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Ding L, Zhang CM. Occurrence, ecotoxicity and ecological risks of psychoactive substances in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171788. [PMID: 38499097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances (PSs) represent a subset of emerging contaminants. Their widespread production and utilization contribute to a growing ecological burden and risk on a global scale. Conventional wastewater treatment methods have proven insufficient in adequately removing psychoactive substances, leading to their occurrence in surface water ecosystems worldwide. As of present, however, a thorough understanding of their geographical prevalence and distribution patterns remains elusive. Further, in the existing literature, there is a scarcity of comprehensive overviews that systematically summarize the toxicity of various psychoactive substances towards aquatic organisms. Through summarizing almost 140 articles, the present study provides an overview of the sources, pollution status, and biotoxicity of psychoactive substances in surface waters, as well as an assessment of their ecological risks. Concentrations of several psychoactive substances in surface waters were found to be as high as hundreds or even thousands of ng·L-1. In parallel, accumulation of psychoactive substances in the tissues or organs of aquatic organisms was found to potentially cause certain adverse effects, including behavioral disorders, organ damage, and DNA changes. Oxidative stress was found to be a significant factor in the toxic effects of psychoactive substances on organisms. The application of the risk quotient approach indicated that psychoactive substances posed a medium to high risk in certain surface water bodies, as well as the need for sustained long-term attention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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2
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Lance E, Sartor L, Foucault P, Geffard A, Marie B. Insights on the Organ-Dependent, Molecular Sexual Dimorphism in the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, Revealed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:1046. [PMID: 37887371 PMCID: PMC10609167 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is extensively used as a sentinel species for biosurveys of environmental contaminants in freshwater ecosystems and for ecotoxicological studies. However, its metabolome remains poorly understood, particularly in light of the potential molecular sexual dimorphism between its different tissues. From an ecotoxicological point of view, inter-sex and inter-organ differences in the metabolome suggest variability in responsiveness, which can influence the analysis and interpretation of data, particularly in the case where males and females would be analyzed indifferently. This study aimed to assess the extent to which the molecular fingerprints of functionally diverse tissues like the digestive glands, gonads, gills, and mantle of D. polymorpha can reveal tissue-specific molecular sexual dimorphism. We employed a non-targeted metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and revealed a significant sexual molecular dimorphism in the gonads, and to a lesser extent in the digestive glands, of D. polymorpha. Our results highlight the critical need to consider inter-sex differences in the metabolome of D. polymorpha to avoid confounding factors, particularly when investigating environmental effects on molecular regulation in the gonads, and to a lesser extent in the digestive glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lance
- UMR MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France (P.F.); (B.M.)
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, University of Reims, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Lucas Sartor
- UMR MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France (P.F.); (B.M.)
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, University of Reims, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Pierre Foucault
- UMR MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France (P.F.); (B.M.)
| | - Alain Geffard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, University of Reims, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France (P.F.); (B.M.)
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Let M, Grabicová K, Ložek F, Bláha M. Bioconcentrations, depuration, shift in metabolome and a behavioural response in the nymphs of the dragonfly Aeshna cyanea (Müller, 1764) to environmentally relevant concentrations of methamphetamine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106479. [PMID: 37146511 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MEA) is commonly detected in municipal wastewater. It causes imbalances in the system of neurotransmitters as well as several other adverse effects on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate bioconcentration and depuration rates at an environmentally relevant concentration of 1 µg·L-1 in Aeshna cyanea nymphs exposed to MEA for six days followed by three days of depuration. The metabolomes of nymphs sampled during exposure and depuration were compared using non-targeted screening. Concurrently, a behavioural experiment was run to evaluate the effect of MEA on movement. Since most samples were below the limits of quantification (LOQs) - MEA was quantified in only four out of the 87 samples and only during the first 24 h of exposure at concentrations at LOQ level - we estimated maximal possible bioconcentration factor (BCF) on 0.63 using the LOQ. An MEA metabolite - amphetamine - was not detected in any sample at levels above their LOQs. From 247 up to 1458 significant down- and up-regulated metabolite signals (p ≤ 0.05) were detected by non-targeted screening during initial times of exposure and depuration. Numbers of significant down- and/or up-regulated signals in metabolomes (p ≤ 0.05) calculated for particular sampling times possibly correlated with the size of the effect on movement recorded at the same times. In the MEA treatment, movement was not significantly greater during exposure (p > 0.05) but was significantly lower during depuration (p < 0.05). This study shows how MEA acts on dragonfly nymphs, an ecologically important group of aquatic insects with a high trophic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Let
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic Zátiší 728/II 389 25 Vodňany Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic Zátiší 728/II 389 25 Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Filip Ložek
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic Zátiší 728/II 389 25 Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bláha
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic Zátiší 728/II 389 25 Vodňany Czech Republic.
