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Bo H, Jiang H, Xiong J, Zhang W, Shi Y, Pan C, Wang H. T cell receptor repertoire deciphers anti-tuberculosis immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112252. [PMID: 38976948 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
T cell induced cellular immunity is considered to be extremely important for the control of tuberculosis (TB). T cell receptor (TCR), the key component responsible for the specificity and clustering of T cells, holds the potential to advance our understanding of T cell immunity against TB infection. This review systematically expounded the study progressions made in the field of TB-relevant TCRs based on single cell sequencing together with GLIPH2 technology and initiated a comparison of the T cell distribution between peripheral blood and infected organs. We divided clonal expanded T cell clones into recirculation subsets and local subsets to summarize their distinctions in clonal abundance, TCR sequences and antigenic specificity. Notably, local expansion appears to drive the primary variances in T cell subsets between these two contexts, indicating the necessity for further exploration into the functions and specificity of local subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohui Bo
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiqin Jiang
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingshu Xiong
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Mycobacterium, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology & Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Maio M, Barros J, Joly M, Vahlas Z, Marín Franco JL, Genoula M, Monard SC, Vecchione MB, Fuentes F, Gonzalez Polo V, Quiroga MF, Vermeulen M, Vu Manh TP, Argüello RJ, Inwentarz S, Musella R, Ciallella L, González Montaner P, Palmero D, Lugo Villarino G, Sasiain MDC, Neyrolles O, Vérollet C, Balboa L. Elevated glycolytic metabolism of monocytes limits the generation of HIF1A-driven migratory dendritic cells in tuberculosis. eLife 2024; 12:RP89319. [PMID: 38922679 PMCID: PMC11208050 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB), migration of dendritic cells (DCs) from the site of infection to the draining lymph nodes is known to be impaired, hindering the rapid development of protective T-cell-mediated immunity. However, the mechanisms involved in the delayed migration of DCs during TB are still poorly defined. Here, we found that infection of DCs with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) triggers HIF1A-mediated aerobic glycolysis in a TLR2-dependent manner, and that this metabolic profile is essential for DC migration. In particular, the lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor oxamate and the HIF1A inhibitor PX-478 abrogated Mtb-induced DC migration in vitro to the lymphoid tissue-specific chemokine CCL21, and in vivo to lymph nodes in mice. Strikingly, we found that although monocytes from TB patients are inherently biased toward glycolysis metabolism, they differentiate into poorly glycolytic and poorly migratory DCs compared with healthy subjects. Taken together, these data suggest that because of their preexisting glycolytic state, circulating monocytes from TB patients are refractory to differentiation into migratory DCs, which may explain the delayed migration of these cells during the disease and opens avenues for host-directed therapies for TB.
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Grants
- PICT-2019-01044 Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación
- PICT-2020-00501 Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
- 11220200100299CO Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- ANRS2018-02 Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales
- ECTZ 118551/118554 Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales
- ECTZ 205320/305352 Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales
- ECTZ103104 Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales
- ECTZ101971 Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales
- ANR-20-CE14-0028 Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- MAT-PI-17493-A-04 Inserm Transfert
- CONICET The Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Investigations
- PIP 11220200100299CO The Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Investigations
- ANRS2018-02 The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)
- ECTZ 118551/118554 The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)
- ECTZ 205320/305352 The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)
- ANRS ECTZ103104 The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)
- ECTZ101971 The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)
- ANR-20-CE14-0028 The French ANR JCJC-Epic-SCENITH
- MAT-PI-17493-A-04 CoPoC Inserm-transfert
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Maio
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Joaquina Barros
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marine Joly
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Zoi Vahlas
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - José Luis Marín Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Melanie Genoula
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Sarah C Monard
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - María Belén Vecchione
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Virginia Gonzalez Polo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Florencia Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-LuminyMarseilleFrance
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-LuminyMarseilleFrance
| | - Sandra Inwentarz
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza and Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. MuñizBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Rosa Musella
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza and Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. MuñizBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Lorena Ciallella
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza and Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. MuñizBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Pablo González Montaner
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza and Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. MuñizBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Domingo Palmero
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza and Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. MuñizBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo Villarino
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - María del Carmen Sasiain
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Christel Vérollet
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de MedicinaBuenos AiresArgentina
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina / International Research Project ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
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3
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Vu A, Glassman I, Campbell G, Yeganyan S, Nguyen J, Shin A, Venketaraman V. Host Cell Death and Modulation of Immune Response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6255. [PMID: 38892443 PMCID: PMC11172987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a prevalent infectious disease affecting populations worldwide. A classic trait of TB pathology is the formation of granulomas, which wall off the pathogen, via the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some key players involved include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), foamy macrophages, type I interferons (IFNs), and reactive oxygen species, which may also show overlap with cell death pathways. Additionally, host cell death is a primary method for combating and controlling Mtb within the body, a process which is influenced by both host and bacterial factors. These cell death modalities have distinct molecular mechanisms and pathways. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing apoptosis and autophagy, typically confers a protective response against Mtb by containing the bacteria within dead macrophages, facilitating their phagocytosis by uninfected or neighboring cells, whereas necrotic cell death benefits the pathogen, leading to the release of bacteria extracellularly. Apoptosis is triggered via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways as well as caspase-independent pathways. Necrosis is induced via various pathways, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Given the pivotal role of host cell death pathways in host defense against Mtb, therapeutic agents targeting cell death signaling have been investigated for TB treatment. This review provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms underlying Mtb-induced host cell death, examining their implications for host immunity. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of targeting host cell death pathways as therapeutic and preventive strategies against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA (G.C.); (A.S.)
