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Queiroga FR, Hegaret H, Carvalho WF, Naveira C, Rodrigues N, Santos FSD, Nascimento SM, Neves RAF. In vitro effects of the harmful benthic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Ostreopsis cf. ovata on immune responses of the farmed oyster Crassostrea gasar. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 198:106503. [PMID: 38640692 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Oyster culture is a sustainable solution to food production. However, this activity can be severely impacted by the presence and proliferation of harmful microalgae such as the benthic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Ostreopsis cf. ovata. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of P. hoffmannianum and O. cf. ovata on immune system cells (hemocytes) of the native cultured oyster Crassostrea gasar. The direct toxicity of both dinoflagellates was first evaluated assessing hemocyte viability exposed to eight concentrations of each HAB species. No reduction in hemocyte viability was found with the exposure to cell culture or the crude extract of P. hoffmannianum, but O. cf. ovata culture induced hemocyte death in a concentration-dependent manner. Ostreopsis cf. ovata concentration that promoted half of maximal reduction in hemocyte viability (EC50) was 779 cells mL-1. Posteriorly, hemocytes were exposed to both dinoflagellate cells and crude extracts to investigate their effects on hemocyte functional parameters. Despite no direct toxicity of the dinoflagellate cells, P. hoffmannianum extract caused a threefold increase in ROS production and decreased the phagocytosis rate by less than half. Ostreopsis cf. ovata cells and crude extracts also triggered an increase in ROS production (two-fold), but the phagocytosis rate was reduced (by half) only in response to the two lower cell concentrations. These results indicate a harmful potential of both dinoflagellates through a direct toxicity (only for O. cf. ovata) and functional impairment of hemocytes (both species) which could expose C. gasar oyster to opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France; Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil.
| | - Hélène Hegaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Wanderson Fernandes Carvalho
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Naveira
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rodrigues
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Dos Santos
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Silvia Mattos Nascimento
- Marine Microalgae Laboratory, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Raquel A F Neves
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
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Giuliani ME, Bacchiocchi S, Accoroni S, Siracusa M, Campacci D, Notarstefano V, Mezzelani M, Piersanti A, Totti C, Benedetti M, Regoli F, Gorbi S. Subcellular effects and lipid metabolism alterations in the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata fed on ovatoxins-contaminated mussels. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141413. [PMID: 38336037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The marine microalgae Ostreopsis cf. ovata are a well-known producer of palytoxin (PlTXs) analogues, i.e. ovatoxins (OVTXs) among others, which arouse concern for animal and human health. Both in field and laboratory studies, presence of OVTXs, detected in species directly feeding on O. cf. ovata, was frequently correlated with impairment on organisms' physiology, development and behaviour, while similar knowledge is still lacking for animals feeding on contaminated preys. In this study, transfer and toxicity of OVTXs were evaluated in an exposure experiment, in which gilthead seabream Sparus aurata was fed with bivalve mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, contaminated by a toxic strain of O. cf. ovata. Mussels exposed to O. cf. ovata for 21 days accumulated meanly 188 ± 13 μg/kg OVTXs in the whole tissues. Seabreams fed with OVTX-contaminated mussels started to reject the food after 6 days of contaminated diet. Although no detectable levels of OVTXs were measured in muscle, liver, gills and gastro-intestinal tracts, the OVTX-enriched diet induced alterations of lipid metabolism in seabreams livers, displaying a decreased content of total lipid and fatty acid, together with overexpression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes, downregulation of β-oxidation genes and modulation of several genes related to lipid transport and regulation. Results from this study would suggest the hypothesis that OVTXs produced by O. cf. ovata may not be subject to bioaccumulation in fish fed on contaminated preys, being however responsible of significant biological effects, with important implications for human consumption of seafood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Simone Bacchiocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Melania Siracusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Debora Campacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Piersanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maura Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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Amzil Z, Derrien A, Terre Terrillon A, Savar V, Bertin T, Peyrat M, Duval A, Lhaute K, Arnich N, Hort V, Nicolas M. Five Years Monitoring the Emergence of Unregulated Toxins in Shellfish in France (EMERGTOX 2018-2022). Mar Drugs 2023; 21:435. [PMID: 37623716 PMCID: PMC10456248 DOI: 10.3390/md21080435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish accumulate microalgal toxins, which can make them unsafe for human consumption. In France, in accordance with EU regulations, three groups of marine toxins are currently under official monitoring: lipophilic toxins, saxitoxins, and domoic acid. Other unregulated toxin groups are also present in European shellfish, including emerging lipophilic and hydrophilic marine toxins (e.g., pinnatoxins, brevetoxins) and the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). To acquire data on emerging toxins in France, the monitoring program EMERGTOX was set up along the French coasts in 2018. Three new broad-spectrum LC-MS/MS methods were developed to quantify regulated and unregulated lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins and the BMAA group in shellfish (bivalve mollusks and gastropods). A single-laboratory validation of each of these methods was performed. Additionally, these specific, reliable, and sensitive operating procedures allowed the detection of groups of EU unregulated toxins in shellfish samples from French coasts: spirolides (SPX-13-DesMeC, SPX-DesMeD), pinnatoxins (PnTX-G, PnTX-A), gymnodimines (GYM-A), brevetoxins (BTX-2, BTX-3), microcystins (dmMC-RR, MC-RR), anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin and BMAA/DAB. Here, we present essentially the results of the unregulated toxins obtained from the French EMERGTOX monitoring plan during the past five years (2018-2022). Based on our findings, we outline future needs for monitoring to protect consumers from emerging unregulated toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, F-44311 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Amélie Derrien
- IFREMER/LITTORAL/LER-BO, F-29900 Concarneau, France; (A.D.); (A.T.T.); (A.D.)
| | | | - Véronique Savar
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, F-44311 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Thomas Bertin
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (M.P.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Marion Peyrat
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (M.P.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Audrey Duval
- IFREMER/LITTORAL/LER-BO, F-29900 Concarneau, France; (A.D.); (A.T.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Korian Lhaute
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, F-44311 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Nathalie Arnich
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (M.P.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Marina Nicolas
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (M.P.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
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Rapid Biotic and Abiotic Transformation of Toxins produced by Ostreopsis. cf. ovata. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120748. [PMID: 36547895 PMCID: PMC9787646 DOI: 10.3390/md20120748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata produces several families of toxic polyketides. Despite only a few field measurements of these phycotoxins in seawater and aerosols, they are believed to be responsible for dermatitis and the toxic inhalations reported during blooms of this species. Therefore, the stability of these compounds in seawater is essential to understanding the causes of these symptoms, however, this has never been assessed. In the current study, the optimization of a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was first performed to ensure the most efficient extraction of all phycotoxins known to be produced by this strain, including the recently described liguriatoxins. The SPE cartridge SDBL® under non acidified conditions offered the best option. The stability of the ovatoxins and the liguriatoxins under biotic and abiotic stress was assessed by exposing the spent medium of a culture of Ostreopsis cf. ovata to its bacterial consortium and natural sunlight. A rapid biotic transformation was detected for both families of compounds. When exposed to bacteria, the half-lives of the ovatoxins were reached before 10 h and at 36 h, 97% of these toxins had been transformed. The half-lives of the liguriatoxins were 10 h under these conditions. Photolysis (abiotic degradation) of the ovatoxins (T1/2 < 36 h) was faster than for the liguriatoxins (T1/2 > 62 h). Although none of the catabolites of these phycotoxins were thoroughly identified, an untargeted metabolomics approach combined with molecular networking highlighted the presence of several compounds exhibiting structural similarities with the ovatoxins. Additional work should confirm the preliminary findings on these potential ovatoxins’ catabolites and their biological properties. The rapid transformation of O. cf. ovata’s phycotoxins introduces questions concerning their presence in seawater and their dispersion in the sea spray aerosols. The compounds involved in the toxic inhalations and dermatitis often experienced by beachgoers may stem from the catabolites of these toxins or even unrelated and as yet unidentified compounds.
