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Gambardella C, Miroglio R, Costa E, Cachot J, Morin B, Clérandeau C, Rotander A, Rocco K, d'Errico G, Almeda R, Alonso O, Grau E, Piazza V, Pittura L, Benedetti M, Regoli F, Faimali M, Garaventa F. New insights into the impact of leachates from in-field collected plastics on aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124233. [PMID: 38801877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of leachates from micronized beached plastics of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean on coastal marine ecosystems was investigated by using a multidisciplinary approach. Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological tests on phylogenetically distant species were performed on leachates from the following plastic categories: bottles, pellets, hard plastic (HP) containers, fishing nets (FN) and rapido trawling rubber (RTR). The bacteria Alivibrio fischeri, the nauplii of the crustaceans Amphibalanus amphitrite and Acartia tonsa, the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, the embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the ephyrae of the jellyfish Aurelia sp. and the larvae of the medaka Oryzias latipes were exposed to different concentrations of leachates to evaluate lethal and sub-lethal effects. Thirty-one additives were identified in the plastic leachates; benzophenone, benzyl butyl phthalate and ethylparaben were present in all leachates. Ecotoxicity of leachates varied among plastic categories and areas, being RTR, HP and FN more toxic than plastic bottles and pellets to several marine invertebrates. The ecotoxicological results based on 13 endpoints were elaborated within a quantitative weight of evidence (WOE) model, providing a synthetic hazard index for each data typology, before their integrations in an environmental risk index. The WOE assigned a moderate and slight hazard to organisms exposed to leachates of FN and HP collected in the Mediterranean Sea respectively, and a moderate hazard to leachates of HP from the Atlantic Ocean. No hazard was found for pellet, bottles and RTR. These findings suggest that an integrated approach based on WOE on a large set of bioassays is recommended to get a more reliable assessment of the ecotoxicity of beached-plastic leachates. In addition, the additives leached from FN and HP should be further investigated to reduce high concentrations and additive types that could impact marine ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC UMR 5805, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC UMR 5805, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Anna Rotander
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kevin Rocco
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe d'Errico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Spain
| | - Olalla Alonso
- EOMAR, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Spain
| | - Etienne Grau
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Pittura
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maura Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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Ali M, Xu D, Yang X, Hu J. Microplastics and PAHs mixed contamination: An in-depth review on the sources, co-occurrence, and fate in marine ecosystems. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121622. [PMID: 38733961 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic contaminants that have been found in marine ecosystems. This review aims to explore the sources and mechanisms of PAHs and MPs mixed contamination in marine environments. Understanding the released sources of PAHs and MPs is crucial for proposing appropriate regulations on the release of these contaminants. Additionally, the mechanisms of co-occurrence and the role of MPs in distributing PAHs in marine ecosystems were investigated in detail. Moreover, the chemical affinity between PAHs and MPs was proposed, highlighting the potential mechanisms that lead to their persistence in marine ecosystems. Moreover, we delve into the various factors influencing the co-occurrence, chemical affinity, and distribution of mixed contaminants in marine ecosystems. These factors, including environmental characteristics, MPs properties, PAHs molecular weight and hydrophobicity, and microbial interactions, were critically examined. The co-contamination raises concerns about the potential synergistic effects on their degradation and toxicity. Interesting, few studies have reported the enhanced photodegradation and biodegradation of contaminants under mixed contamination compared to their individual remediation. However, currently, the remediation strategies reported for PAHs and MPs mixed contamination are scarce and limited. While there have been some initiatives to remove PAHs and MPs individually, there is a lack of research specifically targeting the removal of mixed contaminants. This deficiency highlights the need for further investigation and the development of effective remediation approaches for the efficient remediation of PAHs and MPs from marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtiar Ali
- Advanced Water Technology Laboratory, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Advanced Water Technology Laboratory, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Advanced Water Technology Laboratory, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Advanced Water Technology Laboratory, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Cai B, De Jesus Andino F, McGrath JL, Romanick SS, Robert J. Ingestion of polyethylene terephthalate microplastic water contaminants by Xenopus laevis tadpoles negatively affects their resistance to ranavirus infection and antiviral immunity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124340. [PMID: 38851377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Small plastic debris (0.1 μm-5 mm) or microplastics (MPs) have become major pollutants of aquatic ecosystems worldwide and studies suggest that MPs exposure can pose serious threats to human and wildlife health. However, to date the potential biological impacts of MPs accumulating in low amount in tissues during early life remains unclear. Here, for a more realistic assessment, we have used environmentally representative, mildly weathered, polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET MPs), cryomilled (1-100 μm) and fluorescently labelled. We leveraged the amphibian Xenopus laevis tadpoles as an animal model to define the biodistribution of PET MPs and determine whether exposure to PET MPs induce perturbations of antiviral immunity. Exposure to PET MPs for 1-14 days resulted in detectable PET MPs biodistribution in intestine, gills, liver, and kidney as determined by fluorescence microscopy on whole mount tissues. PET MPs accumulation rate in tissues was further evaluated via a novel in situ enzymatic digestion and subsequent filtration using silicon nanomembranes, which shows that PET MPs rapidly accumulate in tadpole intestine, liver and kidneys and persist over a week. Longer exposure (1 month) of tadpoles to relatively low concentration of PET MPs (25 μg/ml) significantly increased susceptibility to viral infection and altered innate antiviral immunity without inducing overt inflammation. This study provides evidence that exposure to MPs negatively impact immune defenses of aquatic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghong Cai
- University of Rochester Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; University of Rochester Biomedical Engineering, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacques Robert
- University of Rochester Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; University of Rochester Department Environmental Medicine, USA.
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Sun J, Rene ER, Tao D, Lu Y, Jin Q, Lam JCH, Leung KMY, He Y. Degradation of organic UV filters in the water environment: A concise review on the mechanism, toxicity, and technologies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132822. [PMID: 37898090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have been used globally for the past 20 years. Given that OUVFs can be quickly released from sunscreens applied on human skins, they have been frequently detected in aquatic environments and organisms. Some byproducts of OUVFs might be more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds. To further assess the toxicity and potential risk of OUVFs' byproducts, it is necessary to determine the fate of OUVFs and identify their transformation products. This review summarizes and analyzes pertinent literature and reports in the field of OUVFs research. These published research works majorly focus on the degradation mechanisms of OUVFs in aquatic environments, their intermediates/byproducts, and chlorination reaction. Photodegradation (direct photolysis, self-sensitive photolysis and indirect photolysis) and biodegradation are the main transformation pathways of OUVFs through natural degradation. To remove residual OUVFs' pollutants from aqueous environments, novel physicochemical and biological approaches have been developed in recent years. Advanced oxidation, ultrasound, and bio-based technologies have been proven to eliminate OUVFs from wastewaters. In addition, the disinfection mechanism and the byproducts (DBPs) of various OUVFs in swimming pools are discussed in this review. Besides, knowledge gaps and future research directions in this field of study are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chun-Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China.
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Jena G, Dutta K, Daverey A. Surfactants in water and wastewater (greywater): Environmental toxicity and treatment options. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140082. [PMID: 37689147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant, an emerging pollutant present in greywater, raises the toxicity levels in the water body. Soap, detergent, and personal care items add surfactant to greywater. Due to excessive washing and cleaning procedures brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, the release of surfactants in greywater has also increased. Considering the environmental toxicity and problems it creates during the treatment, it's essential to remove surfactants from the wastewater. This review intends to explain and address the environmental toxicity of the surfactant released via greywater and current techniques for surfactant removal from wastewater. Various physical, chemical, and biological methods are reported. Modern adsorbents such as hydrophilic silica nanoparticles, chitosan, fly ash, and iron oxide remove surfactants by adsorption. Membrane filtration effectively removes surfactants but is not cost-effective. Coagulants (chemical and natural coagulants) neutralize surfactant charges and help remove them as bigger particles. Electrocoagulation/electroflotation causes surfactants to coagulate and float. Microorganisms break down surfactants in microbial fuel cells to generate power. Surfactants are removed by natural processes and plants in constructed wetlands where traditional aerobic and anaerobic approaches use microbes to break down surfactants. Constructed wetlands, natural coagulation-flocculation, and microbial fuel cells are environmentally beneficial methods to remove surfactants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanaranjan Jena
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Kasturi Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
| | - Achlesh Daverey
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248012, India.
