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Simon F, von der Au M, Gehrenkemper L, Meermann B. An optimized method for PFAS analysis using HR-CS-GFMAS via GaF detection. Talanta 2024; 281:126811. [PMID: 39241647 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) via sum parameters like extractable organic fluorine (EOF) in combination with high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) is highly promising regarding fluorine sensitivity and selectivity. However, the HR-CS-GFMAS method includes several drying and heating steps which can lead to losses of volatile PFAS before the molecular formation step using e.g., GaF formation. Hence, the method leads to a strong discrimination of PFAS within the EOF depending on their physical/chemical properties and is therefore associated with reduced accuracy. To reduce this discrepancy and to indicate realistic PFAS pollution values, an optimization of the HR-CS-GFMAS method for PFAS analysis is needed. Hence, we determined fluorine response factors of several PFAS with different physical/chemical properties upon application of systematic optimization steps. We could therefore improve the method's sensitivity for PFAS analysis using a modifier drying pre-treatment step followed by a sequential injection of sample solutions. The highest improvement in sensitivity of volatile PFAS was shown upon addition of a Mg modifier during drying pre-treatment. Thereby, during optimization the relative standard deviation of fluorine response factors could be reduced from 55 % (initial method) to 27 % (optimized method) leading to a more accurate determination of organofluorine sum parameters. The method provides an instrumental LOD and LOQ of β(F) 1.71 μg/L and 5.13 μg/L, respectively. Further validation aimed to investigate several matrix effects with respect to water matrices. Here, substance-specific behavior was observed. For example, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) which was used as calibrator, showed signal suppressions upon high chloride concentrations (>50 mg/L). Hence, a thorough separation of Cl from analytes during sample preparation is needed for accurate sum parameter analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Simon
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Gehrenkemper
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Wu R, Xue J, Tian H, Dong C. Qualitative discrimination and quantitative prediction of salt in aqueous solution based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2024; 281:126751. [PMID: 39232251 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater resources have been gradually salinized in recent years, dramatically impacting the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the salinity of freshwater resources. However, traditional detection methods make it difficult to check the type and concentration of salt quickly and accurately in solution. This paper uses a portable near-infrared spectrometer to qualitatively discriminate and quantitatively predict the salt in the solution. The study was carried out by adding ten salts of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4 to 2 mL of deionized water to prepare a single salt solution (0.02 %-1.00 %) totaling 100 sets. It was found that the Support vector machine (SVM) model was only effective in discriminating the class of salt anions in the solution. The Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model, on the other hand, can effectively discriminate the classes of salt in solution, and the accuracies of the optimal model prediction set and the interactive validation set are 98.86 % and 99.66 %, respectively. Furthermore, the Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models can accurately predict the concentration of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4 salt solutions. The coefficients of determination R2 of their model interactive validation sets were 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.97, 0.99, 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively. This study shows that NIRS can achieve rapid and accurate qualitative and quantitative detection of salts in solution, which provides technical support for the utilization of safe water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Wu
- College of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Junjie Xue
- College of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Hongqian Tian
- College of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Changqing Dong
- College of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
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3
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Matsukami H, Saito J, Wang Q, Miyake Y. Impact of tightening environmental regulations against long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids on composition of durable water repellents containing side-chain fluorinated polymers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173708. [PMID: 38830421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Tightening of environmental regulations against long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) since the 2000s may have led to significant increases in the occurrence of short-chain PFAAs in the environment. Understanding the impact of the regulations on composition of durable water repellents (DWRs) is imperative to guide implementation of pragmatic actions during their use and end-of-life treatment. Substantial decreases in the frequencies of detection and concentrations of long-chain PFAAs and long-chain PFAA-precursors, and substantial increases in those of short-chain PFAAs and short-chain PFAA-precursors, have been observed in the impurities and hydrolysis products of side-chain fluorinated polymers (SCFPs). Comparison of profiles among the DWRs containing fluorinated ingredients in 2011 indicated that DWRs containing C8F17- and C10F21-SCFPs were the dominant products and accounted for 90 % of the samples, whereas DWRs containing C4F9- and C6F13-SCFPs were the dominant products and accounted for 70 % of the samples collected in 2021. Tightening of the regulations have caused decreasing applications of long-chain SCFPs and increasing use of short-chain SCFPs in DWRs containing fluorinated ingredients. The ingredients of one DWR were changed from PFAS-free alternatives to short-chain SCFPs, whereas those of another DWR were changed from short-chain SCFPs to PFAS-free alternatives. The presence of unexplained extractable organic fluorine has been observed in DWRs containing fluorinated ingredients, which may be difficult to be hydrolyzed and form known compounds. A historical series of DWRs available from before and after the tightening of regulations and a multifaceted analytical technique consisting of combustion ion chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches combined with two extraction techniques involving ultrasonic treatment and alkaline hydrolysis revealed the impact of tightening regulations on composition of DWRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Junki Saito
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Research Center for Chemical Information and Management, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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4
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Pettersson M, Ericson Jogsten I, van Hees P, Karlsson P, Axelsson M, Yeung LWY. Sampling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in drainage water from a waste management facility. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143031. [PMID: 39117088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in a broad range of consumer products and industrial applications. A variety of waste and products containing PFAS inevitably end up at waste management facilities when they are no longer considered useful. Drainage water samples (n = 157) were collected from eight subsections at a waste management facility in Sweden and analyzed for 23 PFAS and extractable organofluorine (EOF). Two different sampling methods were used, grab sampling (n = 32, without filtration) and composite sampling (n = 8, produced by pooling 16 filtered samples taken at the same subsection). Although PFAS have been studied at waste sites, the information is scarce regarding how the concentrations and homologue profiles could differ within the sites. In this study, we investigated if composite sampling could be an alternative to grab sampling for PFAS monitoring purposes. Herein, the PFAS concentrations ranged from <1 to 22 μg/L; the grab samples showed systematic higher concentrations than their corresponding composite sample. Short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4 and C5) were the largest contributing sub-class, followed by short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4 to C6). EOF was measured up to approximately 140 μg/L F with 99% being unexplained by the fluorine mass balance analysis. The results from this study showed that both sampling methods were comparable for target analysis and that 11 compounds represented most of the PFAS concentrations. However, the discrepancy between the sampling methods was greater for EOF analysis and may be due to the preparation of composite samples and/or due to fluctuating discharges during the sampling period. Composite sampling was observed to be comparable to grab sampling for target analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Pettersson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Orebro University, 701 82, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Orebro University, 701 82, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Patrick van Hees
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Orebro University, 701 82, Orebro, Sweden; Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, 531 40, Lidkoping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Karlsson
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, 531 40, Lidkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Orebro University, 701 82, Orebro, Sweden.
