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Moraes JS, Ballesteros ML, Hued AC, Bonifacio AF, Azambuja TG, Vaz BDS, Martins CDMG. Glyphosate and its formulated product Roundup Transorb R® affect locomotor activity and reproductive and developmental parameters in Jenynsia lineata fish: An intergenerational study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142541. [PMID: 38851497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely utilized herbicide worldwide due to its effectiveness in controlling agricultural weeds. However, its persistence in aquatic ecosystems has raised concerns about the well-being of non-target organisms such as fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure (21 days) to glyphosate or its formulated product Roundup Transorb R®, at an environmentally relevant concentration permitted by regulations in certain countries (65 μg/L of glyphosate), on the locomotor activity and reproductive success of the fish Jenynsia lineata, as well as on the morphology/development and locomotor activity of its offspring, as intergenerational effects. Neither the pure nor formulated herbicide altered the distance traveled and velocity of adult fish exposed to the herbicide (F0), but they negatively affected reproductive success, decreasing the percentage of positive response to the presence of the female, reducing the number of gravid females, causing abortions, and lowering offspring survival (F1). In the F1 generation, a decrease in weight and length was noted along with developmental abnormalities in both treatment groups (pure or formulated glyphosate), with the formulation causing more harm. Observed developmental abnormalities included muscle atrophy, ascites, pigmentary disorders, vertebral agenesis, spinal deviation, and exophthalmia. Furthermore, parental exposure to pure glyphosate led to an increase in the distance traveled and velocity of F1 (hyperlocomotion), whereas exposure to the formulated product resulted in a decrease in these behaviors (hypolocomotion) of F1. These findings highlight the toxic effects of glyphosate at very low concentrations, although varying between pure and formulated, and demonstrate the intergenerational consequences of herbicide exposure, underscoring the risk to the survival of fish offspring in glyphosate-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Silveira Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - María Laura Ballesteros
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Diversidad Biológica IV, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Cecilia Hued
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Diversidad Biológica IV, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
| | - Alejo Fabian Bonifacio
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Diversidad Biológica IV, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
| | - Thaíz Gonçalves Azambuja
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas. Praça 20 de Setembro, 455, 96015360, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Dos Santos Vaz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas. Praça 20 de Setembro, 455, 96015360, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Mandal A, Ghosh AR. Integrated histopathological lesion (IHL) analysis - a histopathological tool for the evaluation of UV-B exposure on the gill, liver and intestine of Catla catla. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31989-32002. [PMID: 38642230 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse the integrated histopathological lesions (IHLs) of the gill, liver and intestine of Catla catla exposed to the different doses of UV-B radiation. Gill exhibited the lesions like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, vacuolation, fusion of the gill filaments, rupture in the gill lamellae, epithelial cell lifting and necrosis. The UV-B-exposed liver of Catla showed the lesions like the degeneration of nucleus, the disarrangement of hepatocytes, sinusoidal vacuolation, epitheliod histiocyst, hepatocellular adenoma, exocrine adenoma, cyst formation and diffused epithelial necrosis (DEN). UV-B-exposed intestine showed the lesions like the distortion of columnar epithelial cells (CECs), distortion in lamina propria (LP), disruption in brush border (BB), vacuolation in LP, the presence of submucosal mass (SM), the degeneration of nucleus, the presence of tactoid bodies, the presence of aschoff nodules and metatypical cell carcinoma. These histopathological alterations can be considered as the main blocking alterations of the growth and absorption as well as the final production of fish which can cause a serious loss in total yield to fish farmers which can interrupt the profitable economical production of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Mandal
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan, West Bengal, India, 713104
- SACT, Mankar College, Mankar, West Bengal, India, 713144
| | - Apurba Ratan Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan, West Bengal, India, 713104.