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Gong X, Ge Z, Ma Z, Li Y, Huang D, Zhang J. Effect of different size microplastic particles on the construction of algal-bacterial biofilms and microbial communities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118246. [PMID: 37245312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Algal-bacterial symbiotic system is a biological purification system that combines sewage treatment with resource utilization and has the dual effects of carbon sequestration and pollution reduction. In this study, an immobilized algal-bacterial biofilm system was constructed for the treatment of natural sewage. Effects of exposure to microplastics (MPs) with different particle diameters (0.065 μm, 0.5 μm and 5 μm) were determined in terms of algal biomass recovery efficiency, the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and morphologic characteristics. The impacts of MPs on the bacterial diversity and community structure of biofilms were also examined. The metagenomic analysis of key microorganisms and related metabolism pathways involved in system was further investigated. Results showed that following exposure to 5 μm MP, a maximum algal recovery efficiency of 80% was achieved, with a minimum PSII primary light energy conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio) of 0.513. Furthermore, 5 μm MP caused the highest level of damage to the algal-bacterial biofilm, enhancing the secretion of protein-rich EPS. The biofilm morphology became rough and loose following exposure to 0.5 μm and 5 μm MP. Community diversity and richness were significantly high in biofilms exposed to 5 μm MP. Proteobacteria (15.3-24.1%), Firmicutes (5.0-7.8%) and Actinobacteria (4.2-4.9%) were dominant in all groups, with exposure to 5 μm MP resulting in the highest relative abundance for these species. The addition of MPs promoted the related metabolic functions while inhibited the degradation of harmful substances by algal-bacterial biofilms. The findings have environmental significance for the practical application of algal-bacterial biofilms for sewage treatment, providing novel insights into the potential effects of MPs on immobilized algal-bacterial biofilm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Gong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zuhan Ge
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zihang Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yaguang Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Shifang Ecology and Landscape Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Deying Huang
- Shanghai Shifang Ecology and Landscape Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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7
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Ammar E, Hamed M, Mohamed MS, Sayed AEDH. The synergetic effects of 4-nonylphenol and polyethylene microplastics in Cyprinus carpio juveniles using blood biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11635. [PMID: 37468510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems along with other chemical pollutants. Therefore, it is vital to study the health-hazardous effects of MPs in combination with 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), which is a highly abundant industrial waste and a critical alkylphenol endocrine disruptor. We investigated the effects of the exposure to polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs), 4-NP, and their combination on blood biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio juveniles. Four study groups were treated for 15 consecutive days: (1) control group, (2) 10 mg/L PE-MP group, (3) 10 mg/L PE-MPs + 200 µg/L 4-NP group, and (4) 200 µg/L 4-NP group, followed by 15 days of recovery. Biochemical analyses showed that creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, liver enzymes, total protein, and A/G ratios were significantly increased after exposure to PE-MPs, 4-NP, and the combination. Hematological parameters (RBC's, Hb, Ht, neutrophil percentage, and WBC's) were significantly decreased in the three exposure groups, whereas mean corpuscular volume and lymphocyte percentages were significantly increased. The 15-day recovery period improved most hematobiochemical parameters and PE-MP accumulation indices. Taken together, we demonstrated the hazardous effects of PE-MP and 4-NP combinations on C. carpio blood parameters and highlighted their potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Ammar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Research and Studies Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Research and Studies Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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Gerassimidou S, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Muncke J, Hahladakis JN, Martin OV, Iacovidou E. Unpacking the complexity of the polyethylene food contact articles value chain: A chemicals perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131422. [PMID: 37099905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used type of plastic food packaging, in which chemicals can potentially migrate into packaged foods. The implications of using and recycling PE from a chemical perspective remain underexplored. This study is a systematic evidence map of 116 studies looking at the migration of food contact chemicals (FCCs) across the lifecycle of PE food packaging. It identified a total of 377 FCCs, of which 211 were detected to migrate from PE articles into food or food simulants at least once. These 211 FCCs were checked against the inventory FCCs databases and EU regulatory lists. Only 25% of the detected FCCs are authorized by EU regulation for the manufacture of food contact materials. Furthermore, a quarter of authorized FCCs exceeded the specific migration limit (SML) at least once, while one-third (53) of non-authorised FCCs exceeded the threshold value of 10 μg/kg. Overall, evidence on FCCs migration across the PE food packaging lifecycle is incomplete, especially at the reprocessing stage. Considering the EU's commitment to increase packaging recycling, a better understanding and monitoring of PE food packaging quality from a chemical perspective across the entire lifecycle will enable the transition towards a sustainable plastics value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Food-Energy-Water-Waste Sustainability (FEWWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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9
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Lin L, Huang Y, Wang P, Chen CC, Qian W, Zhu X, Xu X. Environmental occurrence and ecotoxicity of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132015. [PMID: 37437480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products such as fishing nets and foam buoys have been widely used in aquaculture. To enhance the desirable characteristics of the final equipment, plastic gear for aquaculture is mixed with a wide range of additives. Recent studies have shown that additives could be leached out to the environment with a long-term use of aquaculture plastics, forming aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. It should be emphasized that some leachates such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are endocrine disruptors, which could increase the exposure risk of aquatic products and subsequently display potential threats to human health via food chain. However, systematic studies on the release, occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates are missing, overlooking their potential sources and ecotoxicological risks in aquatic environments. We have reviewed and compared the concentrations of major plastic leachates in the water environment and organisms of global aquaculture and non-farmed areas, confirming that aquaculture leachate is an important source of contaminants in the environment. Moreover, the toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic additives and the related mechanisms are summarized with fish as a representative, revealing their potential health risk. In addition, we proposed current challenges and future research needs, which provides scientific guidance for the use and management of plastic products in aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ciara Chun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Southern Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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He H, Li F, Liu K, Zhan J, Wang X, Lai C, Yang X, Huang B, Pan X. The disinfectant residues promote the leaching of water contaminants from plastic pipe particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121577. [PMID: 37023886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection treatment is an indispensable water purification process, but it can leave trace concentrations of disinfectant in the purified water. Disinfectants oxidation can age plastic pipes and release hazardous microplastics and chemicals into drinking water. Lengths of commercially-available unplasticized polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene random copolymer water pipe were ground into particles and exposed to micro-molar concentrations of ClO2, NaClO, trichloroisocyanuric acid, or O3 for up to 75 days. The disinfectants aged the plastic and changed its surface morphology and functional groups. Meanwhile, disinfectants could significantly promote the release of organic matter from plastic pipes into the water. ClO2 generated the highest concentrations of organic matter in the leachates from both plastics. Plasticizers, antioxidants and low molecular weight organic matter were detected in all of the leachates. Leachate samples inhibited the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer and induced oxidative stress in the cells. Even trace concentrations of residual disinfectant can constitute a drinking water risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kunqian Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juhong Zhan
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chaochao Lai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming, 650500, China
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11
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Almroth BC, Carle A, Blanchard M, Molinari F, Bour A. Single-use take-away cups of paper are as toxic to aquatic midge larvae as plastic cups. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121836. [PMID: 37201566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-use plastics and food packaging are the most common items polluting the environment, commonly identified in surveys and litter monitoring campaigns. There are pushes to ban these products from production and use in different regions, and to replace them with other materials viewed as "safer" or "more sustainable". Here, we address the potential environmental impacts of take-away cups and lids used for hot and cold beverages, consisting of plastic or paper. We produced leachates from plastic cups (polypropylene), lids (polystyrene), and paper cups (lined with polylactic acid), under conditions representative of plastic leaching in the environment. The packaging items were placed and left to leach in sediment and freshwater for up to four weeks, and we tested the toxicity of contaminated water and sediment separately. We used the model aquatic invertebrate Chironomus riparius and assessed multiple endpoints both on larval stages and on emergence to the adult phase. We observed a significant growth inhibition with all the materials tested when the larvae were exposed in contaminated sediment. Developmental delays were also observed for all materials, both in contaminated water and sediment. We investigated teratogenic effects via the analysis of mouthpart deformities in chironomid larvae, and observed significant effects on larvae exposed to polystyrene lid leachates (in sediment). Finally, a significant delay in time to emergence was observed for females exposed to paper cups leachates (in sediment). Overall, our results indicate that all the tested food packaging materials can have adverse effects on chironomids. These effects can be observed from one week of material leaching in environmental conditions, and tend to increase with increasing leaching time. Moreover, more effects were observed in contaminated sediment, indicating that benthic organisms might be especially at risk. This study highlights the risk posed by take-away packaging and their associated chemicals, once discarded into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alice Carle
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Blanchard
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Molinari
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agathe Bour
