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Kondor AC, Vancsik AV, Bauer L, Szabó L, Szalai Z, Jakab G, Maász G, Pedrosa M, Sampaio MJ, Lado Ribeiro AR. Efficiency of the bank filtration for removing organic priority substances and contaminants of emerging concern: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122795. [PMID: 37918769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
With growing concerns regarding the ecological and human risks of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water, much effort has been devoted worldwide to establishing quality standards and compiling candidate and watch lists. Although bank filtration is recognized as an efficient natural water treatment in the removal of contaminants such as OMPs, the increase in exploitation requires continuous assessment of removal efficiency. This review aims to provide a critical overview of bank filtration (BF) reports on more than a hundred priority substances (PSs) and compounds of emerging concern (CECs) listed in the relevant European Union regulations. Field- and lab-scale studies analyzing the removal efficiency and its variance of individual OMPs and biological indicators using BF and the main influencing factors and their interactions, shortcomings, and future challenges are discussed in this review. The removal efficiency of EU-relevant contaminants by BF has been comprehensively investigated for only a few pollutants listed in the environmental EU regulations: pharmaceutically active compounds, (e.g., the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, some antibiotics (e.g., sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim)), a few pesticides (e.g., atrazine), and faecal indicators such as Escherichia coli. In many cases, the measured concentrations of PSs and CECs have not been published numerically, which hinders comprehensive statistical analysis. Although BF is one of the most cost-effective and efficient water treatments, present field and lab studies have demonstrated the diversity of site-specific factors affecting its efficiency. Even in the case of substances known to be removed by BF, the efficiency rates can vary with environmental and anthropogenic factors (e.g., hydrogeological parameters and the contamination level of infiltrating water) and abstraction well parameters (e.g., the depth, distance, and pumping volume). The published removal rate variations and influencing factors often reflect the research design (field or lab-scale), which can lead to ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Csaba Kondor
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary
| | - Anna Viktória Vancsik
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary
| | - László Bauer
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary
| | - Lili Szabó
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jakab
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Maász
- Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi Miklós utca 18, Nagykanizsa H-8800, Hungary
| | - Marta Pedrosa
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Sampaio
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Lado Ribeiro
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Zeeshan M, Ruhl AS. Fates of potentially persistent and mobile organic substances in embedded outdoor columns for artificial groundwater recharge simulation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120615. [PMID: 37713798 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile organic micropollutants (OMP) are ubiquitously found in the aquatic environment and have a high propensity to distribute in water resources and are difficult to remediate. Managed aquifer recharge systems such as artificial groundwater recharge, produce high-quality drinking water by removing numerous OMP from the source water. In this study, the fates of selected emerging and potentially persistent and mobile OMP were investigated in outdoor columns for artificial groundwater recharge simulation. Breakthrough curves of OMP were modeled to differentiate between sorption and bio-transformation. The study showed that selected OMP were persistent in the surface water and no photo-degradation was observed, except for diclofenac. The trends of dissolved organic carbon concentrations and UV light absorption at 254 nm wavelength suggest elevated biological activity in the first 0.3 m of the columns. The study revealed that the bio-transformation of cyanoguanidine, valsartan acid and diclofenac correlated with the biological activity in the sand columns. Benzyltrimethylammonium, n-(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)methacrylamide, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine, 1,3-diphenylguanidine and melamine were completely eliminated within the first 0.3 m, likely due to sorption. Less mobile compounds such as carbamazepine and adamantan-1-amine also showed sorption. Sorption was also observed for diclofenac, likely due to decreased pH along the column depth. Retardation factors of several OMP were higher in the first 0.3 m of the columns, likely due to higher organic carbon contents compared to the remaining depth. Six organic substances (for example 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate and dimethylbenzene sulfonate) were persistent and mobile throughout the experiment. Overall, this study reveals the vital role of pH and sand organic carbon for sorption and residence time and biological activity for OMP elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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Zhiteneva V, Mosher J, Gerba CP, Rauch-Williams T, Drewes JE. A new workflow for assigning removal credits to assess overall performance of managed aquifer recharge (MAR). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119836. [PMID: 36931188 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen removal in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems is dependent upon numerous operational, physicochemical water quality, and biological parameters. Due to the site-specific conditions affecting these parameters, guidelines for specifying pathogen removal have historically taken rather precautionary and conservative approaches in order to protect groundwater quality and public health. A literature review of regulated pathogens in MAR applications was conducted and compared to up-and-coming indicators and surrogates for pathogen assessment, all of which can be gathered into a toolbox from which regulators and operators alike can select appropriate pathogens for monitoring and optimization of MAR practices. Combined with improved knowledge of pathogen fate and transport obtained through lab- and pilot-scale studies and supported by modeling, this foundation can be used to select appropriate, site-specific pathogens for regarding a more efficient pathogen retention, ultimately protecting public health and reducing costs. This paper outlines a new 10 step-wise workflow for moving towards determining robust removal credits for pathogens based on risk management principles. This approach is tailored to local conditions while reducing overly conservative regulatory restrictions or insufficient safety contingencies. The workflow is intended to help enable the full potential of MAR as more planned water reuse systems are implemented in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zhiteneva
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH, Cicerostrasse 24, Berlin 10709, Germany.
