in summer are observed. Results of the logKp-logPL relationship indicate that both adsorption and absorption govern gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCNs in northern Taiwan. Furthermore, the relationship between logKp and logKOA reveals that absorption is more important in governing gas/particle partitioning of PCNs in winter compared to summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo-Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan.
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27
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Hogarh JN, Seike N, Kobara Y, Carboo D, Fobil JN, Masunaga S. Source characterization and risk of exposure to atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16316-16324. [PMID: 29705902 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With recent evidence that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are emerging in environmental media in some developing countries that otherwise have sparing production and usage history, it has become important to identify such contemporary source factors of PCBs and the risks this may pose, in line with the global consensus on POP management and elimination. The present study investigated contaminations from atmospheric PCBs in Ghana, deciphered source factors, and accessed risk of exposure to dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). Atmospheric PCBs were monitored by deployment of PUF-disk passive air samplers (PAS) at several sites across Ghana for 56 days. Atmospheric ∑190PCB concentration in Ghana ranged from 0.28 ng/m3 in Kumasi to 4.64 ng/m3 at Agbogbloshie, a suburb in Accra noted for informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities. As high as 11.10 ng/m3 of PCB concentration was measured in plumes from uncontrolled open burning of e-wastes at Agbogbloshie. Applying statistical source characterization tools, it emerged that e-wastes were a major contributor to the environmental burden of atmospheric PCBs in Ghana. The risk of DL-PCB toxicity via inhalation in the Agbogbloshie area was 4.2 pg TEQ/day, within similar order of magnitude of an estimated risk of 3.85 pg TEQ/day faced by e-waste workers working averagely for 8 h per day. It is suggested that elimination of e-waste sites would help to significantly reduce PCB-related toxicity issues in Ghana. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Nobuyasu Seike
- Division of Hazardous Chemicals, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yuso Kobara
- Division of Hazardous Chemicals, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Derick Carboo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 56, Legon, Ghana
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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28
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Klimczak M, Darago A, Bruchajzer E, Domeradzka-Gajda K, Stepnik M, Kuzajska K, Kilanowicz A. The effects of hexachloronaphthalene on selected parameters of heme biosynthesis and systemic toxicity in female wistar rats after 90-day oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:695-705. [PMID: 29663608 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalenes (HxCNs) are the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes, a group of compounds lately included into the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study presents the effects of 90-day intragastric administration of HxCN to female Wistar rats at doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg body weight. The study examined selected parameters of the heme synthesis pathway, oxidative stress, hepatic cytochromes level, and basic hematology indicators. A micronucleus test was also performed. The subchronic exposure of rats to HxCN resulted in disruption of heme biosynthesis, hematological disturbances, and hepatotoxicity. The highest dose of HxCN inhibited aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D). Accumulation of higher carboxylated porphyrins in the liver and increased excretion of 5-aminolevulinic acid in the urine was observed after a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. The most sensitive effect of HxCN in rats was very strong induction of hepatic CYP1A1 activity, which was observed after the lowest dose. The highest dose of HxCN induced significant thrombocytopenia, thymic atrophy and hepatotoxicity, expressed as hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Adam Darago
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Domeradzka-Gajda
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Sw. Teresy 8, Lodz, 91-348, Poland
| | - Maciej Stepnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Sw. Teresy 8, Lodz, 91-348, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuzajska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
