A review on carbon-based molecularly-imprinted polymers (CBMIP) for detection of hazardous pollutants in aqueous solutions

Support based metal incorporated layered nanomaterials for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

An effective approach to producing sophisticated miniaturized and nanoscale materials involves arranging nanomaterials into layered hierarchical frameworks. Nanostructured layered materials are constructed to possess isolated propagation assets, massive surface areas, and envisioned amenities, making them suitable for a variety of established and novel applications. The utilization of various techniques to create nanostructures adorned with metal nanoparticles provides a secure alternative or reinforcement for the existing physicochemical methods. Supported metal nanoparticles are preferred due to their ease of recovery and usage. Researchers have extensively studied the catalytic properties of noble metal nanoparticles using various selective oxidation and hydrogenation procedures. Despite the numerous advantages of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs), their catalytic potential remains incompletely explored. This article examines metal-based nanomaterials that are supported by layers, and provides an analysis of their manufacturing, procedures, and synthesis. This study incorporates both 2D and 3D layered nanomaterials because of their distinctive layered architectures. This review focuses on the most common metal-supported nanocomposites and methodologies used for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes employing layered nanomaterials. The comprehensive examination of biological and ecological cleaning and treatment techniques discussed in this article has paved the way for the exploration of cutting-edge technologies that can contribute to the establishment of a sustainable future.

Sustainable approach for the expulsion of metaldehyde: risk, interactions, and mitigation: a review

All pests can be eliminated with the help of pesticides, which can be either natural or synthetic. Because of the excessive use of pesticides, it is harmful to both ecology and people's health. Pesticides are categorised according to several criteria: their chemical composition, method of action, effects, timing of use, source of manufacture, and formulations. Many aquatic animals, birds, and critters live in danger owing to hazardous pesticides. Metaldehyde is available in various forms and causes significant impact even when small amounts are ingested. Metaldehyde can harm wildlife, including dogs, cats, and birds. This review discusses pesticides, their types and potential environmental issues, and metaldehyde's long-term effects. In addition, it examines ways to eliminate metaldehyde from the aquatic ecosystem before concluding by anticipating how pesticides may affect society. The metal-organic framework and other biosorbents have been appropriately synthesized and subsequently represent the amazing removal of pesticides from effluent as an enhanced adsorbent, such as magnetic nano adsorbents. A revision of the risk assessment for metaldehyde residuals in aqueous sources is also attempted.

Fe3O4/biochar modified with molecularly imprinted polymer as efficient persulfate activator for salicylic acid removal from wastewater: Performance and specific recognition mechanism

In this study, a novel Fe3O4-based biochar coupled surface-imprinted polymer was constructed via simple hydrothermal route for salicylic acid recognition and degradation in advanced oxidation processes. The material exhibited excellent adsorption capability, up to 118.23 mg g-1, and efficient degradation performance, 87.44% removal rate within 240 min, based on integrating the advantages of both huge specific surface area as well as abundant functional groups from biochars and specific recognition sites from imprinted cavities. Moreover, high selectivity coefficient (11.67) showed stable recognition in single and binary systems. SO4•- and •OH were confirmed as reactive oxygen species in catalytic reaction according to quenching experiments and EPR analysis. The degradation mechanism and pathway were unraveled by DFT calculations and LC-MS. Furthermore, the results of toxicity evaluation, stability and reusability demonstrated application potential in the field of water environment restoration. This study confirmed that molecular imprinting provided a promising solution to targeted removal of emerging environmental pollutants by degrading after the enrichment of pollutants to the composites surface.