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Moraes JS, da Costa Silva DG, Dos Santos Vaz B, Mizuschima CW, de Martinez Gaspar Martins C. Glyphosate is Harmful to Early Life Stages of the Viviparous Fish Jenynsia Multidentata: Biochemical and Locomotor Effects. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:417-428. [PMID: 37603055 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide due to its efficacy in weed control in agriculture. This herbicide has been consistently detected in the aquatic environment, causing harmful consequences to nontarget organisms residing in agricultural regions. In this study, we assessed the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate (30-100 µg/L) on the early life stages of the viviparous fish Jenynsia multidentata through biochemical and locomotor endpoints. At 96 h of exposure, 30 and 65 µg/L glyphosate caused an increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and 65 µg/L glyphosate also augmented the levels of lipid peroxidation. Glyphosate at 100 µg/L did not alter the activity of acetylcholinesterase or the levels of lipid peroxidation, but it stimulated the activity of the cellular detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase. In addition, all concentrations affected the swimming of the fish. Under light conditions, glyphosate caused hypolocomotion at all concentrations tested, whereas under dark conditions, this was observed at 30 and 100 µg/L. Hyperlocomotion was observed at 65 µg/L glyphosate. These findings are alarming for the health of fish, such as J. multidentata that inhabit streams that pass through agricultural areas, especially for the early life stages of these fish. Research studying the effects of pollutants on native species is relevant to improve regulation that protects aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Silveira Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Itália Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - Dennis Guilherme da Costa Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Itália Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Dos Santos Vaz
- Instituto Federal Sul-Rio-Grandense, Campus Pelotas. Praça Vinte de Setembro, Centro Pelotas, RS, 96015360, Brazil
| | - Catiúscia Weinert Mizuschima
- Instituto Federal Sul-Rio-Grandense, Campus Pelotas. Praça Vinte de Setembro, Centro Pelotas, RS, 96015360, Brazil
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Itália Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
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Yancheva V, Georgieva E, Velcheva I, Iliev I, Stoyanova S, Vasileva T, Bivolarski V, Todorova-Bambaldokova D, Zulkipli N, Antal L, Nyeste K. Assessment of the exposure of two pesticides on common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758): Are the prolonged biomarker responses adaptive or destructive? Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 261:109446. [PMID: 36030007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CYP) are two insecticides that have a proven negative effect on non-target aquatic organisms when they enter the surface waters. However, literature on the comparative effects of these pesticides on important aquaculture fish species, such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) is not yet scientifically detailed, especially over the long-term. The idea of conducting a long-term exposure is to find out how the observed biomarkers would change compared to the short-term exposure. In the natural environment, toxicants are not present alone, but in combination. By monitoring the long-term impact of individual substances, the state of aquatic ecosystems exposed to various toxicants could be predicted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of different concentrations of CYP (0.0002, 0.0003, and 0.0006 μg/L) and CPF (0.03, 0.05, and 0.10 μg/L) in 50-L glass tanks on C. carpio, exposed for 30 days under laboratory conditions. A set of histological and biochemical biomarkers in the gills and liver were applied with the chemical analyses of water and fish organs. Furthermore, the condition and hepatosomatic index were calculated to assess the physiological status of the treated carps. The behavioral responses were also monitored, and the respiration rate was analyzed. The results suggest that CYP had a more prominent effect on the histological structure of fish organs, biochemical responses of anti-oxidant enzymes, behavior, and respiration rate compared to the effect of CPF. In addition, the results also indicate that the liver is more susceptible to chronic and chemically induced cellular stress compared to the gills, with overall destructive changes in the histological biomarkers rather than adaptive. Regardless of the scenario, our results provide novel insights into pesticide exposure and the possible biological impacts on economically important freshwater fish, exposed to lower CYP and CPF concentrations, based on the EU legislation (maximum allowable concentrations, MAC-EQS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesela Yancheva
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elenka Georgieva
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Velcheva
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ilia Iliev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stela Stoyanova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tonka Vasileva
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Veselin Bivolarski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nurfatin Zulkipli
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Antal
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Nyeste
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Lopes AR, Moraes JS, Martins CDMG. Effects of the herbicide glyphosate on fish from embryos to adults: a review addressing behavior patterns and mechanisms behind them. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106281. [PMID: 36103761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of agrochemicals has grown in recent years following the increase in agricultural productivity, to eliminate weeds that can compromise crop yields. The intensive use of these products combined with the lack of treatment of agricultural wastewater is causing contamination of the natural environments, especially the aquatics. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is the most commonly used herbicide in agriculture worldwide. Studies have shown that this compound is toxic to a variety of fish species at the concentrations of environmental relevance. Glyphosate-based herbicides can affect fish biochemical, physiological, endocrine, and behavioral pathways. Changes in behaviors such as foraging, escaping from predators, and courtship can compromise the survival of species and even communities. The behavior patterns of fish has been shown to be a sensitive tool for risk assessment. In this sense, this review summarizes and discusses the toxic effects of glyphosate and its formulations on the behavior of fish in different life stages. Additionally, behavioral impairments were associated with other negative effects of glyphosate such as energy imbalance, stress responses, AChE inhibition, and physiological and endocrine disturbances, which are evidenced and described in the literature. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Rubim Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande RS, Brazil.
