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Guo H, Yang W, Li H, Yang J, Huang Y, Tang Y, Wang S, Ni F, Yang W, Yu XF, Wei W. The SAMHD1-MX2 axis restricts HIV-1 infection at postviral DNA synthesis. mBio 2024; 15:e0136324. [PMID: 38888311 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01363-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication is tightly regulated in host cells, and various restriction factors have important roles in inhibiting viral replication. SAMHD1, a well-known restriction factor, suppresses HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs, thereby limiting the synthesis of viral cDNA in quiescent cells. In this study, we revealed an additional and distinct mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition during the postviral cDNA synthesis stage. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the interaction between SAMHD1 and MX2/MxB, an interferon-induced antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import. The disruption of endogenous MX2 expression significantly weakened the ability of SAMHD1 to inhibit HIV-1. The crucial region within SAMHD1 that binds to MX2 has been identified. Notably, we found that SAMHD1 can act as a sensor that recognizes and binds to the incoming HIV-1 core, subsequently delivering it to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby blocking the nuclear entry of the HIV-1 core structure. SAMHD1 mutants unable to recognize the HIV-1 core showed a substantial decrease in antiviral activity. Certain mutations in HIV-1 capsids confer resistance to MX2 inhibition while maintaining susceptibility to suppression by the SAMHD1-MX2 axis. Overall, our study identifies an intriguing antiviral pattern wherein two distinct restriction factors, SAMHD1 and MX2, collaborate to establish an alternative mechanism deviating from their actions. These findings provide valuable insight into the complex immune defense networks against exogenous viral infections and have implications for the development of targeted anti-HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE In contrast to most restriction factors that directly bind to viral components to exert their antiviral effects, SAMHD1, the only known deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, indirectly inhibits viral replication in quiescent cells by reducing the pool of dNTP substrates available for viral cDNA synthesis. Our study provides a novel perspective on the antiviral functions of SAMHD1. In addition to its role in dNTP hydrolysis, SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2 to inhibit HIV-1 nuclear import. In this process, SAMHD1 acts as a sensor for incoming HIV-1 cores, detecting and binding to them, before subsequently delivering the complex to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby immobilizing the virus. This study not only reveals a new antiviral pathway for SAMHD1 but also identifies a unique collaboration and interaction between two distinct restriction factors, establishing a novel line of defense against HIV-1 infection, which challenges the traditional view of restriction factors acting independently. Overall, our findings further indicate the intricate complexity of the host immune defense network and provide potential targets for promoting host antiviral immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fushun Ni
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Padron A, Dwivedi R, Chakraborty R, Prakash P, Kim K, Shi J, Ahn J, Pandhare J, Luban J, Aiken C, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. Cyclophilin A Facilitates HIV-1 DNA Integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.15.599180. [PMID: 38948800 PMCID: PMC11212919 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.15.599180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) promotes HIV-1 infection by facilitating reverse transcription, nuclear entry and by countering the antiviral activity of TRIM5α. These multifunctional roles of CypA are driven by its binding to the viral capsid. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that the HIV-1 capsid lattice enters the nucleus of an infected cell and uncoats just before integration. Therefore, we tested whether CypA-capsid interaction regulates post-nuclear entry steps of infection, particularly integration. First, we challenged CypA-expressing (CypA +/+ ) and CypA-depleted (CypA -/- ) cells with HIV-1 particles and quantified the resulting levels of provirus. Surprisingly, CypA-depletion significantly reduced integration, an effect that was independent of CypA's effect on reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and the presence or absence of TRIM5α. Additionally, cyclosporin A, an inhibitor that disrupts CypA-capsid binding, inhibited HIV-1 integration in CypA +/+ cells but not in CypA -/- cells. Accordingly, HIV-1 capsid mutants (G89V and P90A) deficient in CypA binding were also blocked at integration in CypA +/+ cells but not in CypA -/- cells. Then, to understand the mechanism, we assessed the integration activity of HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs) extracted from infected cells. The PICs from CypA -/- cells had lower activity in vitro compared to those from CypA +/+ cells. PICs from cells depleted for CypA and TRIM5α also had lower activity, suggesting that CypA's effect on PIC activity is independent of TRIM5α. Finally, addition of CypA protein significantly stimulated the integration activity of PICs extracted from both CypA +/+ and CypA -/- cells. Collectively, these results suggest that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration, a previously unknown role of this host factor. Importance HIV-1 capsid interaction with host cellular factors is essential for establishing a productive infection. However, the molecular details of such virus-host interactions are not fully understood. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is the first host protein identified to specifically bind to the HIV-1 capsid. Now it is established that CypA promotes reverse transcription and nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection. In this report, we show that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by binding to the viral capsid. Specifically, our results demonstrate that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by stimulating the activity of the viral preintegration complex and identifies a novel role of CypA during HIV-1 infection. This new knowledge is important because recent reports suggest that an operationally intact HIV-1 capsid enters the nucleus of an infected cell.
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3
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Yi D, An N, Li Q, Liu Q, Shao H, Zhou R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma L, Guo F, Li X, Liu Z, Cen S. Interferon-induced MXB protein restricts vimentin-dependent viral infection. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2520-2536. [PMID: 38828143 PMCID: PMC11143536 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) inhibits a wide spectrum of viruses through stimulating the expression of antiviral proteins. As an IFN-induced protein, myxovirus resistance B (MXB) protein was reported to inhibit multiple highly pathogenic human viruses. It remains to be determined whether MXB employs a common mechanism to restrict different viruses. Here, we find that IFN alters the subcellular localization of hundreds of host proteins, and this IFN effect is partially lost upon MXB depletion. The results of our mechanistic study reveal that MXB recognizes vimentin (VIM) and recruits protein kinase B (AKT) to phosphorylate VIM at amino acid S38, which leads to reorganization of the VIM network and impairment of intracellular trafficking of virus protein complexes, hence causing a restriction of virus infection. These results highlight a new function of MXB in modulating VIM-mediated trafficking, which may lead towards a novel broad-spectrum antiviral strategy to control a large group of viruses that depend on VIM for successful replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ni An
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huihan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
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4
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Twentyman J, Emerman M, Ohainle M. Capsid-dependent lentiviral restrictions. J Virol 2024; 98:e0030824. [PMID: 38497663 PMCID: PMC11019884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00308-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Host antiviral proteins inhibit primate lentiviruses and other retroviruses by targeting many features of the viral life cycle. The lentiviral capsid protein and the assembled viral core are known to be inhibited through multiple, directly acting antiviral proteins. Several phenotypes, including those known as Lv1 through Lv5, have been described as cell type-specific blocks to infection against some but not all primate lentiviruses. Here we review important features of known capsid-targeting blocks to infection together with several blocks to infection for which the genes responsible for the inhibition still remain to be identified. We outline the features of these blocks as well as how current methodologies are now well suited to find these antiviral genes and solve these long-standing mysteries in the HIV and retrovirology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Twentyman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Molly Ohainle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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5
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Panda SP, Roy P, Soren D, Ranjan Sahoo D, Dehury B, Rout AK, Behera BK, Das BK. Structural insights of Labeo catla (catla) myxovirus resistance protein,GTP binding recognition and constitutive expression induced with Poly I:C. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3520-3534. [PMID: 37227778 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are critical effectors belonging to the super-family of guanidine triphosphatase, often stimulated by type I interferon (IFN) and mediates antiviral responses to restrict the replication of numerous viral genes in fishes. In teleosts, Mx proteins display diverse and complicated antiviral activity in different species. The present investigation seeks to characterize the Mx gene from Labeo catla upon induction by double-stranded (ds) RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, (poly I: C). Molecular modeling and all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to understand the architecture of the GTPase domain and its plausible mode of GTP recognition in Mx protein. The full-length L. catla Mx (LcMx) gene sequence (1821 bp nucleotides) encodes an open reading frame of 606 amino acids. Domain search indicated conserved tripartite domain architecture of LcMx and forms a major cluster with the Mx from other teleosts. The positively charged Arginine and polar Glutamine residues from helix 3 and 4 of stalk region LcMx aid in homo-oligomerization. MD simulation portrayed the role of conserved critical residues aid in GTP recognition by the GTPase domain which perfectly corroborates with experimental findings and prior MD studies. After injection of poly I:C, the temporal mRNA profile showed that LcMx expression was significantly elevated in the spleen, brain, kidney, liver, muscle, heart, intestine, and gill tissues. Collectively, these results suggest that the elevated expression of the major innate immune defense gene Mx was able to inhibit the poly I: C mediated virulence in fish.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Prasad Panda
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Pragyan Roy
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Dhananjay Soren
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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6
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Layish B, Goli R, Flick H, Huang SW, Zhang RZ, Kvaratskhelia M, Kane M. Virus specificity and nucleoporin requirements for MX2 activity are affected by GTPase function and capsid-CypA interactions. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011830. [PMID: 38512975 PMCID: PMC10986937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon-induced GTPase that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection by preventing nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. The HIV-1 capsid (CA) is the major viral determinant for sensitivity to MX2, and complex interactions between MX2, CA, nucleoporins (Nups), cyclophilin A (CypA), and other cellular proteins influence the outcome of viral infection. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and CypA, we utilized a CRISPR-Cas9/AAV approach to generate CypA knock-out cell lines as well as cells that express CypA from its endogenous locus, but with specific point mutations that would abrogate CA binding but should not affect enzymatic activity or cellular function. We found that infection of CypA knock-out and point mutant cell lines with wild-type HIV-1 and CA mutants recapitulated the phenotypes observed upon cyclosporine A (CsA) addition, indicating that effects of CsA treatment are the direct result of blocking CA-CypA interactions and are therefore independent from potential interactions between CypA and MX2 or other cellular proteins. Notably, abrogation of GTP hydrolysis by MX2 conferred enhanced antiviral activity when CA-CypA interactions were abolished, and this effect was not mediated by the CA-binding residues in the GTPase domain, or by phosphorylation of MX2 at position T151. We additionally found that elimination of GTPase activity also altered the Nup requirements for MX2 activity. Our data demonstrate that the antiviral activity of MX2 is affected by CypA-CA interactions in a virus-specific and GTPase activity-dependent manner. These findings further highlight the importance of the GTPase domain of MX2 in regulation of substrate specificity and interaction with nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Layish