| | - Jeff Mosher
- Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority, 11615 Sterling Ave, Riverside, CA 92503, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tanja Rauch-Williams
- Carollo Engineers, Inc., 390 Interlocken Crescent, Suite 800, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany
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Zeeshan M, Schumann P, Pabst S, Ruhl AS. Transformation of potentially persistent and mobile organic micropollutants in column experiments. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15822. [PMID: 37159681 PMCID: PMC10163653 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of potentially persistent and mobile (PM) organic micropollutants (OMP) in the aquatic environment is recognized as a severe threat to water resources and drinking water suppliers. The current study investigated long-term fate (persistency and bio-transformation) of several emerging contaminants in a simulated bank filtration (BF) for the first time. In parallel, four sand column systems were operated with groundwater and continuously spiked with an average concentration of 1 μg/L for 24 OMP. Each column system consisted of two sand columns connected in series. Presumably, biological activities in the first column were higher than in the second column, as dissolved oxygen utilization, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) reduction rates were high in the first column. This study revealed that 9 out of 24 OMP were persistent and mobile throughout the study under oxic conditions and within a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 days. However, 2 (out of 9) OMP were persistent but showed sorption behavior. 15 (out of 24) OMP displayed bio-transformation, 4 were eliminated entirely within 4.5 days of HRT. Others showed constant or improved degradation with the adaptation (or operation) time. Improved degradation with adaption was high in the bioactive sand columns. However, 8 OMP showed improved elimination at high HRT, even in low biologically active columns. In addition, no significant effect of the DOM on the eliminations of OMP was found except for 4-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine (HHTMP), 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid (MPSA) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The eliminations of HHTMP (Pearson's r > 0.80, p < 0.05), MPSA (Pearson's r > 0.70) and SMX (Pearson's r > 0.80) correlated with the removals of humic substances in the sand columns. Overall, adaptation time and HRT play a crucial role in the elimination of emerging OMP through BF, yet at the same time several OMP exhibit persistent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pia Schumann
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Pabst
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.1, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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Reid E, Igou T, Zhao Y, Crittenden J, Huang CH, Westerhoff P, Rittmann B, Drewes JE, Chen Y. The Minus Approach Can Redefine the Standard of Practice of Drinking Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7150-7161. [PMID: 37074125 PMCID: PMC10173460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfection for drinking water treatment (DWT) was one of the 20th century's great public health achievements, as it substantially reduced the risk of acute microbial waterborne disease. However, today's chlorinated drinking water is not unambiguously safe; trace levels of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and other known, unknown, and emerging contaminants (KUECs), present chronic risks that make them essential removal targets. Because conventional chemical-based DWT processes do little to remove DBPs or KUECs, alternative approaches are needed to minimize risks by removing DBP precursors and KUECs that are ubiquitous in water supplies. We present the "Minus Approach" as a toolbox of practices and technologies to mitigate KUECs and DBPs without compromising microbiological safety. The Minus Approach reduces problem-causing chemical addition treatment (i.e., the conventional "Plus Approach") by producing biologically stable water containing pathogens at levels having negligible human health risk and substantially lower concentrations of KUECs and DBPs. Aside from ozonation, the Minus Approach avoids primary chemical-based coagulants, disinfectants, and advanced oxidation processes. The Minus Approach focuses on bank filtration, biofiltration, adsorption, and membranes to biologically and physically remove DBP precursors, KUECs, and pathogens; consequently, water purveyors can use ultraviolet light at key locations in conjunction with smaller dosages of secondary chemical disinfectants to minimize microbial regrowth in distribution systems. We describe how the Minus Approach contrasts with the conventional Plus Approach, integrates with artificial intelligence, and can ultimately improve the sustainability performance of water treatment. Finally, we consider barriers to adoption of the Minus Approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Reid
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Thomas Igou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yangying Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Filter J, Ermisch T, Ruhl AS, Jekel M. Impacts of autochthonous particulate organic matter on redox-conditions and elimination of trace organic chemicals in managed aquifer recharge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:44121-44129. [PMID: 36689109 PMCID: PMC10076367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Autochthonous carbon fixation by algae and subsequent deposition of particulate organic matter can have significant effects on redox conditions and elimination of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) in managed aquifer recharge (MAR). This study investigated the impacts of different algae loadings (0-160 g/m2) and infiltration rates (0.06-0.37 m/d) on overall oxygen consumption and elimination of selected TOrCs (diclofenac, formylaminoantipyrine, gabapentin, and sulfamethoxazole) in adapted laboratory sand columns. An infiltration rate of 0.37 m/d in conjunction with an algae load of 80 g/m2 (dry weight) sustained oxic conditions in the sand bed and did not affect the degradation of TOrCs. Thus, the availability of easily degradable organic carbon from algae did not influence the removal of TOrCs at an influent concentration of 1 µg/L. In contrast, a lower infiltration rate of 0.20 m/d in combination with a higher algae loading of 160 g/m2 caused anoxic conditions for 30 days and significantly impeded the degradation of formylaminoantipyrine, gabapentin, sulfamethoxazole, and diclofenac. Especially the elimination of gabapentin did not fully recover within 130 days after pulsed algae deposition. Hence, measures like micro-sieving or nutrient control are required at bank filtration or soil aquifer treatment sites with low infiltration rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Filter
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Ermisch
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, KF4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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Kruisdijk E, Stuyfzand PJ, van Breukelen BM. Degradation of seven pesticides and two metabolites before and during aquifer storage transfer and recovery operation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 251:104094. [PMID: 36228506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of 7 common pesticides (bentazon, boscalid, chloridazon, fluopyram, flutolanil, imidacloprid, and methoxyfenozide) and 2 metabolites of chloridazon (desphenyl-chloridazon, and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon) was studied in an anoxic and brackish sandy aquifer before and during Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) operation. Fresh tile drainage water was injected and stored for later re-use as irrigation water. We hypothesized that electron acceptors (O2, NO3), dissolved organic carbon (∼24.7 mg/L), nutrients (NO3: ∼14.1 mg/L, NH4: ∼0.13 mg/L, PO4: ∼5.2 mg/L), and biodegrading bacteria in tile drainage water could stimulate degradation of the pesticides and metabolites (ranging between 0.013 and 10.8 μg/L) introduced in the aquifer. Pesticide degradation was studied at 6 depths in the aquifer using push-pull tests lasting ±18 days before the onset of ASTR operation. Degradation was too limited to quantify and/or could not be assessed because of the potential occurrence of pesticide retardation. Utilizing push-pull tests to obtain degradation constants should only be considered in future studies for non-retarding pesticides with relative low half-lives (here <20 days). During ASTR operation, pesticide degradation was studied at the same depths during 3 storage periods equally spread over 1.5 years of ASTR operation. Overall, trends of degradation were observed, although with relatively high half-lives of at least 53 days. Microbial adaptation of the aquifer and/or bioaugmentation by the injected biodegrading bacteria did not result in enhanced degradation during consecutive storage periods. Operational monitoring data over longer periods and distances yielded half-lives of at least 141 days. The slow degradation mostly agrees with previous studies. The injected tile drainage water composition did therefore not notably stimulate pesticide degradation. The relatively persistent behavior of the studied pesticides/metabolites implies that ASTR abstracted water will have generally high pesticide concentrations, and non-abstracted water may form a contamination risk for the surrounding native brackish groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Kruisdijk