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4
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Alipoor SD, Elieh-Ali-Komi D. Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1398077. [PMID: 38836056 PMCID: PMC11148335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Zheng W, Chang IC, Limberis J, Budzik JM, Zha BS, Howard Z, Chen L, Ernst JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides in lysosome-poor monocyte-derived lung cells during chronic infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012205. [PMID: 38701094 PMCID: PMC11095722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects lung myeloid cells, but the specific Mtb-permissive cells and host mechanisms supporting Mtb persistence during chronic infection are incompletely characterized. We report that after the development of T cell responses, CD11clo monocyte-derived cells harbor more live Mtb than alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and CD11chi monocyte-derived cells. Transcriptomic and functional studies revealed that the lysosome pathway is underexpressed in this highly permissive subset, characterized by less lysosome content, acidification, and proteolytic activity than AM, along with less nuclear TFEB, a regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Mtb infection does not drive lysosome deficiency in CD11clo monocyte-derived cells but promotes recruitment of monocytes that develop into permissive lung cells, mediated by the Mtb ESX-1 secretion system. The c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib activates TFEB and enhances lysosome functions of macrophages in vitro and in vivo, improving control of Mtb infection. Our results suggest that Mtb exploits lysosome-poor lung cells for persistence and targeting lysosome biogenesis is a potential host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Limberis
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Budzik
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beth Shoshana Zha
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary Howard
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lucas Chen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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6
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Sharma A, James A, Kapoor DN, Kaurav H, Sharma AK, Nagraik R. An insight into biosensing platforms used for the diagnosis of various lung diseases: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:71-81. [PMID: 37661712 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Many of the infectious diseases are ubiquitous in nature and pose a threat to global and public health. The original cause for such type of serious maladies can be summarized as the scarcity of appropriate analysis and treatment methods. Pulmonary diseases are considered one of the life-threatening lung diseases that affect millions of people globally. It consists of several types, namely, asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and several respiratory-related infections. This is due to the limited access to well-equipped healthcare facilities for early disease diagnosis. This needs the availability of processes and technologies that can help to stop this harmful disease-diagnosing practice. Various approaches for diagnosing various lung diseases have been developed over time, namely, autopsy, chest X-rays, low-dose CT scans, and so forth. The need of the hour is to develop a rapid, simple, portable, and low-cost method for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. So nowadays, biosensors have been becoming one of the highest priority research areas as a potentially useful tool for the early diagnosis and detection of many pulmonary lung diseases. In this review article, various types of biosensors and their applications in the diagnosis of lung-related disorders are expansively explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abija James
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak N Kapoor
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemlata Kaurav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rupak Nagraik
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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7
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Li LS, Yang L, Zhuang L, Ye ZY, Zhao WG, Gong WP. From immunology to artificial intelligence: revolutionizing latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis with machine learning. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:58. [PMID: 38017571 PMCID: PMC10685516 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has become a major source of active tuberculosis (ATB). Although the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay can be used to diagnose LTBI, these methods can only differentiate infected individuals from healthy ones but cannot discriminate between LTBI and ATB. Thus, the diagnosis of LTBI faces many challenges, such as the lack of effective biomarkers from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) for distinguishing LTBI, the low diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers derived from the human host, and the absence of a gold standard to differentiate between LTBI and ATB. Sputum culture, as the gold standard for diagnosing tuberculosis, is time-consuming and cannot distinguish between ATB and LTBI. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of MTB and the immune mechanisms of the host in LTBI, including the innate and adaptive immune responses, multiple immune evasion mechanisms of MTB, and epigenetic regulation. Based on this knowledge, we summarize the current status and challenges in diagnosing LTBI and present the application of machine learning (ML) in LTBI diagnosis, as well as the advantages and limitations of ML in this context. Finally, we discuss the future development directions of ML applied to LTBI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Sheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
- Senior Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhao
- Senior Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Wen-Ping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
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8
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Mwebaza I, Shaw R, Li Q, Fletcher S, Achkar JM, Harding CV, Carpenter SM, Boom WH. Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Glycolipids on the CD4+ T Cell-Macrophage Immunological Synapse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1385-1396. [PMID: 37695687 PMCID: PMC10579150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell-wall glycolipids such as mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) can inhibit murine CD4+ T cells by blocking TCR signaling. This results in suppression of IL-2 production, reduced T cell proliferation, and induction of CD4+ T cell anergy. This study extended these findings to the interaction between primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages infected by mycobacteria. Exposure of human CD4+ T cells to ManLAM before activation resulted in loss of polyfunctionality, as measured by IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α expression, and reduced CD25 expression. This was not associated with upregulation of inhibitory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, and Lag-3. By confocal microscopy and imaging flow cytometry, ManLAM exposure reduced conjugate formation between macrophages and CD4+ T cells. ManLAM colocalized to the immunological synapse (IS) and reduced translocation of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) to the IS. When CD4+ T cells and Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected monocytes were cocultured, ManLAM colocalized to CD4+ T cells, which formed fewer conjugates with infected monocytes. These results demonstrate that mycobacterial cell-wall glycolipids such as ManLAM can traffic from infected macrophages to disrupt productive IS formation and inhibit CD4+ T cell activation, contributing to immune evasion by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mwebaza
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rachel Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Shane Fletcher
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Clifford V. Harding
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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9
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Gail DP, Suzart VG, Du W, Kaur Sandhu A, Jarvela J, Nantongo M, Mwebaza I, Panigrahi S, Freeman ML, Canaday DH, Boom WH, Silver RF, Carpenter SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs human memory CD4 + T cell recognition of M2 but not M1-like macrophages. iScience 2023; 26:107706. [PMID: 37694142 PMCID: PMC10485162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells is required for protection by CD4+ T cells. While impaired T cell recognition of Mtb-infected macrophages was demonstrated in mice, data are lacking for humans. Using T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from individuals with latent Mtb infection (LTBI), we quantified the frequency of memory CD4+ T cell activation in response to autologous MDMs infected with virulent Mtb. We observed robust T cell activation in response to Mtb infection of M1-like macrophages differentiated using GM-CSF, while M2-like macrophages differentiated using M-CSF were poorly recognized. However, non-infected GM-CSF and M-CSF MDMs loaded with exogenous antigens elicited similar CD4+ T cell activation. IL-10 was preferentially secreted by infected M-CSF MDMs, and neutralization improved T cell activation. These results suggest that preferential infection of macrophages with an M2-like phenotype limits T cell-mediated protection against Mtb. Vaccine development should focus on T cell recognition of Mtb-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gail
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vinicius G. Suzart
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Weinan Du
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Avinaash Kaur Sandhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jessica Jarvela
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mary Nantongo
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ivan Mwebaza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA
| | - Richard F. Silver
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA
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10
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Triglia D, Gogan KM, Keane J, O’Sullivan MP. Glucose metabolism and its role in the maturation and migration of human CD1c + dendritic cells following exposure to BCG. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1113744. [PMID: 37475964 PMCID: PMC10354370 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) still kills over 1 million people annually. The only approved vaccine, BCG, prevents disseminated disease in children but shows low efficacy at preventing pulmonary TB. Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are promising targets for vaccines and immunotherapies to combat infectious diseases due to their essential role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs undergo metabolic reprogramming following exposure to TLR agonists, which is thought to be a prerequisite for a successful host response to infection. We hypothesized that metabolic rewiring also plays a vital role in the maturation and migration of DCs stimulated with BCG. Consequently, we investigated the role of glycolysis in the activation of primary human myeloid CD1c+ DCs in response to BCG. Methods/results We show that CD1c+ mDC mature and acquire a more energetic phenotype upon challenge with BCG. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) decreased cytokine secretion and altered cell surface expression of both CD40 and CCR7 on BCG-challenged, compared to untreated, mDCs. Furthermore, inhibition of glycolysis had differential effects on infected and uninfected bystander mDCs in BCG-challenged cultures. For example, CCR7 expression was increased by 2-DG treatment following challenge with BCG and this increase in expression was seen only in BCG-infected mDCs. Moreover, although 2-DG treatment inhibited CCR7-mediated migration of bystander CD1C+ DCs in a transwell assay, migration of BCG-infected cells proceeded independently of glycolysis. Discussion Our results provide the first evidence that glycolysis plays divergent roles in the maturation and migration of human CD1c+ mDC exposed to BCG, segregating with infection status. Further investigation of cellular metabolism in DC subsets will be required to determine whether glycolysis can be targeted to elicit better protective immunity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Triglia
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl M. Gogan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O’Sullivan
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Zheng W, Chang IC, Limberis J, Budzik J, Zha BS, Howard Z, Chen L, Ernst J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides in lysosome-poor monocyte-derived lung cells during chronic infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3049913. [PMID: 37398178 PMCID: PMC10312915 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3049913/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persists in lung myeloid cells during chronic infection. However, the mechanisms allowing Mtb to evade elimination are not fully understood. Here, we determined that in chronic phase, CD11clo monocyte-derived lung cells termed MNC1 (mononuclear cell subset 1), harbor more live Mtb than alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and less permissive CD11chi MNC2. Transcriptomic and functional studies of sorted cells revealed that the lysosome biogenesis pathway is underexpressed in MNC1, which have less lysosome content, acidification, and proteolytic activity than AM, and less nuclear TFEB, a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Mtb infection does not drive lysosome deficiency in MNC1. Instead, Mtb recruits MNC1 and MNC2 to the lungs for its spread from AM to these cells via its ESX-1 secretion system. The c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib activates TFEB and enhances lysosome function of primary macrophages and MNC1 and MNC2 in vivo, improving control of Mtb infection. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits lysosome-poor monocyte-derived cells for in vivo persistence, suggesting a potential target for host-directed tuberculosis therapy.