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ram Goli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Haley Flick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert Z. Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melissa Kane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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7
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Corda PO, Bollen M, Ribeiro D, Fardilha M. Emerging roles of the Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the context of viral infections. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38267954 PMCID: PMC10807198 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotes, participating in several cellular processes and metabolic pathways. Due to their low substrate specificity, PP1's catalytic subunits do not exist as free entities but instead bind to Regulatory Interactors of Protein Phosphatase One (RIPPO), which regulate PP1's substrate specificity and subcellular localization. Most RIPPOs bind to PP1 through combinations of short linear motifs (4-12 residues), forming highly specific PP1 holoenzymes. These PP1-binding motifs may, hence, represent attractive targets for the development of specific drugs that interfere with a subset of PP1 holoenzymes. Several viruses exploit the host cell protein (de)phosphorylation machinery to ensure efficient virus particle formation and propagation. While the role of many host cell kinases in viral life cycles has been extensively studied, the targeting of phosphatases by viral proteins has been studied in less detail. Here, we compile and review what is known concerning the role of PP1 in the context of viral infections and discuss how it may constitute a putative host-based target for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Corda
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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8
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Wang H, Cheng C, Zhao J, Han F, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Advances in the Application of Transition-Metal Composite Nanozymes in the Field of Biomedicine. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:40. [PMID: 38248417 PMCID: PMC10813372 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to the limitation that natural peroxidase enzymes can only function in relatively mild environments, nanozymes have expanded the application of enzymology in the biological field by dint of their ability to maintain catalytic oxidative activity in relatively harsh environments. At the same time, the development of new and highly efficient composite nanozymes has been a challenge due to the limitations of monometallic particles in applications and the inherently poor enzyme-mimetic activity of composite nanozymes. The inherent enzyme-mimicking activity is due to Au, Ag, and Pt, along with other transition metals. Moreover, the nanomaterials exhibit excellent enzyme-mimicking activity when composited with other materials. Therefore, this paper focuses on composite nanozymes with simulated peroxidase activity that have been prepared using noble metals such as Au, Ag, and Pt and other transition metal nanoparticles in recent years. Their simulated enzymatic activity is utilized for biomedical applications such as glucose detection, cancer cell detection and tumor treatment, and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (H.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (F.H.)
| | - Chunfang Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (H.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (F.H.)
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (H.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (F.H.)
| | - Fangqin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (H.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (F.H.)
| | - Guanhui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Energy Engineering in Yunnan, School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Yaoguang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (H.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (F.H.)
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9
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Padron A, Prakash P, Pandhare J, Luban J, Aiken C, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. Emerging role of cyclophilin A in HIV-1 infection: from producer cell to the target cell nucleus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0073223. [PMID: 37843371 PMCID: PMC10688351 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 genome encodes a small number of proteins with structural, enzymatic, regulatory, and accessory functions. These viral proteins interact with a number of host factors to promote the early and late stages of HIV-1 infection. During the early stages of infection, interactions between the viral proteins and host factors enable HIV-1 to enter the target cell, traverse the cytosol, dock at the nuclear pore, gain access to the nucleus, and integrate into the host genome. Similarly, the viral proteins recruit another set of host factors during the late stages of infection to orchestrate HIV-1 transcription, translation, assembly, and release of progeny virions. Among the host factors implicated in HIV-1 infection, Cyclophilin A (CypA) was identified as the first host factor to be packaged within HIV-1 particles. It is now well established that CypA promotes HIV-1 infection by directly binding to the viral capsid. Mechanistic models to pinpoint CypA's role have spanned from an effect in the producer cell to the early steps of infection in the target cell. In this review, we will describe our understanding of the role(s) of CypA in HIV-1 infection, highlight the current knowledge gaps, and discuss the potential role of this host factor in the post-nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Padron
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Layish B, Goli R, Flick H, Huang SW, Zhang RZ, Kvaratskhelia M, Kane M. Virus specificity and nucleoporin requirements for MX2 activity are affected by GTPase function and capsid-CypA interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.16.567336. [PMID: 38014352 PMCID: PMC10680775 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon-induced GTPase that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection by preventing nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. The HIV-1 capsid (CA) is the major viral determinant for sensitivity to MX2, and complex interactions between MX2, CA, nucleoporins (Nups), cyclophilin A (CypA), and other cellular proteins influence the outcome of viral infection. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and CypA, we utilized a CRISPR-Cas9/AAV approach to generate CypA knock-out cell lines as well as cells that express CypA from its endogenous locus, but with specific point mutations that would abrogate CA binding but should not affect enzymatic activity or cellular function. We found that infection of CypA knock-out and point mutant cell lines with wild-type HIV-1 and CA mutants recapitulated the phenotypes observed upon cyclosporine A (CsA) addition, indicating that effects of CsA treatment are the direct result of blocking CA-CypA interactions and are therefore independent from potential interactions between CypA and MX2 or other cellular proteins. Notably, abrogation of GTP hydrolysis by MX2 conferred enhanced antiviral activity when CA-CypA interactions were abolished, and this effect was not mediated by the CA-binding residues in the GTPase domain, or by phosphorylation of MX2 at position T151. We additionally found that elimination of GTPase activity also altered the Nup requirements for MX2 activity. Our data demonstrate that the antiviral activity of MX2 is affected by CypA-CA interactions in a virus-specific and GTPase activity-dependent manner. These findings further highlight the importance of the GTPase domain of MX2 in regulation of substrate specificity and interaction with nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Layish
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ram Goli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Haley Flick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert Z Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Melissa Kane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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11
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Wang P, Liu JB, Wang X, Meng FZ, Xiao QH, Liu L, Zhu J, Hu WH, Ho WZ. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits HIV infection of human iPSC-derived microglia. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29217. [PMID: 37933090 PMCID: PMC10655899 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
As a key immune cell in the brain, microglia are essential for protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from viral infections, including HIV. Microglia possess functional Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), a key viral sensor for activating interferon (IFN) signaling pathway-mediated antiviral immunity. We, therefore, studied the effect of poly (I:C), a synthetic ligand of TLR3, on the activation of the intracellular innate immunity against HIV in human iPSC-derived microglia (iMg). We found that poly (I:C) treatment of iMg effectively inhibits HIV infection/replication at both mRNA and protein levels. Investigations of the mechanisms revealed that TLR3 activation of iMg by poly (I:C) induced the expression of both type I and type III IFNs. Compared with untreated cells, the poly (I:C)-treated iMg expressed significantly higher levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with known anti-HIV activities (ISG15, MxB, Viperin, MxA, and OAS-1). In addition, TLR3 activation elicited the expression of the HIV entry coreceptor CCR5 ligands (CC chemokines) in iMg. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile analysis showed that poly (I:C)-treated cells had the upregulated IFN signaling genes (ISG15, ISG20, IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM10, APOBEC3A, OAS-2, MxA, and MxB) and the increased CC chemokine signaling genes (CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL15). These observations indicate that TLR3 is a potential therapy target for activating the intracellular innate immunity against HIV infection/replication in human microglial cells. Therefore, further studies with animal models and clinical specimens are necessary to determine the role of TLR3 activation-driven antiviral response in the control and elimination of HIV in infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Feng-Zheng Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Qian-Hao Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Lu Liu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
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12
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Bayer A, Child SJ, Malik HS, Geballe AP. A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB. J Virol 2023; 97:e0083023. [PMID: 37796130 PMCID: PMC10617587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00830-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses present a major global disease burden. Understanding the host cell mechanisms that block viral infections, as well as how viruses can evolve to counteract these host defenses, is critically important for understanding viral disease pathogenesis. This study reveals that the major human variant of the antiviral protein myxovirus resistance protein B (MxB) inhibits the human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), whereas a minor human variant and orthologous MxB genes from even closely related primates do not. Thus, in contrast to the many antagonistic virus-host interactions in which the virus is successful in thwarting the host's defense systems, here the human gene appears to be at least temporarily winning at this interface of the primate-herpesvirus evolutionary arms race. Our findings further show that a polymorphism at amino acid 83 in a small fraction of the human population is sufficient to abrogate MxB's ability to inhibit HSV-1, which could have important implications for human susceptibility to HSV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Bayer