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Krishnan RY, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Biruntha M, Balachandar R, Karmegam N. Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137091. [PMID: 36356815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are a novel group of emerging pollutants. A growing global environmental load and ecological risk is created by the ongoing release of these toxins into the environment. Conventional water processing plants fail to completely remove drugs of abuse from both surface water and wastewater. The origin, environmental fate and ecological repercussions of illicit drugs, despite their detection in surface waterways around the world, are not well understood. In this review, illicit drug detections in potable water, surface water and wastewater globally have been studied during the past 15 years in order to establish a baseline for future years. The most common drugs with abuse potential detected in different sources of potable and surface water were methadone (0.12-22.7 ng/L), cocaine (0.05-506.6 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.07-1019 ng/L), amphetamine (1.4-342.6 ng/L), and codeine (0.002-42 ng/L). The bulk of research only looked at a small number of drugs of abuse, indicating that despite widespread use, a large spectrum of these intoxicants has yet to be detected. This review focuses on the origin of illicit drug contaminants in water bodies, air, and soil, their persistence in the environment, and the typical concentrations at which they occur in the environment. The impact of these drugs on aquatic organisms like Elliptio complanata mussels, crayfish and zebrafish has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yedhu Krishnan
- Department of Food Technology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kottayam, 686 518, Kerala, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai - 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - M Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Menger F, Celma A, Schymanski EL, Lai FY, Bijlsma L, Wiberg K, Hernández F, Sancho JV, Ahrens L. Enhancing spectral quality in complex environmental matrices: Supporting suspect and non-target screening in zebra mussels with ion mobility. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107585. [PMID: 36265356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of bioaccumulating contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) via suspect and non-target screening remains a challenging task. In this study, ion mobility separation with high-resolution mass spectrometry (IM-HRMS) was used to investigate the effects of drift time (DT) alignment on spectrum quality and peak annotation for screening of CECs in complex sample matrices using data independent acquisition (DIA). Data treatment approaches (Binary Sample Comparison) and prioritisation strategies (Halogen Match, co-occurrence of features in biota and the water phase) were explored in a case study on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lake Mälaren, Sweden's largest drinking water reservoir. DT alignment evidently improved the fragment spectrum quality by increasing the similarity score to reference spectra from on average (±standard deviation) 0.33 ± 0.31 to 0.64 ± 0.30 points, thus positively influencing structure elucidation efforts. Thirty-two features were tentatively identified at confidence level 3 or higher using MetFrag coupled with the new PubChemLite database, which included predicted collision cross-section values from CCSbase. The implementation of predicted mobility data was found to support compound annotation. This study illustrates a quantitative assessment of the benefits of IM-HRMS on spectral quality, which will enhance the performance of future screening studies of CECs in complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zhou M, Hong B, Li J, Yu S. Fingerprinting pharmaceuticals of multiple sources at a provincial watershed scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153356. [PMID: 35077785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment have increasingly attracted public concerns but their fingerprint of sources remain unclear at a watershed scale. This study systematically explored pharmaceutical residues in effluent of 8 different type of sources in a provincial watershed in China using a multi-category protocol of pharmaceutical quantification. Seventy-seven out of 94 target compounds from 6 categories were quantified in effluent, up to 71,318 ng L-1 in total from urban hospital sources with 20 antibiotics and 32 others. The spectrum of the quantified compounds in effluent significantly differentiated the urban (hospitals, domestic sewages, and WWTPs), rural (health centers and domestic sewages), and agricultural production sources (poultry and swine breeding yards, aquaculture ponds, and paddy fields). Compounds of non-steroidal anti-inflammation drugs (NSAIDs), cardiovascular drugs (CVs), and central nervous drugs (CNs) could fingerprint the three groups of sources. However, the three categories contributed 7 out of 10 compounds with high risk (risk quotient >1.0) to the aquatic environment identified by the eco-environmental risk assessment. No high-risk compounds were identified in effluent of urban WWTPs. Findings of this study suggest source identification and compound spectrum fingerprinting are crucial for studies on pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment, especially the complexity of pharmaceutical residues in source effluents for exploring source-sink dynamics at a watershed scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Hong
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shen Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Aydın S, Ulvi A, Aydın ME. Monitoring and ecological risk of illegal drugs before and after sewage treatment in an area. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:294. [PMID: 35332403 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of illicit drugs and their metabolites in the sewerage systems and in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Konya, Turkey, was presented. The drug removal efficiencies of the central WWTP were investigated. Potential ecotoxicological risks for algae, fish, and Daphnia magna in the receiving environments were also evaluated. The highest estimated mean illicit drug use was obtained for cannabis (marijuana) at 280 ± 12 mg/day/1000 inhabitants and 430 ± 20 g/day/1000 inhabitants (15-64 years). Amphetamine was found to be the second most consumed drug of abuse. While cannabis and ecstasy consumption values were higher during the weekend, cocaine use dominated on weekdays. The removal efficiencies for THC-COOH and THC-OH were 100% in the WWTP. The average removal of cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, and methadone varied between 46 ± 7 and 87 ± 3%. The maximum concentration level of MDMA found can pose some low risk for Daphnia magna. The rest of the compounds detected in effluents did not show any toxic effects on fish, Daphnia magna, or algae. However, when the cumulative estimated risk quotient values were evaluated, there might be a low risk for Daphnia magna and algae in the receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senar Aydın
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Ulvi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Aydın