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5
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Vázquez Loureiro P, Nguyen KH, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Granby K, Niklas AA. Identification and quantification of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) migrating from food contact materials (FCM). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142360. [PMID: 38761829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) can be added to food contact materials (FCM) to increase their water and/or grease repellent properties. Some well-known PFAS are perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA), and polyfluorinated telomer alcohols (FTOH). Due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bond, PFAS are chemically very stable and highly resistant to biological degradation, posing a risk to human health and the environment. To examine the presence of PFAS in paper-based FCM, various samples were collected, including popcorn bags, muffin cups, and pizza boxes with high total organic fluorine (TOF) content from the Danish and Spanish markets. The FCM composition was characterised by FTIR. Quantification of some well-known PFAS such as PFCA, PFSA, and FTOH was performed in food simulants using LC-MS/MS, and in addition a non-targeted screening approach was performed by LC-Orbitrap-HRMS. Among analysed samples, the highest concentrations of PFAS were found in a muffin cup made of cellulose (PFCA ∼ 1.41 μg kg-1 food, FTOH ∼ 11.5 μg kg-1 food), and the results were used to estimate dietary exposures to PFAS migrated from this FCM. Compared to measured TOF value in this sample, the fluorine from all quantified PFAS accounted for only 0.6%. Thus, a more powerful analytical approach was used to further investigate PFAS occurrence in this sample. Using non-targeted screening, an additional twenty compounds were identified, among them five with confidence level 1 and ten with confidence level 2. Many of them were either fluorotelomer carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids or ether-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vázquez Loureiro
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka A Niklas
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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6
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Pettersson M, Ericson Jogsten I, Yeung LWY. Ways to improve understanding of PFAS contamination - A case study within a waste management facility. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124352. [PMID: 38871169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Waste management facilities are a known source for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the environment. In this study, water samples from seven subsections within a waste management facility in Sweden were analyzed for PFAS and extractable organofluorine (EOF). Oxidative conversion was used to investigate how much PFAS precursors could contribute to the EOF. Out of the 23 analyzed PFAS, ten compounds accounted for a major proportion of the concentrations. Before oxidative conversion the ∑10PFAS were between 0.44 μg/L and 17 μg/L. The EOF ranged from 2 μg/L F up to 79 μg/L F. There was a greater difference in concentrations and profiles between the subsections in comparison to the four sampling dates at respective sampling point, suggesting different sources of PFAS from the waste. Oxidative conversion revealed presence of precursors by elevated concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids after oxidation, which increased the explained EOF up to 25%. Seven samples from one sampling date were selected to investigate if other fluorinated compounds (inorganic anions, ultra-short-chain PFAS, and zwitterions) could be a part of the unexplained EOF fraction. The contribution of fluorine from tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate were equal or higher proportions than the ∑10PFAS. The presence of the ionic liquids tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate could originate from battery waste, due to their use as counter ions in batteries. Ultra-short-chain PFAS increased the explained EOF by an average of 8%, with trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid being the main contributors. However, the reported concentrations of ultra-short-chain PFAS, were underestimated due to low recovery by the additional washing step to remove inorganic fluoride for EOF analysis. The concentrations of zwitterions were low and increased the explained EOF by < 1%. Our results suggest that EOF, selected PFAS, oxidative conversion and anionic fluorinated substances give a better picture of PFAS contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Pettersson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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7
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Thijs M, Laletas E, Quinn CM, Raguraman SV, Carr B, Bierganns P. Total and Class-Specific Determination of Fluorinated Compounds in Consumer and Food Packaging Samples Using Fluorine-19 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8282-8290. [PMID: 38717341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Hamburger wrapping paper, coated with water-based barrier coatings, used in the food packaging industry was studied by using the total organic fluorine (TOF) method based on combustion ion chromatography and fluorine-19 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (19F ss-NMR) spectroscopy. Although the TOF method is a fast and affordable method used to screen for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the amount of fluorine it measures is heavily dependent on the extraction step and, therefore could lead to inaccurate results. Fluorine-19 ss-NMR spectroscopy can differentiate between organic and inorganic fluorinated sources, eliminating the need for sample clean up. To illustrate this, the 19F ss-NMR spectra of clean coated paper samples that contained naturally occurring F- ions from the talc raw material and spiked samples containing perfluorooctanoic acid were compared. A range of experimental conditions was explored to improve sensitivity for low PFAS concentrations (in the order of 10-20 mg/kg). Despite the disadvantages of ss-NMR spectroscopy, such as the low limit of detection and resolution, the results demonstrate it can be a viable tool to directly detect PFAS moieties in consumer and food packaging. Therefore, 19F solid-state NMR spectroscopy challenges and complements current methods, which only provide indirect evidence of the presence of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Thijs
- Solenis Belgium BVBA, Global Technology, Nijverheidsstraat 98, 2160 Wommelgem, Belgium
| | - Ernest Laletas
- Solenis LLC, Global Technology, 500 Hercules Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 032 Brown Lab, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Subbu V Raguraman
- Solenis Technologies Germany GmbH, Global Technology, Krefelderstrasse 560, 41066 Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Bryan Carr
- Solenis LLC, Global Technology, 500 Hercules Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
| | - Patric Bierganns
- Solenis Technologies Germany GmbH, Global Technology, Krefelderstrasse 560, 41066 Mönchengladbach, Germany
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8
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Liu M, Glover CM, Munoz G, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Liu J. Hunting the missing fluorine in aqueous film-forming foams containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133006. [PMID: 37988941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Since aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are major sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), understanding the quantity and type of PFAS present in AFFFs is crucial for assessing environmental risk and remediation. We characterized 25 foams from Canada and Europe, including two non-AFFFs and two fluorine-free AFFFs. We used liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify novel PFAS, as well as total oxidizable precursor assays (TOP) and total organofluorine (TOF) measurements for comparison. LC-HRMS showed that the two non-AFFF foams and two PFAS-free AFFFs contained little or no PFAS, confirmed by TOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The PFAS-containing AFFFs, however, spanned a wide concentration range of TOF (2200-45,000 mg F/L) and contained 22 new classes of polyfluoroalkyl substances not previously reported. As a result of identifying new compounds, LC-HRMS was fully able to capture the oxidizable precursors determined by TOP assay in all tested fluorotelomer (FT) AFFFs, while unknown compounds still constituted a significant fraction (19-53 mol%) in most electrochemical fluorination (ECF) AFFFs. A fluorine mass balance was achieved by comparing the amounts of compounds identified by LC-HRMS with those detected by CIC, although LC-HRMS overestimated TOF with a recovery of 127 ± 36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Caitlin M Glover
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
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9
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Ulrich H, Macherius A, Kunkel U, Sengl M, Letzel T. Novel PFAS-specific monitoring approach for highly impacted surface waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140893. [PMID: 38072205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In regulatory environmental monitoring programs, only a very small fraction of the vast number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are investigated by target analysis. Therefore, non-target analysis (NTA) studies are increasingly conducted to detect unknown or unnoticed PFAS. These studies are often based on a few grab samples. Thus, discontinuously emitted PFAS from industrial batch processes might be easily overlooked. To address this deficiency and obtain in-depth information on the occurrence and temporal trend of PFAS in surface water impacted by treated industrial waste water, a comprehensive target and NTA study was implemented for 29 months. Elevated PFAS concentrations with up to 10.8 μg L-1 were detected in the river water by target analysis. In addition to PFAS target analysis, the water samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Data processing strategies and various filtering steps were applied to prioritize PFAS. Substances were identified by comparing data to available internal and external PFAS suspect lists, a fragment ion and neutral loss list, and spectral libraries. Several compounds were unequivocally identified based on reference standards. Fifty-five PFAS were (tentatively) identified using NTA. Of those, 43 could be assigned to 13 different homologous series. Partly fluorinated short-chain carboxylic acids (H-PFCA) and sulfonic acids (H-PFSA) were predominantly found in addition to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and the alkyl ether carboxylic acid DONA. To the best of our knowledge, 12 PFAS were reported in surface water for the first time. Signal intensities of individual PFAS and signal ratios varied widely over time, which may indicate batch operations leading to discontinuous emission. Results and insights from this screening approach on PFAS can be used to optimize forthcoming surface water monitoring programs by including newly identified PFAS and selecting appropriate sampling intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Demollstr. 31, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany; Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - A Macherius
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Buergermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - U Kunkel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Buergermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - M Sengl
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Buergermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - T Letzel
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; Analytisches Forschungsinstitut fuer Non-Target Screening (AFIN-TS) GmbH, Augsburg, Germany.
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10
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DeNicola M, Lin Z, Quiñones O, Vanderford B, Song M, Westerhoff P, Dickenson E, Hanigan D. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and organofluorine in lakes and waterways of the northwestern Great Basin and Sierra Nevada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166971. [PMID: 37699477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals that occur ubiquitously in the environment and have been linked to numerous adverse health effects in humans and aquatic organisms. Although numerous environmental monitoring studies have been conducted, only one has evaluated PFAS in surface waters of the northwestern Great Basin, which features unique topography that results in dozens of endorheic basins and terminal lakes with no natural outlet, where PFAS may accumulate. To close this knowledge gap, we evaluated the occurrence of PFAS in grab samples from 15 lakes (headwater and terminal lakes) and 10 rivers in the Great Basin located in Nevada and California of the United States. PFAS and organofluorine were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and combustion ion chromatography, respectively. The highest concentrations of PFAS occurred in samples taken near sites with known or suspected prior aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) application (~20 to 4754 ng/L). Samples near wastewater treatment plants and in urban areas also tended to have PFAS concentrations greater than those measured in remote, less anthropogenically influenced areas (~2 to 15 ng/L, <3 ng/L respectively). In limited snapshot sampling events PFAS appeared to accumulate in terminal lakes to some extent; in-lake concentrations were two to five times greater than those of their inflows. Fluorotelomer sulfonates were present downstream of a known AFFF application area likely to have had fluorotelomer-based foams applied to it, and the concentrations decayed in a predictable manner, suggesting they may be used as an indicator of PFAS transport away from an AFFF source. In all but two samples, organofluorine concentrations were greater than the sum of targeted PFAS (on a F basis) (median of 0.6 % of organofluorine identified via LC-MS/MS), although there was considerable variability in organofluorine measured in replicate samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeNicola
- Graduate Program of Hydrologic Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America
| | - Zunhui Lin
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Oscar Quiñones
- Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9956, United States of America
| | - Brett Vanderford
- Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9956, United States of America
| | - Mingrui Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States of America
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Eric Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9956, United States of America
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America.