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Wang Q, Yuan H, Jin J, Li P, Ma Y, Wang Y. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in pooled serum from people in different age groups from five Chinese cities. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:320-326. [PMID: 29421746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in human serum samples pooled by donor age and sex (≥60, 50-59, 40-49, 30-39, and 20-29 years old) were determined. The pooled samples were supplied by hospitals in five Chinese cities, which were Yitong (Jilin Province), Weifang (Shandong Province), Ganzi (Sichuan Province), Huaihua (Hunan Province), and Lingshui (Hainan Province). The total PCB concentrations were relatively low compared with concentrations that have been found in other parts of the world. Pentachlorobiphenyls were the dominant PCBs. The total PCB concentrations and the concentrations of most of the pentachlorobiphenyl congeners were slightly higher in the samples from younger donors than in the samples from older donors. The results indicated there is a new source of PCBs in China. Heptachlorobiphenyls in Lingshui may have been transported from Vietnam. Statistical analysis showed that young and old people had been exposed to different sources of PCBs. PCB 126 contributed more than the other dioxin-like PCBs to the total toxic equivalents when the samples were examined as a whole or by city, and the total toxic equivalents were higher in younger people than in older people for the whole sample set and for the Yitong samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; State Information Center, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Haodong Yuan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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Cui L, Wang S, Gao L, Huang H, Xia D, Qiao L, Liu W. Concentrations and trophic magnification of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in marine fish from the Bohai coastal area, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:876-884. [PMID: 29248855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been found widely in the aquatic environment and can be transferred through food chains, which can magnify or dilute their toxic effects on humans. In this study, PCNs were analyzed in samples of 17 species of fish with different dietary habits collected in the Bohai coastal area in China. Dichloronaphthalenes, which have rarely been quantified in previous studies, were determined. The total PCN concentrations were from 7.3 to 214 pg/g wet weight, and the highest concentration was found in ditrema. The trichloronaphthalenes were the most abundant PCNs, followed by the dichloronaphthalenes and pentachloronaphthalenes. The relatively high contributions of the less-chlorinated homologs to the total PCN concentrations indicated that the main PCN sources around the Bohai were industrial thermal process emissions rather than technical PCN formulations. The trophic magnification factors of the PCN homologs were from 3.1 to 9.9, indicating that PCNs were biomagnified by fish. The trophic magnification factor of dichloronaphthalene and trichloronaphthalenes was 5.8 and 6.4, respectively, indicating for the first time that dichloronaphthalene and trichloronaphthalenes can undergo trophic magnification by fish. The two highest trophic magnification factors were for the pentachloronaphthalenes and hexachloronaphthalenes, probably because these PCNs having fewer vicinal carbon atoms without chlorine atoms attached are less easily biotransformed than the other homologs. The dioxin-like toxicities of the PCNs in the samples, expressed as potential toxic equivalences (TEQs), were assessed. The highest total TEQ was 0.0090 pg/g ww, in Pacific herring, and the hexachloronaphthalenes were the dominant contributors to the total TEQs in the fish samples. The PCN TEQs were much lower than the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl TEQs found in fish from the Bohai in previous studies, and made marginal contributions to overall human exposure to dioxin-like TEQs, suggesting that PCNs pose no toxicological concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Huiting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Modeling the air-soil exchange, secondary emissions and residues in soil of polychlorinated biphenyls in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:221. [PMID: 28303007 PMCID: PMC5428302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the environmental distribution and fate of low molecular weight (LMW) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China using the ChnGIPERM (Chinese Gridded Industrial Pollutants Emission and Residue Model), in which the air-soil exchange, spatial-temporal variations and the heterogeneity of secondary emission and residue in the non-source areas were studied. The model simulated the temporal and spatial variations of the PCB28 concentration in soils and air which agreed well with historical monitoring data across China. The long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and temperature was identified as the major factor affecting the distribution patterns of the secondary emissions and residues. Soil residue was considered as important environmental fate of PCB28. However, the intensity of an emissions source and the distance with non-source area strongly affected the spatial and temporal variations of PCB28 residues in soil. Several factors strongly impacted the distribution characteristics and air-soil exchange of PCB28, including emission patterns, atmospheric transport, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil vertical transfer, ambient temperature, and precipitation.