| | - Jenifer Silveira Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande RS, Brazil
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande RS, Brazil
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6
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Martins LKL, Lima-Faria JMD, Guimarães LN, Silva VCD, Moreira PC, Sabóia-Morais SMTD. Co-exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles and glyphosate-based herbicide promote liver toxicity in guppy (Poecilia reticulata): A histochemical and ultrastructural approach. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2244-2258. [PMID: 35661388 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrate functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are employed for various purposes-including environmental remediation but the interaction of IONPs with aquatic contaminants is poorly understood. Among those, glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and affect target organs such as the liver. Evaluations of livers of female Poecilia reticulata by exposures to IONPs at a concentration of 0.3 mg/L were performed with association to: (1) 0.65 mg of glyphosate per litter and (2) 1.3 mg of glyphosate per litter of Roundup Original, and (3) glyphosate P.A at 0.65 mg/L. These associations were carried out progressively, after 7, 14, and 21 days. We detected circulatory disturbances, inflammatory responses, activation of the immune system, regressive changes, and progressive responses with changes in the connective tissue and decreased glycogen reserve from days 14 to 21. Ultrastructural changes in the Disse space and microvilli of hepatocytes indicated decreased contact surface area. In general, the damage was time and concentration dependent, increasing from 7 to 14 days and tending to stabilize from 14 to 21 days. Therefore, herbicide-associated IONPs functioned as xenobiotics inducing intense cellular detoxification processes and activation of hepatic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Cesar Moreira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Simone Maria Teixeira de Sabóia-Morais
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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7
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Faria JMDL, Guimarães LN, Silva VCD, Lima ECDO, Sabóia-Morais SMTD. Recovery trend to co-exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles (γ-Fe 2O 3) and glyphosate in liver tissue of the fish Poecilia reticulata. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:130993. [PMID: 34118627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have potential use in environmental remediation, with possibilities in decontaminating aquatic environments exposed to toxic substances. This study analyzed IONPs associated to Roundup Original, a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH), and pure glyphosate (GLY), through ultrastructural and histopathological biomarkers in liver tissue, from females of Poecilia reticulata exposed to: iron ions (0.3 mg/L) (IFe) and IONPs (0.3 mgFe/L) associated with GLY (0.65 mg/L) and GBH (0.65 mgGLY/L (IONP + GBH1) and 1.30 mgGLY/L (IONP + GBH2)) for a period of 7, 14 and 21 days, followed by an equal post-exposure period only in reconstituted water. For the assays, the synthetized IONPs had crystalline and rounded shape with an average diameter of 2,90 nm, hydrodynamic diameter 66,6 mV, zeta potential -55,4 and diffraction profile of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). The data obtained by biomarkers indicated a high inflammatory response in all treatments. These same parameters, considered during the post-exposure period indicated recovery in reaction patterns of circulatory disturbances and regressive changes, resulting in average reductions of 37,53 points in IFe, 21 points in IONP + GBH1, 15 points in IONP + GBH2 and 11 points in IONP + GLY in total histopathological index of liver after 21 days post-exposure. However, although the cellular and tissue responses were significant, there was no change in the condition factor and hepatosomatic index, denoting resilience of the experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcos de Lima Faria
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nunes Guimarães
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Victória Costa da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Sharma R, Jindal R, Faggio C. Cassia fistula ameliorates chronic toxicity of cypermethrin in Catla catla. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109113. [PMID: 34153505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protective effects of Cassia fistula, in Catla catla exposed to synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin were evaluated. Fish, after chronic exposure to environmentally relevant sub-lethal concentration 0.41 μg/l of the pesticide were assessed for antioxidant activity, histopathological and ultrastructural alterations. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activities of antioxidants such as CAT, SOD, GST, GSH was registered, whereas LPO level got elevated. Histological damage depicted necrosis, epithelial hypertrophy, hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae and changes in gill vasculature. Histopathological alteration index was employed for the semi quantitative evaluation of the degree of tissue change (DTC). Transmission electron microscopy displayed swollen and distorted mitochondria, damaged chloride cells and necrosis. Dietary supplementation of Cassia fistula bark extract significantly (p < 0.05) improved the antioxidant activity, reduced lipid peroxidation and prevented histopathological alterations. The findings suggest that sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin is toxic to fish. The study also draws attention towards potential of plant derived antioxidants in mitigating pesticide induced toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sharma
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy.
