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Shi B, Yang X, Liang T, Liu S, Yan X, Li J, Liu Z. Source apportionment of soil PTE in a northern industrial county using PMF model: Partitioning strategies and uncertainty analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118855. [PMID: 38588909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Positive matrix factorization (PMF) has commonly been applied for source apportionment of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in agricultural soil, however, spatial heterogeneity of PTE significantly undermines the accuracy and reliability of PMF results. In this study, a representative industrial-agricultural hub in North China (Xuanhua district, Zhangjiakou City) was selected as the research subject, multiple partition processing (PP) strategies and uncertainty analyses were integrated to advance the PMF modeling and associated algorithm mechanisms were comparatively discussed. Specifically, we adopted three methods to split the research area into several subzones according to industrial density (PP-1), population density (PP-2), and the ecological risk index (PP-3) respectively, to rectify the spatial bias phenomenon of PTE concentrations and to achieve a more interpretable result. Our results indicated that the obvious enrichment of Cd, Pb, and Zn was found in the agricultural soil, with Hg and Cd accounted for 83.49% of the overall potential ecological risk. Combining proper PP with PMF can significantly improve the modelling accuracy. Uncertainty analysis showed that interval ratios of tracer species (Cd, Pb, Hg, and Zn) calculated by PP-3 were consistently lower than that of PP-1 and PP-2, indicating that PP-3 coupled PMF can afford the optimal modeling results. It suggested that natural sources, fertilizers and pesticides, atmosphere deposition, mining, and smelting were recognized as the major contributor for the soil PTE contamination. The contribution of anthropogenic activities, specifically fertilizers and pesticides, and atmosphere deposition, increased by 1.64% and 5.91% compared to PMF results. These findings demonstrate that integration of proper partitioning processing into PMF can effectively improve the accuracy of the model even at the case of soil PTE contamination with high heterogeneity, offering support to subsequently implement directional control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Siyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiulan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Junchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong, 510045, China
| | - Zhaoshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Kumar B, Verma VK, Kumar S. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India: geographical distribution, sources and associated health risk-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:186. [PMID: 38695998 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated human health risks have been studied in India. However, a comprehensive overview is not available in India, this review highlights the possible sources, and associated cancer risks in people living in different zones of India. Different databases were searched for the scientific literature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in India. Database searches have revealed a total of 55 studies conducted at 139 locations in India in the last 14 years between 1996 and 2018. Based on varying climatic conditions in India, the available data was analysed and distributed with four zone including north, east, west/central and south zones. Comparatively higher concentrations were reported for locations in north zone, than east, west/central and south zones. The average concentrations of ∑PAHs is lower in east zone, and concentrations in north, west/central and south zones are higher by 1.67, 1.47, and 1.12 folds respectively than those in east zone. Certain molecular diagnostic ratios and correlation receptor models were used for identification of possible sources, which aided to the conclusion that both pyrogenic and petrogenic activities are the mixed sources of PAH emissions to the Indian environment. Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalency for different zones is estimated and presented. Estimated Chronic daily intake (CDI) due to inhalation of PAHs and subsequently, cancer risk (CR) is found to be ranging from extremely low to low in various geographical zones of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupander Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, 110032, India.
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, 110032, India
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An T, Li Y, Wang R, Jing S, Gao Y, Liu S, Huang D, Zhou M, Dai H, Huang C, Lu J, Wang H, Fu Q. Characteristics of typical intermediate and semi volatile organic compounds in Shanghai during China International Import Expo event. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141779. [PMID: 38537709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
To ensure good air quality during the China International Import Expo (CIIE) event, stringent emission-reduction measures were implemented in Shanghai. To assess the efficacy of these measures, this study measured typical categories of intermediate/semi volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs), including alkanes (C10-C26 n-alkanes and pristane), EPA-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylnaphthalenes, benzothiazole (BTH) and chlorobenzenes (CBs), at an urban site of Shanghai before and during two CIIE events (2019 and 2020; non-CIIE versus CIIE). The average concentrations of alkanes and PAHs during both 2019 and 2020 CIIE events decreased by approximately 41% and 17%, respectively, compared to non-CIIE periods. However, the decline in BTH and CBs was only observed during CIIE-2019. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from alkanes, PAHs and BTH was evaluated under atmospheric conditions, revealing considerable SOA contributions from dimethylnaphthalenes and BTH. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis further revealed that life-related sources, such as cooking and residential emissions, make a noticeable contribution (21.6%) in addition to the commonly concerned gasoline-vehicle sources (31.5%), diesel-related emissions (20.8%), industrial emissions (18.6%) and ship emissions (7.5%). These findings provide valuable insights into the efficacy of the implemented measures in reducing atmospheric I/SVOCs levels. Moreover, our results highlight the significance of exploring additional individual species of I/SVOCs and life-related sources for further research and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taikui An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haixia Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Nguyen TPM, Bui TH, Nguyen MK, Nguyen TH, Tran TMH. Assessing the effect of COVID 19 lockdowns on the composition of organic compounds and potential source of PM 2.5 in Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34675-34688. [PMID: 38714614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
The ambient air quality during COVID-19 lockdowns has been improved in many cities in the world. This study is to assess the changes in persistent organic pollutants in PM2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown in Hanoi. Individual organic species in PM2.5 ((e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) were measured in an urban residential area in Hanoi from before the March 10th to April 22nd, 2020, including before the partial lockdown (BL) and the partial lockdown (PL) phases. During the PL phase, the concentration of Σ14PAHs and Σ28PCBs was reduced by 38 and 52% compared with the BL period, respectively. The diagnostic ratio method implied that the sources of PAHs within the PL phase had a less effect on traffic and industrial activities than in the BL phase. The characteristic ratio method indicated that PCBs were mixed by commercial product and combustion process in both the BL and the PL periods, however, the source of PCBs in the BL phase was influenced by municipal waste incineration more than those in the PL phase. The decreasing concentration of Σ20OCPs during the partial lockdown was attributed to the restriction of human activities during the quarantine period. The results suggested that the source of OCPs was probably derived from the usage of pesticides in current and, historical degradation or the transportation of pesticides from the soil to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Mai Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Hieu Bui
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Manh Khai Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
- VNU Key Laboratory of Green Environment, Technology and Waste Utilization (GreenLab), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hue Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Minh Hang Tran
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Li D, Zhu Z, Cao X, Yang T, An S. Ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediment of a protected karst plateau lake (Caohai) wetland in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116199. [PMID: 38422826 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding PAH and OCP distributions and sources in lakes is necessary for developing pollutant control policies. Here, we assessed the occurrence, risk, and sources of PAHs and OCPs in the sediment of Caohai Lake. The PAHs were predominantly high-molecular-weight compounds (mean 57.5 %), and the diagnostic ratios revealed that coal, biomass burning, and traffic were the sources of PAHs. HCHs (6.53 ± 7.22 ng g-1) and DDTs (10.86 ± 12.16 ng g-1) were the dominant OCPs and were primarily sourced from fresh exogenous inputs. RDA showed that sediment properties explained 74.12 % and 65.44 % of the variation in PAH and OCP concentrations, respectively. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment indicated that hazardous PAHs in Caohai Lake sediment posed moderate risks to children and adults (ILCR>1.0 × 10-4), while the risk from OCPs was low; however, the recent influx of HCHs and DDTs requires additional attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianpeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing University Ecological Research Institute of Changshu, Suzhou 215500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuecheng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tangwu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing University Ecological Research Institute of Changshu, Suzhou 215500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuqing An
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing University Ecological Research Institute of Changshu, Suzhou 215500, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhou Y, Xiao K, Zhang Y, Fu D, Jiang K, Luo J, Li Y, Shen G, Liu W, Tao S, Lu S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in industrial soils from northwestern of China: occurrence, distribution, exposure risk, and implications on risk-based controls. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:135. [PMID: 38483670 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Some Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) such as nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and methyl-PAHs (MPAHs) have attracted significant concern due to derivatives have greater potential to be more toxic at low environmental concentrations compared to their PPAHs, particularly in petrochemical industrial region and its surrounding areas surface soils in China. Hence, this article provides an insight into the fate, sources, impacts, and relevance to the external environment of PAH-derivatives based on important emissions source. Moreover, prospective health risk due to their exposure has also been discussed. In this study, the concentration (10-3 ng/g) of Ʃ18PPAHs, Ʃ11MPAHs, Ʃ12NPAHs, and Ʃ4OPAHs in the park were 9.67 ± 1.40, 3.24 ± 0.54, 0.03 ± 0.02 and 0.19 ± 0.65, respectively, which were 4.47, 3.89, 2.04 and 1.17 times than of them surrounding the region. A decreasing trend of the low molecular weight (2-4Rings) contribution to the total amount of PAHs, while the fraction of high molecular weight (5-6Rings) species showed the opposite trend. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios indicated PAHs in the soil samples have mixed sources from industrial activities, solid fuel combustion, and heavy traffic. Despite the high concentrations of MPAHs and OPAHs, the toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQs) of them were not calculated due to the lack of toxic equivalent factors (TEF), thus current studies on PAH and derivatives could have underestimated their exposure risks. The quality and sustainable management of soils are crucial for human health and sustainable development, while there is lack of public awareness of the severe issue of soil pollution. It is recommended to conduct more intensive monitoring and regional assessments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donglei Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinmu Luo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Xia F, Zhao Z, Niu X, Wang Z. Integrated pollution analysis, pollution area identification and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133215. [PMID: 38101021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the global prevalence of soil heavy metal contamination, knowledge concerning of soil environmental quality assessment, pollution area identification and source apportionment is critical for implementation of soil pollution prevention and safe utilization strategies. In this study, soil static environmental capacity (QI) for heavy metals was selected to evaluate pollution risks in agricultural soils of Wenzhou, southeast China. Combined with geostatistical methods, the pollution area was identified along with uncertainty analysis. Potential sources were quantitatively apportioned using a positive matrix factorization model (PMF). Results showed that agricultural soils in this study were mainly contaminated by Cd and Pb based on both Nemerow and QI indices. The environmental capacity assessment found more than 90% areas were identified as polluted soils for Qi-Zn, Qi-Cd and Qi-Pb, with minor uncertain areas. Cu was identified as having a high proportion of uncertain pollution area status, which was similar to the results of the integrated environmental capacity for all metals. PMF results indicated that industrial discharge, agrochemicals and parent material accounted for 32.1%, 32.2% and 35.7% of heavy metal accumulation in soils, respectively. Implementation of strict policies to reduce anthropogenic source emissions and remediate soil pollution are crucial to minimize metal pollution inputs, improve agricultural soil quality and enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xia