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Gémin MP, Lanceleur R, Meslier L, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Ternon E, Thomas OP, Fessard V. Toxicity of palytoxin, purified ovatoxin-a, ovatoxin-d and extracts of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103909. [PMID: 35718322 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human intoxications in the Mediterranean Sea have been linked to blooms of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata, producer of palytoxin (PlTX)-like toxins called ovatoxins (OVTXs). Exposure routes include only inhalation and contact, although PlTX-poisoning by seafood has been described in tropical regions. To address the impact of OVTXs on the intestinal barrier, dinoflagellate extracts, purified OVTX-a and -d and PlTX were tested on differentiated Caco-2 cells. Viability, inflammatory response and barrier integrity were recorded after 24 h treatment. OVTX-a and -d were not cytotoxic up to 20 ng/mL but increased IL-8 release, although to a lesser extent compared to PlTX. While PlTX and OVTX-a (at 0.5 and 5 ng/mL respectively) affected intestinal barrier integrity, OVTX-d up to 5 ng/mL did not. Overall, OVTX-d was shown to be less toxic than OVTX-a and PlTX. Therefore, oral exposure to OVTX-a and -d could provoked lower acute toxicity than PlTX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachelle Lanceleur
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Lisa Meslier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France
| | | | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Eva Ternon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 709, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France.
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First Characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) and Detection of Ovatoxins during a Multispecific and Toxic Ostreopsis Bloom on French Atlantic Coast. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070461. [PMID: 35877754 PMCID: PMC9315632 DOI: 10.3390/md20070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Blooms of the benthic toxic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis have been recorded more frequently during the last two decades, particularly in warm temperate areas such as the Mediterranean Sea. The proliferation of Ostreopsis species may cause deleterious effects on ecosystems and can impact human health through skin contact or aerosol inhalation. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the toxic O. cf. ovata has not yet been reported to the north of Portugal, and the only species present further north was O. cf. siamensis, for which the toxic risk is considered low. During summer blooms of unidentified Ostreopsis species on the French Basque coast (Atlantic) in 2020 and 2021, people suffered from irritations and respiratory disorders, and the number of analyzed cases reached 674 in 2021. In order to investigate the causes, sampling was carried out during summer 2021 to (i) taxonomically identify Ostreopsis species present using a molecular approach, (ii) isolate strains from the bloom and culture them, and (iii) characterize the presence of known toxins which may be involved. For the first time, this study reports the presence of both O. cf. siamensis and O. cf. ovata, for which the French Basque coast is a new upper distribution limit. Furthermore, the presence of ovatoxins a, b, c, and d in the environmental sample and in a cultivated strain in culture confirmed the toxic nature of the bloom and allowed identifying O. cf. ovata as the producer. The present data identify a new health risk in the area and highlight the extended distribution of some harmful dinoflagellates, presumably in relation to climate change.
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Kim YS, An HJ, Kim J, Jeon YJ. Current Situation of Palytoxins and Cyclic Imines in Asia-Pacific Countries: Causative Phytoplankton Species and Seafood Poisoning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084921. [PMID: 35457784 PMCID: PMC9026528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among marine biotoxins, palytoxins (PlTXs) and cyclic imines (CIs), including spirolides, pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, and gymnodimines, are not managed in many countries, such as the USA, European nations, and South Korea, because there are not enough poisoning cases or data for the limits on these biotoxins. In this article, we review unregulated marine biotoxins (e.g., PlTXs and CIs), their toxicity, causative phytoplankton species, and toxin extraction and detection protocols. Due to global warming, the habitat of the causative phytoplankton has expanded to the Asia-Pacific region. When ingested by humans, shellfish that accumulated toxins can cause various symptoms (muscle pain or diarrhea) and even death. There are no systematic reports on the occurrence of these toxins; however, it is important to continuously monitor causative phytoplankton and poisoning of accumulating shellfish by PlTXs and CI toxins because of the high risk of toxicity in human consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sang Kim
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea;
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63333, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo An
- Asia Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jaeseong Kim
- Water and Eco-Bio Corporation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea;
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea;
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63333, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-64-754-3475
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On the Hunt for New Toxin Families Produced by a Mediterranean Strain of the Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040234. [PMID: 35448843 PMCID: PMC9030729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic dinoflagellate known to produce palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues. Recent investigations suggested the production of unknown toxins by a Mediterranean strain. In the present work, two new families of toxins, potentially novel in their structures, were purified from this same Mediterranean strain of Ostreopsis cf. ovata. The low amount of material isolated only allowed for acquisition of high-resolution mass spectrometry data and the evaluation of their cytotoxicity to human lung cancer cells. Based on their HRMS data, none of these new compounds appear to be close PLTX analogues, although their mass spectra suggest poly-hydroxylated long chain compounds of high molecular weight (1370–2143 Da). The cell cytotoxicity concentrations (CC50) of these new purified toxins ranged between 0.68 and 3.12 µg/mL, and this was enhanced when they were tested as mixtures, suggesting synergistic effects of Ostreopsis toxins. The two families of compounds were named the liguriatoxins (LGTX) and rivieratoxins (RVTX), with each family containing three members. Additional work on purification is needed to fully characterize the structures of these six new dinoflagellate toxins.