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Child
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Wang Z, Pan Q, Ma L, Zhao J, McIntosh F, Liu Z, Ding S, Lin R, Cen S, Finzi A, Liang C. Anthracyclines inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Res 2023; 334:199164. [PMID: 37379907 PMCID: PMC10305762 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines and drugs are two effective medical interventions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors, remdesivir, paxlovid, and molnupiravir, have been approved for treating COVID-19 patients, but more are needed, because each drug has its limitation of usage and SARS-CoV-2 constantly develops drug resistance mutations. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 drugs have the potential to be repurposed to inhibit new human coronaviruses, thus help to prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks. We have screened a library of microbial metabolites to discover new SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. To facilitate this screening effort, we generated a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant carrying the nano luciferase as a reporter for measuring viral infection. Six compounds were found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) below 1 μM, including the anthracycline drug aclarubicin that markedly reduced viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)-mediated gene expression, whereas other anthracyclines inhibited SARS-CoV-2 by activating the expression of interferon and antiviral genes. As the most commonly prescribed anti-cancer drugs, anthracyclines hold the promise of becoming new SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fiona McIntosh
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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14
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Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin 2023; 38:485-496. [PMID: 37419416 PMCID: PMC10436108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. An attenuated EIAV vaccine, which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques, is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date. Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle. However, viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation. The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process, which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses, making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV. The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions. In addition, we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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15
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da Silva DR, Gonzalez CF, Lorca G. Internalization of extracellular vesicles from Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 elicit an RNA sensory response in human pancreatic cell lines. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e101. [PMID: 37720361 PMCID: PMC10500552 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells of all domains of life can secrete extracellular vesicles (EV). These secreted vesicles have been indicated as vehicles carrying molecules that facilitate intra- and inter-species interaction. Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2, a bacterium used in probiotic preparations, has been shown to produce nano-sized EV. In the present work we used L. johnsonii N6.2 EV, concentrated from exosome depleted MRS supernatant, to identify the uptake mechanisms of EV and the impact of the RNA cargo in the EV on the upregulation of the cellular response of βlox5 human pancreatic cells. Using eukaryotic uptake inhibitors, it was found that EV are internalized by the clathrin/dynamin mediated endocytosis pathway. Further co-localization experiments with the endosome markers RAB5, RAB7 and LAMP1 as well as calcein indicated that EV escape the endosome shortly after RAB7 fusion. Using the expression of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) host pathway, previously identified as targeted by L. johnsonii EV, we found that the host cellular response to the EV are dependent on the integrity of the external components of the EV as well as on the RNA cargo. Global transcriptome analysis was performed on EV and the bacterial whole cell. It was found that the RNA transcripts found within the EV largely represent the most abundantly transcribed genes in the bacterial cells such as those associated with protein synthesis and glycolysis. Further analysis showed an enrichment of smaller size transcripts as well as those encoding for membrane bound or extracellular proteins in L. johnsonii's EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R. da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Claudio F. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Graciela Lorca
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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16
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Malikov V, Naghavi MH. FEZ1 Plays Dual Roles in Early HIV-1 Infection by Independently Regulating Capsid Transport and Host Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression. J Virol 2023; 97:e0049923. [PMID: 37219433 PMCID: PMC10308898 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00499-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciculation and elongation factor zeta 1 (FEZ1), a multifunctional kinesin-1 adaptor, binds human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsids and is required for efficient translocation of virus particles to the nucleus to initiate infection. However, we recently found that FEZ1 also acts as a negative regulator of interferon (IFN) production and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in primary fibroblasts and human immortalized microglial cell line clone 3 (CHME3) microglia, a natural target cell type for HIV-1 infection. This raises the question of whether depleting FEZ1 negatively affects early HIV-1 infection through effects on virus trafficking or IFN induction or both. Here, we address this by comparing the effects of FEZ1 depletion or IFN-β treatment on early stages of HIV-1 infection in different cell systems with various IFN-β responsiveness. In either CHME3 microglia or HEK293A cells, depletion of FEZ1 reduced the accumulation of fused HIV-1 particles around the nucleus and suppressed infection. In contrast, various doses of IFN-β had little to no effect on HIV-1 fusion or the translocation of fused viral particles to the nucleus in either cell type. Moreover, the potency of IFN-β's effects on infection in each cell type reflected the level of induction of MxB, an ISG that blocks subsequent stages of HIV-1 nuclear import. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that loss of FEZ1 function impacts infection through its roles in two independent processes, as a direct regulator of HIV-1 particle transport and as a regulator of ISG expression. IMPORTANCE As a hub protein, fasciculation and elongation factor zeta 1 (FEZ1) interacts with a range of other proteins involved in various biological processes, acting as an adaptor for the microtubule (MT) motor kinesin-1 to mediate outward transport of intracellular cargoes, including viruses. Indeed, incoming HIV-1 capsids bind to FEZ1 to regulate the balance of inward/outward motor activity to ensure net forward movement toward the nucleus to initiate infection. However, we recently showed that FEZ1 depletion also induces interferon (IFN) production and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. As such, it remains unknown whether modulating FEZ1 activity affects HIV-1 infection through its ability to regulate ISG expression or whether FEZ1 functions directly, or both. Using distinct cell systems that separate the effects of IFN and FEZ1 depletion, here we demonstrate that the kinesin adaptor FEZ1 regulates HIV-1 translocation to the nucleus independently of its effects on IFN production and ISG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Malikov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mojgan H. Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Itell HL, Humes D, Overbaugh J. Several cell-intrinsic effectors drive type I interferon-mediated restriction of HIV-1 in primary CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112556. [PMID: 37227817 PMCID: PMC10592456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) upregulates proteins that inhibit HIV within infected cells. Prior studies have identified IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that impede lab-adapted HIV in cell lines, yet the ISG(s) that mediate IFN restriction in HIV target cells, primary CD4+ T cells, are unknown. Here, we interrogate ISG restriction of primary HIV in CD4+ T cells by performing CRISPR-knockout screens with a custom library that specifically targets ISGs expressed in CD4+ T cells. Our investigation identifies previously undescribed HIV-restricting ISGs (HM13, IGFBP2, LAP3) and finds that two factors characterized in other HIV infection models (IFI16 and UBE2L6) mediate IFN restriction in T cells. Inactivation of these five ISGs in combination further diminishes IFN's protective effect against diverse HIV strains. This work demonstrates that IFN restriction of HIV is multifaceted, resulting from several effectors functioning collectively, and establishes a primary cell ISG screening model to identify both single and combinations of HIV-restricting ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Itell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daryl Humes
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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18
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Moon S, Namkoong S. Ribonucleoprotein Granules: Between Stress and Transposable Elements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1027. [PMID: 37509063 PMCID: PMC10377603 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can transpose and replicate within the genome, leading to genetic changes that affect various aspects of host biology. Evolutionarily, hosts have also developed molecular mechanisms to suppress TEs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent studies suggest that stress-induced formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, including stress granule (SG) and processing body (P-body), can play a role in the sequestration of TEs to prevent transposition, suggesting an additional layer of the regulatory mechanism for TEs. RNP granules have been shown to contain factors involved in RNA regulation, including mRNA decay enzymes, RNA-binding proteins, and noncoding RNAs, which could potentially contribute to the regulation of TEs. Therefore, understanding the interplay between TEs and RNP granules is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms for maintaining genomic stability and controlling gene expression. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current knowledge regarding the interplay between TEs and RNP granules, proposing RNP granules as a novel layer of the regulatory mechanism for TEs during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sim Namkoong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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19
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Bayer A, Child SJ, Malik HS, Geballe AP. A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542951. [PMID: 37398298 PMCID: PMC10312577 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance proteins (MxA and MxB) are interferon-induced proteins that exert antiviral activity against a diverse range of RNA and DNA viruses. In primates, MxA has been shown to inhibit myxoviruses, bunyaviruses, and hepatitis B virus, whereas MxB restricts retroviruses and herpesviruses. As a result of their conflicts with viruses, both genes have been undergoing diversifying selection during primate evolution. Here, we investigate how MxB evolution in primates has affected its restriction of herpesviruses. In contrast to human MxB, we find that most primate orthologs, including the closely related chimpanzee MxB, do not inhibit HSV-1 replication. However, all primate MxB orthologs tested restrict human cytomegalovirus. Through the generation of human and chimpanzee MxB chimeras we show that a single residue, M83, is the key determinant of restriction of HSV-1 replication. Humans are the only primate species known to encode a methionine at this position, whereas most other primate species encode a lysine. Residue 83 is also the most polymorphic residue in MxB in human populations, with M83 being the most common variant. However, ∼2.5% of human MxB alleles encode a threonine at this position, which does not restrict HSV-1. Thus, a single amino acid variant in MxB, which has recently risen to high frequency in humans, has endowed humans with HSV-1 antiviral activity. Importance Herpesviruses present a major global disease burden. Understanding the host cell mechanisms that block viral infections as well as how viruses can evolve to counteract these host defenses is critically important for understanding viral disease pathogenesis, and for developing therapeutic tools aimed at treating or preventing viral infections. Additionally, understanding how these host and viral mechanisms adapt to counter one another can aid in identifying the risks of, and barriers to, cross-species transmission events. As highlighted by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, episodic transmission events can have severe consequences for human health. This study reveals that the major human variant of the antiviral protein MxB inhibits the human pathogen HSV-1, whereas human minor variants and orthologous MxB genes from even closely related primates do not. Thus, in contrast to the many antagonistic virus-host interactions in which the virus is successful in thwarting the defense systems of their native hosts, in this case the human gene appears to be at least temporarily winning at this interface of the primate-herpesviral evolutionary arms race. Our findings further show that a polymorphism at amino acid 83 in a small fraction of the human population is sufficient to abrogate MxB's ability to inhibit HSV-1, which could have important implications for human susceptibility to HSV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Bayer