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Aberg D, Chaplin D, Freeman C, Paizs B, Dunn C. The environmental release and ecosystem risks of illicit drugs during Glastonbury Festival. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112061. [PMID: 34543637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reported high drug use at music festivals coupled with factors such as public urination can lead to the direct release of illicit drugs into the environment. Glastonbury Festival 2019 had 203,000 attendees, its site is intercepted by the Whitelake River providing a direct route for illicit drug pollution into the local environment. We tested for popular illicit drugs such as cocaine and MDMA in the river upstream and downstream of the festival site as well as in the neighbouring Redlake River. Both rivers were sampled the weeks before, during and after the festival. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine and MDMA were found at all sample sites; concentrations, and mass loads (mass carried by the river per unit of time) were significantly higher in the Whitelake site, downstream of the festival. MDMA mass loads were 104 times greater downstream in comparison to upstream sites (1.1-61.0 mg/h vs 114.7 mg/h; p < .01). Cocaine and benzoylecgonine mass loads were also 40 times higher downstream of the festival (1.3-4.2 mg/h vs 50.4 mg/h; p < .01) (22.7-81.4 mg/h vs 854.6 mg/h; p < .01). MDMA reached its highest level during the weekend after the festival with a concentration of 322 ng/L. This concentration is deemed harmful to aquatic life using Risk Quotient assessment (RQ) and provides evidence of continuous release after the festival due to leaching of MDMA from the site. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were not at levels deemed harmful to aquatic life according to RQ assessment yet were three times higher than MDMA concentrations. Redlake River experienced no significant changes (p > .05) in any illicit drug levels, further confirming that drug release was likely dependent on the festival site. The release of environmentally damaging levels of illicit drugs into Whitelake River during the period of Glastonbury Festival suggests an underreported potential source of environmental contamination from greenfield festival sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Aberg
- Wolfson Carbon Capture Lab, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
| | - Daniel Chaplin
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Chris Freeman
- Wolfson Carbon Capture Lab, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
| | - Bela Paizs
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christian Dunn
- Wolfson Carbon Capture Lab, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
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Roveri V, Guimarães LL, Toma W, Correia AT. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the urban drainage channels of Santos beaches (São Paulo, Brazil): a neglected, but sensitive issue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65595-65609. [PMID: 34322794 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In some Brazilian coastal cities, it is common to observe 'black tongues' in beaches, i.e. a mixture of urban runoff and untreated domestic sewage containing pollutants of emerging concern, namely pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), flowing into the South Atlantic Ocean. Such diffuse loads of pollutants might expose nontarget aquatic organisms to harmful compounds. In this work, the occurrence and preliminary ecological risk of 27 PPCPs of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine) were investigated, for the first time, in seven urban drainage channels whose diffuse loads flow continuously to the beaches of Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil. Of these, 21 compounds were detected using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and nine of them were consistently quantified in all urban channels of Santos, suggesting that those pollutants are ubiquitous in this region: caffeine (143.4-516.0 ng/L), losartan (4.2-21.8 ng/L), atenolol (1.1-18.2 ng/L), acetaminophen (1.5-13.8 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (1.0-4.8 ng/L), carbamazepine (1.1-4.0 ng/L), diclofenac (1.9-3.5 ng/L), cocaine (0.5-1.7 ng/L), and orphenadrine (0.1-0.8 ng/L). Moreover, twelve compounds were found below the limit of quantification ( <LOQ): citalopram, propranolol, diazepam, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, midazolam, ranitidine, chlortalidone, clopidogrel, chlorpheniramine, enalapril and valsartan. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of midazolam, ranitidine and chlorpheniramine in surface waters in Latin America and, therefore, these compounds should be considered environmental warning signs. A preliminary ecological risk assessment revealed that caffeine, acetaminophen and losartan presented a moderate risk, and carbamazepine a low risk to sensitive aquatic organisms at maximum measured concentrations. This study provides valuable information to reinforce the importance of a continuous monitoring of the diffuse loads (containing PPCPs and illicit drugs) flowing to the coastal zones in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Roveri
- Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCT-UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 536 - Encruzilhada, 11045-002, Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, 11045-040 Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Walber Toma
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, 11045-040 Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Yin X, Guo C, Deng Y, Jin X, Teng Y, Xu J, Wu F. Tissue-specific accumulation, elimination, and toxicokinetics of illicit drugs in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148153. [PMID: 34144238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit drugs has led to their extensive detection worldwide and subsequently exerted adverse effects upon aquatic organisms and ecosystem. However, less attention has been paid to the uptake, biotransformation, internal distribution, and toxicokinetic processes in the exposed organisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) was exposed to methamphetamine (METH) and ketamine (KET) at three different concentrations in a semi-static exposure system. METH and KET, together with their metabolites, amphetamine (AMP) and norketamine (NK), were consistently detected in zebrafish. Over 14-day exposure, the relative magnitude of mean concentrations of illicit drugs in zebrafish generally followed the order of brain > liver > intestine > ovary > muscle. The uptake rate constants (Ku) of METH and KET were in the range of 0.590-1.38 × 103 L/(kg·d), the elimination rate constants (Ke) were in the range of 0.18-6.98 1/d, and the half-lives were in the range of 0.18-6.98 d, respectively. METH and KET demonstrated relatively rapid uptake and elimination kinetics and short half-lives, and concentrations in organs were driven by external concentrations. Illicit drugs were not persistent within zebrafish organs when there were no substantial external contaminant sources. The observed values of bioconcentration factor (BCFo, L/kg) and kinetically-derived bioconcentration factor (BCFk, L/kg) were at the similar level. The ability of different zebrafish organs accumulating target chemicals from the aquatic environment was different, and brain was the target organ of the test illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yanghui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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11
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Chen L, Guo C, Sun Z, Xu J. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and toxicological effect of drugs of abuse in aquatic ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111362. [PMID: 34048744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are a group of emerging contaminants. As the prevalence of manufacture and consumption, there is a growing global environmental burden and ecological risk from the continuous release of these contaminants into environment. The widespread occurrence of drugs of abuse in waste wasters and surface waters is due to the incomplete removal through traditional wastewater treatment plants in different regions around the world. Although their environmental concentrations are not very high, they can potentially influence the aquatic organisms and ecosystem function. This paper reviews the occurrence of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in waste waters and surface waters, their bioaccumulation in aquatic plants, fishes and benthic organisms and even top predators, and the toxicological effects such as genotoxic effect, cytotoxic effect and even behavioral effect on aquatic organisms. In summary, drugs of abuse occur widely in aquatic environment, and may exert adverse impact on aquatic organisms at molecular, cellular or individual level, and even on aquatic ecosystem. It necessitates the monitoring and risk assessment of these compounds on diverse aquatic organisms in the further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Jiangsu Rainfine Environmental Science and Technology Co.,Ltd, Henan Branch Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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12