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12
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Zheng W, Chang IC, Limberis J, Budzik JM, Zha BS, Howard Z, Chen L, Ernst JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides in lysosome-poor monocyte-derived lung cells during chronic infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524758. [PMID: 36711606 PMCID: PMC9882350 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects cells in multiple lung myeloid cell subsets and causes chronic infection despite innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms allowing Mtb to evade elimination are not fully understood. Here, using new methods, we determined that after T cell responses have developed, CD11clo monocyte-derived lung cells termed MNC1 (mononuclear cell subset 1), harbor more live Mtb compared to alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and less permissive CD11chi MNC2. Bulk RNA sequencing of sorted cells revealed that the lysosome biogenesis pathway is underexpressed in MNC1. Functional assays confirmed that Mtb-permissive MNC1 have less lysosome content, acidification, and proteolytic activity than AM, and less nuclear TFEB, a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Mtb infection does not drive lysosome deficiency in MNC1 in vivo. Instead, Mtb recruits MNC1 and MNC2 to the lungs for its spread from AM to these cell subsets as a virulence mechanism that requires the Mtb ESX-1 secretion system. The c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib activates TFEB and enhances lysosome function of primary macrophages in vitro and MNC1 and MNC2 in vivo, improving control of Mtb infection. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits lysosome-poor monocyte-derived cells for in vivo persistence, suggesting a potential target for host-directed tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason Limberis
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Budzik
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - B. Shoshana Zha
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zach Howard
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lucas Chen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Liu X, Li H, Li S, Yuan J, Pang Y. Maintenance and recall of memory T cell populations against tuberculosis: Implications for vaccine design. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100741. [PMID: 37063832 PMCID: PMC10102482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of standardised drug regimens, advanced diagnostics, and Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic remains uncontrollable. To address this challenge, improved vaccines are urgently required that can elicit persistent immunologic memory, the hallmark of successful vaccines. Nonetheless, the processes underlying the induction and maintenance of immunologic memory are not entirely understood. Clarifying how memory T cells (Tm cells) are created and survive long term may be a crucial step towards the development of effective T cell–targeted vaccines. Here, we review research findings on the memory T cell response, which involves mobilization of several distinct Tm cell subsets that are required for efficient host suppression of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) activity. We also summaries current knowledge related to the T cell response-based host barrier against Mtb infection and discuss advantages and disadvantages of novel TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Pang
- *Correspondence: Jinfeng Yuan, ; Yu Pang,
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14
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Chandra P, Grigsby SJ, Philips JA. Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:750-766. [PMID: 35879556 PMCID: PMC9310001 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has infected humans for millennia. M. tuberculosis is well adapted to establish infection, persist in the face of the host immune response and be transmitted to uninfected individuals. Its ability to complete this infection cycle depends on it both evading and taking advantage of host immune responses. The outcome of M. tuberculosis infection is often a state of equilibrium characterized by immunological control and bacterial persistence. Recent data have highlighted the diverse cell populations that respond to M. tuberculosis infection and the dynamic changes in the cellular and intracellular niches of M. tuberculosis during the course of infection. M. tuberculosis possesses an arsenal of protein and lipid effectors that influence macrophage functions and inflammatory responses; however, our understanding of the role that specific bacterial virulence factors play in the context of diverse cellular reservoirs and distinct infection stages is limited. In this Review, we discuss immune evasion and provocation by M. tuberculosis during its infection cycle and describe how a more detailed molecular understanding is crucial to enable the development of novel host-directed therapies, disease biomarkers and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Grigsby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Epidemiological and Cytokine Profile of Patients with Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in a Population of the Brazilian Amazon. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102075. [PMID: 36296351 PMCID: PMC9609616 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors are associated with the development of different clinical forms of tuberculosis (TB). The present study evaluated epidemiological variables and cytokine levels in samples from 89 patients with TB (75 with pulmonary TB and 14 with extrapulmonary TB) and 45 controls. Cytokines were measured by flow cytometry (Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytometric Bead Array kit). The TB group had a higher frequency of individuals who were 39 years of age or older, married, with primary education or illiterate and had a lower family income (p < 0.05). All individuals with extrapulmonary TB reported that they were not working, and the main reasons were related to disease symptoms or treatment. The levels of IFN-γ (OR = 4.06) and IL-4 (OR = 2.62) were more likely to be elevated in the TB group (p = 0.05), and IFN-γ levels were lower in patients with extrapulmonary TB compared to those with pulmonary TB (OR = 0.11; p = 0.0050). The ROC curve was applied to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of IFN-γ levels between the different clinical forms of tuberculosis, resulting in high AUC (0.8661; p < 0.0001), sensitivity (93.85%) and specificity median (65.90%), suggesting that IFN-γ levels are useful to differentiate pulmonary TB from extrapulmonary TB. The dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels represent a risk for the development of TB and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease, especially variation in IFN-γ levels, which may determine protection or risk for extrapulmonary TB.
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16
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Mir MA, Mir B, Kumawat M, Alkhanani M, Jan U. Manipulation and exploitation of host immune system by pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis for its advantage. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1171-1198. [PMID: 35924958 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can become a long-term infection by evading the host immune response. Coevolution of Mtb with humans has resulted in its ability to hijack the host's immune systems in a variety of ways. So far, every Mtb defense strategy is essentially dependent on a subtle balance that, if shifted, can promote Mtb proliferation in the host, resulting in disease progression. In this review, the authors summarize many important and previously unknown mechanisms by which Mtb evades the host immune response. Besides recently found strategies by which Mtb manipulates the host molecular regulatory machinery of innate and adaptive immunity, including the intranuclear regulatory machinery, costimulatory molecules, the ubiquitin system and cellular intrinsic immune components will be discussed. A holistic understanding of these immune-evasion mechanisms is of foremost importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and will lead to new insights into tuberculosis pathogenesis and the development of more effective vaccines and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bilkees Mir
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-NIREH, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, P. O. Box 1803, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulfat Jan
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
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17
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Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:891878. [PMID: 35967869 PMCID: PMC9366614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.891878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are principal defense components that play multifactorial roles in translating innate immune responses to adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. The heterogeneous nature of DC subsets follows their altered functions by interacting with other immune cells, Mtb, and its products, enhancing host defense mechanisms or facilitating pathogen evasion. Thus, a better understanding of the immune responses initiated, promoted, and amplified or inhibited by DCs in Mtb infection is an essential step in developing anti-tuberculosis (TB) control measures, such as host-directed adjunctive therapy and anti-TB vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in salient DC subsets, including their phenotypic classification, cytokine profiles, functional alterations according to disease stages and environments, and consequent TB outcomes. A comprehensive overview of the role of DCs from various perspectives enables a deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and could be useful in developing DC-based vaccines and immunotherapies.