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Almeda R, Kuddithamby G, Alonso-Lópeza O, Vilas A, Christelle C, Loisel T, Nielsen TG, Cachot J, Beiras R. A protocol for lixiviation of micronized plastics for aquatic toxicity testing. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138894. [PMID: 37164198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics contain various types and amounts of additives that can leach into the water column when entering aquatic ecosystems. Some leached plastic additives are hazardous to marine biota at environmentally relevant concentrations. Disparate methodological approaches have been adopted for toxicity testing of plastic leachates, making comparison difficult. Here we propose a protocol to standardize the methodology to obtain leachates from microplastics (MPs) for aquatic toxicity testing. Literature reviewing and toxicity tests using marine model organisms and different types of MPs were conducted to define the main methodological aspects of the protocol. Acute exposure to leachates from the studied plastics caused negative effects on the early life stages of sea urchins and marine bacteria. We provide recommendations of key factors influencing MPs lixiviation, such as MP size (<250 μm), solid-to-liquid ratio (1-10 g/L), mixing conditions (1-60 rpm), and lixiviation time (72 h). The proposed methodology was successful to determine the toxicity of leachates from different micronized plastics on marine biota. Our recommendations balance feasibility and environmental relevance, and their use would help ensure comparability amongst studies for a better assessment of the toxicity of plastic leachates on aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR Group, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | | | - Olalla Alonso-Lópeza
- EOMAR Group, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; ECOTOX Group, ECIMAT-CIM, University of Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | - Tara Loisel
- EPOC UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, CNRS and INP Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jérôme Cachot
- EPOC UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, CNRS and INP Bordeaux, France
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13
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Hu JL, Duan Y, Zhong HN, Lin QB, Zhang T, Zhao CC, Chen S, Dong B, Li D, Wang J, Mo MZ, Chen J, Zheng JG. Analysis of microplastics released from plastic take-out food containers based on thermal properties and morphology study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:305-318. [PMID: 36538705 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2157894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plastic take-out food containers may release microplastics (MPs) into food and pose a potential risk to food safety and human health. Here, after being subjected to hot water treatment, MPs released from three types of plastic food containers (polypropylene, PP; polyethylene, PE; expanded polystyrene, EPS) were identified by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the size of released MPs ranged from 0.8-38 μm and over 96% MPs were smaller than 10 μm. Various MPs concentrations were found from the three types of containers, that is, 1.90 × 104, 1.01 × 105, and 2.82 × 106 particles/L on average from PP, PE, and EPS, respectively. Moreover, based on thermal and morphology analysis, we discovered that both relaxations of the polymer chains in the rubbery state and defects caused by processing techniques might contribute to the release of MPs. Thus, such release can be reduced by increasing the thermal stability of the materials and mitigating the defects generated during production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yipin Duan
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Chuang-Chuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ben Dong
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Zhen Mo
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zheng
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Akoueson F, Paul-Pont I, Tallec K, Huvet A, Doyen P, Dehaut A, Duflos G. Additives in polypropylene and polylactic acid food packaging: Chemical analysis and bioassays provide complementary tools for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159318. [PMID: 36220465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic food packaging represents 40 % of the plastic production worldwide and belongs to the 10 most commonly found items in aquatic environments. They are characterized by high additives contents with >4000 formulations available on the market. Thus they can release their constitutive chemicals (i.e. additives) into the surrounding environment, contributing to chemical pollution in aquatic systems and to contamination of marine organism up to the point of questioning the health of the consumer. In this context, the chemical and toxicological profiles of two types of polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) food packaging were investigated, using in vitro bioassays and target gas chromatography mass spectrometry analyses. Plastic additives quantification was performed both on the raw materials, and on the material leachates after 5 days of lixiviation in filtered natural seawater. The results showed that all samples (raw materials and leachates) contained additive compounds (e.g. phthalates plasticizers, phosphorous flame retardants, antioxidants and UV-stabilizers). Differences in the number and concentration of additives between polymers and suppliers were also pointed out, indicating that the chemical signature cannot be generalized to a polymer and is rather product dependent. Nevertheless, no significant toxic effects was observed upon exposure to the leachates in two short-term bioassays targeting baseline toxicity (Microtox® test) and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas fertilization success and embryo-larval development. Overall, this study demonstrates that both petrochemical and bio-based food containers contain harmful additives and that it is not possible to predict material toxicity solely based on chemical analysis. Additionally, it highlights the complexity to assess and comprehend the additive content of plastic packaging due to the variability of their composition, suggesting that more transparency in polymer formulations is required to properly address the risk associated with such materials during their use and end of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleurine Akoueson
- ANSES - LSAl, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.; Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Uni. Liège, F-62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Kévin Tallec
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France; Cedre, 715 rue Alain Colas, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Périne Doyen
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Uni. Liège, F-62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alexandre Dehaut
- ANSES - LSAl, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Guillaume Duflos
- ANSES - LSAl, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France..
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15
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Chen X, Chen CE, Guo X, Sweetman AJ. Sorption and desorption of bisphenols on commercial plastics and the effect of UV aging. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136867. [PMID: 36244418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics gradually degrade in the natural environment from the effect of irradiation, which can change the surface properties of plastics and affect the migration behaviour of pollutants. Up to now, studies on the sorption/desorption behaviour of organic pollutants on aged plastics are still limited. In this study, several types of commercial plastics (polyurethane (PU), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), expanded polystyrene (EPS)) were selected to investigate the sorption and release behaviour for four kinds of bisphenols (bisphenol-F, A, B, AP). The results from Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed evidence of oxidization and surface cracks of plastics after irradiation. The sorption behaviour for both fresh and aged plastics were dominated by hydrophobicity. In addition, the electrostatic force, H-bonding interaction, and π-π interaction were also the important factors impacting the sorption process. The desorption kinetics behaviour indicates that desorption becomes faster after aging. Hydrophobicity is also an important factor that affects desorption behaviour. This study showed that sorption capacity for most fresh and aged plastics was enhanced by the impact of salinity and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Increased temperature could increase the desorption of bisphenols on both fresh and aged plastics, which illustrated that warm environments would promote more pollutants be released from plastics to water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Nunes RF, Teixeira ACSC. An overview on surfactants as pollutants of concern: Occurrence, impacts and persulfate-based remediation technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134507. [PMID: 35395256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are molecules that reduce interfacial energy and increase solubility of other pollutants in water. These properties make them suitable for various domestic and industrial applications, soil remediation, pesticide formulation, among others. The increase in their use and the lack of strict regulations regarding their disposal and management is a matter of concern and requires more attention since the release and distribution of these compounds into the environment can modify important water quality parameters. As a result of these changes, different toxicological effects to aquatic organisms are discussed and exposed herein. On this basis, we provide an overview of the classes of surfactants, as well as their occurrence in different aqueous matrices. In addition, existing regulations around the world regarding their concentration limit for different environments are discussed. Current research focuses on the application of conventional treatments, such as biological treatments; notwithstanding, more toxic and bioaccumulative products can be generated. Advanced Oxidation Processes are promising alternatives and have also been widely applied for the removal of surfactants. This study provides, for the first time, an overview of the application of persulfate-based processes for surfactants degradation based on recent literature findings, as well as the various factors related to the activation of the persulfate anions. This review also highlights the challenges and opportunities for future research to overcome the obstacles to the practical application of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Frinhani Nunes
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Tenebe IT, Ayejuyo OO, Benson NU. Microplastics and associated organic pollutants in beach sediments from the Gulf of Guinea (SE Atlantic) coastal ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134193. [PMID: 35304206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants of global concern due to their pervasiveness, sorptive capacity for organic and inorganic pollutants, and direct and indirect toxicity to organisms and ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the concentration and the statistical difference in the concentration of microplastic-sorbed organic pollutants from two ecosystems, the marine and estuarine lagoon. Surface sediment from the estuarine lagoon and marine ecosystems were sampled for microplastics (1-5 mm). A total of 3680 MP particles were collected. The plastics were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). ∑PAHs, ∑PCBs and ∑OCPs were between 0.00 and 0.32 mg/kg, 0.00-0.53 mg/kg and 0.04-2.02 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed a correlation of -0.2, 0.8 and 0.2 between the number of MPs and the concentration of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs, respectively, suggesting that the potential risk of accumulation of plastic-sorbed PCBs is higher than those of OCPs and PAHs. Mann Whitney U test (at 95% confidence level) indicated no statistical difference in the concentration of organic pollutants in lagoon and beach MPs. In addition, we found no significant difference in the accumulation of organic pollutants in MPs from beach drift and high waterlines. The result suggests that the concentration of microplastics-sorbed organic pollutants in both ecosystems is comparable and likely to pose similar potential risks. We recommend that plastic pollution in all ecosystems require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imokhai T Tenebe
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Dam Safety Division, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Nsikak U Benson
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria.