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Zhao S, Breivik K, Liu G, Zheng M, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Long-Term Temporal Trends of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Controlling Sources in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2838-2845. [PMID: 28128546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial organic contaminants identified as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic (PBT), and subject to long-range transport (LRT) with global scale significance. This study focuses on a reconstruction and prediction for China of long-term emission trends of intentionally and unintentionally produced (UP) ∑7PCBs (UP-PCBs, from the manufacture of steel, cement and sinter iron) and their re-emissions from secondary sources (e.g., soils and vegetation) using a dynamic fate model (BETR-Global). Contemporary emission estimates combined with predictions from the multimedia fate model suggest that primary sources still dominate, although unintentional sources are predicted to become a main contributor from 2035 for PCB-28. Imported e-waste is predicted to play an increasing role until 2020-2030 on a national scale due to the decline of intentionally produced (IP) emissions. Hypothetical emission scenarios suggest that China could become a potential source to neighboring regions with a net output of ∼0.4 t year-1 by around 2050. However, future emission scenarios and hence model results will be dictated by the efficiency of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
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Birgül A, Kurt-Karakus PB, Alegria H, Gungormus E, Celik H, Cicek T, Güven EC. Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive samplers derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in the ambient air of Bursa-Turkey: Spatial and temporal variations and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1345-1355. [PMID: 27916263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers were employed to assess air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in background, agricultural, semi-urban, urban and industrial sites in Bursa, Turkey. Samplers were deployed for approximately 2-month periods from February to December 2014 in five sampling campaign. Results showed a clear rural-agricultural-semi-urban-urban-industrial PCBs concentration gradient. Considering all sampling periods, ambient air concentrations of Σ43PCBs ranged from 9.6 to 1240 pg/m3 at all sites with an average of 24.1 ± 8.2, 43.8 ± 24.4, 140 ± 190, 42.8 ± 24.6, 160 ± 280, 84.1 ± 105, 170 ± 150 and 280 ± 540 pg/m3 for Mount Uludag, Uludag University Campus, Camlica, Bursa Technical University Osmangazi Campus, Hamitler, Agakoy, Kestel Organised Industrial District and Demirtas Organised Industrial District sampling sites, respectively. The ambient air PCB concentrations increased along a gradient from background to industrial areas by a factor of 1.7-11.4. 4-Cl PCBs (31.50-81.60%) was the most dominant homologue group at all sampling sites followed by 3-Cl, 7-Cl, 6-Cl and 5-Cl homologue groups. Sampling locations and potential sources grouped in principal component analysis. Results of PCA plots highlighted a large variability of the PCB mixture in air, hence possible related sources, in Bursa area. Calculated inhalation risk levels in this study indicated no serious adverse health effects. This study is one of few efforts to characterize PCB composition in ambient air seasonally and spatially for urban and industrial areas of Turkey by using passive samplers as an alternative sampling method for concurrent monitoring at multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aşkın Birgül
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Mimar Sinan Mahallesi Mimar Sinan Bulvarı Eflak Caddesi No: 177, 16310, Yıldırım, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Mimar Sinan Mahallesi Mimar Sinan Bulvarı Eflak Caddesi No: 177, 16310, Yıldırım, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Henry Alegria
- University of South Florida St Petersburg, Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Geography, 140 7th Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Elif Gungormus
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gülbahçe, Urla, 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Celik
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dumlupınar Bulvarı, 07058, Konyaaltı, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tugba Cicek
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gülbahçe, Urla, 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emine Can Güven
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dumlupınar Bulvarı, 07058, Konyaaltı, Antalya, Turkey
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Cui S, Fu Q, Li YF, Li TX, Liu D, Dong WC, Wang M, Li KY. Spatial–temporal variations, possible sources and soil–air exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban environments in China. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we analyzed and explored the spatial–temporal variations, possible sources, and evaluated soil–air exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban environments in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Tian-xiao Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-cai Dong
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Kun-yang Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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36