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18
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Zha BS, Desvignes L, Fergus TJ, Cornelius A, Cheng TY, Moody DB, Ernst JD. Bacterial Strain-Dependent Dissociation of Cell Recruitment and Cell-to-Cell Spread in Early M. tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0133222. [PMID: 35695454 PMCID: PMC9239178 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01332-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the initial stage of respiratory infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis traverses from alveolar macrophages to phenotypically diverse monocyte-derived phagocytes and neutrophils in the lung parenchyma. Here, we compare the in vivo kinetics of early bacterial growth and cell-to-cell spread of two strains of M. tuberculosis: a lineage 2 strain, 4334, and the widely studied lineage 4 strain H37Rv. Using flow cytometry, live cell sorting of phenotypic subsets, and quantitation of bacteria in cells of the distinct subsets, we found that 4334 induces less leukocyte influx into the lungs but demonstrates earlier population expansion and cell-to-cell spread. The earlier spread of 4334 to recruited cells, including monocyte-derived dendritic cells, is accompanied by earlier and greater magnitude of CD4+ T cell activation. The results provide evidence that strain-specific differences in interactions with lung leukocytes can shape adaptive immune responses in vivo. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease killer worldwide and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After exposure to M. tuberculosis, outcomes range from apparent elimination to active disease. Early innate immune responses may contribute to differences in outcomes, yet it is not known how bacterial strains alter the early dynamics of innate immune and T cell responses. We infected mice with distinct strains of M. tuberculosis and discovered striking differences in innate cellular recruitment, cell-to-cell spread of bacteria in the lungs, and kinetics of initiation of antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses. We also found that M. tuberculosis can spread beyond alveolar macrophages even before a large influx of inflammatory cells. These results provide evidence that distinct strains of M. tuberculosis can exhibit differential kinetics in cell-to-cell spread which is not directly linked to early recruitment of phagocytes but is subsequently linked to adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Shoshana Zha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tawania J. Fergus
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Carpenter SM, Lu LL. Leveraging Antibody, B Cell and Fc Receptor Interactions to Understand Heterogeneous Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830482. [PMID: 35371092 PMCID: PMC8968866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over a century of research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Though less than 10% of infected individuals develop active disease, the specific host immune responses that lead to Mtb transmission and death, as well as those that are protective, are not yet fully defined. Recent immune correlative studies demonstrate that the spectrum of infection and disease is more heterogenous than has been classically defined. Moreover, emerging translational and animal model data attribute a diverse immune repertoire to TB outcomes. Thus, protective and detrimental immune responses to Mtb likely encompass a framework that is broader than T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Antibodies, Fc receptor interactions and B cells are underexplored host responses to Mtb. Poised at the interface of initial bacterial host interactions and in granulomatous lesions, antibodies and Fc receptors expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B cells have the potential to influence local and systemic adaptive immune responses. Broadening the paradigm of protective immunity will offer new paths to improve diagnostics and vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
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20
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Cronan MR. In the Thick of It: Formation of the Tuberculous Granuloma and Its Effects on Host and Therapeutic Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820134. [PMID: 35320930 PMCID: PMC8934850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The defining pathology of tuberculosis is the granuloma, an organized structure derived from host immune cells that surrounds infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As the location of much of the bacteria in the infected host, the granuloma is a central point of interaction between the host and the infecting bacterium. This review describes the signals and cellular reprogramming that drive granuloma formation. Further, as a central point of host-bacterial interactions, the granuloma shapes disease outcome by altering host immune responses and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic treatment, as discussed herein. This new understanding of granuloma biology and the signaling behind it highlights the potential for host-directed therapies targeting the granuloma to enhance antibiotic access and tuberculosis-specific immune responses.
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21
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Abstract
Pulmonary granulomas are widely considered the epicenters of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Recent animal studies have revealed factors that either promote or restrict TB immunity within granulomas. These models, however, typically ignore the impact of preexisting immunity on cellular organization and function, an important consideration because most TB probably occurs through reinfection of previously exposed individuals. Human postmortem research from the pre-antibiotic era showed that infections in Mtb-naïve individuals (primary TB) versus those with prior Mtb exposure (postprimary TB) have distinct pathologic features. We review recent animal findings in TB granuloma biology, which largely reflect primary TB. We also discuss our current understanding of postprimary TB lesions, about which much less is known. Many knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding how preexisting immunity shapes granuloma structure and local immune responses at Mtb infection sites. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Wang H, Yang X, hu C, Huang C, Wang H, Zhu D, Zhang L. Programmed polymersomes with spatio-temporal delivery of antigen and dual-adjuvants for efficient dendritic cells-based cancer immunotherapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Kesarwani V, Gupta R, Vetukuri RR, Kushwaha SK, Gandhi S. Identification of Unique Peptides for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics and Vaccine Development by an In Silico Proteomics Approach. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725240. [PMID: 34630400 PMCID: PMC8498204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus strains is posing new COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment challenges. To help efforts to meet these challenges we examined data acquired from proteomic analyses of human SARS-CoV-2-infected cell lines and samples from COVID-19 patients. Initially, 129 unique peptides were identified, which were rigorously evaluated for repeats, disorders, polymorphisms, antigenicity, immunogenicity, toxicity, allergens, sequence similarity to human proteins, and contributions from other potential cross-reacting pathogenic species or the human saliva microbiome. We also screened SARS-CoV-2-infected NBHE and A549 cell lines for presence of antigenic peptides, and identified paratope peptides from crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-antibody complexes. We then selected four antigen peptides for docking with known viral unbound T-cell receptor (TCR), class I and II peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC), and identified paratope sequences. We also tested the paratope binding affinity of SARS-CoV T- and B-cell peptides that had been previously experimentally validated. The resultant antigenic peptides have high potential for generating SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, and the paratope peptides can be directly used to develop a COVID-19 diagnostics assay. The presented genomics and proteomics-based in-silico approaches have apparent utility for identifying new diagnostic peptides that could be used to fight SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupal Gupta
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramesh Raju Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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24
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Boom WH, Schaible UE, Achkar JM. The knowns and unknowns of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136222. [PMID: 33529162 DOI: 10.1172/jci136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for thousands of years. While tuberculosis (TB), one of the deadliest infectious diseases, is caused by uncontrolled Mtb infection, over 90% of presumed infected individuals remain asymptomatic and contain Mtb in a latent TB infection (LTBI) without ever developing disease, and some may clear the infection. A small number of heavily Mtb-exposed individuals appear to resist developing traditional LTBI. Because Mtb has mechanisms for intracellular survival and immune evasion, successful control involves all of the arms of the immune system. Here, we focus on immune responses to Mtb in humans and nonhuman primates and discuss new concepts and outline major knowledge gaps in our understanding of LTBI, ranging from the earliest events of exposure and infection to success or failure of Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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25
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Abstract
T cells must recognize pathogen-derived peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) in order to initiate a cell-mediated immune response against an infection, or to support the development of high-affinity antibody responses. Identifying antigens presented on MHCs by infected cells and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during infection may therefore provide a route toward developing new vaccines. Peptides bound to MHCs can be identified at whole-proteome scale using mass spectrometry-a technique referred to as "immunopeptidomics." This technique has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying potential vaccine targets in the context of many infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the contributions immunopeptidomic studies have made to understanding antigen presentation and T cell priming in the context of infection and the potential for immunopeptidomics to inform the development of vaccines to address pressing global health problems in infectious disease.