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Géba E, Rioult D, Palluel O, Dedourge-Geffard O, Betoulle S, Aubert D, Bigot-Clivot A. Resilience of Dreissena polymorpha in wastewater effluent: Use as a bioremediation tool? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111513. [PMID: 33113398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant treatments. In this context the use of biofilter species, like Dreissena polymorpha, as a bioremediation tool in wastewater is increasingly highlighted. The innovative aim of this study is to evaluate the zebra mussel survival in the outlet channel of a conventional WWTP to use them as bioremediation tool. For this, mussels were transplanted in the outlet channel for 28 days and different biomarkers were monitored. D. polymorpha is able to maintain itself in good physiological conditions until 21 days, yet at 28 days a high mortality rate (24%), a decrease in filtration efficiency (8/15 mussels filtered and 17.0% of filtration rate) and antioxidant system activation (CAT activity et gpx gene expression increase) suggest an exhaustion. Some biomarkers suggested a hypoxic stress. Despite the unfavourable conditions, bivalves have bioaccumulated pathogenic protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis) during the exposure. Zebra mussel seems to be a promising tool for bioremediation in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Géba
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements) Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Damien Rioult
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Plateau Technique Mobile de cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Olivier Palluel
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in Vitro et in Vivo, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Odile Dedourge-Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements) Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Aurélie Bigot-Clivot
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France.
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13
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Seibert D, Zorzo CF, Borba FH, de Souza RM, Quesada HB, Bergamasco R, Baptista AT, Inticher JJ. Occurrence, statutory guideline values and removal of contaminants of emerging concern by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141527. [PMID: 33113672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of chemical compounds are used in human activities; however, part of these compounds reach surface water, groundwater and even water considered for potable uses. Due to the limited efficiency of water treatment by the Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants, the presence of these compounds in natural and human consumption waters can be very harmful due to their high persistence and adverse effects; these characteristics define the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Water treatment by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) has been evaluated as a promising process for the removal of persistent and recalcitrant organic contaminants. With this background, the present review aims to gather studies and information published between 2015 and 2020 regarding the occurrence of CECs in surface, potable and groundwater, its treatment by EAOPs, the main operating conditions and by-product generation of EAOPs, contaminant toxicity assessments and international statutory guideline values concerning CEC standards and allowable concentrations in the environment and treated drinking water. Therefore, in this review it was found that the compounds bisphenol A (BPA), diethyltoluamide (DEET), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), carbamazepine, caffeine and atrazine were the most frequently detected in water sources, with concentrations ranging from 35.54-4800, 1.21-98, 0.005-38.5, 5-742.904, 0.0071-586, 0.89-1040, and 100-323 (ng L-1), respectively. Among the operational conditions of EAOPs, current density, pH and oxidant concentration are the main operational parameters that have an influence on these treatment technologies, besides the by-products generated, which might be removed by the integration of EAOPs with biological digestion treatments. Regarding the values of water quality standards, many CECs do not have established standard allowable concentration values, which represents a concern toward the possible toxic effects of these compounds on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Seibert
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila F Zorzo
- Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, 97900-00 Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando H Borba
- Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, 97900-00 Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata M de Souza
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Heloise B Quesada
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Bergamasco
- Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa - UEM, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Aline T Baptista
- Academic Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Federal Technology University of Parana - UTFPR, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233.CEP 87301-899 - Caixa Postal: 271, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
| | - Jonas J Inticher
- Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, 97900-00 Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil
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14
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De Felice B, Parolini M. Effects of single and combined exposure to cocaine and benzoylecgonine on the oxidative status of Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103475. [PMID: 32827719 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The information concerning the effects of single and combined exposure to cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, the benzoylecgonine (BE), towards marine organisms is still scant. Thus, the aim of this work was to compare the effects induced by 96 -hs exposure to a concentration of COC (500 ng/L) or BE (20 ng/L) and their mixture (500 ng/L of COC and 20 ng/L of BE) on Mytilus galloprovincialis. Oxidative stress biomarkers were applied on mussel gills and digestive gland, investigating changes in the amount of reactive oxygen species, activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT and GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Independent exposure to COC and BE slightly altered mussel oxidative status in both the organs, while the mixture induced more marked responses compared to single molecules. Our results suggest the necessity to explore the toxicity of illicit drug mixtures to shed light on the risk of these molecules to marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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15