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18
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Kukla SP, Chelomin VP, Mazur AA, Slobodskova VV. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce DNA Damage in Sand Dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis Sperm. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070348. [PMID: 35878253 PMCID: PMC9318529 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Products containing nanomaterials are becoming more and more common in everyday life. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), meanwhile, are among the most widely used NPs. However, their genotoxic effect on the germ products of marine organisms is poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of ZnO NPs and zinc ions (20, 50, 100, 200 µg/L) on the sperm of sand dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis were compared. Comet assay showed that both tested pollutants caused an increase in DNA damage to 6.57 ± 2.41 and 7.42 ± 0.88% DNA in the comet tail, for zinc ions and ZnO NPs, respectively. Additionally, a different pattern was shown by the increase in DNA damage, with increasing concentration of pollutants, in different experimental groups.
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19
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Zou J, Yao B, Yan S, Song W. Determination of trace organic contaminants by a novel mixed-mode online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119112. [PMID: 35271954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel mixed-mode online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed to recover miscellaneous trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from environmental water samples. Six kinds of sorbents, including C18 substances, hypercross-linked polymers (2), cation-exchange resins, anion-exchange resins, and graphitized nonporous carbons, were packed into a single online SPE cartridge. Furthermore, a fully automated analytic method was established by coupling this mixed-mode online SPE with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-MS/MS). Sixty-nine TrOCs with diverse properties were selected to examine the performance of this mixed-mode SPE cartridge in comparison with solo-mode online SPE cartridges. The method quantification limit (MQL) and the relative recovery coefficient of TrOCs in diverse water matrices, including groundwater, surface water and sewage effluent were evaluated. The MQL of most TrOCs was lower than 10 ng L-1. The relative recovery coefficients for most TrOCs in the groundwater (50/69) and surface water (38/69) matrix fit in the satisfactory range. Moreover, mixed-mode online SPE coupled with LC-high-resolution MS was applied for a suspect screening of TrOCs in sewage effluents. A series of highly polar TrOCs that had scarcely been reported by previous studies were identified by this practical and easily accessible method. Finally, this novel mixed-mode online SPE with LC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify the TrOCs in the environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Bo Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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20
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Xie M, Xu P, Zhou W, Xu X, Li H, He W, Yue W, Zhang L, Ding D, Suo A. Impacts of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on juvenile Lates calcarifer: Bioaccumulation, antioxidant response, microbiome, and proteome alteration. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113744. [PMID: 35580442 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Discarded plastic bag is a main component of marine debris, posing potential threats to marine biota. This study was conducted to assess the potential effects of microplastics on juvenile Lates calcarifer. Fish were exposed via diet to two microplastic types from conventional polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable (Bio) plastic bags for 21 days. Antioxidative enzymes activity, intestinal microbiome and proteome were determined. PE and Bio microplastics were found to accumulate in gastrointestinal tracts, and no mortality was observed. Microplastics exposure did not induce significant antioxidant response except for the glutathione reductase (GR) modulation. Intestinal microbiome diversity decreased significantly in PE group based on Simpson index. Both types of microplastics induced proteome modulation by down-regulating proteins associated with immune homeostasis. Bio microplastics maintained higher intestinal microbial diversity and induced more proteins alteration than PE microplastics. This study provides toxicological insights into the impacts of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on juvenile L. calcarifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujiao Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiguo Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Weihong He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Weizhong Yue
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dewen Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Anning Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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21
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Taylor RB, Sapozhnikova Y. Assessing Chemical Migration from Plastic Food Packaging into Food Simulant by Gas and Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4805-4816. [PMID: 35380818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some components of plastic food packaging can migrate into food, and whereas migration studies of known components are required and relatively straightforward, identification of nonintentionally added substances (NIAS; unknowns) is challenging yet imperative to better characterizing food safety. To this aim, migration was investigated across 24 unique plastic food packaging products including plastic wrap, storage bags, vacuum bags, and meat trays. Gas and liquid chromatography separation systems coupled with Orbitrap mass analyzers were used for comprehensive nontargeted screening of migrants. Tentative identifications of features were assigned by searching commercial databases (e.g., NIST, MZCloud, ChemSpider, Extractables and Leachables) and filtering results based on mass accuracy, retention time indices, and mass spectral patterns. Several migrants showed elevated levels in specific food packaging types, particularly meat trays and plastic wrap, and varying degrees of migration over the 10 days. Eleven putative migrants are listed as substances of potential concern or priority hazardous substances. Additionally, migration amounts of an Irgafos 168 degradation product determined by semiquantitation exceeded proposed theoretical maximum migration values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegyn B Taylor
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
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22
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Lin J, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Lei Y, Cai Y, Liang Q, Nie S, Jia Y, Chen S, Huang C, Chen J. Leachate from plastic food packaging induced reproductive and neurobehavioral toxicity in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113189. [PMID: 35033875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study mimicked daily life exposure to plastic food package bags and evaluated its effects on the reproductive and neurobehavioral responses using zebrafish model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) full scan analysis revealed that phthalic acid, isobutyl octyl ester (DEHP) and its metabolites were the main leachate from plastic bags. Our results demonstrated that during the eight weeks exposure, leaching from plastic bags treated with boiling water (P-high group) significantly affected the spawn egg production, embryo hatching and larval malformation rate. Cross-spawning trails between zebrafish collected from the controls and P-high group at the end of eight weeks showed that these adverse effects were more severe in the offspring derived from paternal exposure than those derived from the maternal exposure, suggesting leached chemicals may have a more pronounced effect in sperm than in eggs. In addition, P-high group male testis weight, sperm motility and sperm swimming velocities were decreased significantly. After eight weeks treatment, neurobehavioral tests demonstrated significant changes in the swimming speed during free swimming and light-dark stimulation in the adult zebrafish from P-high group, with the effects being more severe in the males than females. P-high group males also showed altered response in the light/dark explore and mirror attacks assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanyan Xiao
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yaojun Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shangfei Nie
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yinhang Jia
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shan Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiangfei Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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23
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Nunes RF, Tominaga FK, Borrely SI, Teixeira ACSC. UVA/persulfate-driven nonylphenol polyethoxylate degradation: effect of process conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:286-300. [PMID: 32559130 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1786166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UV/persulfate (UV/PS) technologies have gained increased attention as efficient alternatives for removing pollutants from different classes, although processes based on the UVA-driven S2O82- (PS) activation have not yet been discussed in the literature for the removal of the nonionic surfactant nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEO). The present study investigated the simultaneous effect of the initial persulfate concentration ([PS]0) and specific photon emission rate (EP,0) on NPEO degradation by UVA/PS following a Doehlert experimental design. The results for [NPEO]0 = (4.65 ± 0.15) mg L-1 indicated more than 97.8% NPEO removal after 2 h, with pseudo first-order specific degradation rate (kobs) of 0.0320 min-1, for [PS]0 = 7.75 mmol L-1 and EP,0 = 0.437 μmol photons L-1 s-1. Under these conditions, NPEO half-life time was about 22 min, and the EC50-48 h (% v/v) values for Daphnia similis before and after treatment did not differ significantly. Higher values of EP,0 would influence NPEO removal for [PS]0 not higher than 8-10 mmol L-1, although lower degradation efficiencies were obtained with higher [NPEO]0 or real wastewater, except for longer reaction times. Additionally, UVA/PS showed to be efficient for tensoactivity removal, despite the negligible total organic carbon (TOC) removal achieved. Finally, UVC and UVA resulted in NPEO degradation higher than 96% and similar tensoactivity removals when UVA/PS was conducted under optimal conditions ([PS]0 = 10 mmol L-1; EP,0 = 0.324 μmol photons L-1 s-1), suggesting that UVA radiation available in solar light could be advantageously employed for NPEO removal at concentrations usually found in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Nunes
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F K Tominaga
- Laboratory of Biological and Environmental Assays, Radiation Technology Center, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S I Borrely
- Laboratory of Biological and Environmental Assays, Radiation Technology Center, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C S C Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Westlake EL, Lawrence E, Travaglione N, Barnes P, Thomson DP. Low quantities of marine debris at the northern Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia, influenced by visitation and accessibility. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113294. [PMID: 35090279 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine debris (MD) is a serious environmental concern globally. Yet, few studies have reported on MD in sanctuary zones of the Indian Ocean. Consequently, coastal transects were conducted to determine MD quantity, composition and distribution at northern Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia. Debris density ranged between 0.004 and 0.02 items m-2 with the greatest density near Exmouth township. Composition was predominantly plastic (61%) with fishing-related items (25.5%) and plastic fragments/remnants (16%) the most numerous overall. Land-based and general sourced MD accounted for 88% of all debris. Debris levels were significantly lower at sites with higher visitation and increased distance from access points. There was no significant difference between sanctuary and non-sanctuary zones. Although not immune to MD, this study suggests its remote location, environmental awareness and management strategies implemented at Ningaloo Marine Park may be key to its low MD levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Westlake
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Emma Lawrence
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Data61, 41 Boggo Rd, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Peter Barnes
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 20 Nimitz St, Exmouth, WA 6707, Australia
| | - Damian P Thomson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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25
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Genotoxicity of Polystyrene (PS) Microspheres in Short-Term Exposure to Gametes of the Sand Dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis (Agassiz, 1864) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution appears to be one of the major environmental problems in the world today, and researchers have been paying special attention to the study of the impact of microplastics on biota. In this article, we studied the short-term effects of polystyrene micro-spheres on genome integrity using the gametes of the Scaphechinus mirabilis sand dollar with the comet assay method. This highly sensitive method allowed us to identify the level of genome damage in both gametes before and after short-term exposure to PS microparticles. It was shown that primary polystyrene microspheres at concentrations of 104, 105, and 106 particles/L had a genotoxic effect during short-term exposure to the sperm of the sand dollar S. mirabilis, which was expressed as a significant increase in sperm DNA damage. The highest percentage of DNA damage (more than 20%) was detected in spermatozoa exposed for 1 h in water containing 105 microspheres of plastic per 1 L. Additionally, at all concentrations of microplastic studied in the experiment, the genetic damage index (GDI) values in spermatozoa exceeded the control level. However, regardless of the level of DNA damage, spermatozoa retained the ability to fertilise eggs with up to 97% efficiency. We must acknowledge that the genotoxic property of microplastic against sperm to some extent predicts the development of long-term adverse effects of environmental significance.