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Cardoso CW, Oliveira e Silva MM, Bandeira AC, Silva RB, Prates APPB, Soares ÊS, Silva JJM, de Souza LJR, Souza MMDS, Muhana MA, Pires RSS, Araujo Neto JF, Santos MSS, Mafra Junior LL, Alves TP, Schramm MA, Ribeiro GS. Haff Disease in Salvador, Brazil, 2016-2021: Attack rate and detection of toxin in fish samples collected during outbreaks and disease surveillance. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 5:100092. [PMID: 36776458 PMCID: PMC9904022 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background From late 2016 to early 2021, cases of Haff disease, a rare cause of rhabdomyolysis, possibly due to poisoning by palytoxin-like compounds in seafood, were detected in Salvador, Brazil. Surveillance was established to detect additional cases aiming at describing the clinical characteristics of the cases, identifying associated factors, estimating disease attack rate, and investigating the presence of biotoxins and trace metals in selected fish specimens obtained from cases. Method Between December/2016-January/2021, surveillance investigated Haff disease suspected cases, and obtained clinical and fish samples to test. Findings Of 65 cases investigated during the 2016-2017 outbreak, 43 (66%) had high creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. Among those with laboratory-confirmed rhabdomyolysis, 38 (88%) were hospitalized, 11 (26%) required intensive care, and three (7%) dialysis. Ingestion of marine fish 24h before disease onset was reported by 74% of the cases with elevated CPK and by 41% of those without CPK measurement (P=0·02). Attack rate for individuals who ate fish related to the outbreak was 55%. Following this outbreak, surveillance identified 12 suspected cases between 2017-2019, and a second outbreak in 2020-2021, with 16 laboratory-confirmed rhabdomyolysis patients (five required intensive care; one died). No traces of ciguatoxins and metals were detected in fish specimens obtained in 2016, found to be Seriola rivoliana. Some fish samples from 2020 were screened for palytoxin (PlTX)-like compounds and contained detectable levels of molecule fragments characteristics of isobaric PlTX, ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a), OVTX-b and OVTX-d. Interpretation These findings support the hypothesis that compounds related to PlTX accumulated in marine fish may be the toxic agent causing the disease. Haff disease is a life-threatening condition, requiring clinical suspicion for patients with sudden-onset myalgia following fish ingestion. Suspected cases should be reported to health authorities for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Sousa Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil,Corresponding author:
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Toward Isolation of Palytoxins: Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Low- or High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Study on the Impact of Drying Techniques, Solvents and Materials. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090650. [PMID: 34564654 PMCID: PMC8471787 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX) and its congeners are emerging toxins held responsible for a number of human poisonings following the inhalation of toxic aerosols, skin contact, or the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Despite the strong structural analogies, the relative toxic potencies of PLTX congeners are quite different, making it necessary to isolate them individually in sufficient amounts for toxicological and analytical purposes. Previous studies showed poor PLTX recoveries with a dramatic decrease in PLTX yield throughout each purification step. In view of a large-scale preparative work aimed at the preparation of PLTX reference material, we have investigated evaporation as a critical—although unavoidable—step that heavily affects overall recoveries. The experiments were carried out in two laboratories using different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instruments, with either unit or high resolution. Palytoxin behaved differently when concentrated to a minimum volume rather than when evaporated to complete dryness. The recoveries strongly depended on the solubility as well as on the material of the used container. The LC-MS analyses of PLTX dissolved in aqueous organic blends proved to give a peak intensity higher then when dissolved in pure water. After drying, the PLTX adsorption appeared stronger on glass surfaces than on plastic materials. However, both the solvents used to dilute PLTX and that used for re-dissolution had an important role. A quantitative recovery (97%) was achieved when completely drying 80% aqueous EtOH solutions of PLTX under N2-stream in Teflon. The stability of PLTX in acids was also investigated. Although PLTX was quite stable in 0.2% acetic acid solutions, upon exposure to stronger acids (pH < 2.66), degradation products were observed, among which a PLTX methyl-ester was identified.
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Faustino LS, Queiroga FR, Hégaret H, Marques-Santos LF, Neves RAF, Nascimento S, da Silva PM. Effects of the toxic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima and Ostreopsis cf. ovata on immune responses of cultured oysters Crassostrea gasar. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 236:105846. [PMID: 34000566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oyster production in Brazil has been highlighted as an important economic activity and is directly impacted by the quality of the environment, which is largely the result of human interference and climate change. Harmful algal blooms occur in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including coastal marine environments which have been increasing over the last decades as a result of global change and anthropogenic activities. In this study, the native oysters Crassostrea gasar from Northeast of Brazil were exposed to two toxic benthic dinoflagellate species, Prorocentrum lima and Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Their respective effects on C. gasar physiology and defense mechanisms were investigated. Oyster hemocytes were first exposed in vitro to different concentrations of both dinoflagellate species to assess their effects on hemocyte functions, such as phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, as well as mortality. Results highlighted an alteration of hemocyte phagocytosis and viability in presence of O. cf. ovata, whereas P. lima did not affect the measured hemocyte functions. In a second experiment, oysters were exposed for 4 days in vivo to toxic culture of O. cf. ovata to assess its effects on hemocyte parameters, tissues damages and pathogenic Perkinsus spp. infection. An increase in hemocyte mortality was also observed in vivo, associated with a decrease of ROS production. Histopathological analyses demonstrated a thinning of the epithelium of the digestive tubules of the digestive gland, inflammatory reaction and a significant increase in the level of infection by Perkinsus spp. in oysters exposed to O. cf. ovata. These results indicate that oysters C. gasar seem to be pretty resilient to an exposure to P. lima and may be more susceptible to O. cf. ovata. Furthermore, the latter clearly impaired oyster physiology and defense mechanisms, thus highlighting that harmful algal blooms of O. cf. ovata could potentially lead to increased susceptibility of C. gasar oysters to parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucemberg Sales Faustino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Marine Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Marine Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; Faculdade de Enfermagem Nova Esperança (FACENE), CEP 58067-695, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Luis Fernando Marques-Santos
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory (LABID), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Raquel A F Neves
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia Nascimento
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Marine Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Gémin MP, Bertrand S, Séchet V, Amzil Z, Réveillon D. Combined effects of temperature and light intensity on growth, metabolome and ovatoxin content of a Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strain. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 106:102060. [PMID: 34154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic and ovatoxin-producing dinoflagellate proliferating yearly along the Mediterranean coasts where blooms have been related to human illness and unusual mortality of marine organisms. The spreading of O. cf. ovata in this temperate area has been linked to global changes and its consequences such as the increase of temperature or light intensities. In the present study, an experimental design using batch cultures of pre-acclimated cells of a strain of O. cf. ovata isolated from Villefranche-sur-Mer (NW Mediterranean Sea, France), was implemented to investigate the combined effect of temperature (23, 27 and 30 °C) and light intensity (200, 400 and 600 µmol m-2s-1) on the growth, metabolome and OVTX content. Both light intensity and temperature affected the growth as significantly higher growth rates were obtained under 400 and 600 µmol m-2s-1 while the maximum values were obtained at 27 °C (0.48 d-1). Metabolomic analyses highlighted a clear effect only for temperature that may correspond to two different strategies of acclimation to suboptimal temperatures. Significant features (such as carotenoid and lipids) modified by the temperature and/or light conditions were annotated. Only temperature induced a significant change of OVTX content with higher values measured at the lowest temperature of 23 °C (29 - 36 pg cell-1). In a context of global changes, these results obtained after acclimation