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11
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Müller V, Andrade Costa LC, Rondan FS, Matic E, Mesko MF, Kindness A, Feldmann J. Per and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) target and EOF analyses in ski wax, snowmelts, and soil from skiing areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1926-1936. [PMID: 37853802 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00375b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are common additives in ski waxes for their water repellent characteristic. Abrasion of ski wax leaves PFAS on the snow surface, however, little is known about the distribution and concentration of PFAS in snow and soil due to skiing. In this study we analysed different ski waxes, snowmelts and soil from family skiing areas from Alpine locations using targeted high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to understand more about PFAS distribution in the environment. In general, we found a very diverse PFAS pattern in the analysed media. PFAS level was higher in skiing areas compared to the non-skiing ones that were used as control. ∑target PFAS ranged between <1.7 ng L-1 and 143 ng L-1 in snowmelt, <0.62 ng g-1 and 5.35 ng g-1 in soil and <1.89 and 874 ± 240 ng g-1 in ski wax samples. Snowmelt was dominated by short-chained PFAS, while soil and wax contained both short and long-chained PFAS. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was several orders of magnitude higher for waxes (0.5-2 mg g-1) than for soils (up to 0.3 μg g-1), while total fluorine (TF) content of the waxes was even higher, up to 31 210 ± 420 μg g-1. We also showed that the ∑ target PFAS accounts for up to 1.5% in EOF content, showing that targeted LC-MS/MS gives a limited measure of the pollution originated from ski waxes and non-targeted analysis and EOF is necessary for a better overview on PFAS distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Müller
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Larissa Cristine Andrade Costa
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Filipe Soares Rondan
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Matic
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Marcia Foster Mesko
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Andrew Kindness
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
- University of KwaZulu Natal, School of Chemistry & Physics, Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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12
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Ruyle BJ, Pickard HM, Schultes L, Fredriksson F, Heffernan AL, Knappe DRU, Lord HL, Meng P, Mills MA, Ndungu K, Roesch P, Rundberget JT, Tettenhorst DR, Van Buren J, Vogel C, Westerman DC, Yeung LWY, Sunderland EM. Interlaboratory Comparison of Extractable Organofluorine Measurements in Groundwater and Eel ( Anguilla rostrata): Recommendations for Methods Standardization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20159-20168. [PMID: 37934924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) frequently incorporates organofluorine measurements, particularly because they could support a class-based approach to regulation. However, standardized methods for organofluorine analysis in a broad suite of matrices are currently unavailable, including a method for extractable organofluorine (EOF) measured using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Here, we report the results of an international interlaboratory comparison. Seven laboratories representing academia, government, and the private sector measured paired EOF and PFAS concentrations in groundwater and eel (Anguilla rostrata) from a site contaminated by aqueous film-forming foam. Among all laboratories, targeted PFAS could not explain all EOF in groundwater but accounted for most EOF in eel. EOF results from all laboratories for at least one replicate extract fell within one standard deviation of the interlaboratory mean for groundwater and five out of seven laboratories for eel. PFAS spike mixture recoveries for EOF measurements in groundwater and eel were close to the criterion (±30%) for standardized targeted PFAS methods. Instrumental operation of the CIC such as replicate sample injections was a major source of measurement uncertainty. Blank contamination and incomplete inorganic fluorine removal may introduce additional uncertainties. To elucidate the presence of unknown organofluorine using paired EOF and PFAS measurements, we recommend that analysts carefully consider confounding methodological uncertainties such as differences in precision between measurements, data processing steps such as blank subtraction and replicate analyses, and the relative recoveries of PFAS and other fluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridger J Ruyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Heidi M Pickard
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lara Schultes
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Felicia Fredriksson
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Amy L Heffernan
- Eurofins Environment Testing Australia, Murarrie 2066, Queensland, Australia
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | | | - Pingping Meng
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Marc A Mills
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Kuria Ndungu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo N-0349, Norway
| | - Philipp Roesch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | | | - Daniel R Tettenhorst
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Jean Van Buren
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Christian Vogel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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13
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Kirkwood-Donelson KI, Dodds JN, Schnetzer A, Hall N, Baker ES. Uncovering per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with nontargeted ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry analyses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj7048. [PMID: 37878714 PMCID: PMC10599621 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of environmental and health concerns, legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been voluntarily phased out, and thousands of emerging PFAS introduced as replacements. Traditional analytical methods target a limited number of mainly legacy PFAS; therefore, many species are not routinely assessed in the environment. Nontargeted approaches using high-resolution mass spectrometry methods have therefore been used to detect and characterize unknown PFAS. However, their ability to elucidate chemical structures relies on generation of informative fragments, and many low concentration species are not fragmented in typical data-dependent acquisition approaches. Here, a data-independent method leveraging ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and size-dependent fragmentation was developed and applied to characterize aquatic passive samplers deployed near a North Carolina fluorochemical manufacturer. From the study, 11 PFAS structures for various per- and polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids and multiheaded perfluorinated ether acids were elucidated in addition to 36 known PFAS. Eight of these species were previously unreported in environmental media, and three suspected species were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James N. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,, USA
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Müller V, Kindness A, Feldmann J. Fluorine mass balance analysis of PFAS in communal waters at a wastewater plant from Austria. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120501. [PMID: 37647770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are a major source of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment; moreover, long chain PFAS are known to accumulate in sewage sludge. Although publications on PFAS in wastewater are available from around the globe, little information is available from Central Europe. In this study influent, effluent, and sludge from two wastewater treatment plants from Austria were analysed for target PFAS compounds with HPLC MS/MS and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) content with combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The sum of 31 target PFAS increased from 22 to 47 ng L-1 in influent to 140 - 213 ng L-1 in effluent and around 10 ng g-1 in sludge, while EOF were found to be consistent (2.3 - 3.5 µg F L-1) in influent/effluent and 280 ng F g-1 in sludge. Mass balance analysis showed an increase in the identified PFAS compounds in the effluent compared to the influent (from 0.9% - 1.3% to 3.6% - 6.1%), suggesting biotransformation of non-targeted PFAS precursor compounds. In conclusion, wastewater treatment plants transform some PFAS, and wastewater effluent is a source of PFAS contamination in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Müller
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitatsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew Kindness
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitatsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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15
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Li Q, Jiang J, Lan Y, Kang S, Yang Y, Zhang J. Combined toxic effects of polypropylene and perfluorooctanoic acid on duckweed and periphytic microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:108606-108616. [PMID: 37752396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and perfluorooctanoic acid coexist in the aquatic environment. Duckweed was exposed to a range of concentrations (0.1-1000 μg L-1) of solutions containing polypropylene (PP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 14 days to measure their toxicity. The result showed the single and combined PP and PFOA treatments did not significantly influence the growth of duckweed. The greatest PP and PFOA concentrations of combined pollution affect plant chlorophyll. Moreover, the combined treatment of duckweed consistently resulted in increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating oxidative damage. As an antioxidant stress response, the combination-treated plants were encouraged to produce superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Meanwhile, 3519 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in the duckweed rhizosphere. Proteobacteria was the most predominant microbial community. Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 discovered that microbial communities changed in response to single and combination PP and PFOA treatments, with decreased diversity and increased abundance. In addition, SEM analysis also revealed that the combined treatment significantly phyllosphere microorganisms. The findings of this investigation add to our knowledge of how PP and PFOA affect duckweed and the rhizospheric microorganisms, expanding the theoretical basis for employing duckweed in complex contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China.
| | - Jiarui Jiang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Yiyang Lan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Shiyun Kang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Yixia Yang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China
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16
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Pan Y, Helbling DE. Revealing the factors resulting in incomplete recovery of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) when implementing the adsorbable and extractable organic fluorine methods. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120497. [PMID: 37619306 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmental contaminants of concern. Techniques that quantify total organic fluorine (TOF) such as the adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) methods are important for PFAS risk assessments. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate each step of the AOF (loading, washing, combustion) and EOF (loading, washing, elution, combustion) methods for the recovery of ten ultrashort-, short-, and long-chain unsubstituted perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). We measured the overall recovery of fluoride for each method for each PFAA, and the recovery of each PFAA around the loading, washing, and elution steps. We also measured the combustion efficiency of each PFAA by direct combustion. The overall AOF and EOF recovery ranged from 9.3%-103.3% to 21.0%-108.1%, respectively, with higher recoveries measured for PFAAs with increasing chain length in both methods. The three ultrashort-chain PFAAs (trifluoroacetic acid, perfluoropropionic acid, and perfluoropropanesulfonic acid) exhibited the lowest overall recoveries from 9.3-25.2% for AOF and 21.0-51.5% for EOF. We found that decreases in the overall recovery are the result of losses of ultrashort- and short-chain PFAAs during the washing step and the incomplete mineralization of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids during combustion for AOF and incomplete elution of short- and long-chain PFAAs and the loss of ultrashort-chain PFAAs during the washing step for EOF. Our data suggest that the EOF method is more appropriate than the AOF method for measuring TOF in samples containing ultrashort- and short-chain PFAAs and that methodological improvements are possible with a focus on the washing, elution, and combustion steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Pan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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17