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Al-Wabel MI, Usman ARA, El-Saeid MH, Al-Turki AM, Hassanin AS, El-Mubarak AH. Levels, Sources, and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils from Industrial Areas: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2016.1224261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I. Al-Wabel
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R. A. Usman
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. El-Saeid
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Al-Turki
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf S. Hassanin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aarif H. El-Mubarak
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Astoviza MJ, Cappelletti N, Bilos C, Migoya MC, Colombo JC. Airborne PCB patterns and urban scale in the Southern Río de la Plata Basin, Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:16-22. [PMID: 27487202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs: ∑ 42 congeners) collected by polyurethane passive samplers (PAS-PUFs) in 29 stations from July 2010 to February 2014 (n=141) in the most productive and populated Southern Rio de la Plata area in Argentina were evaluated to assess concentration gradients, potential sources and compositional profiles related to different land use and urbanization. On a global scale, total airborne PCBs concentrations are low/very low (below detection limit to 937pgm-3) and show a significant potential correlation with urban scale increasing 2.5 times each 10 times increase of population reflecting the primary role of urbanization controlling PCB emissions. Compositional patterns evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) of individual congeners indicated that highly populated atmospheres are enriched in lighter, more volatile tri, tetra and penta chlorine congeners of lighter Aroclor mixtures (from 1242 to 1254) suggesting actual emission of fresh PCBs signatures from sealants, combustion and/or electrical equipment. Sub urban and rural sites show a gradual transition to heavier Aroclor mixtures (from 1254 to 1260) with predominance of more persistent hexa and hepta PCBs indicating an aged background signal resulting from long range transport and/or re-emission from historic reservoirs such as soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena J Astoviza
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica (LAQAB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. Calchaquí km 23500 (CP 1888) Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Natalia Cappelletti
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica (LAQAB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. Calchaquí km 23500 (CP 1888) Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Claudio Bilos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica (LAQAB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. Calchaquí km 23500 (CP 1888) Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria C Migoya
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica (LAQAB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. Calchaquí km 23500 (CP 1888) Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Juan C Colombo
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica (LAQAB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. Calchaquí km 23500 (CP 1888) Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Argentina
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Xue L, Zhang L, Yan Y, Dong L, Huang Y, Li X. Concentrations and patterns of polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban air in Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:199-207. [PMID: 27497350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected, using a high-volume air sampler, at an urban site in Beijing from April 2014 to March 2015. The polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) concentration in the atmosphere in each season was determined. The total PCN (total target tri- to octachloronaphthalene congeners) concentrations were 1.99-19.0 pg/m(3), and the mean was 7.20 pg/m(3). The PCN concentrations were higher in fall than summer, indicating that the concentrations varied significantly over time. The trichloronaphthalene homolog was the predominant PCN homolog in all four seasons. The PCN toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations were 0.42-6.89 fg/m(3), and the mean was 1.74 fg/m(3). The CN-66/67 and CN-73 congeners were the predominant contributors to the TEQ concentrations. The mean seasonal TEQ concentration decreased in the order fall (3.18 fg/m(3)) > winter (1.41 fg/m(3)) > summer (1.11 fg/m(3)) > spring (1.03 fg/m(3)). The TEQ concentrations and the PCN concentrations did not follow the same seasonal trends, but the highest TEQ and PCN concentrations were both found in fall. Correlation analysis, ratio analysis, and principal component analysis were used to investigate the sources of PCNs to the Beijing atmosphere. The results suggested that combustion processes may be the main sources of PCNs to the Beijing atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingnan Xue
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liang Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yeru Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoxiu Li