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Fontes MK, Maranho LA, Pereira CDS. Review on the occurrence and biological effects of illicit drugs in aquatic ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30998-31034. [PMID: 32361972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs (IDs) and their metabolites are recognized as contaminants of emerging concern. After consumption, illicit drugs are partially metabolized and excreted unchanged in urine and feces or as active metabolites reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, most WWTPs are insufficient in the treatment of effluents containing IDs, which may be released into aquatic ecosystems. Once in the water or sediment, these substances may interact and affect non-target organisms and some evidences suggest that illicit drugs may exhibit pseudo-persistence because of a continuous environmental input, resulting in long-term exposure to aquatic organisms that may be negatively affected by these biologically active compounds. We reviewed the literature on origin and consumption, human metabolism after consumption, aquatic occurrences, and toxicity of the major groups of illicit drugs (opioids, cannabis, synthetic drugs, and cocaine). As a result, it could be concluded that illicit drugs and their metabolites are widespread in diverse aquatic ecosystems in levels able to trigger sublethal effects to non-target organisms, besides to concentrate in seafood. This class of emerging contaminants represents a new environmental concern to academics, managers, and policymakers, whose would be able to assess risks and identify proper responses to reduce environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Fontes MK, de Campos BG, Cortez FS, Pusceddu FH, Moreno BB, Maranho LA, Lebre DT, Guimarães LL, Pereira CDS. Seasonal monitoring of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in a subtropical coastal zone (Santos Bay, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110545. [PMID: 31543485 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs and their metabolites represent a new class of emerging contaminants. These substances are continuously discharged into wastewater which have been detected in the aquatic environment in concentrations ranging from ng.L-1 to μg.L-1. Our study detected the occurrence of cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) in a subtropical coastal zone (Santos Bay, SP, Brazil) within one year. Water samples (surface and bottom) were collected from the Santos Submarine Sewage Outfall (SSOS) area. COC and BE were measured in the samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations ranged from 12.18 to 203.6 ng.L-1 (COC) and 8.20 to 38.59 ng.L-1 (BE). Higher concentrations of COC were observed during the end of spring, following the population increase at summer season. COC and its metabolite occurrence in this coastal zone represent a threat to coastal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayana Karoline Fontes
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Bruno Galvão de Campos
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sanzi Cortez
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hermes Pusceddu
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Barbosa Moreno
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100 Santos, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Daniel Temponi Lebre
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100 Santos, Brazil.
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17
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Guruge KS, Goswami P, Tanoue R, Nomiyama K, Wijesekara RGS, Dharmaratne TS. First nationwide investigation and environmental risk assessment of 72 pharmaceuticals and personal care products from Sri Lankan surface waterways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:683-695. [PMID: 31301508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are known as an emerging class of water contaminants due to their potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we conducted the first nationwide survey to understand the distribution and environmental risk of 72 PPCPs in surface waterways of Sri Lanka. Forty-one out of 72 targeted compounds were detected with total concentrations ranging between 5.49 and 993 ng/L in surface waterways in Sri Lanka. The highest level of PPCP contamination was detected in an ornamental fish farm. Sulfamethoxazole was found with the highest concentration (934 ng/L) followed by N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (202 ng/L) and clarithromycin (119 ng/L). Diclofenac, mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, trimethoprim, and erythromycin were detected ubiquitously throughout the country. Our data revealed that hospital and domestic wastewater, and aquaculture activities potentially contribute to the presence of PPCPs in Sri Lankan waterways. The calculated risk quotients indicated that several locations face medium to high ecological risk to aquatic organisms from ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, mefenamic acid, tramadol, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, triclocarban, and triclosan. The aforementioned compounds could affect aquatic organisms from different trophic levels like algae, crustacean and fish, and also influence the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. These findings emphasize that a wide variety of pharmaceuticals have become pervasive environmental contaminants in the country. This data will serve to expand the inventory of global PPCP pollution. Further monitoring of PPCPs is needed in Sri Lanka in order to identify PPCP point sources and to implement strategies for contaminant reduction in wastewater to protect the aquatic ecosystem, wildlife, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi S Guruge
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Campus, QLD4350, Australia.
| | - Prasun Goswami
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, ESSO - National Institute of Ocean Technology, Dollygunj, Port Blair, 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Rumi Tanoue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - R G S Wijesekara
- Department of Aquaculture & Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Sri Lanka
| | - Tilak S Dharmaratne
- Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Crow Island, Mattakkuliya, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka
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18
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Yadav MK, Kumar A, Short MD, Nidumolu B, Saint CP. Aquatic Phytotoxicity to Lemna minor of Three Commonly Used Drugs of Addiction in Australia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:710-716. [PMID: 31482305 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The manufacturing and consumption of drugs of addiction has increased globally and their widespread occurrence in the environment is an emerging concern. This study evaluated the phytotoxicity of three compounds: methamphetamine, codeine and morphine; commonly reported in Australian urban water, to the aquatic plant Lemna minor under controlled conditions. L. minor was sensitive to lower drug concentrations when administered in multi-compound mixtures (100-500 µg L-1) than when applied individually (range 600-2500 µg L-1), while no adverse effects were observed at environmentally-relevant concentrations (1-5 µg L-1) detected in wastewater effluent. In conclusion, the results show that the concentrations of these compounds discharged into the environment are unlikely to pose adverse phytotoxic effects. These three compounds are known to be the most stable of their group under such conditions indicating that with this respect it is safe to use recycled water for existing regulated reclaimed purposes including agricultural or parklands irrigation or replenishing surface and groundwater. However, more research on the analysis of methamphetamines and opiates in municipal effluents is needed to reassure the likely environmental hazard of these neuroactive drug classes to aquatic organisms. Given the ever-growing production and aquatic disposal of discharge wastewater globally, this study provides timely and valuable insights into the likely drug-related impacts of effluent disposal on aquatic plants in receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena K Yadav
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Anu Kumar
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Michael D Short
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Bhanu Nidumolu
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Christopher P Saint