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Child
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
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20
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Beaudoin-Bussières G, Tauzin A, Dionne K, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Perreault J, Levade I, Alfadhli L, Bo Y, Bazin R, Côté M, Finzi A. A Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Several Omicron Subvariants following a Fourth mRNA Vaccine Dose. Viruses 2023; 15:1274. [PMID: 37376574 DOI: 10.3390/v15061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several variants of concern (VOCs), such as the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants, have arisen and spread worldwide. Today, the predominant circulating subvariants are sublineages of the Omicron variant, which have more than 30 mutations in their Spike glycoprotein compared to the ancestral strain. The Omicron subvariants were significantly less recognized and neutralized by antibodies from vaccinated individuals. This resulted in a surge in the number of infections, and booster shots were recommended to improve responses against these variants. While most studies mainly measured the neutralizing activity against variants, we and others previously reported that Fc-effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), play an important role in humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we analyzed Spike recognition and ADCC activity against several Omicron subvariants by generating cell lines expressing different Omicron subvariant Spikes. We tested these responses in a cohort of donors, who were recently infected or not, before and after a fourth dose of mRNA vaccine. We showed that ADCC activity is less affected than neutralization by the antigenic shift of the tested Omicron subvariant Spikes. Moreover, we found that individuals with a history of recent infection have higher antibody binding and ADCC activity against all Omicron subvariants than people who were not recently infected. With an increase in the number of reinfections, this study helps better understand Fc-effector responses in the context of hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Katrina Dionne
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Josée Perreault
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Laila Alfadhli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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21
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Betancor G. You Shall Not Pass: MX2 Proteins Are Versatile Viral Inhibitors. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050930. [PMID: 37243034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance (MX) proteins are pivotal players in the innate immune response to viral infections. Less than 10 years ago, three independent groups simultaneously showed that human MX2 is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) activity. Thenceforth, multiple research works have been published highlighting the ability of MX2 to inhibit RNA and DNA viruses. These growing bodies of evidence have identified some of the key determinants regulating its antiviral activity. Therefore, the importance of the protein amino-terminal domain, the oligomerization state, or the ability to interact with viral components is now well recognized. Nonetheless, there are still several unknown aspects of MX2 antiviral activity asking for further research, such as the role of cellular localization or the effect of post-translational modifications. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of our current knowledge on the molecular determinants governing the antiviral activity of this versatile ISG, using human MX2 and HIV-1 inhibition as a reference, but drawing parallelisms and noting divergent mechanisms with other proteins and viruses when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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22
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Siegel DA, Thanh C, Wan E, Hoh R, Hobbs K, Pan T, Gibson EA, Kroetz DL, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Martin M, Carrington M, Pillai S, Busch MP, Stone M, Levy CN, Huang ML, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Kiem HP, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Host variation in type I interferon signaling genes (MX1), C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene, and major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in treated HIV+ noncontrollers predict viral reservoir size. AIDS 2023; 37:477-488. [PMID: 36695358 PMCID: PMC9894159 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior genomewide association studies have identified variation in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene (CCR5Δ32) as genetic predictors of viral control, especially in 'elite' controllers, individuals who remain virally suppressed in the absence of therapy. DESIGN Cross-sectional genomewide association study. METHODS We analyzed custom whole exome sequencing and direct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing from 202 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV+ noncontrollers in relation to four measures of the peripheral CD4+ T-cell reservoir: HIV intact DNA, total (t)DNA, unspliced (us)RNA, and RNA/DNA. Linear mixed models were adjusted for potential covariates including age, sex, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, pre-ART HIV RNA, timing of ART initiation, and duration of ART suppression. RESULTS Previously reported 'protective' host genetic mutations related to viral setpoint (e.g. among elite controllers) were found to predict smaller HIV reservoir size. The HLA 'protective' B∗57:01 was associated with significantly lower HIV usRNA (q = 3.3 × 10-3), and among the largest subgroup, European ancestry individuals, the CCR5Δ32 deletion was associated with smaller HIV tDNA (P = 4.3 × 10-3) and usRNA (P = 8.7 × 10-3). In addition, genomewide analysis identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms in MX1 (an interferon stimulated gene) that were significantly associated with HIV tDNA (q = 0.02), and the direction of these associations paralleled MX1 gene eQTL expression. CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant association between previously reported 'protective' MHC class I alleles and CCR5Δ32 with the HIV reservoir size in noncontrollers. We also found a novel association between MX1 and HIV total DNA (in addition to other interferon signaling relevant genes, PPP1CB, DDX3X). These findings warrant further investigation in future validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | | | | | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Kristen Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Maureen Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
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23
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Host Cell Restriction Factors Blocking Efficient Vector Transduction: Challenges in Lentiviral and Adeno-Associated Vector Based Gene Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050732. [PMID: 36899868 PMCID: PMC10001033 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy relies on the delivery of genetic material to the patient's cells in order to provide a therapeutic treatment. Two of the currently most used and efficient delivery systems are the lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Gene therapy vectors must successfully attach, enter uncoated, and escape host restriction factors (RFs), before reaching the nucleus and effectively deliver the therapeutic genetic instructions to the cell. Some of these RFs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, while others are cell-specific, and others still are expressed only upon induction by danger signals as type I interferons. Cell restriction factors have evolved to protect the organism against infectious diseases and tissue damage. These restriction factors can be intrinsic, directly acting on the vector, or related with the innate immune response system, acting indirectly through the induction of interferons, but both are intertwined. The innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and, as such cells derived from myeloid progenitors (but not only), are well equipped with RFs to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition, some non-professional cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, play major roles in pathogen recognition. Unsurprisingly, foreign DNA and RNA molecules are among the most detected PAMPs. Here, we review and discuss identified RFs that block LV and AAV vector transduction, hindering their therapeutic efficacy.
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24
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Itell HL, Humes D, Overbaugh J. Several cell-intrinsic effectors drive type I interferon-mediated restriction of HIV-1 in primary CD4 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527545. [PMID: 36798236 PMCID: PMC9934674 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) upregulates proteins that inhibit HIV within infected cells. Prior studies have identified IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that impede lab-adapted HIV in cell lines, yet the ISG(s) that mediate IFN restriction in HIV target cells, primary CD4 + T cells, are unknown. Here, we interrogate ISG restriction of primary HIV in CD4 + T cells. We performed CRISPR-knockout screens using a custom library that specifically targets ISGs expressed in CD4 + T cells and validated top hits. Our investigation identified new HIV-restricting ISGs (HM13, IGFBP2, LAP3) and found that two previously studied factors (IFI16, UBE2L6) are IFN effectors in T cells. Inactivation of these five ISGs in combination further diminished IFN’s protective effect against six diverse HIV strains. This work demonstrates that IFN restriction of HIV is multifaceted, resulting from several effectors functioning collectively, and establishes a primary cell ISG screening model to identify both single and combinations of HIV-restricting ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Itell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Daryl Humes
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Present address: Tr1X Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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25
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Caputo V, Libera M, Sisti S, Giuliani B, Diotti RA, Criscuolo E. The initial interplay between HIV and mucosal innate immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104423. [PMID: 36798134 PMCID: PMC9927018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection, several aspects need to be clarified, including how innate immunity acts in different anatomical compartments. Given the nature of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease, one of the aspects that demands particular attention is the mucosal innate immune response. Given this scenario, we focused our attention on the interplay between HIV and mucosal innate response: the different mucosae act as a physical barrier, whose integrity can be compromised by the infection, and the virus-cell interaction induces the innate immune response. In addition, we explored the role of the mucosal microbiota in facilitating or preventing HIV infection and highlighted how its changes could influence the development of several opportunistic infections. Although recent progress, a proper characterization of mucosal innate immune response and microbiota is still missing, and further studies are needed to understand how they can be helpful for the formulation of an effective vaccine.