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Nguyen TNT, Kwon HO, Lee YS, Kim L, Lee SE, Choi SD. Spatial distribution and source identification of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in soil collected from the coastal multi-industrial city of Ulsan, South Korea for three consecutive years. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:184-191. [PMID: 27537401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, profiles, and source-receptor relationships of seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (#28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) found in soil at 25 rural, urban, and industrial sites in Ulsan, South Korea were investigated. For this study, 75 soil samples were collected, 25 each in January of 2011, 2012, and 2013. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the influence of the emission sources on the soil samples. The concentrations of total seven PCBs (Σ7 PCBs) ranged between 0.034 ng/g and 143 ng/g (mean: 5.10 ng/g, median: 0.440 ng/g), which indicated slight or moderate contamination levels, respectively, compared to those in the other countries or other cities in Korea. The concentrations of Σ7 PCBs at the industrial and urban sites were significantly higher than those at the rural sites, due to the direct influence of emission sources related to industrial activities rather than urban emission sources. Generally, the profiles of PCBs were dominated by penta- and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls at all the study sites, suggesting common sources of PCBs in Ulsan. PCB source identification indicated that leakage from transformer oils in the major industrial complexes and PCB-containing paints used in the automobile and shipbuilding industrial complexes were possibly the main sources of indicator PCBs in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ok Kwon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Se Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Leesun Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Liu LY, Ma WL, Jia HL, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Li YF. Research on persistent organic pollutants in China on a national scale: 10 years after the enforcement of the Stockholm Convention. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:70-81. [PMID: 26775724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a signatory of the Stockholm Convention and the largest developing country, China plays a very important role in implementation of the convention to reduce and finally eliminate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the world. In the past ten years after the enforcement in 2004, Chinese Government and scientists have made great progress on the study of POPs. The present work aims to provide an overview on recent studies on POPs in China, with particular focus on usage/emission inventory, residue inventory, and pollution status of POPs on national scale. Several legend (old) and new target POPs were comprehensively summarized with progress on inventory. Furthermore, several national scale monitoring programs have been selected for the occurrence, spatial and temporal trends of POPs in China, which are compared with Asian data and Global data. Based on the observed results, some important scientific issues, such as the primary and secondary distribution patterns, the primary and secondary fractionations, and air-soil exchange of POPs, are also discussed. It is proposed that more studies should be carried out for the new targeted POPs in future for both the national and global interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON M2N 6X9, Canada
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Dai Q, Min X, Weng M. A review of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution in indoor air environment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:941-950. [PMID: 27191511 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1184193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial production due to the unique physical and chemical properties. As a kind of persistent organic pollutants, the PCBs would lead to environment pollution and cause serious problems for human health. Thus, they have been banned since the 1980s due to the environment pollution in the past years. Indoor air is the most direct and important environment medium to human beings; thus, the PCBs pollution research in indoor air is important for the protection of human health. This paper introduces the industrial application and potential harm of PCBs, summarizes the sampling, extracting, and analytical methods of environment monitoring, and compares the indoor air levels of urban areas with those of industrial areas in different countries according to various reports. This paper can provide a basic summary for PCBs pollution control in the indoor air environment. IMPLICATIONS The review of PCBs pollution in indoor air in China is still limited. In this paper, we introduce the industrial application and potential harm of PCBs, summarize the sampling, extracting, and analytical methods of environment monitoring, and compare the indoor air levels of urban areas with industrial areas in different countries according to various reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhou Dai
- a College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Min
- a College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Mili Weng
- b School of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Hangzhou Lin'an , People's Republic of China