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Sánchez JAA, Barros DM, de Los Angeles Bistoni M, Ballesteros ML, Roggio MA, Martins CDGM. Glyphosate-based herbicides affect behavioural patterns of the livebearer Jenynsia multidentata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29958-29970. [PMID: 33576960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Roundup® is one of the most widely marketed glyphosate-based herbicides in the world. There are many different formulations of this brand that differ from each other in glyphosate concentration, salts and adjuvants, including surfactants, which are labelled as "inert" compounds. Several studies have shown that these formulations are highly toxic to fish, even compared with pure glyphosate. However, mechanisms underlying this toxicity are not fully understood. In this context, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to Roundup Original® (RO), Roundup Transorb® (RT), and Roundup WG® (RWG) on the behavioural patterns of the livebearer Jenynsia multidentata. This fish naturally inhabits agricultural areas in southern Brazil and Argentina where glyphosate is used extensively. In the experiment, animals were exposed to the herbicides for 96 h, at the environmentally relevant concentration of 0.5 mg/L of glyphosate. Swimming performance, anxiety, aggressiveness, long-term memory and male sexual activity were recorded. The formulation RWG negatively affected swimming performance, thigmotaxia and long-term memory consolidation. Conversely, RT reduced the sexual performance of males. These results confirm that Roundup® formulations are extremely harmful and also that they have different targets of toxicity, affecting behaviours that are essential for fish survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Andrea Albañil Sánchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Marti Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Bistoni
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - UNC, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Ballesteros
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - UNC, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Angelina Roggio
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - UNC, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Camila De Gaspar Martinez Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Destro ALF, Silva SB, Gregório KP, de Oliveira JM, Lozi AA, Zuanon JAS, Salaro AL, da Matta SLP, Gonçalves RV, Freitas MB. Effects of subchronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the herbicide atrazine in the Neotropical fish Astyanax altiparanae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111601. [PMID: 33396121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is among the most widely used herbicides in the world, and yet it has a potential to contaminate aquatic environments due to pesticide leaching from agricultural areas. In the Neotropical region, studies about the effects of this herbicide in native aquatic wildlife is scarce.Our study aimed at investigating the effects of a 30-day exposure to a commercial atrazine formulation on oxidative stress parameters, histopathology in testis and liver, and hormone levels in males and female of yellow-tailed tetra fish (Astyanax altiparanae). Adults were exposed to low but environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine as follows: 0 (CTL-control), 0.5 (ATZ0.5), 1 (ATZ1), 2 (ATZ2) and 10 (ATZ10) μg/L. Our results showed decreased GST activity in gills in all groups of exposed animals and increased CAT activity in gills from the ATZ10 group. In the liver, there was an increase in lipid peroxidation in fish from ATZ1 and ATZ2 groups. Histological analysis of the liver showed increased percentage of sinusoid capillaries in ATZ2 fish, increased vascular congestion in ATZ1 and increased leukocyte infiltration in the ATZ10 group. Hepatocyte diameter analysis revealed a decrease in cell size in all groups exposed to ATZ, and a decrease in hepatocyte nucleus diameter in ATZ1, ATZ2 and ATZ10 groups. Endocrine parameters did not show significant changes following ATZ exposure, although an increase of triiodothyronine/thyroxine (T3/T4) ratio was observed in ATZ2 fish. Our results provide evidence that even low, environmentally relevant concentrations of ATZ produced oxidative damage and histological alterations in adult yellow-tailed tetra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza F Destro