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zefang Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xiang Niu
- Shaoxing Academy of Agricultural Science, Shaoxing 312003, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Wang T, Chen S, Liu R, Liu D, Fang Y. Spatial distribution and source apportionment of surface soil's polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yangtze River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 46:3. [PMID: 38071689 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil acts as a crucial reservoir of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment, and its PAH content serves as a significant indicator of regional PAH pollution. Monitoring PAH levels in soil is important for assessing the potential risks to human and environmental health. In this study, 53 surface soil samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta. These samples were monitored for 16 priority PAHs. Pollution levels, compositional profiles, and source differences of soil PAHs were analyzed among different regions, urban and rural areas, and functional zones. The total PAH content (Σ16PAHs) in the surface soil of the Yangtze River Delta was 2326.01 ± 2901.53 ng/g. High-ring PAHs (4-6 rings) accounted for the predominant portion (85.50%) of total PAHs. The average pollution level of soil PAHs in Jiangsu Province (2651.92 ± 3242.87 ng/g) was significantly higher than that of Zhejiang Province (2001.44 ± 2621.71 ng/g) and Shanghai (1669.13 ± 1758.34 ng/g), and high-ring PAHs constituted a predominant portion in these three regions. There was no significant difference in the PAH content between urban and rural areas. In different functional areas, automobile stations exhibited the highest PAH levels among the functional zones analyzed, with traffic emissions identified as a major source of soil PAH in this area. The primary factors influencing the distribution of soil PAHs in the study area were the duration of urbanization exposure (r = 0.753, p < 0.01) and soil organic carbon content (r = 0.452, p < 0.01). This provides novel evidence for the cumulative build-up of PAHs during urbanization. The positive matrix factorization model was used to analyze the sources of PAHs in the surface soil of the Yangtze River Delta, revealing that biomass and coal combustion (60.19%) and traffic emissions and coal combustion (31.82%) were the primary sources of PAHs in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
| | - Shenjie Chen
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Rongze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Yining Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
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Lu Z, Tian W, Zhang S, Chu M, Zhao J, Liu B, Yang K, Cao H, Chen Z. Spatiotemporal variability of PAHs and their derivatives in sediments of the Laizhou Bay in the eastern China: Occurrence, source, and ecological risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132351. [PMID: 37625296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand the pollution status and risk levels in the Laizhou Bay, the spatiotemporal distribution, source, and ecological risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 20 substituted PAHs (SPAHs) were studied in surface sediments in 2022. The findings indicated significant seasonal differences in the concentrations of PAHs and SPAHs under the influences of precipitation, temperature, light, and human activities, with higher storage levels in summer than in spring, and there was also a spatial distribution trend of estuary > coast > offshore. 2-Nitrofluorene (2-NF) and 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) were the most abundant components of SPAHs in both spring and summer, with levels of 21.44 ng/g and 17.89 ng/g in spring, 43.22 ng/g and 25.51 ng/g in summer, respectively. The results of the diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis - multiple linear regression identified sources of PAHs and SPAHs as combustion sources, including petroleum, coal, and biomass. The risk level of PAHs was low-to-moderate according to the toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) and risk quotient. A novel calculation method based on TEQ was proposed to assess the ecological risk of SPAHs, and the results indicated that the risk level of SPAHs was moderate-to-high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Surong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Meile Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Bingkun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Huimin Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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10
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Mustafa SFZ, Mat Deris M, Abd Manan TSB, Beddu S, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Yavari S, Qazi S, Hanafiah Z, Omar Abu Nassar S, Yeoh KL, Sheriff I, Wan Mohtar WHM, Isa MH, Yusoff MS, Abdul Aziz H. Modelling of similarity characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sungai Perak, Malaysia via rough set theory and principal component analysis (PCA). Chem Phys Lett 2023; 828:140721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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11
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Feng J, Song N, Li Y. An in-depth investigation of the influence of sample size on PCA-MLR, PMF, and FA-NNC source apportionment results. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5841-5855. [PMID: 37178441 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which parameters influence the source apportionment results of receptor models is not well understood. Three mature receptor models, namely, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF) and factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC), were comparatively employed for source apportionment of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 30 street dust samples. The results indicated that the FA-NNC and PMF models produced results with a higher degree of similarity than the results obtained with the PCA-MLR model. Moreover, when the sample size was gradually decreased, similar source profiles were extracted that were consistent with results obtained from all samples. However, the overall contribution rates were not as stable as the source profiles. The PCA-MLR results remained the most stable in both aspects. FA-NNC and PMF performed better in regards to the stability of contribution rates and source profiles, respectively. Improvements in the goodness of fit of overall and individual pollutants were always accompanied by a decrease in the relevance among the variables, indicating that while the model simulation effect was improved, the credibility of the results decreased. Thus, finding an appropriate number of sample size is more appropriate than simply involving too many samples in source apportionment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ningning Song
- College of Resources, Environment and Planning, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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12
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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13
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Shankar S, Gadi R, Bajar S, Yadav N, Mandal TK, Sharma SK. Insights into seasonal-variability of SVOCs, morpho-elemental and spectral characteristics of PM2.5 collected at a dense industrial site: Faridabad, Haryana, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138204. [PMID: 36828107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development-oriented anthropogenic activities have led to intensive increase in emission of various organic pollutants, which contribute considerably to human health risk. In the present study, chemical, physical and spectral characterisation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), collected at Faridabad city, in northern India, were examined. Seasonal variation of organic compounds [n-alkanes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs)], and potential health risk of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure using toxic equivalency potential (TEQ) approach had been assessed. These showed seasonal average values ranging from 156.4 ± 57.0 ng/m3 to 217.6 ± 72.9 ng/m3, 98.0 ± 21.4 ng/m3 to 177.8 ± 72.8 ng/m3, and 30.9 ± 11.9 ng/m3 to 82.5 ± 29.2 ng/m3, respectively, with the highest value for winter. It is noteworthy that unlike, n-alkanes and PAEs, PAHs were least during spring. The high molecular weight PAHs (BaP, BkF, DahA and IcdP) were found to exhibit higher TEQ values (ranging from 0.7 to 9.7) despite of their lower concentrations. The PAH diagnostic ratio, carbon preference index and total index revealed the enhanced impact of biogenic sources of emissions in comparison to diesel emission sources during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Somvir Bajar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Neha Yadav
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sudhir K Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
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14
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Ailijiang N, Cui X, Mamat A, Mamitimin Y, Zhong N, Cheng W, Li N, Zhang Q, Pu M. Levels, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable bases of northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2549-2565. [PMID: 36036340 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dietary consumption of contaminated vegetables is the main route of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, there is a lack of research on PAHs in vegetables from northwest China. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs in the soil and vegetables of Urumqi, an urbanized city in Xinjiang, China, were investigated. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in soil and vegetable samples ranged 10.58-77.20 and 93.7-1071.8 ng/g, with average values of 2.86 and 242.76 ng/g, respectively. Among vegetable samples, the concentrations were in the order: leafy vegetables (299.08 ng/g) > fruits (192.65 ng/g) > vegetable roots (152.05 ng/g). The source apportionment of PAHs was identified using positive matrix factorization. The primary sources of PAHs in soil samples are oil spills, traffic emissions, coal combustion, and coke combustion. The main sources of PAHs in vegetable samples are oil spills and burning of grass, wood, coal, and coke. In soil samples, the ecological risk caused by PAHs is at a safe level, and the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of ingestion exposure exceed 1.0 × 10-6, which will pose potential risks to human body. The ILCRs of vegetable samples revealed that all groups had potential risks from onion and cabbage consumption (ILCRs > 1.0 × 10-6). In particular, adult women had a higher risk of cancer (ILCRs > 1.0 × 10-4). These results emphasize the importance of combating PAHs pollution in vegetable bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuerla Ailijiang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Anwar Mamat
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusuyunjiang Mamitimin
- College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Naifu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Pu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wei W, Ling S, Wu X, Li X. Geochemical accumulation and source tracing of heavy metals in arable soils from a black shale catchment, southwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159467. [PMID: 36257439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal enrichment in soils has been linked to the weathering of lithologies with high geochemical backgrounds, such as black shale. Therefore, this study conducted a typical sampling of surface soils in a black shale catchment in southwestern China to characterize the accumulation and sources of the heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo and Tl. Elevated concentrations of most heavy metals in the soils underlain by black shale are determined to exceed the regional soil background values, even the risk screening values, especially for Mo, As and Cd. Sequential extraction analysis, together with previous results, reveals that most heavy metals in soils are mainly bound in the residual fraction (> 65 %) as a result of the fixation of stable aluminosilicates (e.g., clay minerals). In contrast, Cd mainly occurs in relatively labile proportions as exchangeable (24.42 %), carbonate (24.48 %) and Fe/Mn oxide fractions (26.60 %) due to the non-specific adsorption of soil colloids and the precipitation of carbonates and Fe/Mn oxides. Pb isotopic tracing and APCS/MLR receptor model suggest that heavy metals in the urban surface soils (SG1) have a mixed source of black shale weathering, vehicle exhaust and agricultural input, while heavy metals in the rural surface soils (SG2) are a geogenic source of black shale weathering. Overall, this study provides new insights into contamination management, land use planning and health risk assessment in regions with high geochemical backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611756, China
| | - Sixiang Ling
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611756, China; Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610031, China.