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26
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Ullah I, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Symmes K, Cloutier M, Ducas E, Tauzin A, Laumaea A, Grunst MW, Dionne K, Richard J, Bégin P, Mothes W, Kumar P, Bazin R, Finzi A, Uchil PD. The Fc-effector function of COVID-19 convalescent plasma contributes to SARS-CoV-2 treatment efficacy in mice. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100893. [PMID: 36584683 PMCID: PMC9799175 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 convalescent plasmas (CCPs) are chosen for plasma therapy based on neutralizing titers and anti-Spike immunoglobulin levels. However, CCP characteristics that promote SARS-CoV-2 control are complex and incompletely defined. Using an in vivo imaging approach, we demonstrate that CCPs with low neutralizing (ID50 ≤ 1:250), but moderate to high Fc-effector activity, in contrast to those with poor Fc function, delay mortality and/or improve survival of SARS-CoV-2-challenged K18-hACE2 mice. The impact of innate immune cells on CCP efficacy depended on their residual neutralizing activity. Fractionation of a selected CCP revealed that IgG and Ig(M + A) were required during therapy, but the IgG fraction alone sufficed during prophylaxis. Finally, despite reduced neutralization, ancestral SARS-CoV-2-elicited CCPs significantly delayed Delta and Beta-induced mortality suggesting that Fc-effector functions contribute to immunity against VOCs. Thus, Fc activity of CCPs provide a second line of defense when neutralization is compromised and can serve as an important criterion for CCP selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Kelly Symmes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marc Cloutier
- Hema-Quebec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Eric Ducas
- Hema-Quebec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Katrina Dionne
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Philippe Bégin
- Section of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Médicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Renée Bazin
- Hema-Quebec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada.
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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27
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McKellar J, Arnaud-Arnould M, Chaloin L, Tauziet M, Arpin-André C, Pourcelot O, Blaise M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. An evolutionarily conserved N-terminal leucine is essential for MX1 GTPase antiviral activity against different families of RNA viruses. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102747. [PMID: 36436557 PMCID: PMC9808005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MX1) and MX2 are homologous, dynamin-like large GTPases, induced upon interferon exposure. Human MX1 (HsMX1) is known to inhibit many viruses, including influenza A virus, by likely acting at various steps of their life cycles. Despite decades of studies, the mechanism(s) of action with which MX1 proteins manage to inhibit target viruses is not fully understood. MX1 proteins are mechano-enzymes and share a similar organization to dynamin, with a GTPase domain and a carboxy-terminal stalk domain, connected by a bundle signaling element. These three elements are known to be essential for antiviral activity. HsMX1 has two unstructured regions, the L4 loop, also essential for antiviral activity, and a short amino (N)-terminal region, which greatly varies between MX1 proteins of different species. The role of this N-terminal domain in antiviral activity is not known. Herein, using mutagenesis, imaging, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of HsMX1 is essential for antiviral activity against influenza A virus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, and La Crosse virus. Furthermore, we pinpoint a highly conserved leucine within this region, which is absolutely crucial for human, mouse, and bat MX1 protein antiviral activity. Importantly, mutation of this leucine does not compromise GTPase activity or oligomerization capabilities but does modify MX1 protein subcellular localization. The discovery of this essential and highly conserved residue defines this region as key for antiviral activity and may reveal insights as to the mechanism(s) of action of MX1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- IRIM, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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28
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Sharifi HJ, Paine DN, Fazzari VA, Tipple AF, Patterson E, de Noronha CMC. Sulforaphane Reduces SAMHD1 Phosphorylation To Protect Macrophages from HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0118722. [PMID: 36377871 PMCID: PMC9749475 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01187-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular protein SAMHD1 is important for DNA repair, suppressing LINE elements, controlling deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations, maintaining HIV-1 latency, and preventing excessive type I interferon responses. SAMHD1 is also a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 and other significant viral pathogens. Infection restriction is due in part to the deoxynucleoside triphosphatase (dNTPase) activity of SAMHD1 but is also mediated through a dNTPase-independent mechanism that has been described but not explored. The phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at threonine 592 (T592) controls many of its functions. Retroviral restriction, irrespective of dNTPase activity, is linked to unphosphorylated T592. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate, protects macrophages from HIV infection by mobilizing the transcription factor and antioxidant response regulator Nrf2. Here, we show that SFN and other clinically relevant Nrf2 mobilizers reduce SAMHD1 T592 phosphorylation to protect macrophages from HIV-1. We further show that SFN, through Nrf2, triggers the upregulation of the cell cycle control protein p21 in human monocyte-derived macrophages to contribute to SAMHD1 activation. We additionally present data that support another, potentially redox-dependent mechanism employed by SFN to contribute to SAMHD1 activation through reduced phosphorylation. This work establishes the use of exogenous Nrf2 mobilizers as a novel way to study virus restriction by SAMHD1 and highlights the Nrf2 pathway as a potential target for the therapeutic control of SAMHD1 cellular and antiviral functions. IMPORTANCE Here, we show, for the first time, that the treatment of macrophages with Nrf2 mobilizers, known activators of antioxidant responses, increases the fraction of SAMHD1 without a regulatory phosphate at position 592. We demonstrate that this decreases infection of macrophages by HIV-1. Phosphorylated SAMHD1 is important for DNA repair, the suppression of LINE elements, the maintenance of HIV-1 in a latent state, and the prevention of excessive type I interferon responses, while unphosphorylated SAMHD1 blocks HIV infection. SAMHD1 impacts many viruses and is involved in various cancers, so knowledge of how it works and how it is regulated has broad implications for the development of therapeutics. Redox-modulating therapeutics are already in clinical use or under investigation for the treatment of many conditions. Thus, understanding the impact of redox modifiers on controlling SAMHD1 phosphorylation is important for many areas of research in microbiology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. John Sharifi
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dakota N. Paine
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Emilee Patterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Carlos M. C. de Noronha
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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29
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Bonaventure B, Rebendenne A, Chaves Valadão AL, Arnaud‐Arnould M, Gracias S, Garcia de Gracia F, McKellar J, Labaronne E, Tauziet M, Vivet‐Boudou V, Bernard E, Briant L, Gros N, Djilli W, Courgnaud V, Parrinello H, Rialle S, Blaise M, Lacroix L, Lavigne M, Paillart J, Ricci EP, Schulz R, Jouvenet N, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. The
DEAD
box
RNA
helicase
DDX42
is an intrinsic inhibitor of positive‐strand
RNA
viruses. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54061. [PMID: 36161446 PMCID: PMC9638865 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome‐wide screens are powerful approaches to unravel regulators of viral infections. Here, a CRISPR screen identifies the RNA helicase DDX42 as an intrinsic antiviral inhibitor of HIV‐1. Depletion of endogenous DDX42 increases HIV‐1 DNA accumulation and infection in cell lines and primary cells. DDX42 overexpression inhibits HIV‐1 infection, whereas expression of a dominant‐negative mutant increases infection. Importantly, DDX42 also restricts LINE‐1 retrotransposition and infection with other retroviruses and positive‐strand RNA viruses, including CHIKV and SARS‐CoV‐2. However, DDX42 does not impact the replication of several negative‐strand RNA viruses, arguing against an unspecific effect on target cells, which is confirmed by RNA‐seq analysis. Proximity ligation assays show DDX42 in the vicinity of viral elements, and cross‐linking RNA immunoprecipitation confirms a specific interaction of DDX42 with RNAs from sensitive viruses. Moreover, recombinant DDX42 inhibits HIV‐1 reverse transcription in vitro. Together, our data strongly suggest a direct mode of action of DDX42 on viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. Our results identify DDX42 as an intrinsic viral inhibitor, opening new perspectives to target the life cycle of numerous RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ségolène Gracias
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569 Paris France
| | | | | | | | | | - Valérie Vivet‐Boudou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002 Strasbourg France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Gros
- CEMIPAI, CNRS Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Hugues Parrinello
- Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), Biocampus, CNRS, INSERM Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Stéphanie Rialle
- Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), Biocampus, CNRS, INSERM Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - Laurent Lacroix
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM Université PSL Paris France
| | - Marc Lavigne
- Department of Virology Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | | | | | - Reiner Schulz
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics King's College London London UK
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569 Paris France
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30
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Wang W, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wei W. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 core: The Trojan horse in virus–host interaction. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002476. [PMID: 36106078 PMCID: PMC9465167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the major cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) worldwide. In HIV-1 infection, innate immunity is the first defensive line for immune recognition and viral clearance to ensure the normal biological function of the host cell and body health. Under the strong selected pressure generated by the human body over thousands of years, HIV has evolved strategies to counteract and deceive the innate immune system into completing its lifecycle. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that HIV capsid core which is thought to be a protector of the cone structure of genomic RNA, also plays an essential role in escaping innate immunity surveillance. This mini-review summarizes the function of capsid in viral immune evasion, and the comprehensive elucidation of capsid-host cell innate immunity interaction could promote our understanding of HIV-1’s pathogenic mechanism and provide insights for HIV-1 treatment in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wei,
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31
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MX2 Viral Substrate Breadth and Inhibitory Activity Are Regulated by Protein Phosphorylation. mBio 2022; 13:e0171422. [PMID: 35880880 PMCID: PMC9426416 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01714-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is potently inhibited by human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MxB), which binds to the viral capsid and blocks the nuclear import of viral DNA. We have recently shown that phosphorylation is a key regulator of MX2 antiviral activity, with phosphorylation of serine residues at positions 14, 17, and 18 repressing MX2 function. Here, we extend the study of MX2 posttranslational modifications and identify serine and threonine phosphorylation in all domains of MX2. By substituting these residues with aspartic acid or alanine, hence mimicking the presence or absence of a phosphate group, respectively, we identified key positions that control MX2 antiviral activity. Aspartic acid substitutions of residues Ser306 or Thr334 and alanine substitutions of Thr343 yielded proteins with substantially reduced antiviral activity, whereas the presence of aspartic acid at positions Ser28, Thr151, or Thr343 resulted in enhanced activity: referred to as hypermorphic mutants. In some cases, these hypermorphic mutations, particularly when paired with other MX2 mutations (e.g., S28D/T151D or T151D/T343A) acquired the capacity to inhibit HIV-1 capsid mutants known to be insensitive to wild-type MX2, such as P90A or T210K, as well as MX2-resistant retroviruses such as equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV). This work highlights the complexity and importance of MX2 phosphorylation in the regulation of antiviral activity and in the selection of susceptible viral substrates.