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands; Acacia Water B.V., Van Hogendorpplein 4, 2805 BM Gouda, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J Stuyfzand
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands; Stuyfzand Hydroconsult+, 2042 BL Zandvoort, the Netherlands
| | - Boris M van Breukelen
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
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Zhao J, Fang S, Liu G, Qi W, Bai Y, Liu H, Qu J. Role of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in the removal of organic micropollutants during simulated riverbank filtration. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119250. [PMID: 36274354 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation plays an important role in the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) during riverbank filtration (RBF) for drinking water production. The ability of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) to remove OMPs has attracted increasing attention. However, the distribution of AOM in RBF and its role in the degradation of OMPs remains unknown. In this study, the behavior of 128 selected OMPs and the distribution of AOM and their roles in the degradation of OMPs in RBF were explored by column and batch experiments simulating the first meter of the riverbank. The results showed that the selected OMPs were effectively removed (82/128 OMPs, >70% removal) primarily by biodegradation and partly by adsorption. Inefficiently removed OMPs tended to have low molecular weights, low log P, and contain secondary amides, secondary sulfonamides, secondary ketimines, and benzyls. In terms of the microbial communities, the relative abundance of AOM increased from 0.1%-0.2% (inlet-sand) to 5.3%-5.9% (outlet-sand), which was dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea whose relative abundance increased from 23%-72% (inlet-sand) to 97% (outlet-sand). Comammox accounted for 23%-64% in the inlet-sand and 1% in the outlet-sand. The abundances of AOM amoA genes kept stable in the inlet-sand of control columns, while decreased by 78% in the treatment columns, suggesting the inhibition effect of allylthiourea (ATU) on AOM. It is observed that AOM played an important role in the degradation of OMPs, where its inhibition led to the corresponding inhibition of 32 OMPs (5/32 were completely suppressed). In particular, OMPs with low molecular weights and containing primary amides, secondary amides, benzyls, and secondary sulfonamides were more likely to be removed by AOM. This study reveals the vital role of AOM in the removal of OMPs, deepens our understanding of the degradation of OMPs in RBF, and offers valuable insights into the physiochemical properties of OMPs and their AOM co-metabolic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shangbiao Fang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhao J, Fang S, Qi W, Liu H, Qu J. Do NH 4+-N and AOB affect atenolol removal during simulated riverbank filtration? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134653. [PMID: 35447203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is regarding as the most important organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) removal mechanism during riverbank filtration (RBF), but the OMPs co-metabolism mechanism and the role of NH4+-N during this process are not well understood. Here, we selected atenolol as a typical OMP to explore the effect of NH4+-N concentration on atenolol removal and the role of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in atenolol biodegradation. The results showed that RBF is an effective barrier for atenolol mainly by biodegradation and adsorption. The ratio of biodegradation and adsorption to atenolol removal was dependent on atenolol concentration. Specifically, atenolol with low concentration (500 ng/L) is almost completely removed by adsorption, while atenolol with higher concentration (100 μg/L) is removed by biodegradation (51.7%) and adsorption (30.8%). Long-term difference in influent NH4+-N concentrations did not show significant impact on atenolol (500 ng/L) removal, which was mainly dominated by adsorption. Besides, AOB enhanced the removal of atenolol (100 μg/L) as biodegradation played a more crucial role in removing atenolol under this concentration. Both AOB and heterotrophic bacteria can degrade atenolol during RBF, but the degree of AOB's contribution may be related to the concentration of atenolol exposure. The main reactions occurred during atenolol biodegradation possibly includes primary amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation and secondary amine depropylation. About 90% of the bio-transformed atenolol was produced as atenolol acid. AOB could transform atenolol to atenolol acid by inducing primary amide hydrolysis but failed to degrade atenolol acid further under the conditions of this paper. This study provides novel insights regarding the roles played by AOB in OMPs biotransformation during RBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shangbiao Fang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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10
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Ma Y, Modrzynski JJ, Yang Y, Aamand J, Zheng Y. Redox-dependent biotransformation of sulfonamide antibiotics exceeds sorption and mineralization: Evidence from incubation of sediments from a reclaimed water-affected river. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117616. [PMID: 34583203 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trace levels of sulfonamide antibiotics are ubiquitous in reclaimed water, yet environmental pathways to completely remove those chemicals are not well understood when such water is used to restore flows in dried rivers. This study investigated sulfonamide sorption-desorption, biodegradation, and mineralization processes with seven sediments from a reclaimed water-dominant river. Batch experiments were conducted under oxic and anoxic (nitrate-reducing) conditions, and each removal process of sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was evaluated individually at environmentally relevant concentrations (≤ 10 μg/L). Over 28 days, 44 ± 32% of sulfonamides were biodegraded, while the full mineralization to carbon dioxide was < 1%. Around 5% of sulfonamides were removed via sediment sorption, with a positive correlation with sediment organic contents. Detailed investigation of SMX biodegradation revealed that although its transformation appeared to be faster in anoxic than oxic tests by day 2, it reversed over 28 days with a longer apparent half-life in anoxic tests (69 ± 25 days) than that in oxic tests (12 ± 11 days). This is attributed to the formation of reversible metabolites at denitrifying conditions, such as DesAmino-SMX of which the production was affected by nitrite concentrations. Despite measurements of three frequently reported metabolites, > 70% biotransformation products remained unknown in this study. The findings highlight the persistency of sulfonamides and their derivatives, with research needed to further elucidate degradation mechanisms and to perform risk assessment of reclaimed water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jakub J Modrzynski
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuxia Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jens Aamand
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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11
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Ahn JY, Hwang I, Park N, Park SH. Laboratory and field study on changes in water quality and increase in dissolved iron during riverbank filtration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50142-50152. [PMID: 33950421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the water quality by the riverbank filtration (RBF) process were investigated in the field-scale demonstration sites. The overall water quality was improved by RBF, but Fe2+ concentration significantly increased in the riverbank-filtered water more than in the river water. This result would be caused by the interaction between the iron minerals and the river water in the aquifer and the influx of the hinterland groundwater into RBF wells. Dissolution properties of iron from the aquifer soils cored at the sites were evaluated through incubation experiment considering various values of redox potential (Eh), dissolved oxygen (DO), and hydrogen-ion concentration exponent (pH). These results presented that at the incubator with the final Eh of 470 mV, DO of 3.4, and pH of 4.53, the iron from the aquifer soil was most dissolved, and the pyrite and siderite contents in the aquifer soil decreased significantly from 11.5 to 6.22% and from 50.8 to 24.5%, respectively. Based on changes of ion concentrations (such as Fe2+, Fe3+, SO42- and NO3-) and iron species in the incubators, it was believed that pyrite and siderite minerals in the aquifer soils cause an increase in the Fe2+ concentration with the absence of DO and an increase in the Fe2+ and Fe3+ concentrations with the presence of DO. The dissolution rates of iron minerals into Fe2+ and Fe3+ were dependent on Eh, pH, and DO and were more sensitive to Eh and pH than DO. The results of this study can provide information on RBF site selection and its operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Ahn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseong Hwang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Namsik Park