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Stella B Silva
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Kemilli P Gregório
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda A Lozi
- Department of Cellular and structural Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Salaro
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariella B Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Ingaramo P, Alarcón R, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH. Are glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides endocrine disruptors that alter female fertility? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110934. [PMID: 32659439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous evidences have alerted on the toxic effects of the exposure to glyphosate on living organisms. Glyphosate is the herbicide most used in crops such as maize and soybean worldwide, which implies that several non-target species are at a high risk of exposure. Although the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-USA) has reaffirmed that glyphosate is safe for users, there are controversial studies that question this statement. Some of the reported effects are due to exposure to high doses; however, recent evidences have shown that exposure to low doses could also alter the development of the female reproductive tract, with consequences on fertility. Different animal models of exposure to glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) have shown that the effects on the female reproductive tract may be related to the potential and/or mechanisms of actions of an endocrine-disrupting compound. Studies have also demonstrated that the exposure to GBHs alters the development and differentiation of ovarian follicles and uterus, affecting fertility when animals are exposed before puberty. In addition, exposure to GBHs during gestation could alter the development of the offspring (F1 and F2). The main mechanism described associated with the endocrine-disrupting effect of GBHs is the modulation of estrogen receptors and molecules involved in the estrogenic pathways. This review summarizes the endocrine-disrupting effects of exposure to glyphosate and GBHs at low or "environmentally relevant" doses in the female reproductive tissues. Data suggesting that, at low doses, GBHs may have adverse effects on the female reproductive tract fertility are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ingaramo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Alarcón
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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12
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Multi-Biomarker Assessment in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus 1758) Liver after Acute Chlorpyrifos Exposure. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The excessive use of pesticides at different stages of crop production can pose a great danger to the aquatic environment, and particularly to fish. The purpose of the present work was to assess the negative effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the liver histological architecture and the activities of marker enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758), by applying a multi-biomarker technique. The tested insecticide is categorized as a priority pollutant in surface waters in terms of Directive 2013/39/EU. The carps were exposed to different and environmentally relevant CPF concentrations for 72 h (a short-term acute experiment). The results showed that the tested insecticide alters the liver histological structure, causing degenerative lesions, such as granular and vacuolar degeneration; necrobiotic alterations and necrosis, as well as changes in the circulatory system. In addition, CPF induces changes in the enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), cholinesterase (ChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT). The results from such experimental set ups could be successfully used in the legislation related to the protection of water bodies from contamination, in areas with intensive application of plant protection products used in agricultural practices, and also in implementing the Water Frame Directive by using multi-biomarker approaches.