Evaluating the efficacy of recyclable nanostructured adsorbents for rapid removal of methylparaben from aqueous solutions

In this study, we evaluate the efficiency of two novel nanostructured adsorbents - chitosan-graphitic carbon nitride@magnetite (CS-g-CN@Fe3O4) and graphitic carbon nitride@copper/zinc nanocomposite (g-CN@Cu/Zn NC) - for the rapid removal of methylparaben (MPB) from water. Our characterization methods, aimed at understanding the adsorbents' structures and surface areas, informed our systematic examination of influential parameters including sonication time, adsorbent dosage, initial MPB concentration, and temperature. We applied advanced modeling techniques, such as response surface methodology (RSM), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), to evaluate the adsorption process. The adsorbents proved highly effective, achieving maximum adsorption capacities of 255 mg g-1 for CS-g-CN@Fe3O4 and 218 mg g-1 for g-CN@Cu/Zn NC. Through genetic algorithm (GA) optimization, we identified the optimal conditions for the highest MPB removal efficiency: a sonication period of 12.00 min and an adsorbent dose of 0.010 g for CS-g-CN@Fe3O4 NC, with an MPB concentration of 17.20 mg L-1 at 42.85 °C; and a sonication time of 10.25 min and a 0.011 g dose for g-CN@Cu/Zn NC, with an MPB concentration of 13.45 mg L-1 at 36.50 °C. The predictive accuracy of the RBFNN and GRNN models was confirmed to be satisfactory. Our findings demonstrate the significant capabilities of these synthesized adsorbents in effectively removing MPB from water, paving the way for optimized applications in water purification.

Development of a molecularly imprinted membrane for selective, high-sensitive, and on-site detection of antibiotics in waters and drugs: Application for sulfamethoxazole

Sulfonamides are among the widespread bacterial antibiotics. Despite this, their quick emergence constitutes a serious problem for ecosystems and human health. Therefore, there is an increased interest in developing relevant detection method for antibiotics in different matrices. In this work, a straightforward, green, and cost-effective protocol was proposed for the preparation of a selective molecularly imprinted membrane (MIM) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly used antibiotic. Thus, cellulose acetate was used as the functional polymer, while polyethylene glycol served as a pore-former. The developed MIM was successfully characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The MIM was used as a sensing platform in conjunction with a smartphone for optical readout, enabling on-site, selective, and highly sensitive detection of SMX. In this way, a satisfactory imprinting factor of around 3.6 and a limit of detection of 2 ng mL-1 were reached after applying response surface methodologies, including Box-Behnken and central composite designs. Besides, MIM demonstrated its applicability for the accurate and selective detection of SMX in river waters, wastewater, and drugs. Additionally, the MIM was shown to be a valuable sorbent in a solid-phase extraction protocol, employing a spin column setup that offered rapid and reproducible results. Furthermore, the developed sensing platform exhibited notable regeneration properties over multiple cycles and long shelf-life in different storage conditions. The newly developed methodology is of crucial importance to overcome the limitations of classical imprinting polymers. Furthermore, the smartphone-based platform was used to surpass the typically expensive and complicated methods of detection.

An Overview on Recent Advances in Biomimetic Sensors for the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of materials that have been widely used in the industrial production of a wide range of products. After decades of bioaccumulation in the environment, research has demonstrated that these compounds are toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Therefore, it is essential to map the extent of the problem to be able to remediate it properly in the next few decades. Current state-of-the-art detection platforms, however, are lab based and therefore too expensive and time-consuming for routine screening. Traditional biosensor tests based on, e.g., lateral flow assays may struggle with the low regulatory levels of PFAS (ng/mL), the complexity of environmental matrices and the presence of coexisting chemicals. Therefore, a lot of research effort has been directed towards the development of biomimetic receptors and their implementation into handheld, low-cost sensors. Numerous research groups have developed PFAS sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or aptamers. In order to transform these research efforts into tangible devices and implement them into environmental applications, it is necessary to provide an overview of these research efforts. This review aims to provide this overview and critically compare several technologies to each other to provide a recommendation for the direction of future research efforts focused on the development of the next generation of biomimetic PFAS sensors.