- Department of Civil Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Park
- Department of Civil Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Broecker T, Sobhi Gollo V, Fox A, Lewandowski J, Nützmann G, Arnon S, Hinkelmann R. High-Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction. GROUND WATER 2021; 59:488-502. [PMID: 33368208 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment-water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier-Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in- and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high-resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Broecker
- Chair of Water Resources Management and Modeling of Hydrosystems, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vahid Sobhi Gollo
- Chair of Water Resources Management and Modeling of Hydrosystems, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aryeh Fox
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Jörg Lewandowski
- Ecohydrology Department, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Nützmann
- Ecohydrology Department, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shai Arnon
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Reinhard Hinkelmann
- Chair of Water Resources Management and Modeling of Hydrosystems, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Covatti G, Grischek T. Sources and behavior of ammonium during riverbank filtration. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 191:116788. [PMID: 33422978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is an undesirable substance in the abstracted water of riverbank filtration (RBF) schemes, due mainly to the complications it causes during post-treatment. Based on the investigation of case studies from 40 sites around the world, an overview of the sources and behavior of ammonium during RBF is given. Typical concentrations of ammonium in the bank filtrate (BF) are between 0.1 and 1.7 mg/l. The most common source of ammonium in BF is the mineralization of organic nitrogen occurring in the riverbed, while the most common sink of ammonium is nitrification in the riverbed. Ammonium surface water concentrations do not directly translate to abstracted concentrations. Transformations in the riverbed play a critical role in determining ammonium concentrations, whereby riverbeds with high amounts of organic material will have more electron donor competitors for oxygen, thus limiting ammonium attenuation via nitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Covatti
- Dresden University of Applied Sciences, Friedrich-List-Platz 1, 01069Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas Grischek
- Dresden University of Applied Sciences, Friedrich-List-Platz 1, 01069Dresden, Germany
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14
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Di Marcantonio C, Bertelkamp C, van Bel N, Pronk TE, Timmers PHA, van der Wielen P, Brunner AM. Organic micropollutant removal in full-scale rapid sand filters used for drinking water treatment in The Netherlands and Belgium. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127630. [PMID: 32758778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatment processes have the potential to remove organic micropollutants (OMPs) during water treatment. The OMP removal capacity of conventional drinking water treatment processes such as rapid sand filters (RSFs), however, has not been studied in detail. We investigated OMP removal and transformation product (TP) formation in seven full-scale RSFs all treating surface water, using high-resolution mass spectrometry based quantitative suspect and non-target screening (NTS). Additionally, we studied the microbial communities with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (NGS) in both influent and effluent waters as well as the filter medium, and integrated these data to comprehensively assess the processes that affect OMP removal. In the RSF influent, 9 to 30 of the 127 target OMPs were detected. The removal efficiencies ranged from 0 to 93%. A data-driven workflow was established to monitor TPs, based on the combination of NTS feature intensity profiles between influent and effluent samples and the prediction of biotic TPs. The workflow identified 10 TPs, including molecular structure. Microbial community composition analysis showed similar community composition in the influent and effluent of most RSFs, but different from the filter medium, implying that specific microorganisms proliferate in the RSFs. Some of these are able to perform typical processes in water treatment such as nitrification and iron oxidation. However, there was no clear relationship between OMP removal efficiency and microbial community composition. The innovative combination of quantitative analyses, NTS and NGS allowed to characterize real scale biological water treatments, emphasizing the potential of bio-stimulation applications in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Di Marcantonio
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Cheryl Bertelkamp
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Bel
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa E Pronk
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Peer H A Timmers
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Wielen
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Brunner
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
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15
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Calvo OC, Quaglia G, Mohiley A, Cesarini M, Fangmeier A. Assessing potential aquatic toxicity of airport runoff using physicochemical parameters and Lemna gibba and Aliivibrio fischeri bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40604-40617. [PMID: 32671701 PMCID: PMC8275521 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A critical problem derived from airport operations is the environmental impact of runoff water. Airport runoff includes a complex mixture of pollutants, e.g., from deicing agents, that may affect negatively natural water bodies. This study assesses the spatial and temporal aquatic ecotoxicity of runoff water and possible aeroplane drift in a German airport. Over winter 2012-2013, from November to May, water samples were collected within the airport and surrounding area. These samples were analyzed using traditional physicochemical analysis and biotests with two aquatic organisms from different trophic levels, Lemna gibba and Aliivibrio fischeri. Overall, the samples examined in this study were relatively non-toxic to the tested organisms. The physicochemical parameters were mainly influenced by the sampling period being higher in colder months. In contrast, the ecotoxicity was influenced by the sampling site. For sites within the airport, a high correlation between the physicochemical parameters (EC and TOC) and toxicity in L. gibba was found. These correlations were not evident in samples taken outside the airport or when A. fischeri was used as a bioindicator. However, a pronounced seasonality has been observed, linked to the coldest months with average inhibition values of 50% in L. gibba and 25% in A. fischeri, particularly in January. Both biotests yielded differing results; therefore, more biotests should be included. However, L. gibba showed a good response with this type of water samples to be included in future studies together with detailed chemical analysis. The present study provides data to assess the potential ecotoxicological effects of airport runoff affected by winter operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Calvo
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann- Str. 3, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Gisela Quaglia
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann- Str. 3, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anubhav Mohiley
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann- Str. 3, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Cesarini
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann- Str. 3, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Fangmeier
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann- Str. 3, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Karakurt-Fischer S, Bein E, Drewes JE, Hübner U. Characterizing a novel in-situ oxygen delivery device for establishing controlled redox zonation within a high infiltration rate sequential biofilter. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:116039. [PMID: 32622133 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By applying favorable oxic and oligotrophic conditions through subsequent aeration and an additional infiltration step, the sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART) was proven to better remove trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) than conventional MAR systems. To minimize the physical footprint, pumping costs and hydraulic retention times, as well as to overcome limitations of site-specific heterogeneities of such systems, the SMART concept was further upgraded by two main engineered technologies. This SMARTplus bioreactor is comprised of an infiltration trench and highly homogenous porous media to provide high infiltration rates and plug-flow conditions. Additionally, an in-situ oxygen delivery device, in particular a self-designed PDMS gas-liquid membrane contactor, was designed to establish favorable subsurface oxic conditions. This novel SMARTplus technology was investigated at pilot scale and is designed for advanced water treatment either in the context of water reuse or treatment of impaired surface water. To determine the design specifications and to construct a pilot-scale membrane contactor, the mass transfer coefficients of the PDMS membrane were investigated at lab-scale for varying Reynold numbers (0.2-2). With the help of the customized membrane contactor, homogenous, bubble-free and passive oxygen delivery could be successfully demonstrated at pilot-scale under laminar flow conditions and short contact times. Oxygen concentrations downstream of the membrane contactors met the design specifications (>1 mg/L) as long as the required feed water quality was provided. However, high NH4+ concentrations in the secondary effluent resulted in higher and unsteady oxygen demand than the target oxygen transfer rates could meet and suboxic conditions prevailed. Although a 20-50% enhancement in the removal of certain compounds (4-FAA, antipyrine, sulfamethoxazole, and citalopram) was achieved, demonstration of the full potential of enhanced TOrC removal by SMARTplus was hindered due to unsteady feed water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emil Bein