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Huang Y, Li J, Xu Y, Xu W, Zhong G, Liu X, Zhang G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the air over the equatorial Indian Ocean: Occurrence, potential sources, and toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 107:240-244. [PMID: 27084202 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of marine polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) is crucial, as they are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention. Data on PCNs in marine environment are scarce. In this study, 19 air samples were collected during a cruise in the equatorial Indian Ocean on board the Chinese research vessel Shiyan I from 4/2011 to 5/2011. PCN concentration of these air samples ranged from 0.033 to 2.56pgm(-3), with an average of 0.518pgm(-3), equal to or lower than the values reported for other oceans, seas, and lakes worldwide. Tri- and tetra-CNs were the main homologues in most samples. Reemission of Halowax mixtures and incineration processes were the major sources of atmospheric PCNs in the study area. The PCN-corresponding toxic equivalency values ranged from 0 to 0.190fgm(-3) (average: 0.038fgm(-3)), falling in the low end of global range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihai Xu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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43
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Yu EA, Akormedi M, Asampong E, Meyer CG, Fobil JN. Informal processing of electronic waste at Agbogbloshie, Ghana: workers’ knowledge about associated health hazards and alternative livelihoods. Glob Health Promot 2016; 24:90-98. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975916631523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the electronic waste workers’ knowledge about the potential health hazards associated with their work as well as the livelihood alternatives that they would prefer if they were given the opportunity. Methods: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted to gather empirical information on e-waste workers’ knowledge about the potential hazards associated with their work and the livelihood alternatives to e-waste recycling with a sample consisting of twenty all-male electronic waste workers at the Agbogbloshie scrap metal yard in Accra, Ghana. Results: Electronic waste workers at Agbogbloshie were found to be exposed to a variety of injuries and illnesses. The workers’ knowledge of the association between their health status and their work was generally poor. Apart from the physical injuries, they did not believe their work played any negative role in their health conditions. They preferred occupations such as farming or professional driving located in the northern region of Ghana to be closer to their families. Conclusions: The study concludes that the low knowledge level of the workers on the hazards that are associated with their work has implications for them accepting technologies to protect them and the natural environment from contamination. It is therefore imperative for any intervention to consider the current low level of knowledge and actively educate the workers to raise their awareness level, taking into account the provision of opportunities for workers to acquire applicable skills for future employment in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Yu
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Christian G. Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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44
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Zhu Q, Zhang X, Dong S, Gao L, Liu G, Zheng M. Gas and particle size distributions of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:128-134. [PMID: 26840526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were listed as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention in 2015. Despite numerous studies on PCNs, little is known about their occurrence in atmospheric particulate matter of different sizes. In this study, 49 PCN congeners were investigated for their concentrations and size-specific distributions in an urban atmosphere, and preliminary exposure assessments were conducted. Ambient air samples were collected using a high-volume cascade impactor for division into a gas fraction and four particle size fractions. Samples were collected from October 2013 to June 2014 at an urban site in Beijing, China. The concentration range for PCNs in the atmosphere (gas + particle fractions) was 6.77-25.90 pg/m(3) (average 16.28 pg/m(3)). The particle-bound concentration range was 0.17-2.78 pg/m(3) (average 1.73 pg/m(3)). Therefore, PCNs were mainly found in the gas phase. The concentrations of PCNs in a fraction increased as the particle size decreased (dae > 10 μm, 10 μm ≥ dae > 2.5 μm, 2.5 μm ≥ dae > 1.0 μm and dae ≤ 1.0 μm). Consequently, PCNs were ubiquitous in inhalable fine particles, and the ΣPCNs associated with PM1.0 and PM2.5 reached 68.4% and 84.3%, respectively. Tetra-CNs and penta-CNs (the lower chlorinated homologues) predominated in the atmosphere. The homologue profiles in different size particles were almost similar, but the particulate profiles were different from those in the gas phase. Among the individual PCNs identified, CN38/40, CN52/60 and CN75 were the dominant compounds in the atmosphere. CN66/67 and CN73 collectively accounted for most of the total dioxin-like TEQ concentrations of the PCNs. Exposure to toxic compounds, such as PCNs present in PM1.0 or PM2.5, may affect human health. This work presents the first data on size-specific distributions of PCNs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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45