Rapid Surface Modification of Stainless Steel 304L Electrodes for Microbial Electrochemical Sensor Application

Electrogenic microorganisms serve as important biocatalysts for microbial electrochemical sensors (MESes). The electrical signal produced is based on the rate of electron transfer between the microbes and electrodes, which represents the biotoxicity of water. However, existing MESes require complex and sophisticated fabrication methods. Here, several low-cost and rapid surface modification strategies (carbon powder-coated, flame-oxidized, and acid-bleached) have been demonstrated and studied for biosensing purposes. Surface-modified MESe bioanodes were successfully applied to detect multiple model pollutants including sodium acetate, ethanol, thinner, and palm oil mill effluent under three different testing sequences, namely, pollutant incremental, pollutant dumping, and water dilution tests. The carbon powder-coated bioanode showed the most responsive signal profile for all the three tests, which is in line with the average roughness values (Ra) when tested with atomic force microscopy. The carbon powder-coated electrode possessed a Ra value of 0.844, while flame-oxidized, acid-bleached, and control samples recorded 0.323, 0.336, and 0.264, respectively. The higher roughness was caused by the carbon coating and provided adhesive sites for microbial attachment and growth. The accuracy of MESe was also verified by correlating with chemical oxygen demand (COD) results. Similar to the sensitivity test, the carbon powder-coated bioanode obtained the highest R2 value of 0.9754 when correlated with COD results, indicating a high potential of replacing conventional water quality analysis methods. The reported work is of great significance to showcase facile surface modification techniques for MESes, which are cost-effective and sustainable while retaining the biocompatibility toward the microbial community with carbon-based coatings.

Enzyme-immobilized hierarchically porous covalent organic framework biocomposite for catalytic degradation of broad-range emerging pollutants in water

Efficient enzyme immobilization is crucial for the successful commercialization of large-scale enzymatic water treatment. However, issues such as lack of high enzyme loading coupled with enzyme leaching present challenges for the widespread adoption of immobilized enzyme systems. The present study describes the development and bioremediation application of an enzyme biocomposite employing a cationic macrocycle-based covalent organic framework (COF) with hierarchical porosity for the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The intrinsic hierarchical porous features of the azacalix[4]arene-based COF (ACA-COF) allowed for a maximum HRP loading capacity of 0.76 mg/mg COF with low enzyme leaching (<5.0 %). The biocomposite, HRP@ACA-COF, exhibited exceptional thermal stability (∼200 % higher relative activity than the free enzyme), and maintained ∼60 % enzyme activity after five cycles. LCMSMS analyses confirmed that the HRP@ACA-COF system was able to achieve > 99 % degradation of seven diverse types of emerging pollutants (2-mercaptobenzothiazole, paracetamol, caffeic acid, methylparaben, furosemide, sulfamethoxazole, and salicylic acid)in under an hour. The described enzyme-COF system offers promise for efficient wastewater bioremediation applications.

Efficient integration of electrocoagulation treatment with the spray-pyrolyzed activated carbon coating on stainless steel electrodes for textile effluent-bath reuse with ease