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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17
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Karakurt-Fischer S, Sanz-Prat A, Greskowiak J, Ergh M, Gerdes H, Massmann G, Ederer J, Regnery J, Hübner U, Drewes JE. Developing a novel biofiltration treatment system by coupling high-rate infiltration trench technology with a plug-flow porous-media bioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137890. [PMID: 32208260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of two infiltration steps combined with an intermediate aeration named 'sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART)' proved to be a promising approach to replenish groundwater using treated wastewater effluents or impaired surface waters due to efficient inactivation of pathogens and improved removal of many trace organic chemicals. To minimize the physical footprint of such systems and overcome limitations through site-specific heterogeneity at conventional MAR sites, an engineered approach was taken to further advance the SMART concept. This study investigated the establishment of plug-flow conditions in a pilot scale subsurface bioreactor by providing highly controlled hydraulic conditions. Such a system, with a substantially reduced physical footprint in comparison to conventional MAR systems, could be applied independent of local hydrogeological conditions. The desired redox conditions in the bioreactor are achieved by in-situ oxygen delivery, to maintain the homogenous flow conditions and eliminate typical pumping costs. For the time being, this study investigated hydraulic conditions and the initial performance regarding the removal of chemical constituents during baseline operation of the SMARTplus bioreactor. The fit of the observed and simulated breakthrough curves from the pulse injection tracer test indicated successful establishment of plug-flow conditions throughout the bioreactor. The performance data obtained during baseline operation confirmed similar trace organic chemical biotransformation as previously observed in lab- and field-scale MAR systems during travel times of <13 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Sanz-Prat
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Working Group Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Janek Greskowiak
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Working Group Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gudrun Massmann
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Working Group Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ederer
- Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Julia Regnery
- Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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18
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Zhu Y, Zhai Y, Teng Y, Wang G, Du Q, Wang J, Yang G. Water supply safety of riverbank filtration wells under the impact of surface water-groundwater interaction: Evidence from long-term field pumping tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135141. [PMID: 31822401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water supply safety of riverbank filtration wells (RBFWs) have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years as their role in water supply is increasingly valued. In this study, this issue was revealed from the perspective of water level, quality and supply capacity of RBFWs based on an interference-pumping test with three pumping wells near the Songhua River in Northeast China followed by a recovery test. The results showed that a stable cone of depression of groundwater level in the riverbank filtration (RBF) formed after pumping for about five days with the maximum drawdown of the groundwater level of 10.42 m. The corresponding water capacity of the well group maintained 2.78 × 104 m3/d from then until the end of the test, 60% of which were captured directly from the river. The groundwater level could return to the level before the pumping test after the pumping test stopped for one day. The RBF could provide turbidity, trace organic substances and major cations and anions (except for Ca2+ and Mg2+) pre-treatment of the river water with the removal rates of 29%-95% for some water quality indicators. However, limited improvement of water quality was observed with respect to some inorganic contaminants (Fe, Mn and NH4+-N) because the background concentrations of them in the groundwater were higher than in the river water. When compared with the impact on water level and supply capacity, the impact of the surface water-groundwater interaction on the mechanisms of water quality evolution was more complicated. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that RBFWs can ensure a sustainable water supply of stable quality, which can also simplify the post-treatment processes of waterworks and reduce costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education of China, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education of China, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education of China, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education of China, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qingqing Du
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education of China, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education of China, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Harbin Water Supply Group Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150080, China
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19
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Thyroid-Disrupting Activities of Groundwater from a Riverbank Filtration System in Wuchang City, China: Seasonal Distribution and Human Health Risk Assessment. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2437082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene yeast assay was used to evaluate thyroid disruption caused by groundwater from the riverbank filtration (RBF) system in Wuchang City, China. To investigate seasonal fluctuations, groundwater was collected during three seasons. Although no TR agonistic activity was found, many water samples exhibited TR antagonistic activity. The bioassay-derived amiodarone hydrochloride (AH) equivalents ranged from 2.99 to 274.40 μg/L. Water samples collected from the riverbank filtration system during the dry season had higher TR antagonistic activity. All samples presented adverse 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) equivalent levels, ranging from −2.00 to −2.12 μg/kg. Following exposure to water samples with substantial TR antagonist activity, predicted hormonal changes in humans of different gender and age ranged from 0.65 to 1.48 μg/kg of T3, being 47% to 231% of normal. No obvious difference was found between genders or among age groups. Overall, the results revealed that the RBF system could remove the thyroid-disrupting chemicals in the river water to some extent. Considering the varying degrees of risk to human health, further treatment is needed to remove the potential thyroid-disrupting chemicals in pumping water after riverbank filtration to ensure drinking water safety.
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Abstract
Rivers are important ecosystems under continuous anthropogenic stresses. The hyporheic zone is a ubiquitous, reactive interface between the main channel and its surrounding sediments along the river network. We elaborate on the main physical, biological, and biogeochemical drivers and processes within the hyporheic zone that have been studied by multiple scientific disciplines for almost half a century. These previous efforts have shown that the hyporheic zone is a modulator for most metabolic stream processes and serves as a refuge and habitat for a diverse range of aquatic organisms. It also exerts a major control on river water quality by increasing the contact time with reactive environments, which in turn results in retention and transformation of nutrients, trace organic compounds, fine suspended particles, and microplastics, among others. The paper showcases the critical importance of hyporheic zones, both from a scientific and an applied perspective, and their role in ecosystem services to answer the question of the manuscript title. It identifies major research gaps in our understanding of hyporheic processes. In conclusion, we highlight the potential of hyporheic restoration to efficiently manage and reactivate ecosystem functions and services in river corridors.