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26
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Hiatt J, Cavero DA, McGregor MJ, Zheng W, Budzik JM, Roth TL, Haas KM, Wu D, Rathore U, Meyer-Franke A, Bouzidi MS, Shifrut E, Lee Y, Kumar VE, Dang EV, Gordon DE, Wojcechowskyj JA, Hultquist JF, Fontaine KA, Pillai SK, Cox JS, Ernst JD, Krogan NJ, Marson A. Efficient generation of isogenic primary human myeloid cells using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109105. [PMID: 33979618 PMCID: PMC8188731 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering of primary human cells with CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized experimental and therapeutic approaches to cell biology, but human myeloid-lineage cells have remained largely genetically intractable. We present a method for the delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes by nucleofection directly into CD14+ human monocytes purified from peripheral blood, leading to high rates of precise gene knockout. These cells can be efficiently differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells. This process yields genetically edited cells that retain transcript and protein markers of myeloid differentiation and phagocytic function. Genetic ablation of the restriction factor SAMHD1 increased HIV-1 infection >50-fold, demonstrating the power of this system for genotype-phenotype interrogation. This fast, flexible, and scalable platform can be used for genetic studies of human myeloid cells in immune signaling, inflammation, cancer immunology, host-pathogen interactions, and beyond, and could facilitate the development of myeloid cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hiatt
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Devin A Cavero
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael J McGregor
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan M Budzik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kelsey M Haas
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David Wu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ujjwal Rathore
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Mohamed S Bouzidi
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Shifrut
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Youjin Lee
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vigneshwari Easwar Kumar
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David E Gordon
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason A Wojcechowskyj
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Alexander Marson
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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27
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Gern BH, Adams KN, Plumlee CR, Stoltzfus CR, Shehata L, Moguche AO, Busman-Sahay K, Hansen SG, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Estes JD, Urdahl KB, Gerner MY. TGFβ restricts expansion, survival, and function of T cells within the tuberculous granuloma. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:594-606.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Rens C, Chao JD, Sexton DL, Tocheva EI, Av-Gay Y. Roles for phthiocerol dimycocerosate lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33629944 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen is well established: tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent worldwide. The threat of multi- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria has renewed global concerns about this pathogen and understanding its virulence strategies will be essential in the fight against tuberculosis. The current review will focus on phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs), a long-known and well-studied group of complex lipids found in the M. tuberculosis cell envelope. Numerous studies show a role for PDIMs in several key steps of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, with recent studies highlighting its involvement in bacterial virulence, in association with the ESX-1 secretion system. Yet, the mechanisms by which PDIMs help M. tuberculosis to control macrophage phagocytosis, inhibit phagosome acidification and modulate host innate immunity, remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Rens
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph D Chao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danielle L Sexton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elitza I Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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30
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MAIT cell-directed therapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:199-208. [PMID: 32811991 PMCID: PMC7790750 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are potential targets of vaccination and host-directed therapeutics for tuberculosis, but the role of MAIT cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in vivo is not well understood. Here we find that following Mtb infection MAIT cells mount minimal responses, and MAIT cell-deficient MR1-/- mice display normal survival. Preinfection expansion of MAIT cells through 5-OP-RU vaccination fails to protect against subsequent Mtb challenge. In fact, 5-OP-RU vaccination delays Mtb-specific CD4 T cell priming in lung-draining lymph nodes, and conversely MR1 deficiency or blockade accelerates T cell priming. The MAIT cell-mediated delay in T cell priming is partly dependent on TGF-β. Surprisingly, 5-OP-RU treatment during chronic infection drives MAIT cell expansion and an IL-17A-dependent reduction in bacterial loads. Thus, during early infection MAIT cells directly contribute to the notoriously slow priming of CD4 T cells, but later during infection MAIT cell stimulation may be an effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.
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31
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Fighting Persistence: How Chronic Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evade T Cell-Mediated Clearance and New Strategies To Defeat Them. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00916-19. [PMID: 32094248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00916-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic bacterial infections are caused by pathogens that persist within their hosts and avoid clearance by the immune system. Treatment and/or detection of such pathogens is difficult, and the resulting pathologies are often deleterious or fatal. There is an urgent need to develop protective vaccines and host-directed therapies that synergize with antibiotics to prevent pathogen persistence and infection-associated pathologies. However, many persistent pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actively target the very host pathways activated by vaccination. These immune evasion tactics blunt the effectiveness of immunization strategies and are impeding progress to control these infections throughout the world. Therefore, it is essential that M. tuberculosis immune evasion-related pathogen virulence strategies are considered to maximize the effectiveness of potential new treatments. In this review, we focus on how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects antigen-presenting cells and evades effective immune clearance by the adaptive response through (i) manipulating antigen presentation, (ii) repressing T cell-activating costimulatory molecules, and (iii) inducing ligands that drive T cell exhaustion. In this context, we will examine the challenges that bacterial virulence strategies pose to developing new vaccines. We will then discuss new approaches that will help dissect M. tuberculosis immune evasion mechanisms and devise strategies to bypass them to promote long-term protection and prevent disease progression.
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32
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine research has reached a unique point in time. Breakthrough findings in both the basic immunology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the clinical development of TB vaccines suggest, for the first time since the discovery of the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine more than a century ago, that a novel, efficacious TB vaccine is imminent. Here, we review recent data in the light of our current understanding of the immunology of TB infection and discuss the identification of biomarkers for vaccine efficacy and the next steps in the quest for an efficacious vaccine that can control the global TB epidemic.
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33
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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34
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Patankar YR, Sutiwisesak R, Boyce S, Lai R, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Behar SM. Limited recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages by polyclonal CD4 and CD8 T cells from the lungs of infected mice. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:140-148. [PMID: 31636345 PMCID: PMC7161428 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or vaccination are frequently assessed by measuring T-cell recognition of crude Mtb antigens, recombinant proteins, or peptide epitopes. We previously showed that not all Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. Thus, an important question is what proportion of T cells elicited by Mtb infection recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We address this question by developing a modified elispot assay using viable Mtb-infected macrophages, a low multiplicity of infection and purified T cells. In C57BL/6 mice, CD4 and CD8 T cells were classically MHC restricted. Comparable frequencies of T cells that recognize Mtb-infected macrophages were determined using interferon-γ elispot and intracellular cytokine staining, and lung CD4 T cells more sensitively recognized Mtb-infected macrophages than lung CD8 T cells. Compared to the relatively high frequencies of T cells specific for antigens such as ESAT-6 and TB10.4, low frequencies of total pulmonary T cells elicited by aerosolized Mtb infection recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate that BCG vaccination elicits T cells that recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We propose that the frequency of T cells that recognize infected macrophages could correlate with protective immunity and may be an alternative approach to measuring T-cell responses to Mtb antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash R. Patankar
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Shayla Boyce
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Rocky Lai
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn
- 0000 0004 0461 3162grid.185006.aDepartment of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 0000 0004 0461 3162grid.185006.aDepartment of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
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35