| | - Xiyong Wu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611756, China; Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610031, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- School of Emergency Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610039, China
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16
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Mlyczyńska E, Bongrani A, Rame C, Węgiel M, Maślanka A, Major P, Zarzycki P, Ducluzeau PH, De Luca A, Bourbao-Tournois C, Froment P, Rak A, Dupont J. Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Human Serum and Adipose Tissues and Stimulatory Effect of Naphthalene in Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021455. [PMID: 36674971 PMCID: PMC9861916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most prevalent classes of environmental pollutants. Some evidence shows that PAHs could be involved in human obesity. However, little is known about the distribution patterns of PAHs in human adipose tissue (AT) and the role of PAHs on adipogenesis/lipogenesis. The aims of this pilot study were to determine concentrations of 16 PAHs defined as high-priority pollutants in the plasma and adipose tissue of French and Polish bariatric patients, as well as their correlation with body mass index (BMI), plasma and AT adipokines expression levels. We finally investigated the role of naphthalene on cell proliferation, viability, and differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The concentration of most PAHs was similar in the three types of AT and it was significantly higher in AT as compared to plasma, suggesting bioaccumulation. Polish patients had higher PAH levels in AT than French ones. Only the concentration of naphthalene in AT was positively correlated with the BMI and serum or adipose chemerin, adiponectin and resistin expression, in French but not in Polish patients, who had significantly higher BMIs. Moreover, naphthalene exposure increased the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and lipogenesis, and increased the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis after cell differentiation. Taken together, PAHs and more particularly naphthalene could be an obesogenic molecule and increase the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alice Bongrani
- INRAE UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Department of Animal Physiology, Université de Tours, 37041 Tours, France
| | - Christelle Rame
- INRAE UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Department of Animal Physiology, Université de Tours, 37041 Tours, France
| | - Małgorzata Węgiel
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Maślanka
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Major
- 2nd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Macieja Jakubowskiego 2 Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Zarzycki
- 2nd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Macieja Jakubowskiego 2 Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pierre-Henri Ducluzeau
- INRAE UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Department of Animal Physiology, Université de Tours, 37041 Tours, France
- CHRU of Tours, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Arnaud De Luca
- CHRU of Tours, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition, 37032 Tours, France
- Nutrition, Growth and Cancer (N2C) UMR 1069, University of Tours, INSERM, 37032 Tours, France
| | | | - Pascal Froment
- INRAE UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Department of Animal Physiology, Université de Tours, 37041 Tours, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRAE UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- Department of Animal Physiology, Université de Tours, 37041 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-47-42-77-89; Fax: +33-2-47-42-77-43
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17
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Xu Z, Li G, Yang M, Liu J. Quantitative identification of groundwater contamination sources by combining isotope tracer technique with PMF model in an arid area of northwestern China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116588. [PMID: 36308954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, groundwater quality has deteriorated because of intensive human activities. It is important to accurately identify the pollution source for controlling the deterioration of groundwater quality. However, the accuracy of the current source analysis method needs to be improved. In this study, we combined hydrochemical method, isotope tracing technique and PMF model, for the first time, to trace the source of groundwater pollution in Beichuan River basin, Qinghai Province, China. According to the results, there were 35.8% of Fe, 34.1% of total hardness, 24.3% of SO42- and 8.09% of NO3- samples exceeded the Grade III standards for Groundwater quality in China, which indicated that the groundwater in the study area has been significantly affected by human activities. Hydrochemical method suggested that the chemical component originated from rock weathering, cation exchange and mineral dissolution. Based on isotope tracing technique (δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, δ34S-SO42- and δ18O-SO42-), the primary sources of nitrate and sulfate in groundwater were soil nitrogen and oxidation of sulfide minerals in the forest area, domestic sewage and oxidation of sulfide minerals in the urban and industrial area, and mixed sources in the village and agricultural area. Finally, the pollution source of groundwater was distinguished by combining the PMF model, isotope tracing technique and hydrochemical method. Results showed that the main pollutant of groundwater is domestic sewage in the urban, village and industrial area. The contribution rates to groundwater pollution were 60.7%, 60.8% and 57.8%, respectively. However, in the forest and agricultural area, the main source changed to water-rock interaction and chemical fertilizer, and the contribution rates to groundwater quality were 53.5% and 61.0%, respectively. Our results suggested that the coupling tracing methodology can improve the accuracy of source resolution in the water environment and it can be applied to other areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China; Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Huiwei Wang
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Gan Li
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650233, China
| | - Mingnan Yang
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Jingtao Liu
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
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18
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Wu Y, Song S, Chen X, Shi Y, Cui H, Liu Y, Yang S. Source-specific ecological risks and critical source identification of PPCPs in surface water: Comparing urban and rural areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158792. [PMID: 36113789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To control the concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the surface water of urban and rural areas, it is important to explore the spatial variation in source-specific ecological risks and identify critical sources. Here, we focused on 22 PPCPs found in the effluent from wastewater treatment plants and surface water in Tianjin, and source-specific risk was quantitatively apportioned combining positive matrix factorization with ecological risk assessment. Results showed that rural areas exhibited a more severe contamination level than urban areas. Medical wastewater (30.1 %) accounted for the highest proportion, while domestic sewage posed the greatest threat to aquatic ecosystems. The incidence of potential risks (RQ > 0.01) caused by domestic sewage in urban areas (88.9 %) was higher than that in rural areas (75.9 %). However, PPCP risks caused by farmland drainage, aquaculture, and livestock discharge were mainly distributed in rural areas. The critical source identified in the entire region was domestic sewage (weight, 0.36), and its weight (0.51) in urban areas was greater than that in rural areas (0.32). The impact of aquaculture (weight, 0.16) in rural areas was noteworthy. These findings may contribute to developing environmental management strategies in key areas to help alleviate PPCP contamination worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning City, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinchuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning City, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
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19
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Deng QX, Feng JR, Gao PP, Ni HG. Combined effects of vehicles and waste incineration on urban air halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107720. [PMID: 36580736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traffic emissions and waste incineration are the main sources of PAHs in urban atmosphere, but their spatially superimposed effects are currently unclear. This study assessed the spatial distribution of PAHs and HPAHs concentrations in the atmosphere of Shenzhen by simulating the spatial and temporal dispersion of PAHs and HPAHs emissions from on-road vehicles and municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). Generally, the concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs were higher on workdays than on weekends due to higher traffic volumes, while the prevailing wind direction of the northeast could cause more widespread dispersion of PAHs and HPAHs within Shenzhen's atmosphere. After superimposing the spatial distribution of pollutants emitted by vehicles and MSWIs, PAHs within 1000 m downwind of MSWIs are mainly contributed by MSWIs and beyond 1000 m by vehicles. The cancer risk values induced by exposure to PAHs and HPAHs via inhalation in Shenzhen were below the acceptable risk level for males and females in each age group, while adults faced the highest cancer risk, followed by adolescents and children. However, spatially, the cancer risk values were above the priority risk level for adult males in localized high-traffic areas in Futian and Luohu districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Deng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin-Ru Feng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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20
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Li C, Bai L, Wang H, Li G, Cui Y. Characteristics of indoor and outdoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in TSP in rural Northeast China: A case study of heating and non-heating periods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:899-913. [PMID: 36406618 PMCID: PMC9672144 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 91% of the world's population lives in an air-polluted environment, and environmental pollution has become a widespread concern. Urban indoor and outdoor air pollution has been fully researched and effective control measures have been proposed. However, the issue of air pollution in rural areas has not been explored in depth. Compared to urban air pollution, the rural air pollution problem is more complex and urgent. Due to climatic factors and economic conditions in rural Northeast China, most households use solid fuels such as biomass straw and coal as domestic energy during the heating period, which will cause serious pollution problems of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). To investigate the pollution characteristics of PAHs in indoor and outdoor TSP in rural Northeast China during the heating and non-heating periods, a medium-sized particulate matter collector 1108A was used to collect TSP for 7 days, and GC-MS was used to detect PAHs. The results showed that indoor TSP and PAHs pollution levels were the highest during the heating period. PAHs source analysis by Diagnostic Ratio (DR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the main sources were biomass and coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and domestic waste incineration. According to the results of carcinogenic risk model calculations, there is a potential carcinogenic risk to the population in the Northeast rural living area. This study reflects the pollution characteristics and sources of indoor and outdoor TSP and PAHs in rural Northeast China during heating and non-heating periods, and provides a reference for further prevention and control of air pollution in rural areas, which is conducive to improving the living environment and improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Li