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van Driezum IH, Derx J, Oudega TJ, Zessner M, Naus FL, Saracevic E, Kirschner AKT, Sommer R, Farnleitner AH, Blaschke AP. Spatiotemporal resolved sampling for the interpretation of micropollutant removal during riverbank filtration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:212-223. [PMID: 30173030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Riverbank filtration (RBF) systems along rivers are widely used as public water supplies. In these systems, many organic micropollutants (OMPs) are attenuated, but some compounds have shown to be rather persistent. Their fate and transport has been studied in RBF sites along lakes and small rivers, but not extensively along large and dynamic rivers. Therefore, the influence of flood events on OMP behavior in these large and dynamic RBF sites was investigated. Monthly samples were taken from surface- and groundwater up to a distance of 900 m from the riverbank of the Danube from March 2014 till May 2016. Two flood events were sampled more extensively nearby the river. Results showed that changes in flow conditions in the river not only caused changes in OMP concentrations, but also in their load. It was seen that the load of benzotriazole, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole in the river increased with increasing river discharges. After a relatively long, oxic groundwater passage, several OMPs were reduced. In contrast to previous work, we found that benzotriazole was almost fully removed under oxic conditions. When entering the aquifer, benzotriazole concentrations were significantly reduced and at a distance of 550 m from the river, >97% was degraded. Carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole showed relatively persistent behavior in the aquifer. The concentrations measured during flood events were in the same range as seasonal sampling. Furthermore concentrations in the groundwater were higher during these events than in the Danube and can reach further into the aquifer. During flood events some highly degradable compounds (i.e. diclofenac) were found up to a distance of 24 m from the river. These results implied that drinking water utilities with RBF wells in oxic, alluvial aquifers located close to highly dynamic rivers need to consider a potential reduction in groundwater quality during and directly after flood events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge H van Driezum
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas J Oudega
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Technische Universität Wien, E226/1, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Floris L Naus
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Technische Universität Wien, E226/1, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department for Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Department for Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria; Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering 166/5/r3, Technische Universität Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Paul Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Hellauer K, Martínez Mayerlen S, Drewes JE, Hübner U. Biotransformation of trace organic chemicals in the presence of highly refractory dissolved organic carbon. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:33-39. [PMID: 30308387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the transformation of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems is favored under carbon-limited and oxic redox conditions especially, if the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) serving as primary substrate has a refractory character. Since co-metabolism is suggested to be the dominant removal mechanism, it is hypothesized that TOrCs transformation is controlled by the concentration of the refractory carbon under oxic redox conditions. A laboratory-scale soil column experiment mimicking MAR was established to investigate the influence of two different concentrations of highly refractory carbon sources on TOrCs transformation, namely drinking water (DW) and drinking water augmented with humic acid (DW + HA). Oxic redox conditions and carbon-limitation were present in both systems (ΔDOCDW+HA ≈ 0.6-0.7 mg/L; ΔDOCDW ≈ 0.1 mg/L). Of the 12 TOrCs investigated seven exhibited moderate to efficient transformation in both systems with only one compound (diclofenac) showing significantly enhanced (co-metabolic) biotransformation by adding humic acids as primary growth substrate. It is postulated that transformation of some TOrCs is characterized by metabolic degradation under starving conditions (ΔDOC ≤ 0.1 mg/L). By comparing the transformation efficiency of selected TOrCs with previous studies operated under carbon-limited and oxic conditions, an inconsistent behavior of some compounds was observed. These results demonstrate that key factors triggering the transformation of TOrCs are still poorly understood and thus, further investigations regarding the biodegradation pathways of TOrCs, upregulation of key enzymes by the microbial community but also more detailed analysis of the composition of the biodegradable DOC are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hellauer
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Sara Martínez Mayerlen
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Hollender J, Rothardt J, Radny D, Loos M, Epting J, Huggenberger P, Borer P, Singer H. Comprehensive micropollutant screening using LC-HRMS/MS at three riverbank filtration sites to assess natural attenuation and potential implications for human health. WATER RESEARCH X 2018; 1:100007. [PMID: 31194029 PMCID: PMC6549901 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2018.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Riverbank filtration (RBF) is used worldwide to produce high quality drinking water. With river water often contaminated by micropollutants (MPs) from various sources, this study addresses the occurrence and fate of such MPs at three different RBF sites with oxic alluvial sediments and short travel times to the drinking water well down to hours. A broad range of MPs with various physico-chemical properties were analysed with detection limits in the low ng L-1 range using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. Out of the 526 MPs targeted, a total of 123 different MPs were detected above the limit of quantification at the three different RBF sites. Of the 75-96 MPs detected in each river, 43-59% were attenuated during RBF. The remaining total concentrations of the MPs in the raw drinking water accounted to 0.6-1.6 μgL-1 with only a few compounds exceeding 0.1 μgL-1, an often used threshold value. The attenuation was most pronounced in the first meters of infiltration with a full elimination of 17 compounds at all three sites. However, a mixing with groundwater related to regional groundwater flow complicated the characterisation of natural attenuation potentials along the transects. Additional non-target screening at one site revealed similar trends for further non-target components. Overall, a risk assessment of the target and estimated non-target compound concentrations finally indicated during the sampling period no health risk of the drinking water according to current guidelines. Our results demonstrate that monitoring of contamination sources within a catchment and the affected water quality remains important in such vulnerable systems with partially short residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Universitätstrasse 16, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Rothardt
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Radny
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Loos
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jannis Epting
- Applied and Environmental Geology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Huggenberger
- Applied and Environmental Geology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Borer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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The Impact of River Discharge and Water Temperature on Manganese Release from the Riverbed during Riverbank Filtration: A Case Study from Dresden, Germany. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The climate-related variables, river discharge, and water temperature, are the main factors controlling the quality of the bank filtrate by affecting infiltration rates, travel times, and redox conditions. The impact of temperature and discharge on manganese release from a riverbed were assessed by water quality data from a monitoring transect at a riverbank filtration site in Dresden-Tolkewitz. Column experiments with riverbed material were used to assess the Mn release for four temperature and three discharge conditions, represented by varying infiltration rates. The observed Mn release was modeled as kinetic reactions via Monod-type rate formulations in PHREEQC. The temperature had a bigger impact than the infiltration rates on the Mn release. Infiltration rates of <0.3 m3/(m2·d) required temperatures >20 °C to trigger the Mn release. With increasing temperatures, the infiltration rates became less important. The modeled consumption rates of dissolved oxygen are in agreement with results from other bank filtration sites and are potentially suited for the further application of the given conditions. The determined Mn reduction rate constants were appropriate to simulate Mn release from the riverbed sediments but seemed not to be suited for simulations in which Mn reduction is likely to occur within the aquifer. Sequential extractions revealed a decrease of easily reducible Mn up to 25%, which was found to reflect the natural stratification within the riverbed, rather than a depletion of the Mn reservoir.