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32
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Ciesla J, Moreno I, Munger J. TNFα-induced metabolic reprogramming drives an intrinsic anti-viral state. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010722. [PMID: 35834576 PMCID: PMC9321404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines induce an anti-viral state, yet many of the functional determinants responsible for limiting viral infection are poorly understood. Here, we find that TNFα induces significant metabolic remodeling that is critical for its anti-viral activity. Our data demonstrate that TNFα activates glycolysis through the induction of hexokinase 2 (HK2), the isoform predominantly expressed in muscle. Further, we show that glycolysis is broadly important for TNFα-mediated anti-viral defense, as its inhibition attenuates TNFα’s ability to limit the replication of evolutionarily divergent viruses. TNFα was also found to modulate the metabolism of UDP-sugars, which are essential precursor substrates for glycosylation. Our data indicate that TNFα increases the concentration of UDP-glucose, as well as the glucose-derived labeling of UDP-glucose and UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine in a glycolytically-dependent manner. Glycolysis was also necessary for the TNFα-mediated accumulation of several glycosylated anti-viral proteins. Consistent with the importance of glucose-driven glycosylation, glycosyl-transferase inhibition attenuated TNFα’s ability to promote the anti-viral cell state. Collectively, our data indicate that cytokine-mediated metabolic remodeling is an essential component of the anti-viral response. Viral infection often activates a host cell’s intrinsic immune response resulting in the cellular secretion of cytokines, important host-defense molecules. These cytokines act on neighboring cells to make them less permissive to viral infection. Many of the mechanisms through which cytokines promote a less permissive cell state remain unclear. Our data indicate that treatment with the anti-viral cytokine TNFα induces substantial changes to cellular metabolic activity, including activating glucose metabolism. We find that these TNFα-induced metabolic changes are critical for TNFα to limit the replication of diverse viruses including Human Cytomegalovirus and two Coronaviruses, OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. Inhibition of glucose metabolism during TNFα treatment prevented the expression of a variety of known cellular anti-viral proteins. Collectively, our data indicate that cytokine-induced metabolic remodeling is an important component of TNFα’s ability to promote a less permissive cell state and raises further questions about the mechanisms through which specific cytokine-induced metabolic activities contribute to various aspects of anti-viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ciesla
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Isreal Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ding J, Wang S, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhao J, Solomon M, Liu Z, Guo F, Ma L, Wen J, Li X, Liang C, Cen S. Schlafen 5 suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription by commandeering cellular epigenetic machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6137-6153. [PMID: 35687115 PMCID: PMC9226525 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlafen-5 (SLFN5) is an interferon-induced protein of the Schlafen family, which are involved in immune responses and oncogenesis. To date, little is known regarding its anti-HIV-1 function. Here, the authors report that overexpression of SLFN5 inhibits HIV-1 replication and reduces viral mRNA levels, whereas depletion of endogenous SLFN5 promotes HIV-1 replication. Moreover, they show that SLFN5 markedly decreases the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) via binding to two sequences in the U5-R region, which consequently represses the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the transcription initiation site. Mutagenesis studies show the importance of nuclear localization and the N-terminal 1-570 amino acids fragment in the inhibition of HIV-1. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that SLFN5 interacts with components of the PRC2 complex, G9a and Histone H3, thereby promoting H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 modification leading to silencing HIV-1 transcription. In concert with this, they find that SLFN5 blocks the activation of latent HIV-1. Altogether, their findings demonstrate that SLFN5 is a transcriptional repressor of HIV-1 through epigenetic modulation and a potential determinant of HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shumin Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Magan Solomon
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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34
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Serrero MC, Girault V, Weigang S, Greco TM, Ramos-Nascimento A, Anderson F, Piras A, Hickford Martinez A, Hertzog J, Binz A, Pohlmann A, Prank U, Rehwinkel J, Bauerfeind R, Cristea IM, Pichlmair A, Kochs G, Sodeik B. The interferon-inducible GTPase MxB promotes capsid disassembly and genome release of herpesviruses. eLife 2022; 11:e76804. [PMID: 35475759 PMCID: PMC9150894 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host proteins sense viral products and induce defence mechanisms, particularly in immune cells. Using cell-free assays and quantitative mass spectrometry, we determined the interactome of capsid-host protein complexes of herpes simplex virus and identified the large dynamin-like GTPase myxovirus resistance protein B (MxB) as an interferon-inducible protein interacting with capsids. Electron microscopy analyses showed that cytosols containing MxB had the remarkable capability to disassemble the icosahedral capsids of herpes simplex viruses and varicella zoster virus into flat sheets of connected triangular faces. In contrast, capsids remained intact in cytosols with MxB mutants unable to hydrolyse GTP or to dimerize. Our data suggest that MxB senses herpesviral capsids, mediates their disassembly, and thereby restricts the efficiency of nuclear targeting of incoming capsids and/or the assembly of progeny capsids. The resulting premature release of viral genomes from capsids may enhance the activation of DNA sensors, and thereby amplify the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manutea C Serrero
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | | | - Fenja Anderson
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Antonio Piras
- Institute of Virology, Technical University MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Jonny Hertzog
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Partner SiteHannoverGermany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Partner SiteHannoverGermany
| | - Ute Prank
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, Technical University MunichMunichGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner siteMunichGermany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Partner SiteHannoverGermany
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35
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Jurczyszak D, Manganaro L, Buta S, Gruber C, Martin-Fernandez M, Taft J, Patel RS, Cipolla M, Alshammary H, Mulder LCF, Sachidanandam R, Bogunovic D, Simon V. ISG15 deficiency restricts HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010405. [PMID: 35333911 PMCID: PMC8986114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a group of potent inflammatory and antiviral cytokines. They induce IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which act as proinflammatory mediators, antiviral effectors, and negative regulators of the IFN-I signaling cascade itself. One such regulator is interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Humans with complete ISG15 deficiency express persistently elevated levels of ISGs, and consequently, exhibit broad spectrum resistance to viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that IFN-I primed fibroblasts derived from ISG15-deficient individuals are more resistant to infection with single-cycle HIV-1 compared to healthy control fibroblasts. Complementation with both wild-type (WT) ISG15 and ISG15ΔGG (incapable of ISGylation while retaining negative regulation activity) was sufficient to reverse this phenotype, restoring susceptibility to infection to levels comparable to WT cells. Furthermore, CRISPR-edited ISG15ko primary CD4+ T cells were less susceptible to HIV-1 infection compared to cells treated with non-targeting controls. Transcriptome analysis of these CRISPR-edited ISG15ko primary CD4+ T cells recapitulated the ISG signatures of ISG15 deficient patients. Taken together, we document that the increased broad-spectrum viral resistance in ISG15-deficiency also extends to HIV-1 and is driven by a combination of T-cell-specific ISGs, with both known and unknown functions, predicted to target HIV-1 replication at multiple steps. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a group of potent inflammatory and antiviral agents. They induce IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which perform downstream functions to resolve viral infection, mediate the inflammatory response, as well as negatively regulate the IFN-I signaling cascade to prevent hyperinflammation. One such negative regulator is interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Humans that lack ISG15 have chronic, low levels of antiviral ISGs, and ensuing broad-spectrum resistance to viral infection. We demonstrate that IFN-I priming of ISG15-deficient cells leads to superior resistance to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection compared to IFN-I primed healthy control cells. This is true for fibroblast cell lines, as well as primary CD4+ T cells, the main target of HIV-1. Analysis of the gene expression profiles show that ISG15-knockout CD4+ T cells express similar inflammatory markers as ISG15-deficient patients. Overall, we show that the broad-spectrum viral resistance in ISG15-deficiency extends to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Jurczyszak
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lara Manganaro
- INGM-Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Virology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of MIlan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofija Buta
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Conor Gruber
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Martin-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin Taft
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Roosheel S. Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Hala Alshammary
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lubbertus C. F. Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DB); (VS)
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DB); (VS)
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36
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Li Q, An N, Yin X, Zhang R, Shao H, Yi D, Cen S. MxB Disrupts Hepatitis C Virus NS5A–CypA Complex: Insights From a Combined Theoretical and Experimental Approach. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:849084. [PMID: 35369502 PMCID: PMC8969595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human myxovirus resistance B (MxB) protein is an interferon-induced restriction factor that fights a wide range of viruses. We previously demonstrated that MxB binds to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-encoded non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) and inhibits HCV infection by impairing the formation of cyclophilin A (CypA)–NS5A complex. However, the molecular details about how the presence of MxB diminishes the binding of NS5A to CypA remain uncovered. In this study, through molecular dynamic simulations and biochemical assays, we characterized that MxB binds to NS5A domain I through its N-terminal and GTPase domains. Specifically, amino acids (aa.) 189–191 and aa. 330–334 within MxB, together with NS5A residues aa. 71–73, are crucial for MxB–NS5A interaction. Furthermore, we predicted the CypA:NS5A and CypA:NS5A:MxB complexes and calculated the per-residue energy decomposition for identified key residues of the CypA–NS5A interface. A 28% decrease in CypA–NS5A binding affinity was observed in the presence of MxB, suggesting a weakened CypA–NS5A association upon binding of MxB to NS5A, which may contribute to the MxB-mediated inhibitory effect on the formation of CypA–NS5A complex. This work provides information for the antiviral mechanism of MxB and may facilitate the discovery of new strategies to combat CypA-dependent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanjie Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ni An