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Jiao E, Larsson P, Wang Q, Zhu Z, Yin D, Kärrman A, van Hees P, Karlsson P, Qiu Y, Yeung LWY. Further Insight into Extractable (Organo)fluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Tap Water from Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14330-14339. [PMID: 37710968 PMCID: PMC10537424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the detection of unexplained extractable organofluorine (EOF) in drinking water have raised growing concerns. A recent study reported the detection of inorganic fluorinated anions in German river systems, and therefore, in some samples, EOF may include some inorganic fluorinated anions. Thus, it might be more appropriate to use the term "extractable fluorine (EF) analysis" instead of the term EOF analysis. In this study, tap water samples (n = 39) from Shanghai were collected to assess the levels of EF/EOF, 35 target PFAS, two inorganic fluorinated anions (tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) and hexafluorophosphate (PF6-)), and novel PFAS through suspect screening and potential oxidizable precursors through oxidative conversion. The results showed that ultra-short PFAS were the largest contributors to target PFAS, accounting for up to 97% of ΣPFAS. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf2) was reported in drinking water from China, and p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS) was also identified through suspect screening. Small amounts of precursors that can be oxidatively converted to PFCAs were noted after oxidative conversion. EF mass balance analysis revealed that target PFAS could only explain less than 36% of EF. However, the amounts of unexplained extractable fluorine were greatly reduced when BF4- and PF6- were included. These compounds further explained more than 44% of the EF, indicating the role of inorganic fluorinated anions in the mass balance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmiao Jiao
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pontus Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Qi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrick van Hees
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
- Eurofins
Food and Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, SE-531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Karlsson
- Eurofins
Food and Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, SE-531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Leo W. Y. Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
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18
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Dewapriya P, Nilsson S, Ghorbani Gorji S, O’Brien JW, Bräunig J, Gómez Ramos MJ, Donaldson E, Samanipour S, Martin JW, Mueller JF, Kaserzon SL, Thomas KV. Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Discovered in Cattle Exposed to AFFF-Impacted Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13635-13645. [PMID: 37648245 PMCID: PMC10501377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The leaching of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from Australian firefighting training grounds has resulted in extensive contamination of groundwater and nearby farmlands. Humans, farm animals, and wildlife in these areas may have been exposed to complex mixtures of PFASs from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). This study aimed to identify PFAS classes in pooled whole blood (n = 4) and serum (n = 4) from cattle exposed to AFFF-impacted groundwater and potentially discover new PFASs in blood. Thirty PFASs were identified at various levels of confidence (levels 1a-5a), including three novel compounds: (i) perfluorohexanesulfonamido 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (FHxSA-HOPrA), (ii) methyl((perfluorohexyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, and (iii) methyl((perfluorooctyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, belonging to two different classes. Biotransformation intermediate, perfluorohexanesulfonamido propanoic acid (FHxSA-PrA), hitherto unreported in biological samples, was detected in both whole blood and serum. Furthermore, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, including perfluoropropane sulfonamide (FPrSA), perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), and perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA) were predominantly detected in whole blood, suggesting that these accumulate in the cell fraction of blood. The suspect screening revealed several fluoroalkyl chain-substituted PFAS. The results suggest that targeting only the major PFASs in the plasma or serum of AFFF-exposed mammals likely underestimates the toxicological risks associated with exposure. Future studies of AFFF-exposed populations should include whole-blood analysis with high-resolution mass spectrometry to understand the true extent of PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Dewapriya
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara Ghorbani Gorji
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake W. O’Brien
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - María José Gómez Ramos
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of
Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3
(ceiA3), Carretera Sacramento
s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - Eric Donaldson
- Aviation
Medical Specialist, The Australasian Faculty of Occupational &
Environmental Medicine (AFOEM), The Royal
Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES, Exposure & Effects), Science for
Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarit L. Kaserzon
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
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19
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Forster ALB, Zhang Y, Westerman DC, Richardson SD. Improved total organic fluorine methods for more comprehensive measurement of PFAS in industrial wastewater, river water, and air. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119859. [PMID: 36958221 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are high-profile environmental contaminants, many having long persistence in the environment and widespread presence in humans and wildlife. Following phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in North America and restrictions in Europe, PFAS replacements are now widely found in the environment. While liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) is typically used for measurement, much of the PFAS is missed. To more comprehensively capture organic fluorine, we developed sensitive and robust methods using activated carbon adsorption, solid phase extraction, and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) to measure total organic fluorine (TOF) in industrial wastewaters, river water, and air. Two extraction techniques, adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF), were optimized and compared using 39 different PFAS, including replacements, such as GenX and perfluorobutanesulfonate. Our AOF method achieves 46-112% and 87% recovery for individual PFAS and PFAS mixtures, respectively, with 0.5 µg/L limit of detection (LOD) for a 50 mL sample volume and a 0.3 μg/L LOD for a 500 mL sample volume . Our EOF method achieves 72-99% and 91% recovery for individual PFAS and PFAS mixtures, respectively, with 0.2 µg/L LOD for a 500 mL sample volume and 0.1 μg/L LOD for 1200 mL. In addition to 39 anionic PFAS, two zwitterionic PFAS and two neutral PFAS were evaluated using the optimized TOF methods. Substantially higher TOF values were measured in industrial wastewater, river water, and air samples compared to LC-MS/MS, demonstrating how TOF methods provided a more comprehensive measurement of the total PFAS present, capturing known and unknown organic fluorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria L B Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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20
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Simon F, Gehrenkemper L, Becher S, Dierkes G, Langhammer N, Cossmer A, von der Au M, Göckener B, Fliedner A, Rüdel H, Koschorreck J, Meermann B. Quantification and characterization of PFASs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) of German rivers using EOF, dTOPA, (non-)target HRMS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163753. [PMID: 37121317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compare analytical methods for PFAS determination-target analysis, non-target screening (NTS), direct total oxidizable precursor assay (dTOPA) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF). Therefore, suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples from German rivers at different locations in time series from 2005 to 2020 were analyzed to investigate temporal and spatially resolved trends. In this study 3 PFAS mass balances approaches were utilized: (i) PFAA target vs. PFAS dTOPA, (ii) PFAS target vs. EOF and (iii) PFAS target vs. PFAS dTOPA vs. organofluorines NTS vs. EOF. Mass balance approach (i) revealed high proportions of precursor substances in SPM samples. For the time resolved analysis an increase from 94% (2005) to 97% in 2019 was observable. Also for the spatial resolved analysis precursor proportions were high with >84% at all sampling sites. Mass balance approach (ii) showed that the unidentified EOF (uEOF) fraction increased over time from 82% (2005) to 99% (2019). Furthermore, along the river courses the uEOF increased. In the combined mass balance approach (iii) using 4 different analytical approaches EOF fractions were further unraveled. The EOF pattern was fully explainable at the sampling sites at Saar and Elbe rivers. For the time resolved analysis, an increased proportion of the EOF was now explainable. However, still 27% of the EOF for the time resolved analysis and 25% of the EOF for the spatial resolved analysis remained unknown. Therefore, in a complementary approach, both the EOF and dTOPA reveal unknown gaps in the PFAS mass balance and are valuable contributions to PFAS risk assessment. Further research is needed to identify organofluorines summarized in the EOF parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Simon
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Gehrenkemper
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Becher
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Dierkes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Nicole Langhammer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Cossmer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Annette Fliedner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Díaz-Galiano FJ, Murcia-Morales M, Monteau F, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Collision cross-section as a universal molecular descriptor in the analysis of PFAS and use of ion mobility spectrum filtering for improved analytical sensitivities. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341026. [PMID: 36925298 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The massive usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as well as their high chemical stability, have led to their ubiquitous presence in environmental matrices and direct human exposure through contaminated food, particularly fish. In the analysis of this large group of substances, the use of ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry is of particular relevance because it uses an additional descriptor, the collision cross-section (CCS), which results in increased selectivity. In the present work, the TWCCSN2 of 24 priority PFAS were experimentally obtained, and the reproducibility of these measurements was evaluated over seven weeks. The average values were employed to critically assess previously reported data and theoretical calculations. This gain in selectivity made it possible to increase the sensitivity of the detection on complex matrices (biota, food and human serum) by using the drift time associated to each analyte as a filter, thus reducing the interferences and background noise and allowing their detection at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, 44000, France; University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, 44000, France; University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
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22
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Manojkumar Y, Pilli S, Rao PV, Tyagi RD. Sources, occurrence and toxic effects of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 97:107174. [PMID: 36907230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) cause potential threats to biota and are persistent and never-ending substances in the environment. Regulations and ban on legacy PFAS by various global organizations and national level regulatory agencies had shifted the fluorochemical production to emerging PFAS and fluorinated alternatives. Emerging PFAS are mobile and more persistent in aquatic systems, posing potential greater threats to human and environmental health. Emerging PFAS have been found in aquatic animals, rivers, food products, aqueous film-forming foams, sediments, and a variety of other ecological media. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties, sources, occurrence in biota and the environment, and toxicity of the emerging PFAS. Fluorinated and non-fluorinated alternatives for several industrial applications and consumer goods as the replacement of historical PFAS are also discussed in the review. Fluorochemical production plants and wastewater treatment plants are the main sources of emerging PFAS to various environmental matrices. Information and research are scarcely available on the sources, existence, transport, fate, and toxic effects of emerging PFAS to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Manojkumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Sridhar Pilli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India.