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25
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Nitrogen and Organics Removal during Riverbank Filtration along a Reclaimed Water Restored River in Beijing, China. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mohd Zainudin F, Abu Hasan H, Sheikh Abdullah SR. An overview of the technology used to remove trihalomethane (THM), trihalomethane precursors, and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) from water and wastewater. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Müller J, Drewes JE, Hübner U. Sequential biofiltration - A novel approach for enhanced biological removal of trace organic chemicals from wastewater treatment plant effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 127:127-138. [PMID: 29035766 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed the benefits of oligotrophic and oxic conditions for the biological removal of many trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) during soil-aquifer treatment. These findings indicate an unused tuning potential that might also be applicable in engineered biofiltration systems with drastically reduced hydraulic retention times for an enhanced mitigation of TOrCs during wastewater treatment. This study introduces the novel approach of sequential biofiltration (SBF) for the advanced treatment of secondary effluent using two granular media filters operated in series with an intermediate aeration step aiming for oxic and oligotrophic conditions in the second filter stage. Results from the experiments conducted at pilot-scale confirm a reduced substrate availability and predominantly oxic conditions in the second filter stage of the SBF setup. An increased removal of several TOrCs was observed in an SBF system as compared to a conventional single-stage biofiltration unit operated at the same overall empty bed contact time (EBCT). Short-term tests with varying EBCTs in the first filter stage revealed a high degree of system robustness of TOrC mitigation when confronted with sudden hydraulic load variations. Higher removal of several TOrCs at increased EBCTs in the second filter stage indicates that EBCT might play a crucial role for the degradation of certain compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Müller
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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28
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Schmidt N, Page D, Tiehm A. Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors with oxygen, nitrate, manganese (IV), iron (III) and sulfate as electron acceptors. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2017; 203:62-69. [PMID: 28693900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds was examined in long term batch experiments for a period of two and a half years to obtain more insight into the effects of redox conditions. A mix including lipid lowering agents (e.g. clofibric acid, gemfibrozil), analgesics (e.g. diclofenac, naproxen), beta blockers (e.g. atenolol, propranolol), X-ray contrast media (e.g. diatrizoic acid, iomeprol) as well as the antiepileptic carbamazepine and endocrine disruptors (e.g. bisphenol A, 17α-ethinylestradiol) was analyzed in batch tests in the presence of oxygen, nitrate, manganese (IV), iron (III), and sulfate. Out of the 23 selected substances, 14 showed a degradation of >50% of their initial concentrations under aerobic conditions. The beta blockers propranolol and atenolol and the analgesics pentoxifylline and naproxen showed a removal of >50% under anaerobic conditions. In particular naproxen proved to be degradable with oxygen and under most anaerobic conditions, i.e. with manganese (IV), iron (III), or sulfate. The natural estrogens estriol, estrone and 17β-estradiol showed complete biodegradation under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions, with a temporary increase of estrone during transformation of estriol and 17β-estradiol. Transformation of 17β-estradiol under Fe(III)-reducing conditions resulted in an increase of estriol as well. Concentrations of clofibric acid, carbamazepine, iopamidol and diatrizoic acid, known for their recalcitrance in the environment, remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schmidt
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Declan Page
- CSIRO Land and Water - Waite Campus, Waite Road - Gate 4, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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29
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Visible light photocatalytic removal performance and mechanism of diclofenac degradation by Ag 3 PO 4 sub-microcrystals through response surface methodology. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Muntau M, Schulz M, Jewell KS, Hermes N, Hübner U, Ternes T, Drewes JE. Evaluation of the short-term fate and transport of chemicals of emerging concern during soil-aquifer treatment using select transformation products as intrinsic redox-sensitive tracers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:10-18. [PMID: 28095993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, known products from oxic transformation of the X-ray contrast medium iopromide were introduced for the first time as intrinsic tracer for in situ characterization of the transition zone between oxic and suboxic conditions during the initial phase of soil-aquifer treatment (SAT). Two wet-dry cycles of a full-scale infiltration basin were monitored to characterize hydraulic retention times, redox conditions, removal of bulk organic parameters and the fate of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). Tracer tests at the site showed an average hydraulic retention time of <20h before collection in drainage pipes located approximately 1.5m below surface. Dissolved oxygen at different depth rapidly depleted and only increased towards the end of the flooding event. Transformation of iopromide and all known intermediates to persistent transformation products (TPs) usually occurring during oxic biodegradation was very limited in samples from suction cups immediately underneath the basin. But transformation was complete in samples collected from the drainage outlet indicating that dissolved oxygen had been introduced to the system before sample collection in the combined drainage outlet. Similar to iopromide and its TPs, removal of several CECs (diclofenac, bezafibrate, mecoprop, TCEP) was inefficient after 90cm infiltration (<35%) but significantly enhanced in the combined drainage outlet (>80%). These results highlight that the analysis of iopromide along with its intermediates and persistent TPs can serve as a promising probing tool to determine overall efficiency of CEC biodegradation and to identify potential in situ oxygen limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Muntau
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Nina Hermes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Advancing Sequential Managed Aquifer Recharge Technology (SMART) Using Different Intermediate Oxidation Processes. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems are an efficient barrier for many contaminants. The biotransformation of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) strongly depends on the redox conditions as well as on the dissolved organic carbon availability. Oxic and oligotrophic conditions are favored for enhanced TOrCs removal which is obtained by combining two filtration systems with an intermediate aeration step. In this study, four parallel laboratory-scale soil column experiments using different intermittent aeration techniques were selected to further optimize TOrCs transformation during MAR: no aeration, aeration with air, pure oxygen and ozone. Rapid oxygen consumption, nitrate reduction and dissolution of manganese confirmed anoxic conditions within the first filtration step, mimicking traditional bank filtration. Aeration with air led to suboxic conditions, whereas oxidation by pure oxygen and ozone led to fully oxic conditions throughout the second system. The sequential system resulted in an equal or better transformation of most TOrCs compared to the single step bank filtration system. Despite the fast oxygen consumption, acesulfame, iopromide, iomeprol and valsartan were degraded within the first infiltration step. The compounds benzotriazole, diclofenac, 4-Formylaminoantipyrine, gabapentin, metoprolol, valsartan acid and venlafaxine revealed a significantly enhanced removal in the systems with intermittent oxidation compared to the conventional treatment without aeration. Further improvement of benzotriazole and gabapentin removal by using pure oxygen confirmed potential oxygen limitation in the second column after aeration with air. Ozonation resulted in an enhanced removal of persistent compounds (i.e., carbamazepine, candesartan, olmesartan) and further increased the attenuation of gabapentin, methylbenzotriazole, benzotriazole, and venlafaxine. Diatrizoic acid revealed little degradation in an ozone–MAR hybrid system.