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huihan Shao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongrong Yi,
| | - Shan Cen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shan Cen,
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37
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Pagani I, Demela P, Ghezzi S, Vicenzi E, Pizzato M, Poli G. Host Restriction Factors Modulating HIV Latency and Replication in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063021. [PMID: 35328442 PMCID: PMC8951319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, myeloid cells and, particularly, differentiated macrophages are targets of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection via the interaction of gp120Env with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. Both T cells and macrophages support virus replication, although with substantial differences. In contrast to activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV-1 replication in macrophages occurs in nondividing cells and it is characterized by the virtual absence of cytopathicity both in vitro and in vivo. These general features should be considered in evaluating the role of cell-associated restriction factors aiming at preventing or curtailing virus replication in macrophages and T cells, particularly in the context of designing strategies to tackle the viral reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, we will here also discuss a model of reversible HIV-1 latency in primary human macrophages and the role of host factors determining the restriction or reactivation of virus replication in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Pietro Demela
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2643-4909
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38
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Mamatis JE, Pellizzari-Delano IE, Gallardo-Flores CE, Colpitts CC. Emerging Roles of Cyclophilin A in Regulating Viral Cloaking. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828078. [PMID: 35242122 PMCID: PMC8886124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cyclophilins (Cyps) such as cyclophilin A (CypA) have emerged as key players at the virus-host interface. As host factors required for the replication of many unrelated viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and coronaviruses (CoVs), Cyps are attractive targets for antiviral therapy. However, a clear understanding of how these viruses exploit Cyps to promote their replication has yet to be elucidated. Recent findings suggest that CypA contributes to cloaking of viral replication intermediates, an evasion strategy that prevents detection of viral nucleic acid by innate immune sensors. Furthermore, Cyps are emerging to have roles in regulation of cellular antiviral signaling pathways. Recruitment of Cyps by viral proteins may interfere with their ability to regulate these signaling factors. Consistent with disruption of viral cloaking and innate immune evasion, treatment with Cyp inhibitors such as cyclosporine A (CsA) restores antiviral innate immunity and induces expression of a subset of antiviral genes that restrict viral infection, which may help to explain the broad antiviral spectrum of CsA. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles of CypA in viral cloaking and evasion of innate immunity, focusing on the underlying mechanisms and new perspectives for antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Mamatis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella E Pellizzari-Delano
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Carla E Gallardo-Flores
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Che C Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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39
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Christgen S, Place D, Zheng M, Briard B, Yamamoto M, Kanneganti TD. The IFN-inducible GTPase IRGB10 regulates viral replication and inflammasome activation during influenza A virus infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:285-296. [PMID: 34694641 PMCID: PMC8813912 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The upregulation of interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPases in response to pathogenic insults is vital to host defense against many bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Several IFN-inducible GTPases play key roles in mediating inflammasome activation and providing host protection after bacterial or fungal infections, though their role in inflammasome activation after viral infection is less clear. Among the IFN-inducible GTPases, the expression of immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) varies widely across species for unknown reasons. Here, we report that IRGB10, but not IRGM1, IRGM2, or IRGM3, is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection in mice. While IRGB10 functions to release inflammasome ligands in the context of bacterial and fungal infections, we found that IRGB10 facilitates endosomal maturation and nuclear translocation of IAV, thereby regulating viral replication. Corresponding with our in vitro results, we found that Irgb10-/- mice were more resistant to IAV-induced mortality than WT mice. The results of our study demonstrate a detrimental role of IRGB10 in host immunity in response to IAV and a novel function of IRGB10, but not IRGMs, in promoting viral translocation into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi Christgen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Benoit Briard
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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40
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Dharan A, Campbell EM. Teaching old dogmas new tricks: recent insights into the nuclear import of HIV-1. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101203. [PMID: 35121335 PMCID: PMC9175559 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of lentiviruses, which separates them from other members of the retrovirus family, is their ability to infect non-dividing cells by traversing the nuclear pore complex. The viral determinant that mediates HIV-1 nuclear import is the viral capsid (CA) protein, which forms the conical core protecting the HIV-1 genome in a mature virion. Recently, a series of novel approaches developed to monitor post-fusion events in infection have challenged previous textbook models of the viral life cycle, which envisage reverse transcription and disassembly of the capsid core as events that complete in the cytoplasm. In this review, we summarize these recent findings and describe their implications on our understanding of the spatiotemporal staging of HIV-1 infection with a focus on the nuclear import and its implications in other aspects of the viral lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Dharan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA.
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41
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Huang Y, Xu F, Mei S, Liu X, Zhao F, Wei L, Fan Z, Hu Y, Wang L, Ai B, Cen S, Liang C, Guo F. MxB inhibits long interspersed element type 1 retrotransposition. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010034. [PMID: 35171907 PMCID: PMC8849481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed element type 1 (LINE-1, also L1 for short) is the only autonomously transposable element in the human genome. Its insertion into a new genomic site may disrupt the function of genes, potentially causing genetic diseases. Cells have thus evolved a battery of mechanisms to tightly control LINE-1 activity. Here, we report that a cellular antiviral protein, myxovirus resistance protein B (MxB), restricts the mobilization of LINE-1. This function of MxB requires the nuclear localization signal located at its N-terminus, its GTPase activity and its ability to form oligomers. We further found that MxB associates with LINE-1 protein ORF1p and promotes sequestration of ORF1p to G3BP1-containing cytoplasmic granules. Since knockdown of stress granule marker proteins G3BP1 or TIA1 abolishes MxB inhibition of LINE-1, we conclude that MxB engages stress granule components to effectively sequester LINE-1 proteins within the cytoplasmic granules, thus hindering LINE-1 from accessing the nucleus to complete retrotransposition. Thus, MxB protein provides one mechanism for cells to control the mobility of retroelements. Retrotransposons occupy more than 40% of human genome, and have co-evolved with humans for millions of years. Long interspersed element type 1 (LINE-1, or L1) is the only retrotransposon that is able to jump to a new locus. LINE-1 retrotransposition causes genome instability, and is associated with genetic diseases including autoimmune diseases and cancer. To suppress this genome toxicity caused by LINE-1, humans have developed multi-layered mechanisms to control LINE-1 activity. MxB has been previously shown to inhibit LINE-1 mobility, thus contributing to host restriction of LINE-1. Here, we further demonstrate that MxB effectively restricts LINE-1 retrotransposition by sequestering LINE-1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) within the cytoplasmic stress granules, thus guards genome stability. Hence our data attribute the restriction function of MxB to sequestering LINE-1 RNP to stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengwen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shan Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhangling Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yamei Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Ai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill Centre for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail: (CL); (FG)
| | - Fei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (CL); (FG)
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42
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Selyutina A, Hu P, Miller S, Simons LM, Yu HJ, Hultquist JF, Lee K, KewalRamani VN, Diaz-Griffero F. GS-CA1 and lenacapavir stabilize the HIV-1 core and modulate the core interaction with cellular factors. iScience 2022; 25:103593. [PMID: 35005542 PMCID: PMC8718827 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid is the target for the antiviral drugs GS-CA1 and Lenacapavir (GS-6207). We investigated the mechanism by which GS-CA1 and GS-6207 inhibit HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 inhibition by GS-CA1 did not require CPSF6 in CD4+ T cells. Contrary to PF74 that accelerates uncoating of HIV-1, GS-CA1 and GS-6207 stabilized the core. GS-CA1, unlike PF74, allowed the core to enter the nucleus, which agrees with the fact that GS-CA1 inhibits infection after reverse transcription. Unlike PF74, GS-CA1 did not disaggregate preformed CPSF6 complexes in nuclear speckles, suggesting that PF74 and GS-CA1 have different mechanisms of action. GS-CA1 stabilized the HIV-1 core, possibly by inducing a conformational shift in the core; in agreement, HIV-1 cores bearing N74D regained their ability to bind CPSF6 in the presence of GS-CA1. We showed that GS-CA1 binds to the HIV-1 core, changes its conformation, stabilizes the core, and thereby prevents viral uncoating and infection. GS-CA1 and Lenacapavir (GS-6207) stabilizes the HIV-1 core during infection GS-CA1/GS-6207 inhibit the interaction of the HIV-1 core with host factors GS-CA1/GS-6207 do not disaggregate preformed CPSF6 complexes in nuclear speckles GS-CA1/GS-6207 affects the dynamic surface of the HIV-1 core
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Selyutina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park - Price Center 501, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park - Price Center 501, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sorin Miller
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hyun Jae Yu
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - KyeongEun Lee
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vineet N KewalRamani
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park - Price Center 501, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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43