In this study, the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment was used to minimize and separate pollutants from textile industrial wastewater (TIWW), including high color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). To enhance the EC treatment efficiency, a novel strategy has been followed in the study that involves thin-film coating on 316 stainless steel (SS) electrodes with banana peel-derived activated carbon (BPAC) by dip coating, spin coating, or spray coating. Among the different types of coating, thickness and contact angle measurements have elucidated that the spray coating of BPAC on SS electrode is the best tool with minimum thickness and contact angle. In this study, a bare SS electrode was used as the anode and a thin-film spray-coated BPAC on the SS electrode was used as the cathode. Moreover, optimization plays a key role in EC treatment process, where operating conditions such as a current density of 10 mA/cm2 , contact time of 15 min, and a pH of 7 were fixed. As a result, the findings indicate comparatively high color removal of 98%, COD removal of 91%, TOC removal of 89.6%, and TDS removal of 68% are achieved with ease. Accordingly, in comparison with plain SS electrodes or dip- or spin-coated BPAC on SS electrodes, spray-coated BPAC on SS electrodes in EC treatment outperforms in removing high color, TOC, COD, and TDS. Overall, the study highlights the potential of EC treatment integrated with adsorption procedures for TIWW treatment. Particularly, the use of thin-film spray-coated BPAC on SS electrodes in the EC treatment process led to an effective and sustainable tool for treating and reuse of TIWW. It is due to its low operation and maintenance cost and studied in a short interval of time. Finally, the ultimate goal was firmly achieved in pilot-scale studies by the safe discharge into the environment or reuse of treated textile wastewater. Thus, it is a promising alternative with an environmentally friendly footprint that could be easily implemented in any textile industry premises. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Heavy metals, oils, facts, suspended solids, and other pollutants can be removed from industrial effluent by using electrocoagulation. The process is both cost-effective and energy-efficient, and it is easily integrated with other water treatment technologies. According to the findings of this study, minimum current density should be applied to BPAC-SS-coated electrodes by DC power supplies to treat textile industry effluents at low operating costs. When compared with a plain SS electrode, the spray-coated BPAC on SS electrode provides better performance in effluent treatment.

Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) increases biogas effluent pollutant removal efficacy and proves a positive substrate for renewable energy production

Background

Aquatic plants play a crucial role in nature-based wastewater treatment and provide a promising substrate for renewable energy production using anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. This study aimed to examine the contaminant removal from AD effluent by water lettuce (WL) and produce biogas from WL biomass co-digested with pig dung (PD) in a farm-scale biogas digester.

Methods

The first experiment used styrofoam boxes containing husbandry AD effluent. WLs were initially arranged in 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 0% surface coverage. Each treatment was conducted in five replicates under natural conditions. In the second experiment, WL biomass was co-digested with PD into an existing anaerobic digester to examine biogas production on a farm scale.

Results

Over 30 days, the treatment efficiency of TSS, BOD5, COD, TKN, and TP in the effluent was 93.75-97.66%, 76.63-82.56%, 76.78-82.89%, 61.75-63.75%, and 89.00-89.57%, respectively. Higher WL coverage increased the pollutant elimination potential. The WL biomass doubled after 12 days for all treatments. In the farm-scale biogas production, the biogas yield varied between 190.6 and 292.9 L kg VSadded-1. The methane content reached over 54%.

Conclusions

WL removed AD effluent nutrients effectively through a phytoremediation system and generated significant biomass for renewable energy production in a farm-scale model.

Recent advancements on antibiotic bioremediation in wastewaters with a focus on algae: an overview

Antibiotic contamination from hospitals, animal husbandry, and municipal wastewater is graver than imagined, and it possess serious risks to the health of humans and animals, with the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria; those affect the growth of higher plants too. Conventional wastewater treatment methods adopted today are inadequate for removing antibiotics from wastewater. Intuitively, the remediation process using mixed algae should be effective enough, for which algae-based remediation technologies have emerged as sustainable remedial methods. This review summarized the detection of antibiotics in field water in most countries; a comprehensive overview of algae-based technologies, algal adsorption, accumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, hydrolysis, and the use of algae-bacteria consortia for the remediation of antibiotics in wastewaters in done. Green algae namely, Chlamydomonas sp., Chlorella sp., C. vulgaris, Spyrogira sp. Scenedesmus quadricauda, S. obliquus, S. dimorphus, Haematoccus pluvialis, and Nannochlopsis sp., had been reporting have 90-100% antibiotic removal efficiency. The integration of bioelectrochemical systems and genetically engineered prokaryotic algal species offer promising avenues for improving antibiotic removal in the future. Overall, this review highlights the need for tenacious research and development of algae-based technologies to reduce antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments, for holistic good.