suggest that the increase of temperature might favor the proliferation of less toxic cells. However, in the light of the intraspecific variability of O. cf. ovata, further studies will be necessary to test this hypothesis. This study also highlighted the lack of knowledge about the metabolome composition of such non-model organisms that impairs data interpretation. There is a need to study more deeply the metabolome of toxic dinoflagellates to better understand how they can acclimate to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, EA 2160-Mer Molécules Santé, F-44035 Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Toxin profile of Ostreopsis cf. ovata from Portuguese continental coast and Selvagens Islands (Madeira, Portugal). Toxicon 2020; 181:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pavaux AS, Ternon E, Dufour L, Marro S, Gémin MP, Thomas OP, Lemée R. Efficient, fast and inexpensive bioassay to monitor benthic microalgae toxicity: Application to Ostreopsis species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 223:105485. [PMID: 32353662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though HPLC-MS is commonly used to quantify the toxin content of Ostreopsis spp. cells, there is a need to develop easy-to-use toxicological tests to set thresholds during Ostreopsis spp. blooms. The crustacean Artemia has been widely used to evaluate the presence and toxicity of chemicals and biological contaminants and we anticipated that it could also be useful to test Ostreopsis spp. toxicity. Its relevance was first assessed by investigating the variability of the toxic effects among Ostreopsis spp. strains and throughout the dinoflagellate life cycle in combination with chemical analyses of the toxinic content by UHPLC-HRMS. After testing the toxicity of fractions prepared from Ostreopsis spp. cells, the known ova- and paly-toxins were not the only toxic metabolites to Artemia franciscana, indicating that other toxic compounds synthesized by Ostreopsis spp. still remain to be identified. To extend the bioassay to in situ monitoring, the toxicity of the benthic microalgal consortium was tested during a natural bloom of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The results highlight the accuracy and sensitivity of the ecotoxicological assay with Artemia franciscana to assess the toxicity of Ostreopsis spp. blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Pavaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Eva Ternon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Louison Dufour
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marin-Pierre Gémin
- IFREMER - Laboratoire Phycotoxines (PHYC), Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F- 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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15
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Roué M, Smith KF, Sibat M, Viallon J, Henry K, Ung A, Biessy L, Hess P, Darius HT, Chinain M. Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050321. [PMID: 32413988 PMCID: PMC7291316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates from the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The suitability of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology for the monitoring of dissolved CTXs in the marine environment has recently been demonstrated. To refine the use of this passive monitoring tool in ciguateric areas, the effects of deployment time and sampler format on the adsorption of CTXs by HP20 resin were assessed in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia), a well-known ciguatera hotspot. Toxicity data assessed by means of the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed that a 24 h deployment of 2.5 g of resin allowed concentrating quantifiable amounts of CTXs on SPATT samplers. The CTX levels varied with increasing deployment time, resin load, and surface area. In addition to CTXs, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were also detected in SPATT extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), consistent with the presence of Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum species in the environment, as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding analyses conducted on passive window screen (WS) artificial substrate samples. Although these preliminary findings await further confirmation in follow-up studies, they highlight the usefulness of SPATT samplers in the routine surveillance of CP risk on a temporal scale, and the monitoring of other phycotoxin-related risks in ciguatera-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 241 EIO, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-413
| | - Kirsty F. Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (K.F.S.); (L.B.)
| | | | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (K.F.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, 44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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Accoroni S, Totti C, Romagnoli T, Giulietti S, Glibert PM. Distribution and potential toxicity of benthic harmful dinoflagellates in waters of Florida Bay and the Florida Keys. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104891. [PMID: 32072980 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been carried out on benthic dinoflagellates along the Florida Keys, and little is known about their distribution or toxicity in Florida Bay. Here, the distribution and abundance of benthic dinoflagellates was explored in northern and eastern Florida Bay and along the bay and ocean sides of the Florida Keys. Isolates were brought into culture and their toxicity was tested with oyster larvae bioassays. Seven genera were detected, including Prorocentrum, Coolia, Ostreopsis, Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa (all included potentially toxic species) and Sinophysis. In general, distribution increased with water temperature and nutrient availability, especially that of phosphate. This study documented the first record of Coolia santacroce in the Florida Keys. Potential toxic effects of Gambierdiscus caribaeus, the abundance of which exceeded 1000 cells g-1 fw at some sites, were established using oyster larvae as a bioassay organism. These findings suggest a potential risk of ciguatera fish poisoning in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Giulietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patricia M Glibert
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
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Gémin MP, Réveillon D, Hervé F, Pavaux AS, Tharaud M, Séchet V, Bertrand S, Lemée R, Amzil Z. Toxin content of Ostreopsis cf. ovata depends on bloom phases, depth and macroalgal substrate in the NW Mediterranean Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101727. [PMID: 32113596 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, blooms of the genus Ostreopsis have been reported more frequently and at higher abundances in the Mediterranean area. Ostreopsis cf. ovata is known to produce ovatoxins (OVTXs), structural analogues of palytoxin, which is one of the most potent non-polymeric toxins. However, the production of OVTXs is poorly characterized in situ. The present study focuses on toxin content and profile according to the bloom phase during summer 2017 in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France (NW Mediterranean Sea), depth (from 0.5 to 5 m) and three different macroalgal substrates of this epiphytic dinoflagellate (Padina pavonica, Dictyota spp. and Halopteris scoparia). Ovatoxin quantification of all samples was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The bloom started at the end of June and declined in mid-July, showing the typical seasonal pattern of the NW Mediterranean Sea area. The peak was observed on the 10 July with 1.8 × 106 cells/g FW and 1.7 × 104 cells/L for benthic and planktonic cells, respectively. Total toxin content of cells, collected using artificial substrates, increased during the exponential and stationary growth phases. After reaching a maximum concentration of 9.2 pg/cell on 18 July, toxin concentration decreased and remained stable from 25 July until the end of monitoring. A decreasing trend of the abundance and of the associated total toxin content was noted with depth. Finally, the decreasing order of maximal epiphytic concentration of O. cf. ovata was: Dictyota spp. (8.3 × 105 cells/g FW), H. scoparia (3.1 × 105 cells/g FW) and P. pavonica (1.6 × 105 cells/g FW). Interestingly, the highest OVTX quota was obtained in cells present on Halopteris scoparia, then on Dictyota spp. and Padina pavonica. This suggests that the nature of the macroalgal substrate influences both growth and toxin production of O. cf. ovata and further work will be required to understand the underlying mechanisms (e.g., competition for nutrition, pH or allelopathic interaction). However, the toxin profiles (i.e., the proportion of each ovatoxin analogue) were not affected by any of the studied parameters (bloom phase, depth, macroalgae or artificial substrates).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER - Phycotoxins Laboratory, F- 44311 Nantes 03, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Pavaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maxime Tharaud
- IFREMER - Phycotoxins Laboratory, F- 44311 Nantes 03, France
| | | | - Samuel Bertrand
- Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Nantes-cedex 1 44035, France
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER - Phycotoxins Laboratory, F- 44311 Nantes 03, France