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Suliman S, Luabeya AKK, Geldenhuys H, Tameris M, Hoff ST, Shi Z, Tait D, Kromann I, Ruhwald M, Rutkowski KT, Shepherd B, Hokey D, Ginsberg AM, Hanekom WA, Andersen P, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M. Dose Optimization of H56:IC31 Vaccine for Tuberculosis-Endemic Populations. A Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-Selection Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:220-231. [PMID: 30092143 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201802-0366oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Global tuberculosis (TB) control requires effective vaccines in TB-endemic countries, where most adults are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). OBJECTIVES We sought to define optimal dose and schedule of H56:IC31, an experimental TB vaccine comprising Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660c, for M.tb-infected and M.tb-uninfected adults. METHODS We enrolled 98 healthy, HIV-uninfected, bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated, South African adults. M.tb infection was defined by QuantiFERON-TB (QFT) assay. QFT-negative participants received two vaccinations of different concentrations of H56 in 500 nmol of IC31 to enable dose selection for further vaccine development. Subsequently, QFT-positive and QFT-negative participants were randomized to receive two or three vaccinations to compare potential schedules. Participants were followed for safety and immunogenicity for 292 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS H56:IC31 showed acceptable reactogenicity profiles irrespective of dose, number of vaccinations, or M.tb infection. No vaccine-related severe or serious adverse events were observed. The three H56 concentrations tested induced equivalent frequencies and functional profiles of antigen-specific CD4 T cells. ESAT-6 was only immunogenic in QFT-negative participants who received three vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS Two or three H56:IC31 vaccinations at the lowest dose induced durable antigen-specific CD4 T-cell responses with acceptable safety and tolerability profiles in M.tb-infected and M.tb-uninfected adults. Additional studies should validate applicability of vaccine doses and regimens to both QFT-positive and QFT-negative individuals. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01865487).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angelique Kany Kany Luabeya
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tameris
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Willem A Hanekom
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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36
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Suliman S, Murphy M, Musvosvi M, Gela A, Meermeier EW, Geldenhuys H, Hopley C, Toefy A, Bilek N, Veldsman A, Hanekom WA, Johnson JL, Boom WH, Obermoser G, Huang H, Hatherill M, Lewinsohn DM, Nemes E, Scriba TJ. MR1-Independent Activation of Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells by Mycobacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2917-2927. [PMID: 31611259 PMCID: PMC6859375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Relevant immune targets of the partially efficacious TB vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remain poorly defined. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted T cells, which are reactive against M. tuberculosis, and underexplored as potential TB vaccine targets. We sought to determine whether BCG vaccination activated mycobacteria-specific MAIT cell responses in humans. We analyzed whole blood samples from M. tuberculosis-infected South African adults who were revaccinated with BCG after a six-month course of isoniazid preventative therapy. In vitro BCG stimulation potently induced IFN-γ expression by phenotypic (CD8+CD26+CD161+) MAIT cells, which constituted the majority (75%) of BCG-reactive IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. BCG revaccination transiently expanded peripheral blood frequencies of BCG-reactive IFN-γ+ MAIT cells, which returned to baseline frequencies a year following vaccination. In another cohort of healthy adults who received BCG at birth, 53% of mycobacteria-reactive-activated CD8 T cells expressed CDR3α TCRs, previously reported as MAIT TCRs, expressing the canonical TRAV1-2-TRAJ33 MAIT TCRα rearrangement. CD26 and CD161 coexpression correlated with TRAV1-2+CD161+ phenotype more accurately in CD8+ than CD4-CD8- MAIT cells. Interestingly, BCG-induced IFN-γ expression by MAIT cells in vitro was mediated by the innate cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 more than MR1-induced TCR signaling, suggesting TCR-independent activation. Collectively, the data suggest that activation of blood MAIT cells by innate inflammatory cytokines is a major mechanism of responsiveness to vaccination with whole cell vaccines against TB or in vitro stimulation with mycobacteria (Clinical trial registration: NCT01119521).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; .,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Melissa Murphy
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Hopley
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Asma Toefy
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ashley Veldsman
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - John L Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - W Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Gerlinde Obermoser
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Huang Huang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Ernst JD, Cornelius A, Desvignes L, Tavs J, Norris BA. Limited Antimycobacterial Efficacy of Epitope Peptide Administration Despite Enhanced Antigen-Specific CD4 T-Cell Activation. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1653-1662. [PMID: 29548008 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with inconsistent and incomplete elimination of the bacteria, despite development of antigen-specific T-cell responses. One mechanism used by M tuberculosis is to limit availability of antigen for activation of CD4 T cells. Methods We examined the utility of systemic administration of epitope peptides to activate pre-existing T cells in mice infected with M tuberculosis. Results We found that systemic peptide administration (1) selectively activates T cells specific for the epitope peptide, (2) loads major histocompatibility complex class II on lung macrophages and dendritic cells, (3) activates CD4 T cells in the lung parenchyma, (4) and has little antimycobacterial activity. Conclusions Further studies revealed that CD4 T cells in lung lesions are distant from the infected cells, suggesting that, even if they can be activated, the positioning of CD4 T cells and their direct interactions with infected cells may be limiting determinants of immunity in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Ernst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York.,Departments of Pathology University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jacqueline Tavs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Brian A Norris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
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Khader SA, Divangahi M, Hanekom W, Hill PC, Maeurer M, Makar KW, Mayer-Barber KD, Mhlanga MM, Nemes E, Schlesinger LS, van Crevel R, Vankayalapati R(K, Xavier RJ, Netea MG. Targeting innate immunity for tuberculosis vaccination. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3482-3491. [PMID: 31478909 PMCID: PMC6715374 DOI: 10.1172/jci128877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development against tuberculosis (TB) is based on the induction of adaptive immune responses endowed with long-term memory against mycobacterial antigens. Memory B and T cells initiate a rapid and robust immune response upon encounter with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thus achieving long-lasting protection against infection. Recent studies have shown, however, that innate immune cell populations such as myeloid cells and NK cells also undergo functional adaptation after infection or vaccination, a de facto innate immune memory that is also termed trained immunity. Experimental and epidemiological data have shown that induction of trained immunity contributes to the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccines such as bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the licensed TB vaccine. Moreover, increasing evidence argues that trained immunity also contributes to the anti-TB effects of BCG vaccination. An interaction among immunological signals, metabolic rewiring, and epigenetic reprogramming underlies the molecular mechanisms mediating trained immunity in myeloid cells and their bone marrow progenitors. Future studies are warranted to explore the untapped potential of trained immunity to develop a future generation of TB vaccines that would combine innate and adaptive immune memory induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip C. Hill
- Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Department of Oncology/Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest (KHNW), Frankfurt, Germany
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Karen W. Makar
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Musa M. Mhlanga
- Division of Chemical Systems & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raman (Krishna) Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Delahaye JL, Gern BH, Cohen SB, Plumlee CR, Shafiani S, Gerner MY, Urdahl KB. Cutting Edge: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Induced T Cells Shape Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection before Reducing the Bacterial Burden. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:807-812. [PMID: 31308091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is established rapidly after exposure, but how the current tuberculosis vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), impacts early immunity is poorly understood. In this study, we found that murine BCG immunization promotes a dramatic shift in infected cell types. Although alveolar macrophages are the major infected cell for the first 2 weeks in unimmunized animals, BCG promotes the accelerated recruitment and infection of lung-infiltrating phagocytes. Interestingly, this shift is dependent on CD4 T cells, yet does not require intrinsic recognition of Ag presented by infected alveolar macrophages. M. tuberculosis-specific T cells are first activated in lung regions devoid of infected cells, and these events precede vaccine-induced reduction of the bacterial burden, which occurs only after the colocalization of T cells and infected cells. Understanding how BCG alters early immune responses to M. tuberculosis provides new avenues to improve upon the immunity it confers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Delahaye
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | | | - Sara B Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | | | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
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40
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Recent progress in understanding immune activation in the pathogenesis in HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 13:455-461. [PMID: 30286038 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, and HIV-1 the best recognized risk factor for active TB. This review focuses on immune complex formation; the interplay of type I and II interferon signaling; and T-cell activation in HIV-TB pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Circulating immune complexes and complement, and Fcγ signaling in whole blood act as early markers of TB disease in HIV-1-infected persons. HIV-1 is associated with a type I interferon response in whole blood, reducing the specificity of TB biomarkers dependent on type I and II interferon genes. Type I and type II interferons are implicated in both protection and TB disease, a protective outcome may depend on modulating these pathways. Whilst M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells are preferentially depleted during HIV-1 infection, activation markers on M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells, in particular HLA-DR, reflect immune activation and have promise as biomarkers of M. tuberculosis disease activity in individuals with HIV-1. SUMMARY TB pathogenesis in HIV-1 involves a complex interaction of underlying activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Further research is required to understand whether biomarkers of activation could be used to predict or quantify TB disease in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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41