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
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19
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Yin X, Guo C, Teng Y, Xu J. Development and application of the analytical method for illicit drugs and metabolites in fish tissues. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:532-541. [PMID: 31185337 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a screening method for highly accurate and sensitive analysis of 12 illicit drugs and metabolites in fish tissues. The approach was based on ultrasonic-assisted extraction and solid phase extraction, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The homogenized samples were ultrasonic-assisted extracted with 1% acetic acid in methanol followed by SPE cleanup with Oasis MCX cartridge. The method was validated in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guidelines by evaluating the following required parameters: the limits of detection and limits of quantification, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, recovery of extraction, and matrix effect. For the tissues involved in this study, the recoveries ranged from 60% to 127%, and the matrix effect ranged from -19% to 83% with the inter- and intra-day variability below 12%. The method has been successfully applied to wild fish caught from six sampling sites of four urban rivers in Beijing, China. The analysis showed that the target compounds, including amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, codeine and heroin were detected with high detection frequencies. Codeine exhibited the highest bioaccumulation factor (up to 73,986) in the muscle of Crucian carp, while ketamine tended to accumulate in the skin, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and heroin tended to accumulate in gastrointestinal tract, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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20
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López-García E, Postigo C, López de Alda M. Psychoactive substances in mussels: Analysis and occurrence assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:985-992. [PMID: 31426246 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an analytical methodology based on a "Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 35 psychoactive substances in fresh mussel samples. The compounds investigated include illicit drugs, new psychoactive substances, commonly prescribed psychiatric pharmaceuticals, and caffeine. The methodology was validated in terms of recovery (relative recoveries 77-118%), repeatability (relative standard deviation values <20%), and sensitivity (limits of detection and quantification <2 ng/g fresh weight (f.w.) and <6.7 ng/g f.w., respectively, for most compounds). The method was applied to the analysis of 15 samples, covering both commercially available mussels purchased from local food markets and wild fresh mussels collected in the Northeast coast of Spain in the Mediterranean Sea. Only one sample corresponding to wild mussels was found to contain 2 of the target analytes, namely, sertraline (1.5 ng/g f.w.) and caffeine, (12.8 ng/g f.w.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM) Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM) Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM) Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Yadav MK, Short MD, Gerber C, Awad J, van den Akker B, Saint CP. Removal of emerging drugs of addiction by wastewater treatment and water recycling processes and impacts on effluent-associated environmental risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 680:13-22. [PMID: 31100664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of addiction, have been recognized as potential contaminants of concern to the environment. Effluent wastewater discharge is a major source of contamination to aquatic receiving environments. A year-long monitoring program was undertaken in Australia to characterise the fate of four emerging drugs of addiction: methamphetamine; MDMA; pharmaceutical opioids: codeine and morphine and a metabolite: benzoylecgonine in four wastewater treatment plants operating with different secondary treatment technologies: conventional activated sludge (CAS), membrane bioreactors (MBR), integrated fixed-film AS (IFAS) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The effect of subsequent tertiary treatment (coagulation/flocculation) on the removal efficiency was also assessed. Drugs were detected in influent and effluent samples (mean concentration ranged from 43-4777 and 17-1721 ng/L, respectively). Treated effluents had noticeably lower levels compared to raw influents. Removal efficiency of compounds depended on the secondary treatment employed, with IFAS and MBR performing the best with significant removal of compounds (≈90%) followed by CAS (54-96%) and lastly SBR (42-83%). Despite the low levels of drugs measured after the secondary treatment, near complete removal after tertiary treatment (≈99%) was recorded, which demonstrated the effectiveness of using the coagulation/flocculation process as an effective step for enhancing the removal efficiency. The levels of drugs were at a low level in the effluents released into the environment and used for recycling and all posed a low environmental risk in urban water courses based on the risk assessment. The information given here provides new and useful information to the water industry and regulators on the efficiency of drug removal in a range of wastewater treatment configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena K Yadav
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Michael D Short
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, City East Campus, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - John Awad
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ben van den Akker
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; SA Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher P Saint
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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22
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Evariste L, David E, Cloutier PL, Brousseau P, Auffret M, Desrosiers M, Groleau PE, Fournier M, Betoulle S. Field biomonitoring using the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis following immunotoxic reponses. Is there a need to separate the two species? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:706-716. [PMID: 29621730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha constitutes an extensively used sentinel species for biomonitoring in European and North American freshwater systems. However, this invasive species is gradually replaced in freshwater ecosystem by Dreissena bugensis, a closely related dreissenid species that shares common morphological characteristics but possess some physiological differences. However, few are known about differences on more integrated physiological processes that are generally used as biomarkers in biological monitoring studies. Declining of zebra mussel populations raises the question of the sustainability of using one or both species indifferently to maintain the quality of environmental pollution monitoring data. In our study, we performed a field comparative study measuring immune-related markers and bioaccumulation of PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs in sympatrically occurring mussel populations from three sites of the St. Lawrence River. For tested organisms, species were identified using RFLP analysis. Measurement of bioaccumulated organic compounds indicated a higher accumulation of PCBs and PBDEs in D. bugensis soft tissues compared to D. polymorpha while no differences were noticed for PAHs. Results of hemocytic parameters highlighted that differences of hemocyte distributions were associated to modulations of phagocytic activities. Moreover, marked differences occurred in measurement of hemocytic oxidative activity, indicating divergences between the two species for ROS regulation strategies. This physiological characteristic may deeply influence species responses facing environmental or pollution related stress and induce bias if the two species are not differentiated in further biomarker or bioaccumulation measurement-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauris Evariste