| | - P Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
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23
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Grimison C, Knight ER, Nguyen TMH, Nagle N, Kabiri S, Bräunig J, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, Higgins CP, McLaughlin MJ, Mueller JF. The efficacy of soil washing for the remediation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130441. [PMID: 36462244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to describe the performance of a soil washing plant (SWP) for remediating a per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)-contaminated soil with a high clay content (61%). The SWP used both physical and chemical processes; fractionation of the soil particles by size and partitioning of PFASs into the aqueous phase to remove PFASs from the soil. Contaminated water was treated in series with granulated activated carbon (GAC) and ion-exchange resin and reused within the SWP. Approximately 2200 t (dry weight) of PFAS-contaminated soil was treated in 25 batches of 90 t each, with a throughput of approximately 11 t soil/hr. Efficiency of the SWP was measured by observed decreases in total and leachable concentrations of PFASs in the soil. Average removal efficiencies (RE) were up to 97.1% for perfluorocarboxylic acids and 94.9% for perfluorosulfonic acids. REs varied among different PFASs depending on their chemistry (functional head group, carbon chain length) and were independent of the total PFAS concentrations in each soil batch. Mass balance analysis found approximately 90% of the PFAS mass in the soil was transferred to the wash solution and > 99.9% of the PFAS mass in the wash solution was transferred onto the GAC without any breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Grimison
- Ventia Services Pty Limited, Level 8, 80 Pacific Highway, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Emma R Knight
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Thi Minh Hong Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Nagle
- Ventia Services Pty Limited, Level 8, 80 Pacific Highway, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shervin Kabiri
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divina A Navarro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rai S Kookana
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Food simulants and real food – What do we know about the migration of PFAS from paper based food contact materials? Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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25
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EOF and target PFAS analysis in surface waters affected by sewage treatment effluents in Berlin, Germany. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1195-1204. [PMID: 36633619 PMCID: PMC9899726 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging organic pollutants and can occur in surface and groundwater. To identify the degree of pollution in surface water with PFAS, often targeted HPLC-ESI-MS/MS has been employed in which commonly 30-40 compounds are analyzed. However, other PFAS and organofluorines remain undetected. We sampled surface water of the river Spree and the Teltow Canal in Berlin, Germany, which are affected by the effluent discharge of wastewater treatment plants. Here, we employed high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) for measuring extractable organofluorines (EOF) and compared in a mass balance approach the total fluorine to the identified and quantified PFAS from the targeted analysis. The analysis highlights that the EOF are in the range expected for an urban river system (Winchell et al. in Sci Total Environ 774, 2021). However, downstream of an effluent discharge, the EOF increased by one order of magnitude, e.g., 40.3 to 574 ng F L-1, along the Teltow Canal. From our target analytes, mostly short-chained perfluorinated carboxylic acids and sulfonates occur in the water, which however makes up less than 10% of the EOF. The increase in EOF in the Teltow Canal correlates well with the increase of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), indicating that PFHxA is characteristic for the discharged EOF but not responsible for the increase. Hence, it points to PFHxA precursor discharge. The study highlights that EOF screening using HR-CS-GFMAS is necessary to identify the full scale of pollution with regard to PFAS and other organofluorines such as pharmaceutical compounds from the effluent of WWTPs.
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26
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Young AS, Pickard HM, Sunderland EM, Allen JG. Organic Fluorine as an Indicator of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Dust from Buildings with Healthier versus Conventional Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17090-17099. [PMID: 36331119 PMCID: PMC9730836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of thousands of persistent, organic fluorinated chemicals added to materials and products mainly to repel stains and water. PFAS have been associated with many adverse human health effects. We aimed to determine whether buildings with "healthier" materials─defined here as reportedly free of all PFAS─exhibit lower PFAS in dust. In addition to analyzing targeted PFAS with available commercial standards, we measured extractable organic fluorine (EOF) as a novel proxy that includes both known and unknown types of PFAS. We measured at least 15 targeted PFAS (n = 24), EOF (n = 24), and total fluorine (TF; n = 14) in dust collected from university common spaces and classrooms, half of which had "healthier" furniture and carpet. We observed lower PFAS contamination in buildings with "healthier" materials: "healthier" rooms had a 66% lower median summed PFAS and a 49% lower Kaplan-Meier estimated mean EOF level in dust in comparison to conventional rooms. The summed targeted PFAS were significantly correlated with EOF but accounted for up to only 9% of EOF, indicating the likely presence of unidentified PFAS. EOF levels explained less than 1% of TF in dust. We emphasize the need to use chemical class-based methods (e.g., EOF) for evaluating class-based solutions and to expand non-PFAS solutions for other building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Young
- HarvardT. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Heidi M. Pickard
- HarvardJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts02134, United States
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- HarvardT. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
- HarvardJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts02134, United States
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- HarvardT. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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27
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Gan CD, Peng MY, Liu HB, Yang JY. Concentration and distribution of metals, total fluorine, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in vertical soil profiles in industrialized areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134855. [PMID: 35533930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread usage of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has caused great concern due to their potential toxicology to human and environmental health. However, there have been limited investigations on the vertical distribution of PFAS in fluorine (F) contaminated soils. In this study, the spatial and vertical distribution of metals, total F, and PFAS in the soil profiles were investigated at different areas in an industrial city. The higher F concentrations in the farmland soils with intensive agricultural activities suggested the impacts of soil tillage. The ΣPFAS concentrations ranged from 0.187 to 1.852 ng g-1 in all soil samples, with PFOA as the dominant pollutant, which accounted for 17.2%-51.6% of the ΣPFAS in all samples. Highest level of PFAS was found in the shallow layer of the soil profiles. The long-chain PFAS such as PFUdA and PFTeDA tended to remain in the topsoil, while the short-chains (PFBA, PFPeA, and PFHxA) have migrated to depth of 100 cm in the vertical soil profile. The application of F-enriched phosphorus fertilizers and atmospheric deposition may be important sources of F and PFAS in soils in this area. Correlation analysis indicated that most of PFAS have similar common sources, and the significantly positive correlation between Zn and PFAS suggested they may share similar sources. This study highlights the need for further work to monitor the PFAS level in soil environments in industrialized areas, in addition to focusing on soil metal and F pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Dan Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Mu-Yi Peng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Heng-Bo Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644000, China.
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28
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Lin H, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wu R, Lam PKS, Eun H, Yamashita N. Fluorine mass balance analysis and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129025. [PMID: 35523095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given that only a small number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are routinely monitored, levels of PFAS in the atmosphere may be underestimated. A protocol including analyses of target PFAS (n = 50), water-soluble fluoride, and total fluorine has been proposed and applied to atmospheric samples. The whole method recovery (including extraction recovery and sampling efficiency) of 90-110% were obtained for the majority of compounds (48/50) with low deviations between replicates (< 20%). Fluorotelomer alcohols were the most prevalent PFAS in the indoor air, while the outdoor air was dominated by the ultrashort-chain ionic PFAS (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid and perfluoropropanoic acid). Concentrations of organofluorine (OF) compounds calculated from the fluorine mass balance ranged from 1.74 ng F/m3 to 14.3 ng F/m3 and from 52.0 ng F/m3 to 1100 ng F/m3 in the particulate and gaseous phases, respectively, whereas only a minor proportion (around 1%) could be explained by target PFAS. In indoor air, OF compounds were observed in relatively high levels and with a shift to the fine particles (PM<1) . Our results reveal a large proportion of unidentified OF signatures in the atmosphere and suggest the need to use multiple approaches to improve our understanding of airborne fluorinated substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heesoo Eun
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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29
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Jiao E, Zhu Z, Yin D, Qiu Y, Kärrman A, Yeung LWY. A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1060-1070. [PMID: 35687097 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have raised concerns due to their worldwide occurrence and adverse effects on both the environment and humans as well as posing challenges for monitoring. Further collection of information is required for a better understanding of their occurrence and the unknown fractions of the extractable organofluorine (EOF) not explained by commonly monitored target PFAS. In this study, eight pairs of raw and treated water were collected from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) around Taihu Lake in China and analyzed for EOF and 34 target PFAS. Mass balance analysis of organofluorine revealed that at least 68% of EOF could not be explained by target PFAS. Relatively higher total target concentrations were observed in 4 DWTPs (D1 to D4) when compared to other samples with the highest sum concentration up to 189 ng L-1. PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS were the abundant compounds. Suspect screening analysis identified 10 emerging PFAS (e.g., H-PFAAs, H-PFESAs and OBS) in addition to target PFAS in raw or treated water. The ratios PFBA/PFOA and PFBS/PFOS between previous and current studies showed significant replacements of short-chain to long-chain PFAS. The ratios of the measured PFAS concentrations to the guideline values showed that some of the treated drinking water exceeds guideline values, appealing for efforts on drinking water safety guarantee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden.
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden.