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Li Bai
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
- Graduate school of Tangshan, Southwest Jiaotong University, Tangshan, 063000 China
| | - Guangming Li
- CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Yongbo Cui
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
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21
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Li X, Liu Y, Wang T, Wang L. A simple device for simulating skin adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: design and application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:71208-71216. [PMID: 35597829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure is one of the main ways of human body exposure to atmospheric contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The skin type significantly affects the skin adsorption of contaminants. However, this is commonly ignored in assessing the dermal exposure based on the atmospheric concentrations of contaminants. In this study, a simulation device suitable for human dermal pollutant exposure assessment was established, which used polyethylene balloons coated with different doses of glycerol trioleate to simulate oily skin, neutral skin, and dry skin type. The sampling effectiveness of the device was verified, and the device was applied to the skin exposure assessment of atmospheric PAHs at different scenarios. Kinetic experiments indicated a linear adsorption within 6 h. The adsorption kinetic constants (k) of PAHs on the oily surface of the balloon were significantly higher than those on the dry surface, especially for PAHs with high ring numbers. Compared with the calculated skin adsorption based on atmospheric concentrations, the results of this simulation device can better simulate the skin adsorption of atmospheric contaminants on different skin types and in different scenarios. Based on the result of balloon sampling, the dermal exposure of PAH3 rings by oily skin inside the tunnel is up to 5.668 ng/cm2/day, indicating a non-negligible health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinzuo Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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22
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Faridi S, Yousefian F, Roostaei V, Harrison RM, Azimi F, Niazi S, Naddafi K, Momeniha F, Malkawi M, Moh'd Safi HA, Rad MK, Hassanvand MS. Source apportionment, identification and characterization, and emission inventory of ambient particulate matter in 22 Eastern Mediterranean Region countries: A systematic review and recommendations for good practice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119889. [PMID: 35932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the main sources of ambient particulate matter (PM) in the 22 Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. We designed this study to systematically review all published and unpublished source apportionment (SA), identification and characterization studies as well as emission inventories in the EMR. Of 440 articles identified, 82 (11 emission inventory ones) met our inclusion criteria for final analyses. Of 22 EMR countries, Iran with 30 articles had the highest number of studies on source specific PM followed by Pakistan (n = 15 articles) and Saudi Arabia (n = 8 papers). By contrast, there were no studies in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Approximately 72% of studies (51) were published within a span of 2015-2021.48 studies identified the sources of PM2.5 and its constituents. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), principal component analysis (PCA) and chemical mass balance (CMB) were the most common approaches to identify the source contributions of ambient PM. Both secondary aerosols and dust, with 12-51% and 8-80% (33% and 30% for all EMR countries, on average) had the greatest contributions in ambient PM2.5. The remaining sources for ambient PM2.5, including mixed sources (traffic, industry and residential (TIR)), traffic, industries, biomass burning, and sea salt were in the range of approximately 4-69%, 4-49%, 1-53%, 7-25% and 3-29%, respectively. For PM10, the most dominant source was dust with 7-95% (49% for all EMR countries, on average). The limited number of SA studies in the EMR countries (one study per approximately 9.6 million people) in comparison to Europe and North America (1 study per 4.3 and 2.1 million people respectively) can be augmented by future studies that will provide a better understanding of emission sources in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Faridi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Roostaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazen Malkawi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Heba Adel Moh'd Safi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Mona Khaleghy Rad
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Ren H, Su P, Kang W, Ge X, Ma S, Shen G, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Heterologous spatial distribution of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the primary influencing factors in three industrial parks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119912. [PMID: 35961570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated from industrial processes are highly spatially heterologous, with limited quantitative studies on their main influencing factors. The present study evaluated the soil PAHs in three types of industrial parks (a petrochemical industrial park, a brominated flame retardant manufacturing park, and an e-waste dismantling park) and their surroundings. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in the parks were 340-2.43 × 103, 26.2-2.63 × 103, and 394-2.01 × 104 ng/g, which were significantly higher than those in the surrounding areas by 1-2 orders of magnitude, respectively. The highest soil PAH contamination was observed in the e-waste dismantling park. Nap can be considered as characteristic pollutant in the petrochemical industrial park, while Phe in the flame retardant manufacturing park and e-waste dismantling park. Low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) predominated in the petrochemical industrial park (73.0%) and the surrounding area of brominated flame retardant manufacturing park (80.3%). However, high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) were enriched in the other sampling sites, indicating distinct sources and determinants of soil PAHs. Source apportionment results suggested that PAHs in the parks were mainly derived from the leakage of petroleum products in the petroleum manufacturing process and pyrolysis or combustion of fossil fuels. Contrarily, the PAHs in the surrounding areas could have been derived from the historical coal combustion and traffic emissions. Source emissions, wind direction, and local topography influenced the PAH spatial distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Ren
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Peixin Su
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Kang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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24
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Verma PK, Sah D, Satish R, Rastogi N, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Atmospheric chemistry and cancer risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs over a semi-arid site in the Indo-Gangetic plain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115456. [PMID: 35751260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs were collected over a year at a traffic dominated site in Agra, to determine the dominant partitioning mechanism. During the entire sampling period, total PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were 3465 ± 3802 and 26.1 ± 25.9 ng m-3 respectively. The gas-particle partitioning behavior of PAHs was studied by applying the Pankow model, Absorption model, and Dual model. Amongst all the partitioning models, the Dual model fits well and indicates that the partitioning of PAHs at the traffic site in Agra depends on both the physical adsorption of PAHs on the Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) surface and absorption of PAHs into the organic layer present on the TSP surface. Pankow model indicates that PAHs are emitted from the source close to the sampling point and due to this PAHs do not get enough time to get partitioned in between both the phases. Incremental lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) shows that adults and children are more prone to cancer risk in comparison to infants for both PAHs and Nitro-PAHs. Cancer risk by inhalation was minimum in comparison to both ingestion and dermal exposure. Nitro-PAHs in the particulate phase were high enough to exceed the minimum permissible limit (10-6) of causing cancer by ingestion and dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Dinesh Sah
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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25
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Qi R, Pan L, Liu T, Li Z. Source risk, ecological risk, and bioeffect assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay of Shandong Peninsula, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56705-56726. [PMID: 35347599 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to incorporate the contribution of pollution sources to ecological risks into environmental monitoring, positive matrix factorization-risk quotient (PMF-RQ) was used to quantify the contribution of different PAH sources to ecological risks, which indicated that the unburned petroleum, vehicular emissions, and diesel combustion were the main sources of PAHs in Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, and they were caused by petrochemical industry, maritime shipping, and urban traffic exhaust as the major sources of PAHs for ecological risk. Meanwhile, integrated biomarker response (IBR) and multi-biomarker pollution index (MPI) suggested that September was the most polluted month for PAHs in Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay and the pollution in Laizhou Bay was significantly higher than that in Jiaozhou Bay. This research was dedicated to explore the monitoring pattern for PAH pollution from the source to bioeffects, and it may have contributed a scientific support to monitoring and governance of marine PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zeyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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26