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Reims, France; INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Elise David
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Reims, France
| | - Pierre-Luc Cloutier
- INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada; Centre d'expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques, 2700, Rue Einstein, Québec City, Québec, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Pauline Brousseau
- INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michel Auffret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques, 2700, Rue Einstein, Québec City, Québec, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Paule Emilie Groleau
- Centre d'expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques, 850, Boulevard Vanier, Laval, QC, H7C 2M7, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- INRS, Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Reims, France
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23
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Guo C, Hou S, Hua Z, Lv J, Zhang Y, Xu J. Development and application of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for simultaneous measurement of methcathinone and ephedrine in surface river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:284-290. [PMID: 29131996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was developed to simultaneously measure two drugs, methcathinone (MC) and ephedrine (EPH) in surface water. Four types of binding gels and four types of filter membranes were tested for the optimal configuration. XAD18 agarose binding gel and agarose diffusive gel, together with polyethersulfone filter membrane were used for measuring MC and EPH in the DGT device. 5% NH3 in acetonitrile was used as the elution solvent, with the elution efficiency for MC and EPH higher than 71%. At 25°C, the diffusion coefficients of MC and EPH in the diffusive gel were 7.60×10-6cm2s-1 and 6.62×10-6cm2s-1, respectively. The DGT was effective in a wide range of pH (4-11) and ionic strength (NaCl: 0.001-0.5M). The DGT device was deployed in Beijing urban surface water for successive 7days to measure the time-weighted concentrations of MC and EPH. Results showed that EPH was detected in all samples, while MC was below its detection limit. DGT concentrations were comparable to the concentrations determined by SPE. This study demonstrated that the developed DGT method was effective to monitor the two drugs in surface water in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Song Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiapei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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24
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Yadav MK, Short MD, Aryal R, Gerber C, van den Akker B, Saint CP. Occurrence of illicit drugs in water and wastewater and their removal during wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:713-727. [PMID: 28843086 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review critically evaluates the types and concentrations of key illicit drugs (cocaine, amphetamines, cannabinoids, opioids and their metabolites) found in wastewater, surface water and drinking water sources worldwide and what is known on the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in removing such compounds. It is also important to amass information on the trends in specific drug use as well as the sources of such compounds that enter the environment and we review current international knowledge on this. There are regional differences in the types and quantities of illicit drug consumption and this is reflected in the quantities detected in water. Generally, the levels of illicit drugs in wastewater effluents are lower than in raw influent, indicating that the majority of compounds can be at least partially removed by conventional treatment processes such as activated sludge or trickling filters. However, the literature also indicates that it is too simplistic to assume non-detection equates to drug removal and/or mitigation of associated risks, as there is evidence that some compounds may avoid detection via inadequate sampling and/or analysis protocols, or through conversion to transformation products. Partitioning of drugs from the water to the solids fraction (sludge/biosolids) may also simply shift the potential risk burden to a different environmental compartment and the review found no information on drug stability and persistence in biosolids. Generally speaking, activated sludge-type processes appear to offer better removal efficacy across a range of substances, but the lack of detail in many studies makes it difficult to comment on the most effective process configurations and operations. There is also a paucity of information on the removal effectiveness of alternative treatment processes. Research is also required on natural removal processes in both water and sediments that may over time facilitate further removal of these compounds in receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena K Yadav
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Michael D Short
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Rupak Aryal
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, City East Campus, North Terrace, Playford Building, Level 4, Room 47, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Ben van den Akker
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide SA 5000; GPO Box 1751, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Christopher P Saint
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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25
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Maranho LA, Fontes MK, Kamimura ASS, Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Pusceddu FH, Cortez FS, Lebre DT, Marques JR, Abessa DMS, Ribeiro DA, Pereira CDS. Exposure to crack cocaine causes adverse effects on marine mussels Perna perna. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 123:410-414. [PMID: 28844457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate crack cocaine effects in different life stages of the marine mussel Perna perna. For this purpose, fertilization rate, embryo-larval development, lysosomal membrane stability and DNA strand breaks were assessed. Effect concentrations in gametes and in larval development were found after 1h (IC50=23.53mg·L-1) and 48h (IC50=16.31mg·L-1), respectively. The highest tested concentration showing no acute toxicity (NOEC) was 10mg·L-1, while the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 20mg·L-1. NOEC concerning embryo-larval development was 0.625mg·L-1, while the LOEC was 1.25mg·L-1. Cyto-genotoxic effects were evidenced in mussels exposed to crack cocaine concentrations ranging from 5 to 500μg·L-1. Our results report the first data on effects of an illicit drug to marine organisms and should encourage further ecotoxicological studies of these contaminants of emerging concern in coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maranho
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - M K Fontes
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - A S S Kamimura
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - C R Nobre
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - B B Moreno
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - F H Pusceddu
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - F S Cortez
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - D T Lebre
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J R Marques
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D M S Abessa
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - D A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Ana Costa 95, 11060-001 Santos, Brazil
| | - C D S Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil.