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Tester PA, Litaker RW, Berdalet E. Climate change and harmful benthic microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101655. [PMID: 32057343 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea surface temperatures in the world's oceans are projected to warm by 0.4-1.4 °C by mid twenty-first century causing many tropical and sub-tropical harmful dinoflagellate genera like Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa and Ostreopsis (benthic harmful algal bloom species, BHABs) to exhibit higher growth rates over much of their current geographic range, resulting in higher population densities. The primary exception to this trend will be in the tropics where temperatures exceed species-specific upper thermal tolerances (30-31 °C) beyond which growth slows significantly. As surface waters warm, migration to deeper habitats is expected to provide refuge. Range extensions of several degrees of latitude also are anticipated, but only where species-specific habitat requirements can be met (e.g., temperature, suitable substrate, low turbulence, light, salinity, pH). The current understanding of habitat requirements that determine species distributions are reviewed to provide fuller understanding of how individual species will respond to climate change from the present to 2055 while addressing the paucity of information on environmental factors controlling small-scale distribution in localized habitats. Based on the available information, we hypothesized how complex environmental interactions can influence abundance and potential range extensions of BHAB species in different biogeographic regions and identify sentinel sites appropriate for long-term monitoring programs to detect range extensions and reduce human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Chomérat N, Bilien G, Derrien A, Henry K, Ung A, Viallon J, Darius HT, Mahana Iti Gatti C, Roué M, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Chinain M. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:95-111. [PMID: 31128817 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, the genus Ostreopsis comprises eleven described species, of which seven are toxigenic and produce various compounds presenting a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several of these species however remains controversial, as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading, in some cases, to ambiguous interpretations and even possible misidentifications. The species Ostreopsis lenticularis was first described by Y. Fukuyo from French Polynesia using light microscopy observations, but without genetic information associated. The present study aims at revisiting the morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity of O. lenticularis based on the analysis of 47 strains isolated from 4 distinct locales of French Polynesia, namely the Society, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier archipelagos. Observations in light, epifluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy of several of these strains analyzed revealed morphological features in perfect agreement with the original description of O. lenticularis. Cells were oval, not undulated, 60.5-94.4 μm in dorso-ventral length, 56.1-78.2 μm in width, and possessed a typical plate pattern with thecal plates showing two sizes of pores. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the LSU rDNA and ITS-5.8S sequences revealed that the 47 strains correspond to a single genotype, clustering with a strong support with sequences previously ascribed to Ostreopsis sp. 5. Clonal cultures of O. lenticularis were also established and further tested for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LCMS/MS analyses. None of the 19 strains tested showed toxic activity on neuroblastoma cells, while LCMS/MS analyses performed on the strains from Tahiti Island (i.e. type locality) confirmed that palytoxin and related structural analogs were below the detection limit. These findings allow to clarify unambiguously the genetic identity of O. lenticularis while confirming previous results from the Western Pacific which indicate that this species shows no toxicity, thus stressing the need to reconsider its current classification within the group of toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France.
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241-EIO, PO box 529, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Terajima T, Uchida H, Abe N, Yasumoto T. Structure elucidation of ostreocin-A and ostreocin-E1, novel palytoxin analogs produced by the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis, using LC/Q-TOF MS. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:381-390. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1550356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Palytoxin analogs are marine toxins with large complex polyol structures. A benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis produces more than ten palytoxins (ostreocins, OSTs). The limited sample availability of minor OSTs restricts the definition of their chemical structures. The present investigation characterizes structures of two minor OSTs, i.e., ostreocin-A (OSTA) and ostreocin-E1 (OSTE1), using ostreocin-D (OSTD) as a reference compound, by liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The molecular formulas of OSTA and OSTE1 were C127H219N3O54 and C127H217N3O52, respectively. Compared to OSTD, OSTA has an extra oxygen atom whereas OSTE1 lacks one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The MS/MS experiments (precursor ions: [M + H]+ and [M-H]−) suggested a hydroxyl substitution at C82 in OSTA and alteration(s) between C53 and C100 in OSTE1. Further analysis of structural details in OSTE1 was performed through a pseudo-MS3 experiment (precursor ion: m/z 1432.748). Accordingly, the planar structures of OSTA and OSTE1 were assigned to 42,82-dihydroxy-3,26-didemethyl-19,44-dideoxypalytoxin and 42-hydroxy-3,26-didemethyl-19,44,73-trideoxypalytoxin-72-ene, respectively.
Abbreviations:CID: collision induced dissociation; HR-LC/MS/MS: high-resolution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry; LC/ESI/Q-TOF MS: liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; OSTs: ostreocins; OSTA: ostreocin-A; OSTB: ostreocin-B; OSTD: ostreocin-D; OSTE1: ostreocin-E1; OVTX-a: ovatoxin-a; OVTXs: ovatoxins; PLTX: palytoxin
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Terajima
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Uchida
- Japan Customer Service Operation, Agilent Technologies Japan, Ltd, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Tama Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E324. [PMID: 30096904 PMCID: PMC6116008 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Eva Cagide
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5°, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Guidi F, Pezzolesi L, Vanucci S. Microbial dynamics during harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata growth: Bacterial succession and viral abundance pattern. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00584. [PMID: 29484854 PMCID: PMC6079179 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal-bacterial interactions play a major role in shaping diversity of algal associated bacterial communities. Temporal variation in bacterial phylogenetic composition reflects changes of these complex interactions which occur during the algal growth cycle as well as throughout the lifetime of algal blooms. Viruses are also known to cause shifts in bacterial community diversity which could affect algal bloom phases. This study investigated on changes of bacterial and viral abundances, bacterial physiological status, and on bacterial successional pattern associated with the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in batch cultures over the algal growth cycle. Bacterial community phylogenetic structure was assessed by 16S rRNA gene ION torrent sequencing. A comparison between bacterial community retrieved in cultures and that one co-occurring in situ during the development of the O. cf. ovata bloom from where the algal strain was isolated was also reported. Bacterial community growth was characterized by a biphasic pattern with the highest contributions (~60%) of highly active bacteria found at the two bacterial exponential growth steps. An alphaproteobacterial consortium composed by the Rhodobacteraceae Dinoroseobacter (22.2%-35.4%) and Roseovarius (5.7%-18.3%), together with Oceanicaulis (14.2-40.3%), was strongly associated with O. cf. ovata over the algal growth. The Rhodobacteraceae members encompassed phylotypes with an assessed mutualistic-pathogenic bimodal behavior. Fabibacter (0.7%-25.2%), Labrenzia (5.6%-24.3%), and Dietzia (0.04%-1.7%) were relevant at the stationary phase. Overall, the successional pattern and the metabolic and functional traits of the bacterial community retrieved in culture mirror those ones underpinning O. cf. ovata bloom dynamics in field. Viral abundances increased synoptically with bacterial abundances during the first bacterial exponential growth step while being stationary during the second step. Microbial trends also suggest that viruses induced some shifts in bacterial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Guidi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA)University of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Laura Pezzolesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA)University of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Silvana Vanucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm)University of MessinaMessinaItaly