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Greenshields J, Schirrmacher P, Hardege JD. Plastic additive oleamide elicits hyperactivity in hermit crabs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112533. [PMID: 34058499 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have estimated the abundance of plastics in our oceans and warned of its threat to wildlife. However, mechanisms underlying its attractiveness to marine life remain unclear. Though visual similarities to food sources have been suggested, recent studies show that biofouled plastics release dimethyl sulfide which marine fauna mistake for food whilst foraging. Our study shows that the plastic additive oleamide (9-octadecenamide) attracts hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus). Respiration rate increases significantly in response to low concentrations of oleamide, and hermit crabs show a behavioral attraction comparable to their response to the feeding stimulant betaine. Oleamide has a striking resemblance to the necromone oleic acid, a chemical released by arthropods during decomposition. As scavengers, hermit crabs may misidentify oleamide as a food source, creating an olfactory trap. As such, our short communication demonstrates that additive leaching may play a significant role in the attraction of marine life to plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Greenshields
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Coastal Marine Ecosystems Research Centre, Central Queensland University, Gladstone, QLD 4680, Australia
| | - Paula Schirrmacher
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jörg D Hardege
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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27
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Luo H, Zeng Y, Zhao Y, Xiang Y, Li Y, Pan X. Effects of advanced oxidation processes on leachates and properties of microplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125342. [PMID: 33618270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in natural environments undergo various aging processes. So far, little is known about the effects of chemical oxidation on leachates and properties of MPs. Here, we investigated the removal of pigment red from MPs by ozonation, Fenton, and heat-activated persulfate treatments, and further explored the nanoscale surface properties of treated MPs. Experimental results indicated that advanced oxidation processes effectively degraded pigment red released from MPs and the degradation rate was much faster than the leaching rate of pigments. Dominant reactive oxygen radicals in the ozone, Fenton, and heat-activated persulfate systems were identified as O2•-, HO•, and SO4•-, respectively. Height ranges of untreated, ozone-treated, Fenton-treated, and persulfate-treated MPs were 73 nm, 163 nm, 195 nm, and 206 nm, respectively. Oxidation of the -CH3 and -CH2 bonds occurred on the surface of treated MPs and the persulfate system achieved more serious oxidation degree than the ozone and Fenton systems. Addition of pigment red to the plastic polymer increased the glass transition temperature of MPs, which then showed a decline after advanced oxidation treatments except Fenton. The surface of persulfate-treated MPs was the stiffest, but the stiffness distribution of the ozone-treated and Fenton-treated MPs was more uneven. These research findings provide promising strategies to accelerate the aging process of MPs and contribute to a better understanding of the effects of aging on the environmental behavior of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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28
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Abstract
The widespread use of plastic packaging for storing, transporting, and conveniently preparing or serving foodstuffs is significantly contributing to the global plastic pollution crisis. This has led to many efforts directed toward amending plastic packaging’s end of life, such as recycling, or alternative material approaches, like increasingly using paper for food packaging. But these approaches often neglect the critical issue of chemical migration: When contacting foodstuffs, chemicals that are present in packaging transfer into food and thus unwittingly become part of the human diet. Hazardous chemicals, such as endocrine disrupters, carcinogens, or substances that bioaccumulate, are collectively referred to as “chemicals of concern.” They can transfer from plastic packaging into food, together with other unknown or toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals. This chemical transfer is scientifically undisputed and makes plastic packaging a known, and avoidable, source of human exposure to synthetic, hazardous, and untested chemicals. Here, I discuss this issue and highlight aspects in need of improvement, namely the way that chemicals present in food packaging are assessed for toxicity. Further, I provide an outlook on how chemical contamination from food packaging could be addressed in the future. Robust innovations must attempt systemic change and tackle the issue of plastic pollution and chemical migration in a way that integrates all existing knowledge. The widespread use of plastic packaging for storing, transporting, and conveniently preparing or serving foodstuffs is significantly contributing to the global plastic pollution crisis. This Essay exhorts us to change the conversation about plastic packaging and address the chemicals that migrate into food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Beiras R, Verdejo E, Campoy-López P, Vidal-Liñán L. Aquatic toxicity of chemically defined microplastics can be explained by functional additives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124338. [PMID: 33525131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel, systematic approach to relate plastic toxicity with chemical composition is undertaken. Using industrial methods, three petroleum-based polymers, low-density polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyamide (PA), and the biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) were manufactured in different formularies including conventional and alternative additives, and microplastics of two sizes (<250 and <20 µm) were obtained with the aim to relate their composition with environmental impact in aquatic environments. Internationally accepted standard tests of regulatory use with marine organisms representative of microalgae (Tisochrysis lutea population growth), crustaceans (Acartia clausi larval survival), and echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo test) support the following conclusions. Aquatic toxicity of microplastics made from conventional oil-based polymers is due to leaching of chemical additives, and not to ingestion of microplastics. Use of alternative formulations based on natural rather than synthetic chemical additives did not consistently reduce aquatic toxicity except for the replacement of triclosan by the alternative biocide lawsone. In contrast, the biopolymer tested, PHB, seemed to impact marine plankton through different mechanisms associated to the higher abundance of plastic particles within the nanometric range found in this resin and absent in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla s/n, Galicia E-36390, Spain; Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Galicia E-36310, Spain.