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26
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González-Alonso S, Merino LM, Esteban S, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Durán JJ, López-Martínez J, Aceña J, Pérez S, Mastroianni N, Silva A, Catalá M, Valcárcel Y. Occurrence of pharmaceutical, recreational and psychotropic drug residues in surface water on the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:241-254. [PMID: 28599208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human presence in the Antarctic is increasing due to research activities and the rise in tourism. These activities contribute a number of potentially hazardous substances. The aim of this study is to conduct the first characterisation of the pharmaceuticals and recreational drugs present in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, and to assess the potential environmental risk they pose to the environment. The study consisted of a single sampling of ten water samples from different sources, including streams, ponds, glacier drains, and a wastewater discharge into the sea. Twenty-five selected pharmaceuticals and 21 recreational drugs were analysed. The highest concentrations were found for the analgesics acetaminophen (48.74 μg L-1), diclofenac (15.09 μg L-1) and ibuprofen (10.05 μg L-1), and for the stimulant caffeine (71.33 μg L-1). All these substances were detected in waters that were discharged directly into the ocean without any prior purification processes. The hazard quotient (HQ) values for ibuprofen, diclofenac and acetaminophen were far in excess of 10 at several sampling points. The concentrations of each substance measured and used as measured environmental concentration values for the HQ calculations are based on a one-time sampling. The Toxic Unit values indicate that analgesics and anti-inflammatories are the therapeutic group responsible for the highest toxic burden. This study is the first to analyse a wide range of substances and to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and psychotropic drugs in the Antarctic Peninsula region. We believe it can serve as a starting point to focus attention on the need for continued environmental monitoring of these substances in the water cycle, especially in protected regions such as the Antarctic. This will determine whether pharmaceuticals and recreational drugs are hazardous to the environment and, if so, can be used as the basis for risk-assessment studies to prioritise the exposure to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia González-Alonso
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Moreno Merino
- Geological Survery of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Esteban
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan José Durán
- Geological Survery of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo López-Martínez
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Aceña
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Silva
- National Institute of Water, Empalme J. Newbery km 1,620, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Myriam Catalá
- Department of Biology & Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University, Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Yao B, Lian L, Pang W, Yin D, Chan SA, Song W. Determination of illicit drugs in aqueous environmental samples by online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 160:208-215. [PMID: 27376860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a fully automated analytical method, based on online solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-MS/MS), has been developed and optimized for the quantification of 10 illicit drugs and metabolites in environmentally aqueous samples collected from China. The particular attention was devoted to minimize the matrix effects through a washing step, which washed out the interferences effectively and helped to reduce the matrix effect significantly. The key advantages of the method are high sensitivity, selectivity and reliability of results, smaller sample manipulation, full automation, and fairly high throughput. The whole procedure was then successfully applied in the analysis of various surface water and wastewater effluents samples. Pseudoephedrine have been detected at trace levels (several tens ng L(-1) or less), while MDA, MDMA, benzoylecgonine and methadone were below the LOQ in all samples. Caffeine, cotinine and paraxanthine, which may be derived from medicines and foods, were detected with the highest frequencies and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Weihai Pang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shen-An Chan
- Agilent Technology, Inc., 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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28
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Sangion A, Gramatica P. PBT assessment and prioritization of contaminants of emerging concern: Pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:297-306. [PMID: 26921826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The strong and widespread use of pharmaceuticals, together with incorrect disposal procedures, has recently made these products contaminants of emerging concern (CEC). Unfortunately, little is known about pharmaceuticals' environmental behaviour and ecotoxicity, so that EMEA (European Medicines Agency) released guidelines for the pharmaceuticals' environmental risk assessment. In particular, there is a severe lack of information about persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of the majority of the thousands of substances on the market. Computational tools, like QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) models, are the only way to screen large sets of chemicals in short time, with the aim of ranking, highlighting and prioritizing the most environmentally hazardous for focusing further experimental studies. In this work we propose a screening method to assess the potential persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of more than 1200 pharmaceutical ingredients, based on the application of two different QSAR models. We applied the Insubria-PBT Index, a MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) QSAR model based on four simple molecular descriptors, implemented in QSARINS software, and able to synthesize the PBT potential in a unique cumulative value and the US-EPA PBT Profiler that assesses the PBT behaviour evaluating separately P, B and T. Particular attention was given to the study of Applicability Domain in order to provide reliable predictions. An agreement of 86% was found between the two models and a priority list of 35 pharmaceuticals, highlighted as potential PBTs by consensus, was proposed for further experimental validation. Moreover, the results of this computational screening are in agreement with preliminary experimental data in the literature. This study shows how in silico models can be applied in the hazard assessment to perform preliminary screening and prioritization of chemicals, and how the identification of the structural features, mainly associated with the potential PBT behaviour of the prioritized pharmaceuticals, is particularly relevant to perform the rational a priori design of new, environmentally safer, pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sangion
- QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Gramatica
- QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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29
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Binelli A, Magni S, Della Torre C, Parolini M. Toxicity decrease in urban wastewaters treated by a new biofiltration process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:235-242. [PMID: 26282757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a project aimed to evaluate the possible role played by the freshwater zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the possible decrease of some environmental pollutants recalcitrant to tradition wastewater treatments. By the help of a pilot-plant built in the largest wastewater treatment plant of Milan (Italy), we tested several waste mixtures in order to measure the chemicals' abatement made by mussels' biofiltration. This study represents the last step of the wider project and it aimed to evaluate if the decrease in the concentration of some urban pollutants measured in wastewaters was followed by a corresponding toxicity reduction. Thus, we performed 7-day exposures under laboratory conditions to test the toxicity of the raw wastewaters and those preliminary filtered by zebra mussels, through the measurement of different end-points of acute and chronic toxicity. Results showed a clear positive effect of mussels' biofiltration mainly to decrease the acute toxicity made by the two tested wastewater mixtures, while the biomarkers' suite used to evaluate the chronic toxicity showed contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - S Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - C Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
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