Construction, characterization and application of locust bean gum/Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanin - based plasmonic silver nanocomposite for sensitive detection of ferrous ions

Iron is a transition metal of tremendous eco-physiological significance. This work aimed at constructing a simple plasmonic Ag-nanocomposite (LBG/PRAg-NC) based on locust bean gum and Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanin in a sustainable manner for the optical detection of ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) in aqueous solution. LBG/PRAg-NC was prepared via a green chemistry route and thoroughly characterized for its physico-chemical and plasmonic attributes. Successful synthesis of LBG/PRAg-NC under room temperature with Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanin as reductant and locust bean gum as stabilizer was accomplished within 15 min. LBG/PRAg-NC exhibited small size (∼8.04 nm), spherically shaped nanosilver, with good colloidal dispersion, stability and prominent SPR absorption peak at 420 nm. XPS analysis revealed the existence of both Ag⁰ and Ag ⁺ species embedded in the biopolymer support. Furthermore, LBG/PRAg-NC was highly selective for Fe²⁺ as opposed to other interferents including Fe³⁺. The presence of Fe²⁺ engendered a redox oxidation of the analyte by the Ag⁺ species, prompting a rapid, concentration dependent increase in color and SPR absorption band intensity of LBG/PRAg-NC colloidal solution. In aqueous solution, the probe displayed a good linear range for Fe²⁺ (0.1-100 μM), and a low detection limit (LOD of 0.38 μM). The obtained detection limit is much lower than the guideline limit of Fe²⁺ content in drinking water, ∼5 μM. Additionally, the probe was successfully applied in determination of Fe²⁺ in aqueous solutions of apple juice, iron supplement tablet, and tap water, with commendable analytical performances. Therefore, our research findings demonstrate a facile, efficacious, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for the sustainable synthesis of plasmonic Ag-nanocomposites based solely on locust bean gum and Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanin. Importantly, these results validate the capacity of plasmonic Ag-nanocomposite constructed via green chemistry route as a simple, rapid, and selective probe for effective monitoring of trace amounts of Fe²⁺ in aqueous environment.

Microalgae biofilm system as an efficient tool for wastewater remediation and potential bioresources for pharmaceutical product production: an overview

The role of microalgae in wastewater remediation and metabolite production has been well documented, but the limitations of microalgae harvesting and low biomass production call for a more sustainable method of microalgae utilization. The current review gives an insight on how microalgae biofilms can be utilized as a more efficient system for wastewater remediation and as potential source of metabolite for pharmaceutical product production. The review affirms that the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is the vital component of the microalgae biofilm because it influences the spatial organization of the organisms forming microalgae biofilm. The EPS is also responsible for the ease interaction between organisms forming microalgae biofilm. This review restate the crucial role play by EPS in the removal of heavy metals from water to be due to the presence of binding sites on its surface. This review also attribute the ability of microalgae biofilm to bio-transform organic pollutant to be dependent on enzymatic activities and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The review assert that during the treatment of wastewater, the wastewater pollutants induce oxidative stress on microalgae biofilms. The response of the microalgae biofilm toward counteracting the stress induced by ROS leads to production of metabolites. These metabolites are important tools that can be harness for the production of pharmaceutical products.

Heterostructured 2D/2D ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 nanohybrids for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and photoelectrochemical properties

In recent years, antibiotic drugs have been extensively used owing to increased industrial growth, and this has created issues related to drinking water and a green environment. Different techniques have been used to resolve these issues, among which heterogeneous photocatalysis has been widely explored for the elimination of toxic compounds from wastewater resources. In this study, ZnIn₂S₄, g-C₃N₄, and ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄ hybrid heterostructured composites are synthesized via hydrothermal method and used these (i) for the removal of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole pollutant and (ii) photoelectrochemical water oxidation. The nanomaterials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The developed hybrid heterostructured composites were able to degrade sulfamethoxazole pollutants as well as offer improved photoelectrochemical properties compared to pristine samples. The catalytic performance of the materials developed under visible light irradiation was greatly improved for the degradation of the antibiotic drug up to 89.4% in 2 h. Moreover, the hybrid heterostructured photoelectrode showed a better photocurrent density (8.68 mA/cm²) and exhibited ∼19.2 and 29.9 times greater photocurrent density than the pristine photoelectrodes. Such a considerably increased catalytic activity was attributed to the active separation of charge carriers and transmission. The study offers an innovative approach to develop effective catalysts, and for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole as well as the PEC properties for hydrogen production.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Brassica oleracea var. botrytis leaf extract: Photocatalytic, antimicrobial and larvicidal activity