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Terajima T, Uchida H, Abe N, Yasumoto T. Simple structural elucidation of ostreocin-B, a new palytoxin congener isolated from the marine dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis, using complementary positive and negative ion liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1001-1007. [PMID: 29611245 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ostreocin-B is a new palytoxin congener of comparable complexity. Elucidation of the chemical structure by nuclear magnetic resonance has been hampered due to limited sample availability. More importantly, the dihedral angles of protons at the base of the hydroxyl groups on the ring structures are predicted to produce little couplings and thus disrupt connectivity. The present investigation solved the problem through mass spectrometry. METHODS Structural elucidation was performed by high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source operated in positive and negative ion mode. Measurement parameters were optimized to achieve high sensitivity and a high ratio of singly charged ions. Ostreocin-D (C127 H219 N3 O53 ), another palytoxin congener possessing an unambiguously determined structure, was used as a template. RESULTS The molecular formula of ostreocin-B, C127 H219 N3 O54 , indicates that it has one more oxygen atom than ostreocin-D. Comparison of the product ion spectra in negative ion mode indicates the occurrence of hydroxyl substitution at C44 in ostreocin-B, unlike in ostreocin-D. Positive ion spectra also support the 44-OH substructure by producing conjugated polyenes ascribable to the sequential loss of hydroxyls on the cyclic hemiacetal. CONCLUSIONS The planar structure of ostreocin-B is assigned to 42-hydroxy-3,26-didemethyl-19-deoxypalytoxin (=44-hydroxyostreocin-D). The method used in this study is an excellent tool to obtain structural information on interspecies and intrastrain variation of palytoxin congeners in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Terajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hideaki Uchida
- Agilent Technologies Japan, Ltd., Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8510, Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
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Farabegoli F, Blanco L, Rodríguez LP, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E188. [PMID: 29844286 PMCID: PMC6025170 DOI: 10.3390/md16060188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive phytoplankton proliferation, and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks: filter-feeding mollusks, such as shellfish, mussels, oysters or clams, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers' health. Particular environmental and climatic conditions favor this natural phenomenon, called harmful algal blooms (HABs); the phytoplankton species mostly involved in these toxic events are dinoflagellates or diatoms belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Dinophysis, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Substantial economic losses ensue after HABs occurrence: the sectors mainly affected include commercial fisheries, tourism, recreational activities, and public health monitoring and management. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. This review provides a complete and updated survey of phycotoxins usually found in marine invertebrate organisms and their relevant properties, gathering information about the origin, the species where they were found, as well as their mechanism of action and main effects on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Farabegoli
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Lucía Blanco
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Laura P Rodríguez
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Vieites
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Ana García Cabado
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
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Ternon E, Pavaux AS, Marro S, Thomas OP, Lemée R. Allelopathic interactions between the benthic toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata and a co-occurring diatom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 75:35-44. [PMID: 29778224 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades the microphytobenthos assemblage in the coastal Mediterranean Sea has been regularly colonized by the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. This harmful algal species is a toxin producer and occupies the same ecological niche as various diatoms. Surprisingly, there are only few insights reported on the physiological responses of diatoms to blooms of O. cf. ovata The chemical interactions of O. cf. ovata with the co-occurring diatom Licmophora paradoxa was studied using a bioassay (measuring impact of cell-free culture filtrate) and a co-culture approach (separate by a membrane) to investigate the effects of the exometabolome and its mode of action. Bioassays highlighted a toxic effect of the exometabolome of O. cf. ovata on the diatom photosynthetic activity. However, the co-cultures revealed that these toxic effects do not occur through remote allelopathy. Contact or close interactions between cells of the two species is most likely needed to impair the diatom growth. Ovatoxins are suspected to be the toxic metabolites secreted by O. cf. ovata although the current set of data did not give confirmation of this assumption. Interestingly, the exometabolome of L. paradoxa impaired the growth and the photochemistry of O. cf. ovata in both bioassays and co-cultures. Some biomarkers possibly involved for the effect were identified using a metabolomic approach and may correspond to oxylipins, however a bacterial source of the bioactive metabolites is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ternon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Pavaux
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie-Curie Paris 6, INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06234 Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie-Curie Paris 6, INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06234 Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France; Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie-Curie Paris 6, INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06234 Villefranche sur mer, France
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26
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Gárate-Lizárraga I, González-Armas R, Okolodkov YB. Occurrence of Ostreopsis lenticularis (Dinophyceae: Gonyaulacales) from the Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, Mexican Pacific. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:390-395. [PMID: 29571387 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
From December 2016 to May 2017, 22 phytoplankton surface samples were collected with a 20-μm mesh net at three islands of the Archipiélago de Revillagigedo (Partida, Socorro and San Benedicto), Mexican Pacific. The sites depth was approximately 20-80 m; the surface water temperature was 21-27 °C. The potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis lenticularis was present in all the samples. Cells had a lenticular to broadly oval shape, 65-100 μm long and 50-80 μm wide. The taxonomy of the genus Ostreopsis has been unclear due to equivocal ascribing some taxonomic features among species. The identification of specimens from the archipelago was made based on the most important taxonomic characteristics: the thecal plates, the presence of two types of thecal pores (larger and smaller), and the lack of cingulum undulation. The studied cells are compared with O. cf. siamensis, O. labens and O. marina. This is the first record of the species in the archipelago waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Gárate-Lizárraga
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Av. IPN s/n, Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio González-Armas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), Av. IPN s/n, Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Yuri B Okolodkov
- Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías (ICIMAP-UV), Calle Hidalgo Núm. 617, Colonia Río Jamapa, C.P. 94290 Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico
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Tartaglione L, Dello Iacovo E, Mazzeo A, Casabianca S, Ciminiello P, Penna A, Dell'Aversano C. Variability in Toxin Profiles of the Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata and in Structural Features of the Produced Ovatoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13920-13928. [PMID: 29131595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-five strains of Ostreopsis were collected in the Mediterranean Sea and analyzed to characterize their toxin profiles. All the strains were grown in culture under the same experimental conditions and identified by molecular PCR assay based on the ITS-5.8S rDNA. A liquid chromatography-high resolution multiple stage mass spectrometry (LC-HRMSn) approach was used to analyze toxin profiles and to structurally characterize the detected toxins. Despite morphological and molecular characterization being consistent within the species O. cf. ovata, a certain degree of toxin variability was observed. All the strains produced ovatoxins (OVTXs), with the exception of only one strain. Toxin profiles were quite different from both qualitative and quantitative standpoints: 67% of the strains contained OVTX-a to -e, OVTX-g, and isobaric PLTX, in 25% of them only OVTX-a, -d, -e and isobaric PLTX were present, while 4% produced only OVTX-b and -c. None of the strains showed a previously identified profile, featuring OVTX-f as dominant toxin, whereas OVTX-f was a minor component of very few strains. Toxin content was mostly in the range 4-70 pg/cell with higher levels (up to 238 pg/cell) being found in strains from the Ligurian and South Adriatic Sea. Structural insights into OVTX-b, -c, -d, and -e were gained, and the new OVTX-l was detected in 36 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Dello Iacovo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Mazzeo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino , Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
- CoNISMa, Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences , Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino , Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