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Linking Trace Organic Chemical Attenuation to Microbiome Metabolic Capabilities: Insights from Laboratory- and Full-Scale Managed Aquifer Recharge Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1241.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Merel S, Snyder SA. Critical assessment of the ubiquitous occurrence and fate of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:98-117. [PMID: 27639850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The insect repellent diethyltoluamide (DEET) is among the most frequently detected organic chemical contaminants in water across a wide range of geographies from around the world. These observations are raising critical questions and increasing concerns regarding potential environmental relevance, particularly when the emergence of severe neurological conditions attributed to the Zika virus has increased the use of insect repellents. After dermal application, DEET is washed from the skin when bathing and enters the municipal sewer system before discharge into the environment. Mainly measured by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS), more than 200 peer-reviewed publications have already reported concentrations of DEET ranging ng/L to mg/L in several water matrices from North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and more recently Africa and South America. While conventional wastewater treatment technology has limited capacity of removal, advanced technologies are capable of better attenuation and could lower the environmental discharge of organic contaminants, including DEET. For instance, adsorption on activated carbon, desalinating membrane processes (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis), ozonation, and advanced oxidation processes can achieve 50% to essentially 100% DEET attenuation. Despite the abundant literature on the topic, the ubiquity of DEET in the environment still raises questions due to the apparent lack of obvious spatio-temporal trends in concentrations measured in surface water, which does not fit the expected usage pattern of insect repellents. Moreover, two recent studies showed discrepancies between the concentrations obtained by GC-MS and LC-MS analyses. While the occurrence of DEET in the environment is well established, the concentrations reported should be interpreted cautiously, considering the disparities in methodologies applied and occurrence patterns observed. Therefore, this manuscript provides a critical overview of the origin of DEET in the environment, the relevant analytical methods, the occurrence reported in peer-reviewed literature, and the attenuation efficacy of water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA; Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 12 Hölderlinstraße, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
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Regnery J, Wing AD, Kautz J, Drewes JE. Introducing sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART) - From laboratory to full-scale application. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:8-16. [PMID: 27037769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous lab-scale studies demonstrated that stimulating the indigenous soil microbial community of groundwater recharge systems by manipulating the availability of biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) and establishing sequential redox conditions in the subsurface resulted in enhanced removal of compounds with redox-dependent removal behavior such as trace organic chemicals. The aim of this study is to advance this concept from laboratory to full-scale application by introducing sequential managed aquifer recharge technology (SMART). To validate the concept of SMART, a full-scale managed aquifer recharge (MAR) facility in Colorado was studied for three years that featured the proposed sequential configuration: A short riverbank filtration passage followed by subsequent re-aeration and artificial recharge and recovery. Our findings demonstrate that sequential subsurface treatment zones characterized by carbon-rich (>3 mg/L BDOC) to carbon-depleted (≤1 mg/L BDOC) and predominant oxic redox conditions can be established at full-scale MAR facilities adopting the SMART concept. The sequential configuration resulted in substantially improved trace organic chemical removal (i.e. higher biodegradation rate coefficients) for moderately biodegradable compounds compared to conventional MAR systems with extended travel times in an anoxic aquifer. Furthermore, sorption batch experiments with clay materials dispersed in the subsurface implied that sorptive processes might also play a role in the attenuation and retardation of chlorinated flame retardants during MAR. Hence, understanding key factors controlling trace organic chemical removal performance during SMART allows for systems to be engineered for optimal efficiency, resulting in improved removal of constituents at shorter subsurface travel times and a potentially reduced physical footprint of MAR installations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Regnery
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
| | - Alexandre D Wing
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; SLR International Corporation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Jessica Kautz
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Infiltrator Systems, Old Saybrook, CT, USA
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Chair of Urban Water Systems, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.
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Elsner M, Imfeld G. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of micropollutants in the environment - current developments and future challenges. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:60-72. [PMID: 27340797 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the occurrence of micropollutants in the environment has become a worldwide issue of increasing concern. Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) of natural isotopic abundance may greatly enhance the evaluation of sources and transformation processes of micropollutants, such as pesticides, personal care products or pharmaceuticals. We summarize recent advances from laboratory studies, review current limitations and analytical challenges associated with low concentrations and high polarity of micropollutants, and delineate the potential of micropolluant CSIA for field applications. We highlight future challenges and prospects regarding source apportionment, identification of biotic and abiotic transformation reactions on a mechanistic level, as well as integrative evaluation of degradation hot spots on the catchment scale. Such advances may feed into a framework for risk assessment of micropollutants that includes CSIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), UMR 7517, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Bertelkamp C, van der Hoek JP, Schoutteten K, Hulpiau L, Vanhaecke L, Vanden Bussche J, Cabo AJ, Callewaert C, Boon N, Löwenberg J, Singhal N, Verliefde ARD. The effect of feed water dissolved organic carbon concentration and composition on organic micropollutant removal and microbial diversity in soil columns simulating river bank filtration. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:932-939. [PMID: 26432535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated organic micropollutant (OMP) biodegradation rates in laboratory-scale soil columns simulating river bank filtration (RBF) processes. The dosed OMP mixture consisted of 11 pharmaceuticals, 6 herbicides, 2 insecticides and 1 solvent. Columns were filled with soil from a RBF site and were fed with four different organic carbon fractions (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, transphilic and river water organic matter (RWOM)). Additionally, the effect of a short-term OMP/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) shock-load (e.g. quadrupling the OMP concentrations and doubling the DOC concentration) on OMP biodegradation rates was investigated to assess the resilience of RBF systems. The results obtained in this study imply that - in contrast to what is observed for managed aquifer recharge systems operating on wastewater effluent - OMP biodegradation rates are not affected by the type of organic carbon fraction fed to the soil column, in case of stable operation. No effect of a short-term DOC shock-load on OMP biodegradation rates between the different organic carbon fractions was observed. This means that the RBF site simulated in this study is resilient towards transient higher DOC concentrations in the river water. However, a temporary OMP shock-load affected OMP biodegradation rates observed for the columns fed with the river water organic matter (RWOM) and the hydrophilic fraction of the river water organic matter. These different biodegradation rates did not correlate with any of the parameters investigated in this study (cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP), DOC removal, specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), richness/evenness of the soil microbial population or OMP category (hydrophobicity/charge).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertelkamp
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - J P van der Hoek
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands; Strategic Centre, Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Schoutteten
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Hulpiau
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A J Cabo
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics (DIAM), Faculty EEMCS, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C Callewaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Boon
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Löwenberg
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - N Singhal
- The University of Auckland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - A R D Verliefde
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Freixa A, Rubol S, Carles-Brangarí A, Fernàndez-Garcia D, Butturini A, Sanchez-Vila X, Romaní AM. The effects of sediment depth and oxygen concentration on the use of organic matter: An experimental study using an infiltration sediment tank. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:20-31. [PMID: 25900223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water flowing through hyporheic river sediments or artificial recharge facilities promotes the development of microbial communities with sediment depth. We performed an 83-day mesocosm infiltration experiment, to study how microbial functions (e.g., extracellular enzyme activities and carbon substrate utilization) are affected by sediment depth (up to 50 cm) and different oxygen concentrations. Results indicated that surface sediment layers were mainly colonized by microorganisms capable of using a wide range of substrates (although they preferred to degrade carbon polymeric compounds, as indicated by the higher β-glucosidase activity). In contrast, at a depth of 50 cm, the microbial community became specialized in using fewer carbon substrates, showing decreased functional richness and diversity. At this depth, microorganisms picked nitrogenous compounds, including amino acids and carboxyl acids. After the 83-day experiment, the sediment at the bottom of the tank became anoxic, inhibiting phosphatase activity. Coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic communities, promoted by greater physicochemical heterogeneity, was also observed in deeper sediments. The presence of specific metabolic fingerprints under oxic and anoxic conditions indicated that the microbial community was adapted to use organic matter under different oxygen conditions. Overall the heterogeneity of oxygen concentrations with depth and in time would influence organic matter metabolism in the sediment tank.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Freixa
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - S Rubol
- Civil Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - A Carles-Brangarí
- Hydrogeology Group, Dept. Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Fernàndez-Garcia
- Hydrogeology Group, Dept. Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Butturini
- Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Sanchez-Vila
- Hydrogeology Group, Dept. Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A M Romaní
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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