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Lv X, Tan J, Feng J, Li Z, Gong W, Zhang D, Kuang H, Fan R. Relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with vascular damages among sanitation workers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2022; 40:154-171. [PMID: 35895920 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2022.2062199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leads to a high incidence of cardiovascular diseases. To assess the effects of PAHs exposure on vascular damages in occupationally exposed populations, 196 sanitation workers were recruited. According to the differences of occupation or operation, they were divided into exposure group (n = 115) and control group (n = 81). Sixteen serum PAHs were determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometery. Tumor necrosis factor ɑ (TNF-ɑ) and angiotensin II (ANG-II) in serum, blood lipids and blood pressure were also measured. Results showed that, except for indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, the detection frequencies of other PAHs were above 85%, showing that subjects are generally exposed to PAHs. The top three compounds in serum concentrations of PAHs were phenanthrene, acenaphthylene and anthracene. Moreover, the concentrations of total serum PAHs in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in the control (p < 0.05), suggesting a higher PAHs exposure in the former. Though there was no significant difference in blood lipids and blood pressure between groups (p > 0.05), TNF-ɑ and ANG-II levels in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05), suggesting that PAHs exposure may be related to pro-inflammatory effects and vascular endothelial damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianglu Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingguo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Wang Y, Hong H, Qian L, Wang Q, Li J, Huang Q, Jiang Y, Lu H, Liu J, Dong Y, Li J, Yan C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at subcritical levels as novel indicators of microbial adaptation in a pre-industrial river delta. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133858. [PMID: 35124082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment is considered a vast sink for organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, little is known about the relationship between subcritical PAH allocation and benthic microbial patterns. Thus, we carried out a field investigation at the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) to deepen the understanding of PAHs' horizontal distribution and ecological roles on the continental shelf. The PAH level in the AYRD is relatively low and distance-independent, indicating it resulted from long-term, chronic, anthropogenic input. The combined application of diagnostic molecular ratios reported inconsistent PAH sources, which might be due to the low PAH concentrations and the complexity of contributing sources. Positive Matrix Factorization provided a more robust source classification and identified three main PAH sources-coal combustion and vehicle emissions, petrogenic process, and fossil fuels. The benthic microbiome did not show a significant response to PAHs in terms of microbial assemblage or alpha-diversity. However, Operational Taxonomic Units in some specific phyla, like Thaumarchaeota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chytridiomycota, correlated with the PAH source indicators, supporting the notion that PAH source indicators can act as a novel environmental indicator for microbial adaption. What's more, Microbial Ecological Networks show more connection at sites identified as biomass combustion by both Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene) compared to the ones identified as biomass combustion by Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) and petroleum combustion by Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene). Herein, we demonstrate that the PAHs' source indicator can serve as a novel indicator of the interactions between microorganisms, and thus, should be applied to the sustainable management effort in the offshore area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Academy of Environmental Planning and Design, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Lu Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Junwei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Yongcan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Yunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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28
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Iakovides M, Tsiamis G, Tziaras T, Stathopoulou P, Nikolaki S, Iakovides G, Stephanou EG. Two-year systematic investigation reveals alterations induced on chemical and bacteriome profile of PM 2.5 by African dust incursions to the Mediterranean atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:151976. [PMID: 34843760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 atmospheric samples were regularly collected between January 2013 and March 2015 at a central location of Eastern Mediterranean (Island of Crete) during African dust events (DES) and periods of absence of such episodes as controls (CS). The elemental composition and microbiome DES and CS were thoroughly investigated. Fifty-six major and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Relative mass abundances (RMA) of major crustal elements and lanthanoids were higher in DES than in CS. Conversely in CS, RMAs were higher for most anthropogenic transition metals. Lanthanum-to-other lanthanoids concentration ratios for DES approached the corresponding reference values for continental crust and several African dust source regions, while in CS they exceeded these values. USEPA's UNMIX receptor model, applied in all PM2.5 samples, established that African dust is the dominant contributing source (by 80%) followed by road dust/fuel oil emissions (17%) in the receptor area. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) identified dust hotspots in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. The application of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed high variation of bacterial composition and diversity between DES and CS samples. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroides were the most dominant in both DES and CS samples, representing ~88% of the total bacterial diversity. Cutibacterium, Tumebacillus and Sphingomonas dominated the CS samples, while Rhizobium and Brevundimonas were the most prevalent genera in DES. Mutual exclusion/co-occurrence network analysis indicated that Sphingomonas and Chryseobacterium exhibited the highest degrees of mutual exclusion in CS, while in DES the corresponding species were Brevundimonas, Delftia, Rubellimicrobium, Flavobacterium, Blastococcus, and Pseudarthrobacter. Some of these microorganisms are emerging global opportunistic pathogens and an increase in human exposure to them as a result of environmental changes, is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Iakovides
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Tsiamis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | - Panagiota Stathopoulou
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikolaki
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Giannis Iakovides
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Ji S, Yin F, Zhang W, Song Z, Qin B, Su P, Zhang J, Kitazawa D. Occurrences, Sources, and Human Health Risk Assessments of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms From Temperate Coastal Area. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.850247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollution characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine organism species (6 species of fishes and 2 species of crustaceans) from the coastal area of the East China Sea were determined. The concentrations of 16 PAHs in the studied organisms ranged from 29.73 to 87.02 ng/g dw and 2- and 3-ring PAHs were the most abundant compounds in the aquatic organisms. The habitat, diet and predator-prey relationship have posed potential effects on the PAH accumulation in marine organisms. The source identification of PAHs was performed by using the molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the main sources of PAHs in the marine organisms were coal combustion, followed by mixture of gasoline combustion, oil combustion, crude oil spill and vehicle emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of human via ingestion process of marine organisms in this sea area was also estimated and the assessment showed that it posed an acceptable but non-negligible risk to human health.
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Spatiotemporal Variation in Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment along the Ye River of North China Using the PMF Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031779. [PMID: 35162801 PMCID: PMC8834836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality deterioration has attracted widespread concern in China. In this research, the water quality index (WQI) and a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to assess groundwater quality and identify pollution sources in the Ye River area of northern China. Research found that TH, SO42−, and NO3− were the main groundwater pollution factors in the Ye River area, since their exceeding standard rates were 78.13, 34.38, and 59.38%, respectively. The main groundwater hydrochemical type has changed from HCO3-Ca(Mg) to HCO3·SO4-Ca(Mg). These data indicated that the groundwater quality was affected by anthropogenic activities. Spatial variation in groundwater quality was mainly influenced by land use, whereas temporal variation was mainly controlled by rainfall. The WQI indicated that the groundwater quality was better in the flood season than in the dry season due to the diluting effect of rainfall runoff. Notably, farmland groundwater quality was relatively poor as it was affected by various pollution sources. Based on the PMF model, the main groundwater pollution sources were domestic sewage (52.4%), industrial wastewater (24.1%), and enhanced water–rock interaction induced by intensely exploited groundwater (23.6%) in the dry season, while in the flood season they were domestic sewage and water–rock interaction (49.6%), agriculture nonpoint pollution (26.1%), and industrial wastewater and urban nonpoint pollution (23.9%). In addition, the mean contribution of domestic sewage and industrial sewage to sampling sites in the dry season (1489 and 322.5 mg/L, respectively) were higher than that in the flood season (1158 and 273.6 mg/L, respectively). To sum up, the point sources (domestic sewage and industrial wastewater) remain the most important groundwater pollution sources in this region. Therefore, the local government should enhance the sewage treatment infrastructure and exert management of fertilization strategies to increase the fertilizer utilization rate and prevent further groundwater quality deterioration.
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31
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Investigation of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rural Northeast China: Pollution Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Health Assessment. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the low winter temperatures in rural areas of Northeast China, biomass fuels are widely used for heating and cooking, resulting in increased concentrations of PAHs in rural indoor areas during the heating period and threatening human health. Therefore, exploring the pollution characteristics, source localization, and risk assessment of indoor PAHs in rural Northeast China is of great significance for improving rural indoor air quality. In this study, PAHs were collected from a residential building in rural Northeast China for one consecutive year (January 2020–December 2020), and their concentrations were determined to explore the distribution patterns and sources of PAHs to further assess the carcinogenic risk of PAHs to humans. The results of the study showed that the average concentration of indoor PAHs in rural areas during the heating period (93.02 ng/m3) was about 1.81 times higher than that of the non-heating period (51.26 ng/m3). The main sources of PAHs were mixed combustion of biomass and coal, motor vehicle emissions, and domestic waste combustion. The level of indoor PAHs pollution has posed a carcinogenic risk to the health of the rural population in the Northeast.