- CoNISMa, Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences , Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Screening of Eight Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, Domoic Acid, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C, Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Seawater. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Mendes MCDQ, Nunes JMC, Menezes M, Fraga S, Rodríguez F, Vázquez JA, Blanco J, Franco JM, Riobó P. Toxin production, growth kinetics and molecular characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata isolated from Todos os Santos Bay, tropical southwestern Atlantic. Toxicon 2017; 138:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Accoroni S, Tartaglione L, Dello Iacovo E, Pichierri S, Marini M, Campanelli A, Dell'Aversano C, Totti C. Influence of environmental factors on the toxin production of Ostreopsis cf. ovata during bloom events. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 123:261-268. [PMID: 28863976 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intense blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis have been a recurrent phenomenon along several Mediterranean coasts. Blooms have been associated with noxious effects on human health and mortality of marine organisms, due to the production of palytoxin-like compounds. We analyzed the toxin concentrations throughout an O. cf. ovata bloom to highlight their relationships with environmental parameters in the Conero Riviera, northern Adriatic Sea. High temperature and balanced nutrient conditions were the optimal environmental conditions to start and sustain blooms as well as to maximize toxin production. Ostreopsis showed a gradual decrease of toxin content throughout the bloom ascribed to the occurring of the same non-optimal conditions that led to the bloom decline. Moreover, our results suggest that toxin fraction released during bloom could be higher than that released in batch culture. Results from this study pointed out that the first bloom phase is potentially the most dangerous to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scuola di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emma Dello Iacovo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scuola di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pichierri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Marini
- Istituto di Scienze Marine (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Campanelli
- Istituto di Scienze Marine (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scuola di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Pichierri S, Accoroni S, Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Romagnoli T, Pistocchi R, Totti C. Allelopathic effects of diatom filtrates on the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 131:116-122. [PMID: 28965670 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis blooms regularly occur in many Mediterranean coastal areas in late summer-autumn. In the northern Adriatic Sea, Ostreopsis blooms affect diatom-dominated microphytobenthic communities. In this study, the effects of the filtrates of some diatom species, both benthic (Tabularia affinis, Proschkinia complanatoides and Navicula sp.) and planktonic (Thalassiosira sp. and Skeletonema marinoi) on cell morphology, cytological features and growth of O. cf. ovata were investigated. Our results showed a marked decrease of O. cf. ovata growth when cells were exposed to all diatom filtrates tested. The highest inhibitions were observed for exposures to P. complanatoides and Navicula sp. filtrates (92.5% and 80%, respectively) and increased with the age of diatom culture. Moreover, a clear DNA degradation and abnormal forms of O. cf. ovata cells (83.8% of the total) were found at the highest concentrations using Navicula sp. filtrate after 10 days of the inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pichierri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Pezzolesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Franca Guerrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Ajani P, Harwood DT, Murray SA. Recent Trends in Marine Phycotoxins from Australian Coastal Waters. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E33. [PMID: 28208796 PMCID: PMC5334613 DOI: 10.3390/md15020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web, are of growing concern for Australia. These harmful algae pose a threat to ecosystem and human health, as well as constraining the progress of aquaculture, one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. With better monitoring, advanced analytical skills and an increase in microalgal expertise, many phycotoxins have been identified in Australian coastal waters in recent years. The most concerning of these toxins are ciguatoxin, paralytic shellfish toxins, okadaic acid and domoic acid, with palytoxin and karlotoxin increasing in significance. The potential for tetrodotoxin, maitotoxin and palytoxin to contaminate seafood is also of concern, warranting future investigation. The largest and most significant toxic bloom in Tasmania in 2012 resulted in an estimated total economic loss of~AUD$23M, indicating that there is an imperative to improve toxin and organism detection methods, clarify the toxin profiles of species of phytoplankton and carry out both intra- and inter-species toxicity comparisons. Future work also includes the application of rapid, real-time molecular assays for the detection of harmful species and toxin genes. This information, in conjunction with a better understanding of the life histories and ecology of harmful bloom species, may lead to more appropriate management of environmental, health and economic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Accoroni S, Romagnoli T, Penna A, Capellacci S, Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Tartaglione L, Abboud-Abi Saab M, Giussani V, Asnaghi V, Chiantore M, Totti C. Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic Ostreopsis species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:1064-1084. [PMID: 27633521 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The new benthic toxic dinoflagellate, Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov., is described from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon and Cyprus coasts, and is supported by morphological and molecular data. The plate formula, Po, 3', 7″, 6c, 7s, 5‴, 2'''', is typical for the Ostreopsis genus. It differs from all other Ostreopsis species in that (i) the curved suture between plates 1' and 3' makes them approximately hexagonal, (ii) the 1' plate lies in the left half of the epitheca and is obliquely orientated leading to a characteristic shape of plate 6″. The round thecal pores are bigger than the other two Mediterranean species (O. cf. ovata and O. cf. siamensis). O. fattorussoi is among the smallest species of the genus (DV: 60.07 ± 5.63 μm, AP: 25.66 ± 2.97 μm, W: 39.81 ± 5.05 μm) along with O. ovata. Phylogenetic analyses based on the LSU and internal transcribed spacer rDNA shows that O. fattorussoi belongs to the Atlantic/Mediterranean Ostreopsis spp. clade separated from the other Ostreopsis species. Ostreopsis fattorussoi produces OVTX-a and structural isomers OVTX-d and -e, O. cf. ovata is the only other species of this genus known to produce these toxins. The Lebanese O. fattorussoi did not produce the new palytoxin-like compounds (ovatoxin-i, ovatoxin-j1 , ovatoxin-j2 , and ovatoxin-k) that were previously found in O. fattorussoi from Cyprus. The toxin content was in the range of 0.28-0.94 pg · cell-1 . On the Lebanon coast, O. fattorussoi was recorded throughout the year 2015 (temperature range 18°C-31.5°C), with peaks in June and August.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Via Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Via Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61100, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Via Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61100, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marie Abboud-Abi Saab
- National Council for Scientific Research/National Center for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Valentina Giussani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Asnaghi
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Via Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Via Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Via Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
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Toxicity and Growth Assessments of Three Thermophilic Benthic Dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis) Developing in the Southern Mediterranean Basin. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100297. [PMID: 27754462 PMCID: PMC5086657 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful benthic dinoflagellates, usually developing in tropical areas, are expanding to temperate ecosystems facing water warming. Reports on harmful benthic species are particularly scarce in the Southern Mediterranean Sea. For the first time, three thermophilic benthic dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis) were isolated from Bizerte Bay (Tunisia, Mediterranean) and monoclonal cultures established. The ribotyping confirmed the morphological identification of the three species. Maximum growth rates were 0.59 ± 0.08 d−1 for O. cf. ovata, 0.35 ± 0.01 d−1 for C. monotis and 0.33 ± 0.04 d−1 for P. lima. Toxin analyses revealed the presence of ovatoxin-a and ovatoxin-b in O. cf. ovata cells. Okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 were detected in P. lima cultures. For C. monotis, a chromatographic peak at 5.6 min with a mass m/z = 1061.768 was observed, but did not correspond to a mono-sulfated analogue of the yessotoxin. A comparison of the toxicity and growth characteristics of these dinoflagellates, distributed worldwide, is proposed.