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Li F, Jin J, Gao Y, Geng N, Tan D, Zhang H, Ni Y, Chen J. Occurrence, distribution and source apportionment of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediments and soils from the Liaohe River Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:226-232. [PMID: 26774769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were investigated in sediments, upland and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin. Concentrations of ΣPCNs were in the range of 0.33-12.49 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) in sediments and 0.61-6.60 ng g(-1) dw in soils, respectively. Tri-CNs and tetra-CNs were the dominating homologues. An increasing trend of PCNs contamination was found in sediments with the rivers flowing through industrial areas and cities. Soils collected near cities exhibited higher abundance of PCNs than that of rural areas. The distribution of PCNs was related to the local industrial activities, rather than total organic carbon. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for the source apportionment of PCNs in sediments and paddy soils. The result of PMF indicated that PCNs in sediments and paddy soils were mainly from the industrial processes, with additional contributions from the historical use of Halowax 1014 and atmospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongqin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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46
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Die Q, Nie Z, Fang Y, Yang Y, Gao X, Tian Y, He J, Liu F, Huang Q, Tian S. Seasonal and spatial distributions of atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2134-2141. [PMID: 26583296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in Shanghai during summer and winter 2013, and the gas and particulate concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were measured. All 75 congeners were quantified and the corresponding toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated. PCN concentrations were higher in summer than winter, at 8.22-102 pg/m(3) (average of 61.3 pg/m(3)) in summer and 16.5-61.1 pg/m(3) (average of 37.7 pg/m(3)) in winter. Their seasonal TEQ values were in contrast, at 1.35-7.31 fg/m(3) (average of 3.84 fg/m(3)) in summer and 4.08-23.3 fg/m(3) (average of 8.80 fg/m(3)) in winter, because of the seasonal change in congener profiles. Tri-CNs were the predominant homologs in both the summer and winter samples. However, the major congeners in summer were PCNs containing less chlorine, but these decreased over winter. Air mass back trajectories suggested that wind direction over various sites was similar in the summer and winter seasons, yet there were clear seasonal variations in atmospheric PCN concentrations. Ratios of several characteristic congeners were calculated and the results indicated that the ratios varied only to a limited extent with PCN emissions profile from industrial thermal sources, but varied strongly with profiles of technical PCN and PCN contaminants in polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures. The results of principal component analysis suggest that local industrial thermal emissions (thermal processes containing waste incineration and secondary metal smelting processes) still play a considerable role in influencing the atmospheric PCNs in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yanyan Fang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xingbao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yajun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shulei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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47
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Mumtaz M, Mehmood A, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Malik RN, Sabir AM, Li J, Zhang G. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in rice grains and straw; risk surveillance, congener specific analysis, distribution and source apportionment from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:620-627. [PMID: 26613515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents health risk surveillance by investigating the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains and rice straw. Samples were collected from four districts (Okara, Sahiwal, Lahore and Sheikhpura) of Punjab Province, Pakistan for congener specific analysis of PCBs, and to observe the spatial distribution pattern and point sources. Level of Σ30 PCB (ng g(-1)) in rice grains and rice straw ranged from 4.31 to 29.68 and 6.11-25.35, respectively. Tetra-CBs were found predominant in rice straw (49%) and grains (38%) over other PCB homologs. No significant variation (P>0.005) was observed for most of the screened PCBs congeners except, PCB-66, -77, -60, -101, -74, -138, -153 and -105 in rice grains and PCB-66 in rice straw. Reported toxicity equivalency (TEQ) values for dioxin like PCBs in rice grains were found lower than the previously published reports from Asian countries, however higher TEQ values are reported for rice straw in this study. Health was found at risk of cancer among one in million by consumption of the study area food stuffs, though no considerable carcinogenic risks to human health was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad PO: 45550, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environment Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wang S, Wei C, Chaemfa C, Li J, Zhang G, Yu K. Seasonal characteristics and current sources of OCPs and PCBs and enantiomeric signatures of chiral OCPs in the atmosphere of Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:777-786. [PMID: 26551278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed concurrently at 15 locations (nine urban sites and six rural sites) in Vietnam and exposed for approximately 6 weeks from June 26, 2012 to August 26, 2012 and from December 8, 2012 