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Hsiao TC, Chou LT, Pan SY, Young LH, Chi KH, Chen AY. Chemically and temporally resolved oxidative potential of urban fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118206. [PMID: 34740290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emissions are an important source of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas and have well-known adverse health effects on human health. Oxidative potential (OP) is used as a quantification metric for indexing PM toxicity. In this study, by using a liquid spot sampler (LSS) and the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, the diurnal OP variation was assessed at a ground-level urban monitoring station. Besides, since the monitoring station was adjacent to the main road, the correlation between OP and traffic volume was also evaluated. PM components, including metals, water-soluble inorganic aerosols (WSIAs), black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were also simultaneously monitored. The daytime and evening mean ± std volume-normalized OP (OPv) were 0.46 ± 0.27 and 0.48 ± 0.26 nmol/min/m3, and exhibited good correlations with PM1.0 and BC; however, these concentrations were only weakly correlated with mass-normalized OP (OPm). The mean ± std OPm was higher in the daytime (41.3 ± 13.8 pmol/min/μg) than in the evening (36.1 ± 11.5 pmol/min/μg). According to the PMF analysis, traffic emissions dominated the diurnal OP contribution. Organic matter and individual metals associated with non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as Mn, Fe, and Cu, contributed substantially to OP. Diurnal variations of PAH concentrations suggest that photochemical reactions could enhance OP, highlighting the importance of atmospheric aging on PM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ti Chou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Albert Y Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ali-Taleshi MS, Squizzato S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Moeinaddini M, Masiol M. Using a hybrid approach to apportion potential source locations contributing to excess cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in a megacity in the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111617. [PMID: 34228953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent one of the major toxic pollutants associated with PM2.5 with significant human health and climate effects. Because of local and long-range transport of atmospheric PAHs to receptor sites, higher global attentions have been focused to improve PAHs pollution emission management. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at three urban sites located in the capital of Iran, Tehran, during the heating and non-heating periods (H-period and NH-period). The US EPA 16 priority PAHs were analyzed and the data were processed to the following detailed aims: (i) investigate the H-period and NH-period variations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations; (ii) identify the PAHs sources and the source locations during the two periods; (iii) carry out a source-specific excess cancer risk (ECR) assessment highlighting the potential source locations contributing to the ECR using a hybrid approach. Total PAHs (TPAHs) showed significantly higher concentrations (1.56-1.89 times) during the H-period. Among the identified PAHs compounds, statistically significant periodical differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed only between eight PAHs species (Nap, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and DahA) at all three sampling sites which can be due to the significant differences of PAHs emission sources during H and NH-periods. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for 52.7% and 46.8% on average of TPAHs during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) led to identifying four main PAHs sources including industrial emissions, petrogenic emissions, biomass burning and natural gas emissions, and vehicle exhaust emissions. Industrial and petrogenic emissions exhibited the highest contribution (19.8%, 27.2%, respectively) during the NH-period, while vehicle exhaust and biomass burning-natural gas emissions showed the largest contribution (40.7%, 29.6%, respectively) during the H-period. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) on factor contributions was used for tracking the potential locations of the identified sources. In addition to local sources, long-range transport contributed to a significant fraction of TPHAs in Tehran both during the H- and NH-periods. Source-specific carcinogenic risks assessment apportioned vehicle exhaust (44.2%, 2.52 × 10-4) and biomass burning-natural gas emissions (33.9%, 8.31 × 10-5) as the main cancer risk contributors during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. CWT maps pointed out the different distribution patterns associated with the cancer risk from the identified sources. This will allow better risk management through the identification of priority PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy
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An Integrated Approach for Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Subtropical Agricultural Soils, Eastern China. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Unreasonable human activities may cause the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the agricultural soil, which will ultimately threaten the quality of soil environment, the safety of agricultural products, and human health. Therefore, the accumulation characteristics, potential sources, and health risks of HMs in agricultural soils in China’s subtropical regions were investigated. The mean Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations of agricultural soil in Jinhua City have exceeded the corresponding background values of Zhejiang Province, while the mean concentrations of determined 8 HMs were less than their corresponding risk-screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land in China. The spatial distribution of As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb were generally distributed in large patches, and Hg, Zn, and Cd were generally sporadically distributed. A positive definite matrix factor analysis (PMF) model had better performance than an absolute principal component–multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model in the identification of major sources of soil HMs, as it revealed higher R2 value (0.81–0.99) and lower prediction error (−0.93–0.25%). The noncarcinogenic risks (HI) of the 8 HMs to adults and children were within the acceptable range, while the carcinogenic risk (RI) of children has exceeded the safety threshold, which needs to be addressed by relevant departments. The PMF based human health risk assessment model indicated that industrial sources contributed the highest risk to HI (32.92% and 30.47%) and RI (60.74% and 61.5%) for adults and children, followed by agricultural sources (21.34%, 29.31% and 32.94% 33.19%). Therefore, integrated environmental management should be implemented to control and reduce the accumulation of soil HMs from agricultural and industrial sources.
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Liao K, Park ES, Zhang J, Cheng L, Ji D, Ying Q, Yu JZ. A multiple linear regression model with multiplicative log-normal error term for atmospheric concentration data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144282. [PMID: 33422960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The homoscedasticity assumption (the variance of the error term is the same across all the observations) is a key assumption in the ordinary linear squares (OLS) solution of a linear regression model. The validity of this assumption is examined for a multiple linear regression model used to determine the source contributions to the observed black carbon concentrations at 12 background monitoring sites across China using a hybrid modeling approach. Residual analysis from the traditional OLS method, which assumes that the error term is additive and normally distributed with a mean of zero, shows pronounced heteroscedasticity based on the Breusch-Pagan test for 11 datasets. Noticing that the atmospheric black carbon data are log-normally distributed, we make a new assumption that the error terms are multiplicative and log-normally distributed. When the coefficients of the multilinear regression model are determined using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the distribution of the residuals in 8 out of the 12 datasets is in good accordance with the revised assumption. Furthermore, the MLE computation under this novel assumption could be proved mathematically identical to minimizing a log-scale objective function, which considerably reduces the complexity in the MLE calculation. The new method is further demonstrated to have clear advantages in numerical simulation experiments of a 5-variable multiple linear regression model using synthesized data with prescribed coefficients and lognormally distributed multiplicative errors. Under all 9 simulation scenarios, the new method yields the most accurate estimations of the regression coefficients and has significantly higher coverage probability (on average, 95% for all five coefficients) than OLS (79%) and weighted least squares (WLS, 72%) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eun Sug Park
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3135, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States
| | - Linjun Cheng
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States.
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Teffahi A, Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Malherbe C, Kerbachi R, Eppe G, Cecinato A. Exposure levels and health risk of PAHs associated with fine and ultrafine aerosols in an urban site in northern Algeria. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:1375-1391. [PMID: 33880133 PMCID: PMC8050985 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution of toxicants in airborne particulates remains insufficiently investigated in Algeria. A 1-year campaign was performed at Bab Ezzouar, Algiers (Algeria), aimed at characterizing particulates for their physical and chemical features. For this purpose, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (RaS), and GC-MS methodologies were applied. The samples were collected on daily basis by means of a high-volume sampling (HVS) system equipped with cascade impactor separating three size fractions, i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters d < 1.0 μm (PM1), 1.0 μm <d<2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 2.5 μm <d<10 μm (PM10), respectively. The organic fraction was recovered from substrate through solvent extraction in an ultrasonic bath, separated and purified by column chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigation was focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the concentration ratios suitable to investigate the source nature. Further information was drawn from SEM and Raman analyses. Total PAH concentrations ranged broadly throughout the study period (namely, from 4.1 to 59.7 ng m-3 for PM1, from 2.72 to 32.3 ng m-3 for PM2.5 and from 3.30 to 32.7 ng m-3 for PM10). Both approaches and principal component analysis (PCA) of data revealed that emission from vehicles was the most important PAH source, while tobacco smoke provided an additional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Teffahi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Moussaoui
- Faculté des Mathématiques et Sciences de la Matière, Université Kasdi Merbah (UKMO), Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University “Sapienza – Roma 1”, Rome, Italy
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Ren C, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang Y. Characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of groundwater in Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, China, based on PMF model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9647-9656. [PMID: 33151496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PAH contamination in water environment has become an important water quality problem in China. In this study, groundwater PAHs were monitored in September 2019 at 48 groundwater sites, and statistical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to analyze the characteristic of PAHs in groundwater and to identify the pollution sources of PAHs in the Hutuo River Basin, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that the concentration of the PAHs in groundwater was low and the total PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from below detection limit to 260.6 ng/L and with a mean value of 17.7 ng/L. The concentration of PAHs in groundwater was obviously affected by the land use. Based on molecular ratio method, the main source of PAHs in groundwater is the biomass combustion, while the results of PMF source analysis were more accurate and the results showed that the primary sources and contribution rate of PAHs in groundwater were wood, coal, and gasoline sources (41.4%), followed by oil and diesel sources (39.4%), and natural gas combustion (19.2%). There was obvious spatial variation in the contribution of pollution sources to PAHs at the sites of different land uses in this region. The highest contribution of nature gas combustion, oil and diesel sources, and wood, coal, and gasoline combustion to PAHs was found in the urban area (0.617 ng/L), industrial area (0.380 ng/L), and village area (0.379 ng/L), respectively. The results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of PAH contamination in groundwater in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Huiwei Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Iakovides M, Iakovides G, Stephanou EG. Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, hopanes, steranes and trace metals: PM 2.5 source identification, individual and cumulative multi-pathway lifetime cancer risk assessment in the urban environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141834. [PMID: 33207492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5)-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trace metals and organic molecular markers was investigated by conducting an intensive sampling campaign at the Eastern Mediterranean urban area of Nicosia (Cyprus). Sixty-two 24-hr PM2.5 samples were collected and analyzed for fifty parent and alkylated PAHs, twenty-five long chain n-alkanes, seventeen hopanes and twelve steranes used for source apportionment. The same number and kind of samples were analyzed to determine twenty-eight trace metals. Emphasis was given to investigate the air levels of the scarcely monitored although highly carcinogenic PAHs such as dibenzopyrenes, dibenzoanthracenes, 7H-benzo[c]fluorene and 5-methyl-chrysene, not included in the USEPA's sixteen PAH priority list (USEPA-16). UNMIX receptor model was applied to apportion the sources of atmospheric emissions of the determined organic compounds and trace metals and evaluate their daily contributions to the corresponding PM2.5 associated concentrations. For comparison purposes, principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA/MLR) was also applied and its results are reported. The UNMIX receptor model, compared to PCA/MLR, offered a more precise source profile and more reliable daily mass source distributions by eliminating negative contributions. The individual and cumulative multi-pathway lifetime cancer risk (posed via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact) by exposure to PM2.5-associated USEPA-16 listed and non-listed PAHs and selected airborne trace metals (As, Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb) were assessed. To estimate the contribution of each emission source to the total cancer risk, multiple linear regression analysis was performed, using as independent variables the daily source mass contributions and as dependent variables the respective cancer risk units. The estimated total cumulative cancer risk comprising all toxic PAHs, besides those included in the priority list, and metals was higher than the USEPA's threshold by a factor of eight, denoting a potential risk for long-term exposure of a population in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Iakovides
- The Cyprus Institute, Konstantinou Kavafi 20, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giannis Iakovides
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- The Cyprus Institute, Konstantinou Kavafi 20, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
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Jin Z, Zhang L, Lv J, Sun X. The application of geostatistical analysis and receptor model for the spatial distribution and sources of potentially toxic elements in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:407-421. [PMID: 32989602 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the spatial patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including the spatial distribution, spatial autocorrelation, and risk probability, and to quantify the sources of PTEs, to provide guidelines for soil management. Spatial distributions and probabilities of PTEs were determined by empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK), while spatial autocorrelation was estimated by Moran's I. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was adopted for the quantitative source contributions of PTEs. More than 64.6% of Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni were derived from geogenic sources, with high regions and high-high clusters both correlated to sandstone. Thus, it can be deduced that parent materials dominated the spatial patterns of these PTEs. In addition, some hotspots were situated in urban areas, and the influence of human activities on these four PTEs should be considered. Industry-traffic discharge and parent materials both influenced As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Nonetheless, the spatial patterns of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn were formed by anthropogenic emissions since hotspots and high-high clusters were contiguously situated in urban areas. 58.5% of Hg originated from atmospheric deposition related to industrial emissions, and 47.2% of Cd was controlled by the application of chemical fertilizers. High levels of Hg and Cd mainly corresponded with industrial sites and cultivated land, suggesting that industrial and geoponic production played major roles in the generation of spatial patterns for Hg and Cd, respectively. Furthermore, the Cd and Hg posed a severe risk to soils, with a high probability to surpass 1.5 times the backgrounds. The EBK, Moran's I, and PMF results showed that all ten PTEs were enriched to some degree due to natural or anthropogenic factors. The results of geostatistical analysis and the receptor model can be mutually verified, indicating the reliability of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jin
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Shandong Geo-Environmental Monitoring Station, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xuefei Sun
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Feng J, Song N, Yu Y, Li Y. Differential analysis of FA-NNC, PCA-MLR, and PMF methods applied in source apportionment of PAHs in street dust. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:727. [PMID: 33098456 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many source apportionment models have been applied to identify pollution sources, and differences often exist in the diagnostic results. The reasons causing these differences have not been fully elucidated. In this study, three receptor models, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and factor analysis-nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC), were compared and applied for the analysis of 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in street dust samples from Harbin City (China). The differences in the results were caused by different calculation approaches, including matrix decomposition, variable grouping extraction, and nonnegative constraints, especially between PCA-MLR and the other two models. PCA-MLR has no nonnegative constraints, making PCA-MLR less similar to the real world than the other two. Both PMF and FA-NNC have a nonnegative constraint process, which may be the main reason why their results were much more similar to each other than to those of PCA-MLR. PCA-MLR distinguishes variables into several groups that have the greatest variances from each other, whereas the other two methods find similarities among variables and extract them. In the case study of Harbin City, the contributions of mobile and industrial sources ranged from 47 to 69%, and the contributions of coal and other sources ranged from 30 to 52%. The recognized types of pollution sources were generally equivalent, but the proportional contributions were different. PCA-MLR performed best in calculating contributions, whereas PMF and FA-NNC were better in terms of source diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ningning Song
- College of Resources, Environment and Planning, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Yanxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Wang W, Ding X, Turap Y, Tursun Y, Abulizi A, Wang X, Shao L, Talifu D, An J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu H. Distribution, sources, risks, and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PM 2.5-bound atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Urumqi, NW China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139518. [PMID: 32534306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has focused on the impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere due to their potential carcinogenicity. In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation, sources, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS), and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PAHs in Urumqi in NW China. A total of 72 atmospheric samples from Urumqi were collected over a year (September 2017-September 2018) and were analyzed for 16 PAHs that are specifically prioritized by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U·S EPA). The highest PAHs concentrations were in winter (1032.66 ng m-3) and lowest in spring (146.00 ng m-3). Middle molecular weight PAHs with four rings were the most abundant species (45.28-61.19% of the total). The results of the diagnostic ratio and positive matrix factorization inferred that the major sources of atmospheric PAHs in Urumqi were biomass burning, coking, and petrogenic sources (52.9%), traffic (30.1%), coal combustion (8.9%), and the plastics recycling industry (8.1%). ILCRS assessment and Monte Carlo simulations suggested that for all age groups PAHs cancer risks were mainly associated with ingestion and dermal contact and inhalation was negligible. The plasmid scission assay results showed a positive dose-response relationship between PAHs concentrations and DNA damage rates, demonstrating that toxic PAHs was the primary cause for PM2.5-induced DNA damage in the air of Urumqi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yusan Turap
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yalkunjan Tursun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Abulikemu Abulizi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- College of Geosciences and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dilinuer Talifu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Juqin An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Huibin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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He Y, He W, Yang C, Liu W, Xu F. Spatiotemporal toxicity assessment of suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Chaohu, China: Application of a source-based quantitative method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138690. [PMID: 32498188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal associations between the emissions and environmental toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lake still remain an issue. Here, we focused on the suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound PAHs in Lake Chaohu, China to quantitatively estimate their spatiotemporal toxicities from different sources. A source-based quantitative method, positive matrix factorization (PMF)-benzo[a]pyrene-based toxic equivalency (TEQBaP) model, was applied. Firstly, we investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of SPM-bound PAHs. The concentrations of Σ21 PAHs ranged from 1646 to 19267 ng·g-1. Low-ring PAHs were found to have the highest fractions. T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE)-partitioning around medoid (PAM) technic revealed significantly spatiotemporal variation characteristics of SPM-bound PAHs in Lake Chaohu. Season, location (west or east lake zone), and sample classification (estuary or lake) together governed the patterns. Then, their potential sources were apportioned. Our results found that diagnostic ratios did not work perfectly. However, 3 factors were separated by PMF model. Unburned petroleum (F1), biomass, coal and gasoline combustion (F2), and diesel, straw combustion (F3) were the main sources of PAHs, accounting for 36.16%, 48.96% and 14.88%, respectively. The patterns of the source profiles were season-dependent. Finally, the toxicity of SPM-bound PAHs from different sources were predicted by PMF-TEQBaP model, and the model predictions were satisfactorily acceptable. Overall, predicted Σ19 TEQBaP of SPM-bound PAHs in Lake Chaohu ranged from 20.8 to 947.9 ng·g-1. Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) were the main toxic species. Temporally, PAH toxicity posed significantly seasonal differences. F3 had primary contributions to Σ19 TEQBaP. Cutting the diesel consumption and using cleaner energy substitutes were suggested to reduce the PAH toxicity in Lake Chaohu. Overall, we expected this study could give new insights into the spatiotemporal associations between the sources and toxicities of SPM-bound PAHs in lake ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Xiao L, Zhang Q, Niu C, Wang H. Spatiotemporal Patterns in River Water Quality and Pollution Source Apportionment in the Arid Beichuan River Basin of Northwestern China Using Positive Matrix Factorization Receptor Modeling Techniques. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145015. [PMID: 32668595 PMCID: PMC7399880 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deteriorating surface water quality has become an important environmental problem in China. In this study, river water quality was monitored in July (wet season) and October (dry season) 2019 at 26 sites, and a water quality index (WQI) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to assess surface water quality and identify pollution sources in the Beichuan River basin, Qinghai Province, China. The results showed that 53.85% and 76.92% of TN, 11.54% and 34.62% of TP, 65.38% and 76.92% of Fe, and 11.54% and 15.38% of Mn samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, exceeded the Chinese Government’s Grade III standards for surface water quality. The spatial variation in water quality showed that it gradually deteriorated from upstream to downstream as a result of human activity. The temporal variation showed that water quality was poorer in the wet season than in the dry season because of the rainfall runoff effect. The PMF model outputs showed that the primary sources of pollution in the wet season were mineral weathering and organic pollution sources, domestic and industrial sewage, and agricultural and urban non-point pollution sources. However, in the dry season, the primary sources were mineral weathering and organic pollution sources, industrial sewage, and domestic sewage. Our results suggest that the point pollution sources (domestic and industrial sewage) should be more strictly controlled, as a priority, in order to prevent the continued deterioration in water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Xiao
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (L.X.); (C.N.)