Green synthesis of nanomaterials has emerged as an ecofriendly sustainable technology for the removal of dyes in the last few decades. Especially, plant leaf extracts have been considered as inexpensive and effective materials for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared using leaves extract of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (BO) by co-precipitation and applied for photocatalytic/antibacterial activity. The synthesized BO-ZnO NPs was characterized by different instrumental techniques. The UV-vis Spectrum of the synthesized material showed maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 311 nm, which confirmed the formation of BO-ZnO NPs. The XRD pattern of BO-ZnO NPs represents a hexagonal wurtzite structure and the average size of particles was about 52 nm. FT-IR spectrum analysis confirms the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic, and phenol groups. SEM images exhibited a flower like morphology and EDX spectrum confirming the presence of the elements Zn and O. Photo-catalytic activity of BO-ZnO NPs was tested against thiazine dye (methylene blue-MB) degradation under direct sunlight irradiation. Around 80% of the MB dye got degraded at pH 8 under 75 min of sunlight irradiation. Further, the study examined that the antimicrobial and larvicidal activity of BO-ZnO NPs obtained through green synthesis. The antimicrobial study results showed that the BO-ZnO NPs formed zones against bacterial pathogens. The results showed the formation of an inhibition zone against B. subtills (16 mm), S.aureus (13 mm), K. pneumonia (13 mm), and E. coli (9 mm) respectively at a concentration of 100 μg/mL of BO-ZnO NPs. The larvicidal activity of the BO-ZnO NPs was tested against the fourth instar of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values estimated through the larvicidal activity of BO-ZnO NPs were 76.03, 190.03 ppm respectively. Hence the above findings propose the synthesized BO-ZnO NPs by the ecofriendly method can be used for various environmental and antipathogenic applications.

From natural to artificial cyanophages: Current progress and application prospects

The over proliferation of harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins resulted in damaged aquatic ecosystem, polluted drinking water and threatened human health. Cyanophages are a kind of viruses that exclusively infect cyanobacteria, which is considered as a potential strategy to deal with cyanobacterial blooms. Nevertheless, the infecting host range and/or lysis efficiency of natural cyanophages is limited, rising the necessity of constructing non-natural cyanophages via artificial modification, design and synthesis to expand their host range and/or efficiency. The paper firstly reviewed representative cyanophages such as P60 with a short latent period of 1.5 h and S-CBS1 having a burst size up to 200 PFU/cell. To explore the in-silico design principles, we critically summarized the interactions between cyanophages and the hosts, indicating modifying the recognized receptors, enhancing the adsorption ability, changing the lysogeny and excluding the defense of hosts are important for artificial cyanophages. The research progress of synthesizing artificial cyanophages were summarized subsequently, raising the importance of developing genetic manipulation technologies and their rescue strategies in the future. Meanwhile, Large-scale preparation of cyanophages for bloom control is a big challenge. The application prospects of artificial cyanophages besides cyanobacteria bloom control like adaptive evolution and phage therapy were discussed at last. The review will promote the design, synthesis and application of cyanophages for cyanobacteria blooms, which may provide new insights for the related water pollution control and ensuring hydrosphere security.