| | - Eva Verdejo
- AIMPLAS Plastics Technology Centre, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Campoy-López
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla s/n, Galicia E-36390, Spain; Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Galicia E-36310, Spain
| | - Leticia Vidal-Liñán
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla s/n, Galicia E-36390, Spain; Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Galicia E-36310, Spain
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30
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Du F, Cai H, Zhang Q, Chen Q, Shi H. Microplastics in take-out food containers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122969. [PMID: 32526446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been detected in various media including water, sediment, and seafood, whereas there are few studies focusing on microplastics in take-out containers. In this study, we collected take-out containers made of common polymer materials (polypropylene, PP; polystyrene, PS; polyethylene, PE; polyethylene terephthalate, PET) from five cities in China. Microplastics in the containers were analyzed after different treatments (direct flushing and flushing after immersing with hot water). Our results showed that microplastics were found in all take-out containers and abundance ranged from 3 to 29 items/container. The highest abundance occurred in PS containers with rough surface. The polymer types of some detected particles were the same as those of original containers, accounting for 30% of the total microplastics; other types included polyester, rayon, acrylic, and nylon. Treating the containers with hot water did not influence microplastic abundance. Our study indicates that microplastics in take-out containers come from atmospheric fallout and flakes from container's inner surfaces. Under slight mechanical force, loose structure and rough surface of PS containers can flake off microplastics, entering water more easily. Based on the microplastic abundance in take-out containers, people who order take-out food 4-7 times weekly may ingest 12-203 pieces of microplastics through containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangni Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huiwen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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31
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Gunaalan K, Fabbri E, Capolupo M. The hidden threat of plastic leachates: A critical review on their impacts on aquatic organisms. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116170. [PMID: 32698093 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products are made from the essential polymer mixed with a complex blend of substances including catalyst remnants, polymerization solvents, and a wide range of other additives deliberately added to enhance the desirable characteristics of the final product. Additives include bisphenols, phthalates, flame retardants, and further emerging and legacy contaminants. With a few exceptions, additives are not chemically bound to the polymer, and potentially migrate within the material reaching its surface, then possibly leach out to the environment. Leachates are mixtures of additives, some of which belong to the list of emerging contaminants, i.e. substances that show the potential to pose risks to the environment and human health, while are not yet regulated. The review discusses the state of the art and gaps concerning the hidden threat of plastic leachates. The focus is on reports addressing the biological impacts of plastic leachates as a whole mixture. Degradation of plastics, including the weathering-driven fragmentation, and the release of additives, are analysed together with the techniques currently employed for chemically screening leachates. Because marine plastic litter is a major concern, the review mainly focuses on the effects of plastic leachates on marine flora and fauna. Moreover, it also addresses impacts on freshwater organisms. Finally, research needs and perspectives are examined, to promote better focused investigations, that may support developing different plastic materials and new regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuddithamby Gunaalan
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Marco Capolupo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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32
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Luo H, Xiang Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Pan X. Weathering alters surface characteristic of TiO 2-pigmented microplastics and particle size distribution of TiO 2 released into water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:139083. [PMID: 32380333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In natural environment, microplastics (MPs) undergo varying degrees of aging. It is believed that aged MPs show different surface properties and leaching behaviors from unaged ones. Here, the effects of aging on surface characteristics of TiO2-pigmented MPs and particle size distribution of TiO2 leached from MPs were systematically investigated. Experimental results show that the carbonyl index and color difference of MPs increased after aging. The increased carbonyl content in MPs was due to photo-oxidation, which further caused the fragility of MPs, the loss of TiO2 pigments and the formation of surface cracks. The decreased weight loss for aged MPs was due to the photo-transformation of LDPE into other compounds. Aged MPs could release more and faster TiO2 particles than unaged MPs, and aged MPs tended to release more large particles (>5 μm) and fewer small particles (<5 μm) than unaged MPs. Aged MPs released TiO2 with particle size uniformly distributed in each size fraction, but unaged MPs mainly released small particles (57.6%-86.2%). With increasing leaching time, the proportion of small particles leached from MPs especially aged MPs decreased and the proportion of large particles increased. These findings will help us better understand how aging process impacts the properties and leaching of MPs and the size distribution of particulate additives leached from MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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33
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Missawi O, Bousserrhine N, Belbekhouche S, Zitouni N, Alphonse V, Boughattas I, Banni M. Abundance and distribution of small microplastics (≤ 3 μm) in sediments and seaworms from the Southern Mediterranean coasts and characterisation of their potential harmful effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114634. [PMID: 33618468 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are an uncontrolled contaminant affecting marine ecosystems. Studying their undesirable effects has been an attractive field for scientists in recent years. This study is the first to investigate the uptake and distribution of small microplastics (≤3 μm) from several sites in the Southern Mediterranean coasts. This work primarilyaims to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics in sediments as well as in the seaworms (Hediste diversicolor) from eight sites from the Tunisian coasts using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. The second aim is to evaluate the potential toxic effects of environmental microplastics using a set of biomarkers such as Catalase, Glutathione-S-Transferase, Malondialdehyde and Acetylcholinesterase. Our findings showed that microplastics (1 mm-1.2 μm) were present in all sediments with its abundance ranging from 129 to 606 items kg-1. Microplastic accumulation in seaworms (3 μm-0.22 μm) was 0.5-3.7 items g-1. The predominant polymer was polyethylene. Results also revealed a significant variation among sites in the parameters associated with oxidative stress. Thus, size abundance of microplastics in seaworms was mainly correlated with oxidative stress biomarkers. Our data should be carefully considered in view of the microplastic presence with several types and sizes in Tunisian coastal sites, their potential toxic effects, and their transfer into food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Missawi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratory of Water, Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Creteil, Faculty of Science and Technology, Creteil Cedex, France
| | | | - Nesrine Zitouni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Vanessa Alphonse
- Laboratory of Water, Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Creteil, Faculty of Science and Technology, Creteil Cedex, France
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia.
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34
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Nerín C, Su QZ, Vera P, Mendoza N, Ausejo R. Influence of nonylphenol from multilayer plastic films on artificial insemination of sows. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6519-6528. [PMID: 32424797 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial insemination is common practice in mass livestock farming. Recently, it was shown that chemicals leaching from multilayer plastic bags affect the fertility of boars, although common quality tests did not show any impact on the sperm. It is not clear whether this incidence was a single case or whether it could be a systematic problem. Therefore, we studied six multilayer plastic bags. A total of 49 compounds were found, but most of them were at very low intensity. Nonylphenols in the range of 19-99 μg/g plastic were found. Migration tests using water and 10% ethanol as simulants, to mimic the behavior of semen with the extender, were performed. The most interesting migrants in terms of potential reprotoxicity were identified as nonylphenols. The identification in depth demonstrated the presence of 10 isomers of nonylphenol with a total concentration range between 16 to 58 μg/Kg simulant, among other migrants at lower concentration. The influence of these nonylphenols and their maximum tolerable concentration in direct contact with semen from boars was studied. Motility, viability, mitochondrial activity and acrosomes reacted were significantly affected at 10 mg/Kg of nonylphenols in contact with the sperm, but in vitro penetration rate was significantly decreased with only 2 mg/Kg. Insight into the mode of action is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noelia Mendoza
- Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, 50600 Ejea de los Caballeros, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Ausejo
- Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, 50600 Ejea de los Caballeros, Zaragoza, Spain
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Luo H, Li Y, Zhao Y, Xiang Y, He D, Pan X. Effects of accelerated aging on characteristics, leaching, and toxicity of commercial lead chromate pigmented microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113475. [PMID: 31706764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is of environmental significance to study the leaching performance of additives from microplastics (MPs) and further evaluate the toxicity of leachate to microalgae. Here, we investigated the effects of accelerated aging on characteristics, leaching, and toxicity of commercial lead chromate pigmented MPs. Results show that aging of MPs caused surface cracks and fragmentation, increased their surface area and carbonyl contents, and promoted the release of lead chromate pigment. Chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) tend to leach under acidic condition, rather than neutral and alkali environment. Aging treatment facilitates the leaching performance and a high concentration of NaCl solution also favors the leaching process. Toxicology experiments demonstrate that only high concentration of leachate (>10 μg L-1) exerted significant inhibitory influence (p < 0.005) on cell photosynthesis of Microcystis aeruginosa. The growth inhibition of algal cells remarkably increased with increasing leachate concentrations. We observed more inhibiting effects on cell growth and photosynthesis using the leachates of aged MPs. Longer aging time leads to more release of Cr and Pb, rendering higher toxicity to microalgae. These novel findings will benefit us from assessing the leaching behavior of additives in MPs and their toxicological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Microplastics in Aquaculture Systems and Their Transfer in the Food Chain. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Packaged food detection method based on the generalized Gaussian model for line-scan Raman scattering images. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Vera P, Canellas E, Barknowitz G, Goshawk J, Nerín C. Ion-Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Technique Applied to Migration of Nonintentionally Added Substances from Polyethylene Films Intended for Use as Food Packaging. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12741-12751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vera
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Ma de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Samtack Adhesivos Industriales, C/Cerámica,