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30
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Licona-Aguilar ÁI, Torres-Huerta AM, Domínguez-Crespo MA, Palma-Ramírez D, Conde-Barajas E, Negrete-Rodríguez MXL, Rodríguez-Salazar AE, García-Zaleta DS. Reutilization of waste biomass from sugarcane bagasse and orange peel to obtain carbon foams: Applications in the metal ions removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154883. [PMID: 35358521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high levels of heavy metals contained in residual water and the pollution generated by a large amount of unexploited agro-industrial waste are a serious problem for the environment and mankind. Therefore, in the present work, with the aim of treating and reducing the pollution caused by heavy metal ions (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu), activated carbons (ACs) were synthesized from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and orange peel (OP) by means of physical - chemical activation method in an acid medium (H3PO4, 85 wt%) followed by an activation at high temperature (500 and 700 °C). Thereafter, these materials were used to produce carbon foams (CF) by the replica method and to evaluate their adsorbent capacity for the removal of heavy metals from synthetic water. XRD, FTIR, DLS, BET, Zeta Potential (ζ), SEM-EDS and AAS were used to investigate their structures, surface area, pore size, morphology, and adsorption capacity. The results show that as-prepared CF have a second level mesoporous structure and AC present a micro-mesoporous structure with a pore diameter between 3 and 4 nm. The experimental adsorption capacities of heavy metals showed that the CF from OP present a better elimination of heavy metals compared to the AC; exhibiting a removal capacity of 95.2 ± 3.96% (Pb) and 94.7 ± 4.88% (Cu) at pH = 5. The adsorption values showed that the optimal parameters to reach a high metal removal are pH values above 5. In the best of cases, the minimum remaining concentration of lead and copper were 2.4 and 2.6 mg L-1, respectively. The experimental data for carbon adsorbents are in accordance with the Langmuir and BET isotherms, with R2 = 0.99 and the maximum homogenous biosorption capacity for lead and copper was Qmax = 968.72 and 754.14 mg g-1, respectively. This study showed that agro-industrial wastes can be effectively retrieved to produce adsorbents materials for wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á I Licona-Aguilar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA-Altamira, CIAMS. km 14.5 carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira, Mexico
| | - A M Torres-Huerta
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIH, Ciudad del conocimiento y la cultura, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan km. 1+500 San Agustin Tlaxiaca, C.P. 42162, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - M A Domínguez-Crespo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIH, Ciudad del conocimiento y la cultura, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan km. 1+500 San Agustin Tlaxiaca, C.P. 42162, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - D Palma-Ramírez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia (CMPL), Av. Acueducto s/n, la Laguna Ticomán, C.P. 07340 México City, Mexico
| | - E Conde-Barajas
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department Environmental Engineering, TNM/IT de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A. García Cubas 600, Celaya 38010 Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - M X L Negrete-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department Environmental Engineering, TNM/IT de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A. García Cubas 600, Celaya 38010 Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - A E Rodríguez-Salazar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Querétaro, Cerro Blanco 141, Col. Colinas del Cimatario, C.P. 76090 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - D S García-Zaleta
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Estatal Libre Villahermosa-Comalcalco, Km. 27 +000 s/n Ranchería Ribera Alta, C.P. 86205, Tabasco, Mexico
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Fan X, Jiang Y, Guan X, Bao Y, Gu M, Mumtaz M, Huang J, Yu G. Determination of total reducible organofluorine in PFAS-impacted aqueous samples based on hydrated electron defluorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154548. [PMID: 35288136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is a large group of thousands of anthropogenic chemicals. Recently, measurement of total organic fluorine (TOF) to reflect the total PFASs has been recommended in limits and advisories. In this study, a total reducible organofluorine (TROF) assay is developed based on hydrated electron (eaq-) conversion of PFASs into inorganic fluorine combined with ion chromatograph, which is a common and widespread instrument. The eaq- is generated in UV/sulfite system with alkaline condition, and the concentration of TROF (CF_TROF) is the difference of fluoride concentration before and after assay. Method validation uses perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid and their main alternatives, and F- recoveries are 76.6%-101%, except for perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (48.5%). Method application of TROF assay uses industrial surfactant products and fluorochemical industry-contaminated water, meanwhile, target PFAS analysis and total oxidizable precursors (TOP) assay are concurrently conducted. Concentrations of PFASs detected in target analysis and TOP assay were converted to fluorine equivalents concentrations (CF_Target and CF_TOP). ∑CF_Target and ∑CF_TOP account for 0.80%-36% of CF_TROF in industrial samples, 0.12%-54% in environmental water and 9.7%-14% in wastewater. The TROF assay can be used to initially judge whether PFASs contamination occurred near a hotspot with known sources. The CF_TROF could infer the extent of PFAS contamination in PFAS-impacted samples and estimate the fraction of uncharacterized PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Bao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengbin Gu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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32
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Li J, Li B, Pan H, Wei Y, Yang Y, Xu N, Chen B, Mohseni M, Esfahani EB. Total organic fluorine (TOF) analysis by completely converting TOF into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128389. [PMID: 35236042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying total organic fluorine (TOF) in water is vital in monitoring the occurrence and persistence of all fluorine-containing organic compounds in the environment, while currently most studies focus on analyzing individual fluorine-containing organic compounds. To fill the technology gap, we herein proposed to convert TOF completely into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis, followed by analysis of fluoride with ion chromatography. Results showed that the tailored VUV photoreactor achieved satisfying recoveries of fluorine from ten model TOF compounds not only in ultrapure water (83.9 ± 2.0% to 109.4 ± 0.8%) but also in real water samples (92.1 ± 1.0%-106.2 ± 15.7%). Unlike other ultraviolet-based processes that favor alkaline conditions, this VUV process preferred either neutral or acidic conditions to defluorinate selected compounds. While the mechanisms remain to be explored in the future, it has been evidenced that the photo-degradation and photo-defluorination rates of these TOF compounds varied significantly among compounds and operation conditions. The method obtained a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.15 μg-F/L, which is lower than the MDLs of many other TOF analytical methods, along with excellent calibration curves for concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10.0 mg-F/L. Notably, minimizing fluoride in sample prior to photoconversion was necessary to avoid subtraction-induced errors for TOF measurement, especially when the fluoride/TOF ratio was high. The robust VUV is also green for sample pretreatment due to its unreliance of chemicals or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huimei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ehsan Banayan Esfahani
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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33
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Simon F, Gehrenkemper L, von der Au M, Wittwer P, Roesch P, Pfeifer J, Cossmer A, Meermann B. A fast and simple PFAS extraction method utilizing HR-CS-GFMAS for soil samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133922. [PMID: 35143867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe an optimized fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in soils utilizing high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). To omit the bias of the solid phase extraction (SPE) step commonly used during the analysis of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) we optimized a fast and simple SPE-free extraction method. The developed extraction method consists of a liquid-solid extraction using acidified methanol without any additional SPE. Four extraction steps were representative to determine a high proportion of the EOF (>80% of eight extractions). Comparison of the optimized method with and without an additional SPE clean-up step revealed a drastic underestimation of EOF concentrations using SPE. Differences of up to 94% were observed which were not explainable by coextracted inorganic fluoride. Therefore, not only a more accurate but also a more economic as well as ecologic method (bypassing of unnecessary SPE) was developed. The procedural limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed method was 10.30 μg/kg which was sufficient for quantifying EOF concentrations in all tested samples. For future PFAS monitoring and potential regulative decisions the herein presented optimized extraction method can offer a valuable contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Simon
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Gehrenkemper
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.3 - Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Roesch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.3 - Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Pfeifer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Cossmer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Roesch P, Vogel C, Huthwelker T, Wittwer P, Simon FG. Investigation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils and sewage sludges by fluorine K-edge XANES spectroscopy and combustion ion chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26889-26899. [PMID: 34860340 PMCID: PMC8989862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was applied to detect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various soil and sewage sludge samples. The method can be used to determine the speciation of inorganic and organic fluorides, without pre-treatment of solid samples. Therefore, XANES spectra of several inorganic fluorides as well as selected fluorinated organic compounds were recorded. While inorganic fluorides partially exhibit a variety of sharp spectral features in the XANES spectrum, almost all inspected organofluorine compounds show two distinct broad features at 688.5 and 692.0 eV. Moreover, the peak intensity ratio 688.5 eV/692.0 eV in the PFAS XANES spectrum can be inversely correlated to the chain length of the perfluoro sulfonic acid group. The detection of targeted PFAS by bulk-XANES spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting in soils and sewage sludges was not applicable due to the low organic fluorine to total fluorine ratio of the samples (0.01-1.84%). Nonetheless, direct analysis of pure PFAS revealed that analysis of organofluorine species might be achieved in higher concentrated samples. Furthermore, quantitative measurements by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) evaluated as sum parameters extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) emphasize that besides soils, sewage sludges are a significant source of organic fluorine in agriculture (154-7209 µg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Roesch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Vogel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Samanta SK, Das P, Sengupta A, Acharya R. Optimization of external (in air) particle induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) methodology for rapid, non-destructive, and simultaneous quantification of fluorine, sodium, and phosphorus in nuclear waste immobilization matrices. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32684-32692. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
External (in air) PIGE methodology has been optimized for rapid quantification of fluorine, sodium, and phosphorus in fluorapatite waste immobilization matrices for Molten Salt Reactor (MSR).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Samanta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - P. Das
- Product Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - A. Sengupta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - R. Acharya
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
- HomiBhabha National Institute, Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai-400094, India
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36
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Aro R, Carlsson P, Vogelsang C, Kärrman A, Yeung LW. Fluorine mass balance analysis of selected environmental samples from Norway. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131200. [PMID: 34157625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of unidentified organofluorine compounds (UOF) has been investigated in recent publication, but their environmental occurrence is still poorly understood. Fluorine mass balance analysis was performed on environmental samples from lake Mjøsa and river Alna (surface water (n = 9), sediment (n = 5) and fish liver (n = 4)) and sewage samples from Oslo (n = 5), to reveal to the fraction of UOF. In samples that had extractable organofluorine (EOF) concentrations above the limit of detection (LoD), more than 70% of their EOF could not be accounted for by the 37 PFAS monitored in this study. The surface water samples from lake Mjøsa had EOF concentrations several times higher than what has been reported elsewhere in Nordic nations. The flux of EOF in river Alna and selected sewage pipes revealed that it was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the flux of the measured PFAS. The elevated concentrations of EOF in all samples pose a potential health and environmental hazard, as their composition remains mostly unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Aro
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens vei 14, NO-9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian Vogelsang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 24, 0234, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Leo Wy Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Sweden.