Self-circulation of oily spent hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalyst by catalytic pyrolysis for high quality oil recovery

In this study, roasted spent HDS ash (sHDSc-A) was used for the first time to catalytically pyrolyze oily spent HDS catalysts (sHDSc) to improve the yield and quality of pyrolysis oil. The results showed that sHDSc-A promoted the decomposition of coke in oily sHDSc, resulting in the recovery of more oil and gas. Meanwhile, sHDSc-A significantly improved the quality of the pyrolysis oil. They inhibited the aromatization of alkanes to increase the saturation of the pyrolysis oil from 59.39% to 74.25% and the H/C radio from 1.62 to 1.72; promoted the decomposition of long-chain alkanes to increase the content of C11-C22 from 41.97% to 61.99%; enhanced the conversion of carboxylic acids to ketones led to the reduction of heteroatomic compounds such as N (56.10%-45.39%), S (66.95%-56.59%), and O (45.26%-26.70%) in the pyrolysis oil. The promotion of sHDSc-A in the pyrolysis process is attributed to the catalytic effect of the metal oxides in sHDSc-A. Among them, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ can promote decarboxylation of carboxylic acids and reduce O mobility, while MoO₃ and Fe₂O₃ play a significant role in reducing coke and increasing pyrolysis oil. NiO can also promote methane vapor reforming, and thus increase the production of H₂ in non-condensable gas. This study achieves self-circulation of oily sHDSc with a "waste-treatment-waste" strategy that presents the advantage of value-added energy recovery and waste reuse.

Application of logistic regression, support vector machine and random forest on the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using macroalgae in treatment of certain risk factors associated with kidney injuries

The use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles in many biological and technical domains is on the rise. There hasn't been much research on the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biological systems, despite their ubiquitous usage. In the current investigation, samples were exposed to various dosages of TiO₂ nanoparticles for 4 days, 1 month, and 2 months following treatment. ICP-AES was used to dose TiO₂ into the tissues, and the results showed that the kidney had a significant TiO₂ buildup. On the other hand, apoptosis of renal tubular cells is one of the most frequent cellular processes contributing to kidney disease (KD). Nevertheless, the impact of macroalgal seaweed extract on KD remains undetermined. In this work, machine learning (ML) approaches have been applied to develop prediction algorithms for acute kidney injury (AKI) by use of titanium dioxide and macroalgae in hospitalized patients. Fifty patients with (AKI) and 50 patients (non-AKI group) have been admitted and considered. Regarding demographic data, and laboratory test data as input parameters, support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) are utilized to build models of AKI prediction and compared to the predictive performance of logistic regression (LR). Due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory powers, the current research ruled out the potential of using G. oblongata red macro algae as a source for a variety of products for medicinal uses. Despite a high and fast processing of algorithms, logistic regression showed lower overfitting in comparison to SVM, and Random Forest. The dataset is subjected to algorithms, and the categorization of potential risk variables yields the best results. AKI samples showed significant organ defects than non-AKI ones. Multivariate LR indicated that lymphocyte, and myoglobin (MB) ≥ 1000 ng/ml were independent risk parameters for AKI samples. Also, GCS score (95% CI 1.4-8.3 P = 0.014) were the risk parameters for 60-day mortality in samples with AKI. Also, 90-day mortality in AKI patients was significantly high (P < 0.0001). In compared to the control group, there were no appreciable changes in the kidney/body weight ratio or body weight increases. Total thiol levels in kidney homogenate significantly decreased, and histopathological analysis confirmed these biochemical alterations. According to the results, oral TiO₂ NP treatment may cause kidney damage in experimental samples.

Spotlighting of the role of catalysis for biomass conversion to green fuels towards a sustainable environment: Latest innovation avenues, insights, challenges, and future perspectives

Recently, extensive resources were dedicated to studying how to use catalysis to convert biomass into environmentally friendly fuels. Problems with this technology include the processing of lignocellulosic sources and the development/optimization of novel porous materials as efficient monofunctional and bifunctional catalysts for biomass fuel production. This paper reviews recent advancements in catalysts procedures. Besides, it offers assessments of the methods used in catalytic biomass pyrolysis. Understanding the catalytic conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil remains a key research challenge in biomass catalytic pyrolysis.