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Bayer AN, Homa FL. Exposing the invader. eLife 2022; 11:79813. [PMID: 35635544 PMCID: PMC9150888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A restriction factor induced by interferons blocks the replication of herpesviruses by disassembling the capsid proteins surrounding their genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham N Bayer
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Fred L Homa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
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44
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Sertkaya H, Hidalgo L, Ficarelli M, Kmiec D, Signell AW, Ali S, Parker H, Wilson H, Neil SJ, Malim MH, Vink CA, Swanson CM. Minimal impact of ZAP on lentiviral vector production and transduction efficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:147-157. [PMID: 34703838 PMCID: PMC8517000 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral protein ZAP binds CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA to inhibit replication. This has likely led to the CpG suppression observed in many RNA viruses, including retroviruses. Sequences added to retroviral vector genomes, such as internal promoters, transgenes, or regulatory elements, substantially increase CpG abundance. Because these CpGs could allow retroviral vector RNA to be targeted by ZAP, we analyzed whether it restricts vector production, transduction efficiency, and transgene expression. Surprisingly, even though CpG-high HIV-1 was efficiently inhibited by ZAP in HEK293T cells, depleting ZAP did not substantially increase lentiviral vector titer using several packaging and genome plasmids. ZAP overexpression also did not inhibit lentiviral vector titer. In addition, decreasing CpG abundance in a lentiviral vector genome did not increase its titer, and a gammaretroviral vector derived from murine leukemia virus was not substantially restricted by ZAP. Overall, we show that the increased CpG abundance in retroviral vectors relative to the wild-type retroviruses they are derived from does not intrinsically sensitize them to ZAP. Further understanding of how ZAP specifically targets transcripts to inhibit their expression may allow the development of CpG sequence contexts that efficiently recruit or evade this antiviral system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Sertkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mattia Ficarelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dorota Kmiec
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Adrian W. Signell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sadfer Ali
- Cell & Gene Therapy Platform, Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Hannah Parker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stuart J.D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Conrad A. Vink
- Cell & Gene Therapy Platform, Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Chad M. Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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45
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Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112197. [PMID: 34835003 PMCID: PMC8618861 DOI: 10.3390/v13112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.
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46
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Saito A, Yamashita M. HIV-1 capsid variability: viral exploitation and evasion of capsid-binding molecules. Retrovirology 2021; 18:32. [PMID: 34702294 PMCID: PMC8549334 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid, a conical shell encasing viral nucleoprotein complexes, is involved in multiple post-entry processes during viral replication. Many host factors can directly bind to the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) and either promote or prevent HIV-1 infection. The viral capsid is currently being explored as a novel target for therapeutic interventions. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the capsid–host interactions and mechanisms of action of capsid-targeting antivirals. At the same time, a large number of different viral capsids, which derive from many HIV-1 mutants, naturally occurring variants, or diverse lentiviruses, have been characterized for their interactions with capsid-binding molecules in great detail utilizing various experimental techniques. This review provides an overview of how sequence variation in CA influences phenotypic properties of HIV-1. We will focus on sequence differences that alter capsid–host interactions and give a brief account of drug resistant mutations in CA and their mutational effects on viral phenotypes. Increased knowledge of the sequence-function relationship of CA helps us deepen our understanding of the adaptive potential of the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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47
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Zhao X, Zhao Y, Du J, Gao P, Zhao K. The Interplay Among HIV, LINE-1, and the Interferon Signaling System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732775. [PMID: 34566998 PMCID: PMC8459832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are retroviruses that replicate effectively in human CD4+ cells and cause the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). On the other hand, type 1 long interspersed elements (LINE-1s or L1s) are the only active retroelements that can replicate autonomously in human cells. They, along with other active yet nonautonomous retroelements, have been associated with autoimmune diseases. There are many similarities between HIV and LINE-1. Being derived (or evolved) from ancient retroviruses, both HIV and LINE-1 replicate through a process termed reverse transcription, activate endogenous DNA and RNA sensors, trigger innate immune activation to promote interferon (IFN) expression, and are suppressed by protein products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, these similarities make it difficult to decipher or even speculate the relationship between HIV and LINE-1, especially regarding the involvement of the IFN signaling system. In this review, we summarize previous findings on the relationships between HIV and innate immune activation as well as between LINE-1 and IFN upregulation. We also attempt to elucidate the interplay among HIV, LINE-1, and the IFN signaling system in hopes of guiding future research directions for viral suppression and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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48
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Ullah I, Prévost J, Ladinsky MS, Stone H, Lu M, Anand SP, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Symmes K, Benlarbi M, Ding S, Gasser R, Fink C, Chen Y, Tauzin A, Goyette G, Bourassa C, Medjahed H, Mack M, Chung K, Wilen CB, Dekaban GA, Dikeakos JD, Bruce EA, Kaufmann DE, Stamatatos L, McGuire AT, Richard J, Pazgier M, Bjorkman PJ, Mothes W, Finzi A, Kumar P, Uchil PD. Live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice reveals that neutralizing antibodies require Fc function for optimal efficacy. Immunity 2021; 54:2143-2158.e15. [PMID: 34453881 PMCID: PMC8372518 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are effective in treating COVID-19, but the mechanism of immune protection is not fully understood. Here, we applied live bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to monitor the real-time effects of NAb treatment during prophylaxis and therapy of K18-hACE2 mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2-nanoluciferase. Real-time imaging revealed that the virus spread sequentially from the nasal cavity to the lungs in mice and thereafter systemically to various organs including the brain, culminating in death. Highly potent NAbs from a COVID-19 convalescent subject prevented, and also effectively resolved, established infection when administered within three days. In addition to direct neutralization, depletion studies indicated that Fc effector interactions of NAbs with monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells were required to effectively dampen inflammatory responses and limit immunopathology. Our study highlights that both Fab and Fc effector functions of NAbs are essential for optimal in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Helen Stone
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Kelly Symmes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Corby Fink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Mack
- Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Innere Medizin II - Nephrologie, Regensburg 93042, Germany
| | - Kunho Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gregory A Dekaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Molecluar Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Emily A Bruce
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Hadpech S, Moonmuang S, Chupradit K, Yasamut U, Tayapiwatana C. Updating on Roles of HIV Intrinsic Factors: A Review of Their Antiviral Mechanisms and Emerging Functions. Intervirology 2021; 65:67-79. [PMID: 34464956 DOI: 10.1159/000519241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit specific steps of the viral life cycle. Since the 1970s, several new factors have been identified, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication restriction. Evidence accumulated in the last decade has substantially broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized to abrogate the HIV-1 life cycle. SUMMARY In this review, we focus on the interaction between host restriction factors participating in the early phase of HIV-1 infection, particularly CA-targeting proteins. Host factors involved in the late phase of the replication cycle, such as viral assembly and egress factors, are also described. Additionally, current reports on well-known antiviral intrinsic factors, as well as other viral restriction factors with their emerging roles, are included. CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between viruses and hosts is expected to provide insight into the design of novel HIV-1 therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Hadpech
- Division of Pharmacology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Sutpirat Moonmuang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Koollawat Chupradit
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Umpa Yasamut
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Betancor G, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Lynham S, Antrobus R, Khan H, Sobala A, Dicks MDJ, Malim MH. MX2-mediated innate immunity against HIV-1 is regulated by serine phosphorylation. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1031-1042. [PMID: 34282309 PMCID: PMC7611661 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral cytokine interferon activates expression of interferon-stimulated genes to establish an antiviral state. Myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2, also known as MxB) is an interferon-stimulated gene that inhibits the nuclear import of HIV-1 and interacts with the viral capsid and cellular nuclear transport machinery. Here, we identified the myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) subunits myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) and protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit-β (PPP1CB) as positively-acting regulators of MX2, interacting with its amino-terminal domain. We demonstrated that serine phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain at positions 14, 17 and 18 suppresses MX2 antiviral function, prevents interactions with the HIV-1 capsid and nuclear transport factors, and is reversed by MLCP. Notably, serine phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain also impedes MX2-mediated inhibition of nuclear import of cellular karyophilic cargo. We also found that interferon treatment reduces levels of phosphorylation at these serine residues and outline a homeostatic regulatory mechanism in which repression of MX2 by phosphorylation, together with MLCP-mediated dephosphorylation, balances the deleterious effects of MX2 on normal cell function with innate immunity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Betancor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, The James Black Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Sobala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew D J Dicks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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