to February 8, 2013. The concentration, composition and enantiomeric signatures of the target compound and Air Mass Backward Trajectories of the 15 sampling sites are presented and discussed in this study. Relatively clean air mass from ocean and similar concentrations and composition of POPs between the south and north of Vietnam indicate that local emissions is most likely the major source of POPs in Vietnam. Technical DDT and technical HCH were widely used in Vietnam and corresponding quantitative data suggests the sporadic use. The preferential degradation of (+)-α-HCH was found in all sampling sites, which could be a regional characteristic of Vietnam. High trans-/cis-chlordane (TC/CC) ratios indicate the current use of technical chlordane for termite control. PCA estimated that main source of PCBs present in the atmosphere of Vietnam was uncontrolled discarded e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Environment, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chaoshuai Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chakra Chaemfa
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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Cui S, Fu Q, Ma WL, Song WW, Liu LY, Li YF. A preliminary compilation and evaluation of a comprehensive emission inventory for polychlorinated biphenyls in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:247-255. [PMID: 26172591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Emission inventories for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are crucial input data for atmospheric transport modeling and for the study of source-receptor relationships and the environmental behavior of these chemicals. Three types of primary PCB sources are considered in this study: intentionally produced PCBs (IP-PCBs), unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs), and PCB emissions from two e-waste sites (EW-PCBs). This study presents the historical emissions of all IP-, UP- and EW-PCBs into the air in China and the gridded Chinese emission inventories at a resolution of 1/6° latitude×1/4° longitude from 1950 to 2010. The UP-TPCB emissions from 1950 to 2010 were re-estimated to be 8.56t from eight emission sources comprising 96.3% of the Chinese UP-TPCB emissions. The EW-TPCB emissions from 1990 to 2010 were estimated to be 103.5 t, of which 7.1t and 12.3t were EW-PCB28 and EW-7PCB congeners (i.e., indicator-PCB28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), respectively. The IP-PCB28 and IP-7PCB congener emissions from 1965 to 2010 were estimated to be 57.4 t and 130.1t, respectively. A significant correlation was found between congener PCB28 and 7PCBs (R(2)=0.988 and P=0.000), which suggests that PCB28 is a good marker congener for describing the emission trends of all 7PCB emission sources. The gridded emission data were compared with published measured atmospheric concentrations for 2004 and 2008, and a significant correlation was found between the modeled emissions and monitoring data. To our knowledge, this study presents the first comprehensive gridded emission inventories that include all IP-, UP-, and EW-PCBs on a national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China; IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada.
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50
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Nøst TH, Halse AK, Randall S, Borgen AR, Schlabach M, Paul A, Rahman A, Breivik K. High Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in Air from Ship Breaking Activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11372-11380. [PMID: 26351879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The beaches on the coast of Chittagong in Bangladesh are one of the most intense ship breaking areas in the world. The aim of the study was to measure the concentrations of organic contaminants in the air in the city of Chittagong, including the surrounding ship breaking areas using passive air samplers (N = 25). The compounds detected in the highest amounts were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), whereas dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were several orders of magnitude lower in comparison. PCBs, PAHs, and HCB were highest at sites near the ship breaking activities, whereas DDTs and SCCPs were higher in the urban areas. Ship breaking activities likely act as atmospheric emission sources of PCBs, PAHs, and HCB, thus adding to the international emphasis on responsible recycling of ships. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, HCB, and SCCPs in ambient air in Chittagong are high in comparison to those found in similar studies performed in other parts of Asia. Estimated toxic equivalent quotients indicate elevated human health risks caused by inhalation of PAHs at most sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese H Nøst
- FRAM Centre, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne K Halse
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Scott Randall
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Division of Environment, Economics and Planning, COWI AS , P.O. Box 123, 1601 Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Anders R Borgen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alak Paul
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong , 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong , 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , School of Atmospheric Physics & Atmospheric Environment, 210044 Nanjing, China
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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