Two dimensional (2D) materials and biomaterials for water desalination; structure, properties, and recent advances

BACKGROUND

An efficient solution to the global freshwater dilemma is desalination. MXene, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂), Graphene Oxide, Hexagonal Boron Nitride, and Phosphorene are just a few examples of two-dimensional (2D) materials that have shown considerable promise in the development of 2D materials for water desalination. However, other promising materials for desalinating water are biomaterials. The benefits of bio-materials are their wide distribution, lack of toxicity, and superior capacity for water desalination.

METHODS

For the rational use of water and the advancement of sustainable development, it is of the utmost importance to research 2D-dimensional materials and biomaterials that are effective for water desalination. The scientific community has concentrated on wastewater remediation using bio-derived materials, such as nanocellulose, chitosan, bio-char, bark, and activated charcoal generated from plant sources, among the various endeavors to enhance access to clean water. Moreover, the 2D-materials and biomaterials may have ushered in a new age in the production of desalination materials and created a promising future.

RESULTS

The present review article focuses on and reviews the progress of 2D materials and biomaterials for water desalination. Their properties, surface, and structure, combined with water desalination applications, are highlighted. Further, the practicability and potential future directions of 2D materials and biomaterials are proposed. Thus, the current work provides information and discernments for developing novel 2D materials and biomaterials for wastewater desalination. Moreover, it aims to promote the contribution and advancement of materials for water desalination, fabrication, and industrial production.

Synthesis of novel PANI/PVA-NiCu composite material for efficient removal of organic dyes

The present work aims the synthesis of a novel, low cost, and environmentally friendly PANI/PVA-CuNi composite by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as film matrix; several percentages of copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) were used. UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TGA were used to characterize the nanocomposites. While PANI/PVA-CuNi nanocomposites were investigated in adsorption experiments of methylene blue (MB) under different controlled conditions (time reaction, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, stirring speed, temperature, and pH of the medium) also various kinetic models were employed to evaluate the efficiency of the adsorption. The results revealed that the10 mg of PANI/PVA-Cu₅₀N_i50 and PANI/PVA-Ni composites Catalyst removed (94% and 93% of methylene blue in 180 min respectively at 10^-5 M initial concentration of dye, pH of 13, stirring speed of 150 rpm, the temperature of 301 k. the kinetics data were properly fitted with the pseudo second-order model with a correlation coefficient of 0.98262 and 0.95881 using PANI/PVA-Cu₅₀N_i50 and PANI/PVA-Ni, respectively.

Application of nano remediation of mine polluted in acid mine drainage water using machine learning model

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the term used to describe drainage from coal mines with high sulfur-bearing rocks. The oxidative weathering of metal sulfides leads to AMD. The acidic environment corrodes more harmful compounds in the soil, which is spread throughout the working area. One such significant metal is copper, which is extracted in massive quantities from ores rich in sulfide. A copper-extraction resin might be created by combining diatomaceous earth (DE) particles with polyethyleneimine (PEI), which is shown to have great selectivity and affinity for copper. In this effort, PEI-DE particles' copper absorption level was examined by using synthetic and actual acid mine drainage samples at varied pH values. The findings of the copper uptake particles have been examined through the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. Using the n-fold 14 cross-validation approach, the quantities of parameters and C are estimated to be 0.001 and 0.01, respectively. The SVM analysis was correct, and the findings indicated that copper could bind to the material efficiently and preferentially at pH 4. Subsequent water elution studies at a pH value of 1 confirmed the pH-reliant interaction between dissolved Cu and PEI by demonstrating full release of the adsorbed Cu. In this research, the copper absorption of PEI-DE particles from synthetic and genuine AMD specimens was studied based on several pH conditions. The findings suggest that copper may attach to the material effectively and preferentially at pH 4. Studies of filtering water at pH1 later confirmed that all of the adsorbed Cu was released. This shows that the interaction between PEI and dissolved Cu depends on PH.