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chao Niu
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (L.X.); (C.N.)
| | - Huiwei Wang
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China;
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Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Joubert BR, Mantooth SN, McAllister KA. Environmental Health Research in Africa: Important Progress and Promising Opportunities. Front Genet 2020; 10:1166. [PMID: 32010175 PMCID: PMC6977412 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization in 2016 estimated that over 20% of the global disease burden and deaths were attributed to modifiable environmental factors. However, data clearly characterizing the impact of environmental exposures and health endpoints in African populations is limited. To describe recent progress and identify important research gaps, we reviewed literature on environmental health research in African populations over the last decade, as well as research incorporating both genomic and environmental factors. We queried PubMed for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposures and health outcomes in human populations in Africa. Searches utilized medical subheading (MeSH) terms for environmental exposure categories listed in the March 2018 US National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, which includes chemicals with worldwide distributions. Our search strategy retrieved 540 relevant publications, with studies evaluating health impacts of ambient air pollution (n=105), indoor air pollution (n = 166), heavy metals (n = 130), pesticides (n = 95), dietary mold (n = 61), indoor mold (n = 9), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs, n = 0), electronic waste (n = 9), environmental phenols (n = 4), flame retardants (n = 8), and phthalates (n = 3), where publications could belong to more than one exposure category. Only 23 publications characterized both environmental and genomic risk factors. Cardiovascular and respiratory health endpoints impacted by air pollution were comparable to observations in other countries. Air pollution exposures unique to Africa and some other resource limited settings were dust and specific occupational exposures. Literature describing harmful health effects of metals, pesticides, and dietary mold represented a context unique to Africa. Studies of exposures to phthalates, PFASs, phenols, and flame retardants were very limited. These results underscore the need for further focus on current and emerging environmental and chemical health risks as well as better integration of genomic and environmental factors in African research studies. Environmental exposures with distinct routes of exposure, unique co-exposures and co-morbidities, combined with the extensive genomic diversity in Africa may lead to the identification of novel mechanisms underlying complex disease and promising potential for translation to global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie R Joubert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Kimberly A McAllister
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
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Najmeddin A, Keshavarzi B. Health risk assessment and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM 10 and road deposited dust in Ahvaz metropolis of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1267-1290. [PMID: 30413904 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 and road dust samples, as well as to identify and quantify the contributions of each source profile using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model. Health risk assessment was carried out using toxic equivalency factors and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), which quantitatively estimate the exposure risk for age-specific groups. PM10 samples were collected on PTFE filters in the metropolitan area of Ahvaz. Road dust samples were also collected from all over the urban areas with different land uses. Total PAH concentrations in PM10 and road dust samples were 0.5-25.5 ng/m3 and 49.3-16,645 µg/kg, respectively. Pyrene was the highest PAH in the PM10 profile, whereas fluoranthene became the highest PAH in the road dust. Abundance of benzo[ghi]perylene at PM10 and road dust samples suggested a source indicator for traffic emissions. The results demonstrate that in 36.5% of samples, PM10 concentrations exceed the maximum concentration level recommended by EPA. A multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the influence of meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) on buildup of PAHs. All of PAH species show higher concentrations during the cold and typical days rather than the dust event days and warm periods. PMF analysis showed that vehicular emissions (50.6%) and industrial activities (especially steel industries) (30.4%) were first two sources of PAHs bounded with PM10, followed by diesel emissions (11.6%) and air-soil exchange (7.4%). For road dust samples, three common sources were also identified: vehicular traffic (48%), industrial activities (42.3%), and petrogenic sources (9.7%), in line with that of diagnostic molecular ratios results. According to the results of health risk assessment model, the ILCR of exposure to PAHs associated with PM10 and road-deposited dust was higher than the guidelines of USEPA, indicating high carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Najmeddin
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
- Medical Geology Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Zheng H, Qu C, Zhang J, Talpur SA, Ding Y, Xing X, Qi S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils from Ningde, China: levels, sources, and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:907-919. [PMID: 30220078 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in farmland are critical to human health. The level, composition, source, and cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in agricultural soil from Ningde, China, were investigated. The results indicated that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 77.3 to 1188 ng g-1, with a mean value of 406 ng g-1. Five-ring PAHs were found to have the highest concentrations (148 ± 133 ng g-1), followed by four-ring (120 ± 101 ng g-1), three-ring (61.9 ± 54.2 ng g-1), six-ring (44.6 ± 61.0 ng g-1), and two-ring (31.3 ± 31.0 ng g-1). Employing positive matrix factorization (PMF), four PAH sources including biomass burning (36.3%), coal combustion (35.5%), traffic emissions (16.4%), and coke source (11.8%) were identified. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results showed that ILCR values ranged from 7.1 × 10-4 to 1.1 × 10-3, which will cause moderate-to-high cancer risk to human health mainly via the soil ingestion and dermal contact exposure pathways. The source-oriented results indicated that coal combustion (32.7%), traffic emission (34.3%), and biomass burning (32.4%) had similar contributions to the total cancer risk. Therefore, more attention should be paid to these pyrolysis-originated sources to protect humanity from the health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Talpur
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Yu Y, Katsoyiannis A, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Brorström-Lundén E, Ma J, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Tych W, Mindham D, Sverko E, Barresi E, Dryfhout-Clark H, Fellin P, Hung H. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Not Declining in Arctic Air Despite Global Emission Reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2375-2382. [PMID: 30746937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two decades of atmospheric measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were conducted at three Arctic sites, i.e., Alert, Canada; Zeppelin, Svalbard; and Pallas, Finland. PAH concentrations decrease with increasing latitude in the order of Pallas > Zeppelin > Alert. Forest fire was identified as an important contributing source. Three representative PAHs, phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) were selected for the assessment of their long-term trends. Significant decline of these PAHs was not observed contradicting the expected decline due to PAH emission reductions. A global 3-D transport model was employed to simulate the concentrations of these three PAHs at the three sites. The model predicted that warming in the Arctic would cause the air concentrations of PHE and PYR to increase in the Arctic atmosphere, while that of BaP, which tends to be particle-bound, is less affected by temperature. The expected decline due to the reduction of global PAH emissions is offset by the increment of volatilization caused by warming. This work shows that this phenomenon may affect the environmental occurrence of other anthropogenic substances, such as more volatile flame retardants and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130102 , China
| | | | | | | | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Wlodzimierz Tych
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - David Mindham
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Ed Sverko
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Enzo Barresi
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET), Canada Centre for Inland Waters , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , L7R 4A6 , Canada
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Phil Fellin
- AirZone One Ltd. , Mississauga , L4Z 1X1 , Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , M3H 5T4 , Canada
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Liu W. Tree bark as a biomonitor for assessing the atmospheric pollution and associated human inhalation exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:398-407. [PMID: 30577008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is posing a great threat to human health. Biomass combustion in rural areas contributes greatly to the total PAH emission in China. To conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of ambient PAHs in rural China, a nationwide air sampling campaign was carried out in this study. The 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs in tree bark, which was employed as a passive air sampler, were analyzed. The summation of the 16 PAHs ranged from 11.7 to 12,860 ng/m3 in the air of rural China. The national median benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration was 18.4 ng/m3, with the range from 0.334 to 2497 ng/m3. The total inhalation carcinogenic risks of individual PAHs, with the exception for naphthalene, were very low (<1 × 10-6) at most of the sampling sites. The national median excess lifetime lung cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAHs was 20.3 × 10-6, corresponding to a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 3.38‰. Our estimations using tree bark were comparable to those reported in other studies and the uncertainties of the variables in the dataset were within the acceptable levels, demonstrating that tree bark is feasible for assessing the atmospheric PAH pollution and associated health risks. We feel that the outputs from this study can assist decision-makers focusing on protecting human health against exposure to atmospheric PAHs in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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50
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Lv J. Multivariate receptor models and robust geostatistics to estimate source apportionment of heavy metals in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:72-83. [PMID: 30321714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Absolute principal component score/multiple linear regression (APCS/MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were applied to a dataset consisting of 10 heavy metals in 300 surface soils samples. Robust geostatistics were used to delineate and compare the factors derived from these two receptor models. Both APCS/MLR and PMF afforded three similar source factors with comparable contributions, but APCS/MLR had some negative and unidentified contributions; thus, PMF, with its optimal non-negativity results, was adopted for source apportionment. Experimental variograms for each factor from two receptor models were built using classical Matheron's and three robust estimators. The best association of experimental variograms fitted to theoretical models differed between the corresponding APCS and PMF-factors. However, kriged interpolation indicated that the corresponding APCS and PMF-factor showed similar spatial variability. Based on PMF and robust geostatistics, three sources of 10 heavy metals in Guangrao were determined. As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, and partially Hg, Pb, Cd originated from natural source. The factor grouping these heavy metals showed consistent distribution with parent material map. 43.1% of Hg and 13.2% of Pb were related to atmosphere deposition of human inputs, with high values of their association patterns being located around urban areas. 29.6% concentration of Cd was associated with agricultural practice, and the hotspot coincided with the spatial distribution of vegetable-producing soils. Overall, natural source, atmosphere deposition of human emissions, and agricultural practices, explained 81.1%, 7.3%, and 11.6% of the total of 10 heavy metals concentrations, respectively. Receptor models coupled with robust geostatistics could successfully estimate the source apportionment of heavy metals in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Lv
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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