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13
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Moraes JS, da Silva Nornberg BF, Castro MRD, Vaz BDS, Mizuschima CW, Marins LFF, Martins CDMG. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) ability to activate ABCC transporters after exposure to glyphosate and its formulation Roundup Transorb®. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125959. [PMID: 32035379 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergent demand for food production has increased the widespread use of pesticides, especially glyphosate-based herbicides as they can protect different types of crops, especially transgenic ones. Molecules of glyphosate have been found in water bodies around the world, and its presence can cause negative effects on non-target organisms, such as fish. Glyphosate toxicity appears to be systemic in fish but does not affect their organs equally. Also, its formulations can be more toxic than pure glyphosate. In this sense, we investigated if these variations in toxicity could be related to ATP binding cassette subfamily C (ABCC) transporters and the cellular detoxification capacity, following exposure to herbicides. Thus, adults of Danio rerio were exposed (24 and 96 h) to glyphosate and Roundup Transorb® (RT) at an environmental concentration of 0.1 mg/L, and the activity of ABCC proteins and gene expression of five isoforms of ABCC were analyzed. Glyphosate and RT exposure increased ABCC protein activity and gene expression up to 3-fold when compared to controls, indicating the activation of detoxification mechanisms. Only in the brain of D. rerio, the exposure to RT did not stimulate the activity of ABCC proteins, neither the expression of genes abcc1 and abcc4 that responded to the exposure to pure glyphosate. These results may suggest that the brain is more sensitive to RT than the other target-tissues since the mechanism of detoxification via ABCC transporters were not activated in this tissue as it was in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Silveira Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Félix da Silva Nornberg
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Micheli Rosa de Castro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Dos Santos Vaz
- Instituto Federal Sul - Rio - Grandense, Campus Pelotas. Praça Vinte de Setembro, Centro, 96015-360, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Catiúscia Weinert Mizuschima
- Instituto Federal Sul - Rio - Grandense, Campus Pelotas. Praça Vinte de Setembro, Centro, 96015-360, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luis Fernando Fernandes Marins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Sharma R, Jindal R. Assessment of cypermethrin induced hepatic toxicity in Catla catla: A multiple biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109359. [PMID: 32199321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to evaluate chronic toxicity of pyrethroid pesticide cypermethrin through biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular biomarkers in liver of freshwater carp Catla catla. The fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations (0.21 μg/L and 0.41 μg/L) for a period of 45 days. Compared to the control, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione content (GSH) was registered after initial 15 days of exposure to the toxicant, followed by decline on 30th and 45th day. Whereas, MDA level remained elevated throughout the exposure duration at both the tested concentrations. Light microscopy revealed changes like sinusoidal dilation, vacuolation, pycnosis, karyolysis, nuclear pleomorphism, lymphocyte infiltration in liver of the exposed fish, with highest mean degree of tissue change (DTC) value of 58.6 ± 3.19 on 45th day. Ultrastructurally, cytopasmic vacuolation, reduced glycogen granules, dilated RER, deformed nuclear membrane, swollen & distorted mitochondria and augmentation in lipid bodies were the prominently observed cytopathological alterations. These anomalies increased in time-concentration dependent manner, being most severe after 45 days at higher concentration. The gene expression levels of Gadd-45α and Bcl-2 depicted altered patterns. Gadd-45α exhibited significant upregulation by 45th day, while Bcl-2 demonstrated initial upregulation, with subsequent downregulation on 30th and 45th day. Principal component analysis (PCA) generated two components, PC1 (SOD, GSH, MDA and DTC) and PC2 (CAT and GST). The findings suggest that cypermethrin inflicts marked hepatototoxic effects on Catla catla even at sub-lethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sharma
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160-014, India
| | - Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160-014, India.
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15
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Yancheva V, Georgieva E, Stoyanova S, Velcheva I, Somogyi D, Nyeste K, Antal L. A histopathological study on the Caucasian dwarf goby from an anthropogenically loaded site in Hungary using multiple tissues analyses. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dóra Somogyi
- Department of Hydrobiology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Krisztián Nyeste
- Department of Hydrobiology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Antal
- Department of Hydrobiology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
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16
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Pochron S, Simon L, Mirza A, Littleton A, Sahebzada F, Yudell M. Glyphosate but not Roundup® harms earthworms (Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125017. [PMID: 31605995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup® formulations. While multiple studies have documented the toxicity, environmental persistence, and tendency to spread for glyphosate and Roundup®, few studies have compared the toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations to the toxicity of pure glyphosate for soil invertebrates, which contact both the herbicide and the formulations. Hundreds of formulations exist; their inert ingredients are confidential; and glyphosate persists in our food, water, and soil. In this experiment, we held glyphosate type and concentration constant, varying only formulation. Using Roundup Ready-to-Use III®, Roundup Super Concentrate®, and pure glyphosate, we delivered 26.3 mg glyphosate in the form of isopropylamine salt per kg of soil to compost worms (Eisenia fetida). We found that worms living in soil spiked with pure glyphosate lost 14.8-25.9% of their biomass and survived a stress test for 22.2-33.3% less time than worms living in uncontaminated soil. Worms living in soil spiked with Roundup Ready-to-Use III® and Roundup Super Concentrate® did not lose body mass and survived the stress test as well as worms living in uncontaminated soil. No contaminant affected soil microbial or fungal biomass over the 40-day period of this experiment. We suggest that the nitrates and phosphates in the formulations offset the toxic effects of glyphosate by spurring microbial growth and speeding glyphosate degradation. We also found a 26.5-41.3% reduction in fungal biomass across all treatments over the course of this experiment, suggesting that the worms consumed fungi and spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Pochron
- Sustainability Studies Program, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3435, United States.