no. 3, Pol. Magarola, 08292 Esparreguera, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Ma de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Chen Q, Allgeier A, Yin D, Hollert H. Leaching of endocrine disrupting chemicals from marine microplastics and mesoplastics under common life stress conditions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104938. [PMID: 31234003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and mesoplastics are able to sorb harmful substances and often contain additives, e.g., endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), that can cause adverse effects to organisms. The present study aims to determine EDC concentrations and their endocrine activities in leachates of field-collected marine MPs and mesoplastics under stress conditions that are known to occur during the plastic life cycle. Estrogens were the dominant EDCs on plastic particles and were either concentrated from the surrounding water or originated from plastic manufacturing. Bisphenol A had the highest detection frequency (75%) with an average concentration of 475 ± 882 μg/kg, followed by bisphenol S, octylphenol and nonylphenol. Moreover, smaller marine MPs leached greater quantities of EDCs because the sorption from surrounding seawater is more efficient for smaller particles. It was found that normal life stresses such as microwaving (MW) and autoclaving (AC) can decrease EDC concentrations, but solar irradiation (solar) can increase EDC concentrations in leachates. Even though organisms with higher metabolic ability exhibited greater estrogenic effects, the comprehensive toxicity of plastic leachates after common life treatments was still limited (below the EC10 value) if 0.1% is taken as the EDC uptake from plastic. In future studies, the accurate contribution of plastic bound EDCs needs to be further explored, and the monitoring of MPs and mesoplastics in the human diet remains important because the concentrations of these plastics may change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Annika Allgeier
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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40
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Shen M, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Song B, Zeng G, Hu D, Wen X, Ren X. Recent advances in toxicological research of nanoplastics in the environment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:511-521. [PMID: 31167159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their widespread existence in the environment and the potential adverse effects on living organisms. In this paper, the toxic effects of nanoplastics on organisms were systematically reviewed. The translocation and absorption of nanoplastics, as well as the release of additives and contaminants adsorbed on nanoplastics in the organism body were discussed, and the potential adverse effects of nanoplastics on human health were evaluated. Nanoplastics can be ingested by organisms, be accumulated in their body and be transferred along the food chains. Nanoplastics showed effects on the growth, development and reproduction of organisms, and disturbing the normal metabolism. The toxic effects on living organisms mainly depended on the surface chemical properties and the particle size of nanoplastics. Positively charged nanoplastics showed more significant effects on the normal physiological activity of cells than negatively charged nanoplastics, and smaller particle sized nanoplastics could more easily penetrate the cell membranes, hence, accumulated in tissues and cells. Additionally, the release of additives and contaminants adsorbed on nanoplastics in organism body poses more significant threats to organisms than nanoplastics themselves. However, there are still knowledge gaps in the determination and quantification of nanoplastics, as well as their contaminant release mechanisms, degradation rates and process from large plastics to nanoplastics, and the transportation of nanoplastics along food chains. These challenges would hinder the risk assessment of nanoplastics in the environment. It is necessary to further develop the risk assessment of nanoplastics and deeply investigate its toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maocai Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Duofei Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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41
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Luo H, Xiang Y, He D, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang S, Pan X. Leaching behavior of fluorescent additives from microplastics and the toxicity of leachate to Chlorella vulgaris. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:1-9. [PMID: 31075575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical additives leaching from microplastics and their effects on physiology of microalgae are of environmental significance. So far, these issues remain unclear. Here, the leaching behavior of fluorescent additives from polyurethane sponge microplastics in simulated (acidic, saline, and basic water) and natural waters (river, lake, wetland, and sea water) was investigated. Release amount of additives increased with increasing solution pH and leaching time. The maximum release amount was reached at the leaching time of 12-24 h and the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-like substances were identified in the leachate. The leached concentrations of fluorescent additives in simulated and natural waters followed the order of basic water > saline water > seawater > West Lake > River > Wetland. Effects of leachate and microplastics on growth and photosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris were further evaluated. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) decreased with increasing leachate concentrations. Only high content (1.6 g L-1) of microplastics exerted significant inhibitory influence on cell photosynthesis when microalgae were exposed to microplastics alone. Retention of algal cells inside the porous sponge microplastics did not change their photosynthetic efficiency. These findings indicate that leaching process of additives from microplastics depends mainly on water environments and the leached chemicals may pose ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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42
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Pannetier P, Cachot J, Clérandeau C, Faure F, Van Arkel K, de Alencastro LF, Levasseur C, Sciacca F, Bourgeois JP, Morin B. Toxicity assessment of pollutants sorbed on environmental sample microplastics collected on beaches: Part I-adverse effects on fish cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:1088-1097. [PMID: 30871891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), are tiny plastic fragments from 1 μm to 5 mm generally found in the aquatic environment which can be easily ingested by organisms and may cause chronic physical but also toxicological effects. Toxicological assays on fish cell lines are commonly used as an alternative tool to provide fast and reliable assessment of the toxic and ecotoxic properties of chemicals or mixtures. Rainbow trout liver cell line (RTLW-1) was used to evaluate the toxicity of pollutants sorbed to MPs sampled in sandy beaches from different islands around the world during the first Race for Water Odyssey in 2015. The collected MPs were analyzed for polymer composition and associated persistent organic pollutants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). In addition, DMSO-extracts from virgin MPs, MPs artificially coated with B[a]P and environmental MPs were analyzed with different bioassays: MTT reduction assay (MTT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay and comet assay. Microplastics from sand beaches were dominated by polyethylene, followed by polypropylene fragments with variable proportions. Organic pollutants found on plastic from beach sampling was PAHs (2-71 ng g-1). Samples from Bermuda (Somerset Long Bay) and Hawaii (Makapu'u) showed the highest concentration of PAHs and DDT respectively. No toxicity was observed for virgin microplastics. No cytotoxicity was observed on cells exposed to MP extract. However, EROD activity was induced and differently modulated depending on the MPs locations suggesting presence of different pollutants or additives in extract. DNA damage was observed after exposure to four microplastics samples on the six tested. Modification of EROD activity level and DNA damage rate highlight MPs extract toxicity on fish cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Florian Faure
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Van Arkel
- Race for Water Foundation, Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Luiz F de Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Levasseur
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Pascal Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
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43
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Ke AY, Chen J, Zhu J, Wang YH, Hu Y, Fan ZL, Chen M, Peng P, Jiang SW, Xu XR, Li HX. Impacts of leachates from single-use polyethylene plastic bags on the early development of clam Meretrix meretrix (Bivalvia: Veneridae). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 142:54-57. [PMID: 31232336 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris in the oceans is a major and growing problem in global environmental pollution. There are increasing concerns that plastic debris is a source of contaminant, either added during manufacturing or adsorbed from the environment. However, there is little information about the acute toxicity of leachates from plastic debris on marine organisms. In this study, we conducted experiments to evaluate the toxicity of leachates from two single-use polyethylene plastic bags (PB1 and PB2) with the embryo and larvae of the commercial clam Meretrix meretrix. Results showed that fertilization of the embryos was not affected by plastic leachates, but the developments of D-veliger larvae, including survival, deformity, and shell height, were significantly affected by plastic leachates from both PB1 and PB2 compared to the controls of filtered seawater. We speculate that compounds leaching from plastic bags are responsible for the observed toxicity. Therefore, leaching toxicity from plastic debris should be considered when assessing the risks of plastic pollution in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Ke
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Wenzhou Fisheries Technology Extension Service, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Yao-Hua Wang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Zheng-Li Fan
- Wenzhou Fisheries Technology Extension Service, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Man Chen
- CSG Power Generation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510635, China
| | - Peng Peng
- CSG Power Generation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510635, China
| | - Shu-Wen Jiang
- CSG Power Generation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510635, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Oliviero M, Tato T, Schiavo S, Fernández V, Manzo S, Beiras R. Leachates of micronized plastic toys provoke embryotoxic effects upon sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:706-715. [PMID: 30721861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are defined as plastic fragments <5 mm, and they are found in the ocean where they can impact on the ecosystem. Once released in seawater, microplastics can be internalized by organisms due to their small size, moreover they can also leach out several additives used in plastic manufacturing, such as plasticizers, flame retardants, etc., resulting toxic for biota. The aim of this study was to test the toxicity of micronized PVC products with three different colors, upon Paracentrotus lividus embryos. In particular, we assessed the effects of micronized plastics and microplastic leachates. Results showed a decrease of larval length in plutei exposed to low concentrations of micronized plastics, and a block of larval development in sea urchin embryos exposed to the highest dose. Virgin PVC polymer did not result toxic on P. lividus embryos, while an evident toxic effect due to leached substances in the medium was observed. In particular, the exposure to leachates induced a development arrest immediately after fertilization or morphological alterations in plutei. Finally, PVC products with different colors showed different toxicity, probably due to a different content and/or combination of heavy metals present in coloring agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oliviero
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy; Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Tania Tato
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Simona Schiavo
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy; Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Verónica Fernández
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sonia Manzo
- Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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45