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37
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Kärrman A, Yeung LWY, Spaan KM, Lange FT, Nguyen MA, Plassmann M, de Wit CA, Scheurer M, Awad R, Benskin JP. Can determination of extractable organofluorine (EOF) be standardized? First interlaboratory comparisons of EOF and fluorine mass balance in sludge and water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1458-1465. [PMID: 34546240 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high proportion of unidentified extractable organofluorine (EOF) observed globally in humans and the environment indicates widespread occurrence of unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, efforts to standardize or assess the reproducibility of EOF methods are currently lacking. Here we present the first EOF interlaboratory comparison in water and sludge. Three participants (four organizations) analyzed unfortified and PFAS-fortified ultrapure water, two unfortified groundwater samples, unfortified wastewater treatment plant effluent and sludge, and an unfortified groundwater extract. Participants adopted common sample handling strategies and target lists for EOF mass balance but used in-house combustion ion-chromatography (CIC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. EOF accuracy ranged from 85-101% and 76-109% for the 60 and 334 ng L-1 fluorine (F) - fortified water samples, respectively, with between-laboratory variation of 9-19%, and within-laboratory variation of 3-27%. In unfortified sludge and aqueous samples, between-laboratory variation ranged from 21-37%. The contribution from sum concentrations of 16 individual PFAS (∑PFAS-16) to EOF ranged from 2.2-60% but extended analysis showed that other targets were prevalent, in particular ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid) in aqueous samples and perfluoroalkyl acid-precursors (e.g. polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters) in sludge. The EOF-CIC method demonstrated promising accuracy, robustness and reporting limits but poor extraction efficiency was observed for some targets (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Sweden.
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Sweden.
| | - Kyra M Spaan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Merle Plassmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | | | - Raed Awad
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden
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38
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Aro R, Eriksson U, Kärrman A, Yeung LWY. Organofluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Whole Blood Samples in Relation to Gender and Age. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13142-13151. [PMID: 34520171 PMCID: PMC8495894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies have highlighted the increasing fraction of unidentified organofluorine (UOF) compounds in human blood, whose health effects are not known. In this study, 130 whole blood samples from the Swedish general population were analyzed for extractable organofluorine (EOF) and selected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Organofluorine mass balance analysis revealed that 60% (0-99%) of the EOF in female samples could not be explained by the 63 monitored PFAS; in males, 41% (0-93%) of the EOF was of unidentified origin. Significant differences between both age groups and gender were seen, with the highest fraction of UOF in young females (70% UOF, aged 18-44), which is contrary to what has been reported in the literature for commonly monitored compounds (e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS). Increasing the number of monitored PFAS did not lead to a large decrease of the UOF fraction; the seven highest PFAS (C8-C11 PFCAs, C6-C8 PFSAs) accounted for 98% of sum 63 PFAS. The high fraction of UOF in human samples is of concern, as the chemical species of these organofluorine compounds remain unknown and thus their potential health risks cannot be assessed.
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39
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Aro R, Eriksson U, Kärrman A, Reber I, Yeung LWY. Combustion ion chromatography for extractable organofluorine analysis. iScience 2021; 24:102968. [PMID: 34466791 PMCID: PMC8383001 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) has found a role in environmental analytical chemistry for fluorine content analysis. It is used for extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis to evaluate perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and other organofluorine burden. The prevailing assumption has been that all PFASs are incinerated in CIC and matrix components have no impact on this process, but this has not been experimentally evaluated. In this work, the combustion efficiencies of 13 different PFASs were determined (66–110%). A notable difference was observed between calibrating the CIC with inorganic fluorine or organofluorine. Potential interferences from cations and coextracted matrix components from whole blood and surface water samples were evaluated. These observations should be acknowledged when performing EOF analysis using CIC, overlooking either non-100% combustion efficiencies or the differences in calibrating the CIC with inorganic fluorine or organofluorine could lead to underestimating EOF content and through that to misguide policy decisions. Combustion efficiencies of PFASs were in the range of 66–110% There was difference between calibration with inorganic fluorine and organofluorine Matrix had no discernable effect on combustion efficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Aro
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Iris Reber
- Metrohm AG, Ionenstrasse, 9100 Herisau, Switzerland
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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40
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Koch A, Yukioka S, Tanaka S, Yeung LWY, Kärrman A, Wang T. Characterization of an AFFF impacted freshwater environment using total fluorine, extractable organofluorine and suspect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance screening analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130179. [PMID: 33735649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The vast number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that are in global commerce (n > 4700) pose immense challenges for environmental monitoring. The large discrepancy between this large number and the few PFASs usually monitored suggest that environmental exposure might be substantially underestimated. This study applied a workflow, which included analysis of total fluorine (TF), extractable organofluorine (EOF), 24 target PFASs and suspect screening. The workflow aimed to close the organofluorine mass balance and to tentatively identify overlooked PFASs in various matrices from an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) contaminated pond and its adjacent riparian zone. PFAS target analysis revealed that water, aquatic invertebrates as well as emergent aquatic insects had high concentrations with up to 2870 ng L-1, 9230 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and 1470 ng g-1 dw ∑24PFASs, respectively. The EOF mass balance could be explained by target PFAS analysis for most biota samples such as aquatic invertebrates, emergent aquatic insects and terrestrial spiders and earthworms (i.e. EOF ≈ ∑24PFASs). In the pond surface water, 42-58% of the EOF was not explained by target PFASs. However most new tentatively identified PFASs (n = 25) were detected in water, which could contribute to the unknown EOF. Nine suspects could be further identified, which where perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide-based compounds and derivatives that all have been found in historical AFFFs produced by electrochemical fluorination. One suspect, F5S-PFOS, was also detected for the first time in aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Koch
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Satoru Yukioka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
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41
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Menger RF, Funk E, Henry CS, Borch T. Sensors for detecting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A critical review of development challenges, current sensors, and commercialization obstacles. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 417:129133. [PMID: 37539085 PMCID: PMC10398537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of compounds that have become environmental contaminants of emerging concern. They are highly persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative, and ubiquitous which makes them important to detect to ensure environmental and human health. Multiple instrument-based methods exist for sensitive and selective detection of PFAS in a variety of matrices, but these methods suffer from expensive costs and the need for a laboratory and highly trained personnel. There is a big need for fast, inexpensive, robust, and portable methods to detect PFAS in the field. This would allow environmental laboratories and other agencies to perform more frequent testing to comply with regulations. In addition, the general public would benefit from a fast method to evaluate the drinking water in their homes for PFAS contamination. A PFAS sensor would provide almost real-time data on PFAS concentrations that can also provide actionable information for water quality managers and consumers around the planet. In this review, we discuss the sensors that have been developed up to this point for PFAS detection by their molecular detection mechanism as well as the goals that should be considered during sensor development. Future research needs and commercialization challenges are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Menger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emily Funk
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, 1370 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, 1370 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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42
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Muir D, Miaz LT. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Global Ocean and Coastal Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9527-9537. [PMID: 33646763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been widely detected in global surface waters since the early 2000s. Here, we have compiled and analyzed the published data for perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs) in surface waters of coastal seas, the Great Lakes, and open oceans to examine temporal and geospatial trends. Mass discharges from major rivers were also estimated. A large number of measurements of individual PFAS have been made in these surface waters (29 500 values), with seven C4-C10 PFSAs and nine C4-C12 PFCAs accounting for 83% of all data. However, most results (85% for PFSAs; 80% for PFCAs) were for the coastal seas of Western Europe, China, Korea, and Japan, while results were limited for coastal North America and lacking for South America and Africa. Highest median concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs were reported in the Bohai and Yellow Seas region of China as well as in the North and Baltic seas in Europe. Significant declines in median PFSAs and C7-C12 PFCAs were also observed for the period 2012-2018 in these same regions, and for 2004-2017 in the Great Lakes. Mass discharge estimates indicated continued substantial riverine emissions of long chain (C7-C12) PFCAs in the period 2015-2019 for the coastal seas of China and reductions in emissions for Western European rivers compared to earlier time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington Ontario L7S1A1, Canada
| | - Luc T Miaz
- Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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43
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Kaiser AM, Forsthuber M, Aro R, Kärrman A, Gundacker C, Zeisler H, Foessleitner P, Salzer H, Hartmann C, Uhl M, Yeung LWY. Extractable Organofluorine Analysis in Pooled Human Serum and Placental Tissue Samples from an Austrian Subpopulation-A Mass Balance Analysis Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9033-9042. [PMID: 34133125 PMCID: PMC8277134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Embryos and fetuses are of major concern due to their high vulnerability. Previous studies demonstrated that human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may be underestimated because only a limited number of known PFAS can be measured. This investigation studied the total PFAS exposure by measuring the extractable organofluorine (EOF) in pooled maternal serum, placental tissue, and cord serum samples (total number of pooled samples: n = 45). The EOF was analyzed using combustion ion chromatography, and the concentrations of known PFAS were determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer. Using a mass balance analysis approach, the amount of unknown PFAS was estimated between the levels of known PFAS and EOF. The EOF levels ranged from 2.85 to 7.17 ng F/mL (21 PFAS were quantified) in the maternal serum, from 1.02 to 1.85 ng F/g (23 PFAS were quantified) in the placental tissue, and from 1.2 to 2.10 ng F/mL (18 PFAS were quantified) in the cord serum. An average of 24, 51, and 9% of EOF is unidentified in the maternal serum, placental tissue, and cord serum, respectively. The results show that the levels of unidentified EOF are higher in the placental tissue, suggesting accumulation or potential transformation of precursors in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas-Marius Kaiser