| | - Leora Simon
- Sustainability Studies Program, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3435, United States
| | - Ashra Mirza
- Sustainability Studies Program, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3435, United States
| | - Anne Littleton
- Sustainability Studies Program, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3435, United States
| | - Feisal Sahebzada
- Sustainability Studies Program, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3435, United States
| | - Michael Yudell
- Sustainability Studies Program, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3435, United States
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17
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Bonifacio AF, Hued AC. Single and joint effects of chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and glyphosate based pesticides on structural biomarkers in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124311. [PMID: 31310974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide freshwater bodies that cross agricultural or urban areas are exposed to mixtures of xenobiotics. In particular, pesticides are usually part of these mixtures and could come into direct or indirect contact with biota and therefore, organisms have to cope with this altered scenario and the detrimental effects of these substances. Commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, and their mixtures were evaluated using a set of biomarkers in the native fish C. decemmaculatus exposed to relevant environmentally pesticides concentrations. The biomarkers measured were: histopathological indices and tissue ultrastructure in liver and nuclear abnormalities and micronuclei in erythrocytes. During 42 days adult females were exposed to the following concentrations of Clorfox and Roundup Max (chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, respectively): 0.84 nl/l and 8.4 nl/l of Clorfox (CF), 0.2 and 2 mg/l of Roundup Max (RM) and all the combinations of these concentrations. Being the low concentrations of both pesticides environmentally relevant. Nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes were registered under CF, RM and only one mixture. Histological inflammatory alterations increased in individuals exposed to CF and two mixtures. Finally, some pesticide combinations increased the circulatory alterations in liver. Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes were registered at all the pesticide treatments. The different biomarker responses showed in the mixtures treatments reflected complex interactions, showing the mixture of the low concentrations of both pesticides (the environmentally relevant), potentiated effects. According to our results the presence of these substances in freshwaters could impose important risks for natural populations by causing deleterious effects on the native fish species C. decemmaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Fabian Bonifacio
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Cátedra de Diversidad Biológica IV. Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA). Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Cecilia Hued
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Cátedra de Diversidad Biológica IV. Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA). Córdoba, Argentina.
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18
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Calado SLDM, Vicentini M, Santos GS, Pelanda A, Santos H, Coral LA, Magalhães VDF, Mela M, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis HC. Sublethal effects of microcystin-LR in the exposure and depuration time in a neotropical fish: Multibiomarker approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109527. [PMID: 31400723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is an ecological process that results in cyanobacterial blooms. Microcystin-LR is the most toxic variant of microcystins and may cause toxic effects in the organisms, mainly in hepatic tissues. The aims of this study were to use multiple biomarkers in order to evaluate the sublethal effects of a low concentration of MC-LR (1 μg/L) in fish Geophagus brasiliensis by waterborne exposure; and evaluate the depuration of this toxin during 15 days. A group of 30 fish was exposed to 1 μg/L of MC-LR solution for 96 h in a static bioassay. After this time, blood, brain, muscle, liver, gonad and gills were collected from half of the exposed fish group in order to evaluate chemical, biochemical, histological and genotoxic biomarkers. The rest of the fish group was submitted to the depuration experiment with free MC-LR water for 15 days. After this time the same tissues were collected and evaluated using biomarkers analysis. Toxic effects were found mostly in the fish liver from depuration time as alterations on the antioxidant system and histopathologies. The results showed that even low concentrations can cause sublethal effects to aquatic organisms, and cyanotoxins monitoring and regulation tools are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Maiara Vicentini
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Ana Pelanda
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Hayanna Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Lucila Andriani Coral
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technical University of Paraná, 81280-340, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Maritana Mela
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
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