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Beiras R, Tato T, López-Ibáñez S. A 2-Tier standard method to test the toxicity of microplastics in marine water using Paracentrotus lividus and Acartia clausi larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:630-637. [PMID: 30520156 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 2-tier standardized protocol was designed to test the toxicity of microplastics to planktonic organisms. This approach uses sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and copepod (Acartia clausi) larvae because they are common biological models in marine research, and standard methods for toxicity testing with regulatory applications are available. In Tier I, leachates obtained at a 100 to 1 liquid to solid ratio are tested, and toxic units are calculated using a probit dose-response model to quantify the toxicity of the plastics. In Tier II, which is conducted only if significant toxicity (> 1 toxic unit) is found in Tier I, particles less than 20 μm in size are tested at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 mg L-1 , and a toxicity threshold suitable for ranking materials according to their toxicity is obtained from the 10% effect concentration (EC10) values. Results point to chemical additives as being responsible for the toxicity found in certain plastic materials. This process is suitable for both a priori identification of the hazard posed by plastic objects in the aquatic environment, and a posteriori assessment of environmental risk caused by microplastic pollution. The method also provides a quantitative procedure appropriate for ranking plastic materials according to their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:630-637. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beiras
- Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de Toralla (ECIMAT), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Tania Tato
- Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de Toralla (ECIMAT), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara López-Ibáñez
- Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de Toralla (ECIMAT), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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46
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Pan Z, Guo H, Chen H, Wang S, Sun X, Zou Q, Zhang Y, Lin H, Cai S, Huang J. Microplastics in the Northwestern Pacific: Abundance, distribution, and characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1913-1922. [PMID: 30286357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of microplastics (MPs) throughout the world's oceans has raised growing concerns due to its detrimental effects on the environment and living organisms. Most recent studies of MPs, however, have focused on the estuaries and coastal regions. There is a lack of study of MPs pollution in the open ocean. In the present study, we conducted field observations to investigate the abundance, spatial distribution, and characteristics (composite, size, color, shape and surface morphology) of MPs at the surface of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Samples of MPs were collected at 18 field stations in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean using a surface manta trawl with a mesh size of ~330 μm and width of 1 m from August 25 to September 26, 2017. The MPs were characterized using light microscopy, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our field survey results indicate the ubiquity of MPs at all stations with an abundance from 6.4 × 102 items km-2 to 4.2 × 104 items km-2 and an average abundance of 1.0 × 104 items km-2. The Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis of the MPs samples collected during our field survey indicates that the dominant MPs is polyethylene (57.8%), followed by polypropylene (36.0%) and nylon (3.4%). The individual chemical compositions of MPs from the stations within the latitude range 123-146°E are comparable with each other, with PE being the dominating composition. Similar chemical fingerprints were observed at these field stations, suggesting that the MPs originated from similar sources. In contrast, the major MPs at the field stations adjacent to Japan is polypropylene, which may originate from the nearby land along the coast of Japan. Physical oceanography parameters were also collected at these stations. The spatial distribution of MPs is largely attributed to the combined effects of flow pattern, adjacent ocean circulation eddies, the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Pan
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huige Guo
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongzhe Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiuwu Sun
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qingping Zou
- The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yuanbiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Monitoring Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Shangzhan Cai
- Ocean Dynamics Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- Ocean Dynamics Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
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Provencher JF, Avery-Gomm S, Liboiron M, Braune BM, Macaulay JB, Mallory ML, Letcher RJ. Are ingested plastics a vector of PCB contamination in northern fulmars from coastal Newfoundland and Labrador? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:184-190. [PMID: 30032001 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While marine animals are exposed to environmental contaminants via their prey, because plastic pollution in the aquatic environment can concentrate some chemicals, ingested plastics are thought to increase the exposure of biota to contaminants. Currently, in the literature there are contradictory results relating to how higher levels of ingested plastics by birds may lead to higher levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). To date none of these have incorporated known Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for non-ortho and mono-ortho congeners of PCB which is critical to assessing the potential effects from PCBs. We examined northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from the Labrador Sea region Canada, and the ingested plastics from these same birds for comparative PCB concentrations. We found no significant correlations between the PCB concentrations in the birds and the mass or number of retained ingested plastic pieces in the stomach, this held true when PCBs were considered by a number of different ways, including ∑4PCB, ∑PCB, lower-chlorinated, high-chlorinated, non-ortho PCB, and mono-ortho congeners. PCB concentrations were lower in plastics as compared with livers. We found significant differences in congener profiles between the ingested plastics and seabird livers suggesting that while plastics do not contribute to the PCB concentrations, there may be some interactions between plastics and the chemicals that the birds are exposed to via ingested plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Provencher
- Biology Department, Acadia University, 15 University Drive, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6.
| | - S Avery-Gomm
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4103, Australia
| | - M Liboiron
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X9
| | - B M Braune
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - J B Macaulay
- Research and Productivity Council, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 6Z9
| | - M L Mallory
- Biology Department, Acadia University, 15 University Drive, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - R J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
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48
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Markic A, Niemand C, Bridson JH, Mazouni-Gaertner N, Gaertner JC, Eriksen M, Bowen M. Double trouble in the South Pacific subtropical gyre: Increased plastic ingestion by fish in the oceanic accumulation zone. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:547-564. [PMID: 30509840 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fish are an important food source for South Pacific (SP) island countries, yet there is little information on contamination of commercial marine fish species by plastic. The aim of our study was to perform a broad-scale assessment of plastic ingestion by fish common in the diet of SP inhabitants. We examined 932 specimens from 34 commercial fish species across four SP locations, and some of the prey they ingested, for the presence of marine plastics. Plastic was found in 33 species, with an average ingestion rate (IR) of 24.3 ± 1.4% and plastic load of 2.4 ± 0.2 particles per fish. Rapa Nui fish exhibited the greatest IR (50.0%), significantly greater than in other three locations. Rapa Nui is located within the SP subtropical gyre, where the concentration of marine plastics is high and food is limited. Plastic was also found in prey, which confirms the trophic transfer of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Markic
- University of Auckland, Institute of Marine Science, Leigh 0985, New Zealand.
| | - Clarisse Niemand
- University of Waikato, School of Science, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - James H Bridson
- Scion, Manufacturing and Bioproducts, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Nabila Mazouni-Gaertner
- Université de la Polynésie Française, UMR-241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, BP 6570, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jean-Claude Gaertner
- Institut de Recherche pour le Development, UMR-241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, BP 529 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | | | - Melissa Bowen
- University of Auckland, School of Environment, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Lei L, Wu S, Lu S, Liu M, Song Y, Fu Z, Shi H, Raley-Susman KM, He D. Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1-8. [PMID: 29136530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been frequently detected in aquatic environments, and there are increasing concerns about potential effects on biota. In this study, zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were used as model organisms for microplastic exposure in freshwater pelagic (i.e. water column) and benthic (i.e. sediment) environments. We investigated the toxic effects of five common types of microplastics: polyamides (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) particles. Results showed no or low lethality in D. rerio after exposure for 10d at 0.001-10.0mgL-1 microplastics. The PA, PE, PP and/or PVC microplastics with ~70μm size caused intestinal damage including cracking of villi and splitting of enterocytes. Exposure to 5.0mgm-2 microplastics for 2d significantly inhibited survival rates, body length and reproduction of C. elegans. Moreover, exposure to microplastics reduced calcium levels but increased expression of the glutathione S-transferase 4 enzyme in the intestine, which indicates intestinal damage and oxidative stress are major effects of microplastic exposure. Among 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0μm sizes of fluorescently labeled PS, 1.0μm particles caused the highest lethality, the maximum accumulation, the lowest Ca2+ level in the intestine and the highest expression of glutathione S-transferase 4 in nematodes. Taken together, these findings suggest that intestinal damage is a key effect of microplastics; and that the toxicity of microplastics is closely dependent on their size, rather than their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lei
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shibo Lu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Song
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhenhuan Fu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Defu He
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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50
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Caron AGM, Thomas CR, Berry KLE, Motti CA, Ariel E, Brodie JE. Ingestion of microplastic debris by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Great Barrier Reef: Validation of a sequential extraction protocol. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:743-751. [PMID: 29475719 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ocean contamination by plastics is a global issue. Although ingestion of plastic debris by sea turtles has been widely documented, contamination by microplastics (<5mm) is poorly known and likely to be under-reported. We developed a microplastic extraction protocol for examining green turtle (Chelonia mydas) chyme, which is multifarious in nature, by modifying and combining pre-established methods used to separate microplastics from organic matter and sediments. This protocol consists of visual inspection, nitric acid digestion, emulsification of residual fat, density separation, and chemical identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This protocol enables the extraction of polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, (aminoethyl) polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride microplastics >100μm. Two macroplastics and seven microplastics (two plastic paint chips and five synthetic fabric particles) were isolated from subsamples of two green turtles. Our results highlight the need for more research towards understanding the impact of microplastics on these threatened marine reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G M Caron
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia; Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Colette R Thomas
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; SEED Science, Sandgate 4017, Australia
| | - Kathryn L E Berry
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
| | - Jon E Brodie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
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