- Environment
Agency Austria, Spittelauer
Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Forsthuber
- Institute
of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Aro
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Institute
of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Zeisler
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University
Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Foessleitner
- Department
of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University
Hospital St. Poelten, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Hans Salzer
- Clinic
for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Tulln, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Maria Uhl
- Environment
Agency Austria, Spittelauer
Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo W. Y. Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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44
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Meng Y, Yao Y, Chen H, Li Q, Sun H. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Dagang Oilfield: Multimedia distribution and contributions of unknown precursors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125177. [PMID: 33951857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic survey was conducted on twenty-six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fifty-one paired samples of surface water, sediment, and soil from Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China. Perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaine (6:2 FTAB) were ubiquitous in the oilfield with field log Kd of 1.3-2.2, indicating a high partition potential from surface water to sediment. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are a predictor for PFAS contamination at oilfield. The concentrations of OBS and 6:2 FTAB were higher in surface water and sediment with elevated TPH level. With total oxidizable precursor assay, unknown precursors for C2-C3 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (57-99 mol%) contributed more than those for C4-C12 PFCAs in the three mediums. The unknown C4-, C6-, and C8-based precursors tended to be precursors for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates at the oilfield, and C8 fluorotelomer-based precursors particularly occurred in the surface water. The concentrations of C4- and C8-based precursors were found positively correlated with TPH levels (r = 0.67-0.72, p < 0.05), while C6 precursors may also come from other sources. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mass balance and risk assessment for unknown PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Tang Z, Hao Z, Zhou R, Li Q, Liu K, Zhang W, Yan J, Wei K, Li X. Sensitive analysis of fluorine and chlorine elements in water solution using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy assisted with molecular synthesis. Talanta 2021; 224:121784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Ankley GT, Cureton P, Hoke RA, Houde M, Kumar A, Kurias J, Lanno R, McCarthy C, Newsted J, Salice CJ, Sample BE, Sepúlveda MS, Steevens J, Valsecchi S. Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State-of-the Science and a Proposed Path Forward. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:564-605. [PMID: 32897586 PMCID: PMC7984443 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of potential concern to human health and the environment. Based on information for a few relatively well-understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis to suspect that at least a subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable for determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking for the majority of PFAS. In August 2019, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry sponsored a workshop that focused on the state-of-the-science supporting risk assessment of PFAS. The present review summarizes discussions concerning the ecotoxicology and ecological risks of PFAS. First, we summarize currently available information relevant to problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, and hazard/effects of PFAS in the context of regulatory and ecological risk assessment activities from around the world. We then describe critical gaps and uncertainties relative to ecological risk assessments for PFAS and propose approaches to address these needs. Recommendations include the development of more comprehensive monitoring programs to support exposure assessment, an emphasis on research to support the formulation of predictive models for bioaccumulation, and the development of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods to efficiently assess biological effects for potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing the ecological risk of PFAS will require cross-disciplinary approaches that employ both conventional and new methods in an integrated, resource-effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564-605. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Philippa Cureton
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jessy Kurias
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria S. Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue UniversityWest LayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jeffery Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, National Research CouncilBrugherioMonza and BrianzaItaly
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47
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De Silva AO, Armitage JM, Bruton TA, Dassuncao C, Heiger-Bernays W, Hu XC, Kärrman A, Kelly B, Ng C, Robuck A, Sun M, Webster TF, Sunderland EM. PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:631-657. [PMID: 33201517 PMCID: PMC7906948 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI USA
| | - Mei Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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48
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Göckener B, Weber T, Rüdel H, Bücking M, Kolossa-Gehring M. Human biomonitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in German blood plasma samples from 1982 to 2019. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106123. [PMID: 32949877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The findings of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans and the environment all over the world have raised concerns and public awareness for this group of man-made chemicals. In the last three decades, this led to different regulatory restrictions for specific PFAS as well as shifts in the production and usage of these substances. In this study, we analyzed the PFAS levels of 100 human blood plasma samples collected from 2009 to 2019 for the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) to further elucidate the time course of exposure towards this substance group as shown by Schröter-Kermani et al., (2013) with samples from 1982 to 2010. A spectrum of 37 PFAS, including perfluorocarboxylic (PFCA) and -sulfonic acids (PFSA) as well as potential precursors and substitutes like ADONA, GenX or F-53B was analyzed by UHPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Validation was successful for 33 of the substances. The two legacy substances perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were detected in every sample of the 2009-2019 dataset and showed the highest concentrations with ranges of 0.27-14.0 ng/mL and 1.21-14.1 ng/mL, respectively. A significant portion of total PFOS analytes was present as branched isomers (mean: 34 ± 7%). High detection frequencies of 95% and 82% were also found for perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), respectively, but in lower concentrations (PFHxS: <LOQ - 4.62 ng/mL; PFNA: <LOQ - 3.66 ng/mL) than PFOA and PFOS. Besides other PFCA and PFSA only 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FtS) and N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid were detected in very few samples. In combination with the previous results from 1982 to 2010, declining temporal trends were observed for all PFAS (PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS) frequently detected in the ESB samples. The results of this study indicate a decrease in human exposure to known PFAS in Germany over the last three decades and emphasize the importance of long-term human biomonitoring studies for investigating the effects of chemical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Mark Bücking
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany; Monash University, School of Chemistry, 13 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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49
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Kaiser AM, Aro R, Kärrman A, Weiss S, Hartmann C, Uhl M, Forsthuber M, Gundacker C, Yeung LWY. Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples-insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF). Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:865-876. [PMID: 33215313 PMCID: PMC7809006 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans and different environmental media in the last two decades, this substance group has attracted a lot of attention as well as increasing concerns. The fluorine mass balance approach, by comparing the levels of targeted PFAS after conversion to fluorine equivalents with those of extractable organic fluorine (EOF), showed the presence of unidentified organofluorine in different environmental samples. Out of the thousands of PFAS in existence, only a very small fraction is included in routine analysis. In recent years, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has demonstrated the ability to analytically cover a wide spectrum of PFAS. In contrast, conventional extraction methods developed 10 to 15 years ago were only evaluated for a limited number of PFAS. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of three different extraction methods, adapted from the literatures without further optimization (ion-pair liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE), using hydrophilic-lipophilic (HLB) or weak anion exchange (WAX) sorbents), for human biomonitoring of 61 PFAS in serum and placental tissue samples. In addition, levels of EOF were compared among these extraction methods via spiked samples. Results showed that performance, in terms of recovery, differed between the extraction methods for different PFAS; different extraction methods resulted in different EOF concentrations indicating that the choice of extraction method is important for target PFAS and EOF analysis. Results of maternal serum samples, analyzed in two different laboratories using two different extraction methods, showed an accordance of 107.6% (± 21.3); the detected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in maternal and cord serum samples were in the range of 0.076 to 2.9 ng/mL. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas-Marius Kaiser
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Aro
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Forsthuber
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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50
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Göckener B, Eichhorn M, Lämmer R, Kotthoff M, Kowalczyk J, Numata J, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Bücking M. Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Feed into the Eggs of Laying Hens. Part 1: Analytical Results Including a Modified Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12527-12538. [PMID: 33121246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprises thousands of chemicals, which are used in various industrial applications and consumer products. In this study, a feeding experiment with laying hens and feed grown on a contamination site was conducted, and PFAS were analyzed in the feed and eggs to assess the transfer of PFAS into eggs. A targeted analysis of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and different sulfonamides was performed. Additionally, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was modified by fully oxidizing small amounts of the samples instead of oxidizing their extracts in order to overcome potential losses during extraction. Targeted analysis showed the presence of known PFAAs and four sulfonamides in the feed and egg yolk samples. In the plant-based feed, short-chain PFAAs, methyl and ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (Me- and EtFOSAA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were the most abundant PFAS. In the eggs, PFOS, FOSAA, and its alkylated homologues showed the highest concentrations. The TOP assay revealed the presence of substantial amounts of precursors with different chain lengths from C4 to C8. The highest relative increase of PFOA after oxidation was observed in egg yolk from the end of the exposure period (828%). The results of this study demonstrate the transfer of PFAAs and their precursors into hens' eggs and emphasize the contribution of (known and unidentified) precursors to the overall PFAS burden in edible products. The modified TOP assay approach was shown to be a powerful tool to better assess the total burden of samples with PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Göckener
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Maria Eichhorn
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - René Lämmer
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Department 2, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany
| | - Janine Kowalczyk
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schafft
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mark Bücking
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 13 Rainforest Walk, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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