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Abstract
It is generally regarded that the progression of an infection within host macrophages is the consequence of a failed immune response. However, recent appreciation of macrophage heterogeneity, with respect to both development and metabolism, indicates that the reality is more complex. Different lineages of tissue-resident macrophages respond divergently to microbial, environmental and immunological stimuli. The emerging picture that the developmental origin of macrophages determines their responses to immune stimulation and to infection stresses the importance of in vivo infection models. Recent investigations into the metabolism of infecting microorganisms and host macrophages indicate that their metabolic interface can be a major determinant of pathogen growth or containment. This Review focuses on the integration of data from existing studies, the identification of challenges in generating and interpreting data from ongoing studies and a discussion of the technologies and tools that are required to best address future questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Russell
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Lu Huang
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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42
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Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B Revealed by a Sensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00611-19. [PMID: 31015327 PMCID: PMC6479003 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00611-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein secretion contributes to host-pathogen interactions, yet the process and consequences of bacterial protein secretion during infection are poorly understood. We developed a sensitive ELISA to quantitate a protein (termed Ag85B) secreted by M. tuberculosis and used it to find that Ag85B secretion occurs with slower kinetics than for proteins secreted by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and that accumulation of Ag85B in the lungs is markedly regulated as a function of the bacterial population density. Our results demonstrate that quantitation of bacterial proteins during infection can reveal novel insights into host-pathogen interactions. Secretion of specific proteins contributes to pathogenesis and immune responses in tuberculosis and other bacterial infections, yet the kinetics of protein secretion and fate of secreted proteins in vivo are poorly understood. We generated new monoclonal antibodies that recognize the Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein Ag85B and used them to establish and characterize a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate Ag85B in samples generated in vitro and in vivo. We found that nutritional or culture conditions had little impact on the secretion of Ag85B and that there is considerable variation in Ag85B secretion by distinct strains in the M. tuberculosis complex: compared with the commonly used H37Rv strain (lineage 4), Mycobacterium africanum (lineage 6) secretes less Ag85B, and two strains from lineage 2 secrete more Ag85B. We also used the ELISA to determine that the rate of secretion of Ag85B is 10- to 100-fold lower than that of proteins secreted by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. ELISA quantitation of Ag85B in lung homogenates of M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected mice revealed that although Ag85B accumulates in the lungs as the bacterial population expands, the amount of Ag85B per bacterium decreases nearly 10,000-fold at later stages of infection, coincident with the development of T cell responses and arrest of bacterial population growth. These results indicate that bacterial protein secretion in vivo is dynamic and regulated, and quantitation of secreted bacterial proteins can contribute to the understanding of pathogenesis and immunity in tuberculosis and other infections.
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Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1356540. [PMID: 31111075 PMCID: PMC6487120 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1356540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health Organization. Despite tremendous improvements in global public health since 1950, a number of challenges remain to either prevent or eradicate infectious diseases. Many pathogens can cause acute infections that are effectively cleared by the host immunity, but a subcategory of these pathogens called "intracellular pathogens" can establish persistent and sometimes lifelong infections. Several of these intracellular pathogens manage to evade the host immune monitoring and cause disease by replicating inside the host cells. These pathogens have evolved diverse immune escape strategies and overcome immune responses by residing and multiplying inside host immune cells, primarily macrophages. While these intracellular pathogens that cause persistent infections are phylogenetically diverse and engage in diverse immune evasion and persistence strategies, they share common pathogen type-specific mechanisms during host-pathogen interaction inside host cells. Likewise, the host immune system is also equipped with a diverse range of effector functions to fight against the establishment of pathogen persistence and subsequent host damage. This article provides an overview of the immune effector functions used by the host to counter pathogens and various persistence strategies used by intracellular pathogens to counter host immunity, which enables their extended period of colonization in the host. The improved understanding of persistent intracellular pathogen-derived infections will contribute to develop improved disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylactics.
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Karbalaei Zadeh Babaki M, Taghiabadi M, Soleimanpour S, Saleh Moghadam M, Mosavat A, Amini AA, Mohammadi A, Rezaee SA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85b:hfcγ1 recombinant fusion protein as a selective receptor-dependent delivery system for antigen presentation. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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45
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Ernst JD. Mechanisms of M. tuberculosis Immune Evasion as Challenges to TB Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:34-42. [PMID: 30001523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a large global health problem, in part because of the long period of coevolution of the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its human host. A major factor that sustains the global epidemic of TB is the lack of a sufficiently effective vaccine. While basic mechanisms of immunity that protect against TB have been identified, attempts to improve immunity to TB by vaccination have been disappointing. This Review discusses the mechanisms used by M. tuberculosis to evade innate and adaptive immunity and that likely limit the efficacy of vaccines developed to date. Despite multiple mechanisms of immune evasion, recent trials have indicated that effective TB vaccines remain an attainable goal. This Review discusses how knowledge from other systems can inform improvements on current vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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46
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Mononuclear cell dynamics in M. tuberculosis infection provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007154. [PMID: 30365557 PMCID: PMC6221360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes chronic infection of mononuclear phagocytes, especially resident (alveolar) macrophages, recruited macrophages, and dendritic cells. Despite the importance of these cells in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis and immunity, little is known about the population dynamics of these cells at the sites of infection. We used a combination of congenic monocyte adoptive transfer, and pulse-chase labeling of DNA, to determine the kinetics and characteristics of trafficking, differentiation, and infection of mononuclear phagocytes during the chronic, adaptive immune phase of M. tuberculosis infection in mice. We found that Ly6Chi monocytes traffic rapidly to the lungs, where a subpopulation become Ly6Clo and remain in the lung vascular space, while the remainder migrate into the lung parenchyma and differentiate into Ly6Chi dendritic cells, CD11b+ dendritic cells, and recruited macrophages. As in humans with TB, M. tuberculosis-infected mice have increased numbers of blood monocytes; this is due to increased egress from the bone marrow, and not delayed egress from the blood. Pulse-chase labeling of dividing cells and flow cytometry analysis revealed a T1/2 of ~15 hrs for Ly6Chi monocytes, indicating that they differentiate rapidly upon entry to the parenchyma of infected lungs; in contrast, cells that differentiate from Ly6Chi monocytes turn over more slowly, but diminish in frequency in less than one week. New cells (identified by pulse-chase labeling) acquire bacteria within 1–3 days of appearance in the lungs, indicating that bacteria regularly encounter new cellular niches, even during the chronic stage of infection. Our findings that mononuclear phagocyte populations at the site of M. tuberculosis infection are highly dynamic provide support for specific approaches for host-directed therapies directed at monocytes, including trained immunity, as potential interventions in TB, by replacing cells with limited antimycobacterial capabilities with newly-recruited cells better able to restrict and kill M. tuberculosis. During certain chronic infections such as tuberculosis, inflammatory cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, are recruited to infected tissues where they aggregate to form tissue lesions known as granulomas. Although granulomas can persist long term, the dynamics of the cell populations that comprise granulomas are not well understood. We used a combination of methods to discover that, during chronic infection of mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell populations are highly dynamic: recently-proliferated cells traffic rapidly to infected lung tissues, yet they persist with a half-life of less than one week. We also found that recently-proliferated cells become infected with M. tuberculosis as soon as one day after their arrival in the lungs, indicating that the bacteria are regularly moving to new cellular niches, even during the chronic stage of infection. The dynamic nature of the cell populations that encounter M. tuberculosis suggests that interventions such as trained immunity have potential therapeutic roles, by replacing cells that have poor antimycobacterial activity with cells with enhanced antimycobacterial activity. These interventions could improve the outcomes of treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis.
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Coppola M, Ottenhoff TH. Genome wide approaches discover novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens as correlates of infection, disease, immunity and targets for vaccination. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:88-101. [PMID: 30327124 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Every day approximately six thousand people die of Tuberculosis (TB). Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an ancient pathogen that through its evolution developed complex mechanisms to evade immune surveillance and acquire the ability to establish persistent infection in its hosts. Currently, it is estimated that one-fourth of the human population is latently infected with Mtb and among those infected 3-10% are at risk of developing active TB disease during their lifetime. The currently available diagnostics are not able to detect this risk group for prophylactic treatment to prevent transmission. Anti-TB drugs are available but only as long regimens with considerable side effects, which could both be reduced if adequate tests were available to monitor the response of TB to treatment. New vaccines are also urgently needed to substitute or boost Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only approved TB vaccine: although BCG prevents disseminated TB in infants, it fails to impact the incidence of pulmonary TB in adults, and therefore has little effect on TB transmission. To achieve TB eradication, the discovery of Mtb antigens that effectively correlate with the human response to infection, with the curative host response following TB treatment, and with natural as well as vaccine induced protection will be critical. Over the last decade, many new Mtb antigens have been found and proposed as TB biomarkers and vaccine candidates, but only a very small number of these is being used in commercial diagnostic tests or is being assessed as candidate TB vaccine antigens in human clinical trials, aiming to prevent infection, disease or disease recurrence following treatment. Most of these antigens were discovered decades ago, before the complete Mtb genome sequence became available, and thus did not harness the latest insights from post-genomic antigen discovery strategies and genome wide approaches. These have, for example, revealed critical phase variation in Mtb replication and accompanying gene -and therefore antigen- expression patterns. In this review, we present a brief overview of past methodologies, and subsequently focus on the most important recent Mtb antigen discovery studies which have mined the Mtb antigenome through "unbiased" genome wide approaches. We compare the results for these approaches -as far as we know for the first time-, highlight Mtb antigens that have been identified independently by different strategies and present a comprehensive overview of the Mtb antigens thus discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Coppola
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Hm Ottenhoff
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Xu Z, Xia A, Li X, Zhu Z, Shen Y, Jin S, Lan T, Xie Y, Wu H, Meng C, Sun L, Yin Y, Chen X, Jiao X. Rapid loss of early antigen-presenting activity of lymph node dendritic cells against Ag85A protein following Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:19. [PMID: 29940854 PMCID: PMC6019797 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires CD4+ T-cell responses and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) presentation of Mtb antigens (Ags). Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent of the Ag-presenting cells and are central to the initiation of T-cell immune responses. Much research has indicated that DCs play an important role in anti-mycobacterial immune responses at early infection time points, but the kinetics of Ag presentation by these cells during these events are incompletely understood. Results In the present study, we evaluated in vivo dynamics of early Ag presentation by murine lymph-node (LN) DCs in response to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Ag85A protein. Results showed that the early Ag-presenting activity of murine DCs induced by M. bovis BCG Ag85A protein in vivo was transient, appearing at 4 h and being barely detectable at 72 h. The transcription levels of CIITA, MHC II and the expression of MHC II molecule on the cell surface increased following BCG infection. Moreover, BCG was found to survive within the inguinal LN DC pool, representing a continuing source of mycobacterial Ag85A protein, with which LN DCs formed Ag85A peptide-MHCII complexes in vivo. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that a decrease in Ag85A peptide production as a result of the inhibition of Ag processing to is largely responsible for the short duration of Ag presentation by LN DCs during BCG infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaocheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yechi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Yang JD, Mott D, Sutiwisesak R, Lu YJ, Raso F, Stowell B, Babunovic GH, Lee J, Carpenter SM, Way SS, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007060. [PMID: 29782535 PMCID: PMC6013218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires T cell recognition of infected macrophages. Mtb has evolved to tolerate, evade, and subvert host immunity. Despite a vigorous and sustained CD8+ T cell response during Mtb infection, CD8+ T cells make limited contribution to protection. Here, we ask whether the ability of Mtb-specific T cells to restrict Mtb growth is related to their capacity to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We derived CD8+ T cell lines that recognized the Mtb immunodominant epitope TB10.44-11 and compared them to CD4+ T cell lines that recognized Ag85b240-254 or ESAT63-17. While the CD4+ T cells recognized Mtb-infected macrophages and inhibited Mtb growth in vitro, the TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells neither recognized Mtb-infected macrophages nor restricted Mtb growth. TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes expressing TB10.4. However, over-expression of TB10.4 in Mtb did not confer recognition by TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages pulsed with irradiated Mtb, indicating that macrophages can efficiently cross-present the TB10.4 protein and raising the possibility that viable bacilli might suppress cross-presentation. Importantly, polyclonal CD8+ T cells specific for Mtb antigens other than TB10.4 recognized Mtb-infected macrophages in a MHC-restricted manner. As TB10.4 elicits a dominant CD8+ T cell response that poorly recognizes Mtb-infected macrophages, we propose that TB10.4 acts as a decoy antigen. Moreover, it appears that this response overshadows subdominant CD8+ T cell response that can recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. The ability of Mtb to subvert the CD8+ T cell response may explain why CD8+ T cells make a disproportionately small contribution to host defense compared to CD4+ T cells. The selection of Mtb antigens for vaccines has focused on antigens that generate immunodominant responses. We propose that establishing whether vaccine-elicited, Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages could be a useful criterion for preclinical vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mott
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fiona Raso
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Britni Stowell
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Greg Hunter Babunovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Hoffmann E, Machelart A, Song OR, Brodin P. Proteomics of Mycobacterium Infection: Moving towards a Better Understanding of Pathogen-Driven Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:86. [PMID: 29441067 PMCID: PMC5797607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are responsible for many infectious diseases in humans and have developed diverse mechanisms to interfere with host defense pathways. In particular, intracellular vacuoles are an essential niche used by pathogens to alter cellular and organelle functions, which facilitate replication and survival. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen causing tuberculosis in humans, is not only able to modulate its intraphagosomal fate by blocking phagosome maturation but has also evolved strategies to successfully prevent clearance by immune cells and to establish long-term survival in the host. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics allows the identification and quantitative analysis of complex protein mixtures and is increasingly employed to investigate host–pathogen interactions. Major challenges are limited availability and purity of pathogen-containing compartments as well as the asymmetric ratio in protein abundance when comparing bacterial and host proteins during the infection. Recent advances in purification techniques and MS technology helped to overcome previous difficulties and enable the detailed proteomic characterization of infected host cells and their pathogen-containing vacuoles. Here, we summarize current findings of the proteomic analysis of Mycobacterium-infected host cells and highlight progress that has been made to study the protein composition of mycobacterial vacuoles. Current investigations focus on the pathogenicity during Mtb infection, which will allow to better understand pathogen-induced changes and immunomodulation of infected host cells. Consequently, future research in this field will have important implications on host response, pathogen survival, and persistence, induced adaptive immunity and metabolic changes of immune cells promoting the development of novel host-directed therapies in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eik Hoffmann
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1019, UMR8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1019, UMR8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1019, UMR8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1019, UMR8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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