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Carnicer O, García-Altares M, Andree KB, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Ciminiello P, de la Iglesia P, Diogène J, Fernández-Tejedor M. Ostreopsis cf. ovata from western Mediterranean Sea: Physiological responses under different temperature and salinity conditions. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:98-108. [PMID: 30170726 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata proliferates seasonally in the Mediterranean Sea, producing palytoxin-like compounds (ovatoxins) which are considered among the most potent marine toxins. Blooms have been related to several toxic events in which respiratory problems in humans and mortality of benthic marine organisms have been observed. In the coming decades, an increase in temperature and salinity is predicted in the Mediterranean Sea as a consequence of global warming that may provoke alterations in the dynamics of marine microorganisms. In this study, the physiological effects of changes in water temperature and salinity were analyzed, and their interaction through a multi-factorial experiment using two strains of O. cf. ovata in culture that had been isolated from the western Mediterranean Sea. In order to perform an accurate and reliable estimation of cell abundance, hydrochloric acid and sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatments were evaluated for the purpose of disaggregating cell clumps, with the former providing lower counting errors, especially after the stationary phase. Results of the physiological study showed that growth was inhibited at 19°C for all salinities. The highest growth rates were registered at 24°C for both strains (0.48±0.05divday-1), and a significant variability in growth rate was found among salinities at 24°C and 28°C. Two groups were distinguished by cell size in all high temperature conditions and a positive correlation was found between the amount of small cells and growth rate. The concentration of palytoxin-like compounds in the cultures increased with time and significantly higher amounts of toxin were found at 28°C in comparison to 24°C. The results suggest that climate change may not affect intensity of blooms, but their toxicity may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Carnicer
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Brovedani V, Sosa S, Poli M, Forino M, Varello K, Tubaro A, Pelin M. A revisited hemolytic assay for palytoxin detection: Limitations for its quantitation in mussels. Toxicon 2016; 119:225-33. [PMID: 27343702 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues have been detected as seafood contaminants associated with a series of human foodborne poisonings. Due to a number of fatalities ascribed to the ingestion of PLTX-contaminated marine organisms, the development of methods for its detection in seafood has been recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Due to its feasibility, the spectrophotometric hemolytic assay is widely used to detect PLTX in different matrices, even though a standardized protocol is still lacking. Thus, on the basis of available assay procedures, a new standardized protocol was set up using purified human erythrocytes exposed to PLTX (working range: 3.9 × 10(-10)-2.5 × 10(-8) M) in a K(+)-free phosphate buffered saline solution, employing a 5 h incubation at 41 °C. An intra-laboratory characterization demonstrated its sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD = 1.4 × 10(-10) M and quantitation, LOQ = 3.4 × 10(-10) M), accuracy (bias = -0.8%), repeatability (RSDr = 15% and 6% for intra- and inter-day repeatability, respectively) and specificity. However, the standardized method seems not to be suitable for PLTX quantitation in complex matrices, such as mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) extracts, at least below the limit suggested by EFSA (30 μg PLTXs/Kg shellfish meat). Thus, the hemolytic assay for PLTX quantitation in seafood should be used only after a careful evaluation of the specific matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Brovedani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mark Poli
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft Detrick, MD, United States.
| | - Martino Forino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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Migliaccio O, Castellano I, Di Cioccio D, Tedeschi G, Negri A, Cirino P, Romano G, Zingone A, Palumbo A. Subtle reproductive impairment through nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms in sea urchins from an area affected by harmful algal blooms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26086. [PMID: 27192939 PMCID: PMC4872146 DOI: 10.1038/srep26086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, a key species in the Mediterranean Sea, is menaced by several pressures in coastal environments. Here, we aimed at assessing the reproductive ability of apparently healthy P. lividus population in a marine protected area affected by toxic blooms of Ostreospsis cf. ovata. Wide-ranging analyses were performed in animals collected prior to and during the bloom, as well as at several times thereafter, during the reproductive season. Adults showed a low fertilization rate, along with high nitric oxide (NO) levels in the gonads and the nitration of the major yolk protein toposome, which is an important player in sea urchin development. Serious developmental anomalies were observed in the progeny, which persist several months after the bloom. NO levels were high in the different developmental stages, which also showed variations in the transcription of several genes that were found to be directly or indirectly modulated by NO. These results highlight subtle but important reproductive flaws transmitted from the female gonads to the offspring with the NO involvement. Despite a recovery along time after the bloom, insidious damages can be envisaged in the local sea urchin population, with possible reverberation on the whole benthic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Armando Negri
- D.I.P.A.V. - Section of Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Accoroni S, Romagnoli T, Pichierri S, Totti C. Effects of the bloom of harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata on the microphytobenthos community in the northern Adriatic Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:179-190. [PMID: 28073531 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Composition and temporal variation of the microphytobenthos communities of the Conero Riviera (northern Adriatic Sea) were investigated in the course of an annual cycle, focusing on their relationships with blooms of the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Sampling was carried out from March 2009 to March 2010 on undisturbed benthic substrata (macroalgae and pebbles). Samples for the study of microphytobenthos were collected with a monthly frequency, while those for the study of Ostreopsis bloom weekly. Benthic diatoms dominated the microphytobenthos communities for most of the annual cycle (except the summer), both in terms of abundance and biomass. In summer, cyanobacteria were dominant (54.04±9.18 and 24.29±11.11% of total abundance and biomass, respectively), while benthic dinoflagellates were an important component of the community in terms of biomass only at the peak of the Ostreopsis bloom in late summer (up to 91% of the total biomass). Among diatoms, the most abundant forms throughout the year were motile species (77.5±3.71% of the population), while erect diatoms formed the majority of the biomass in winter and spring (48.66±16.66 and 48.05±5.56% of total population, respectively). Diatoms were mainly affected by DIN availability, while the patterns of biomass of O. cf. ovata and cyanobacteria were related to salinity and temperature. The biomass of Ostreopsis was also affected by the availability of phosphorus. The results of this study suggest that the proliferation of Ostreopsis affected the structure of the benthic diatom community: motile diatoms were significantly more abundant during the Ostreopsis bloom peak than during the rest of summer, probably because they benefited from the abundant mucilaginous mat covering the benthic substrata. In the course of the O. cf. ovata bloom the diversity of the microphytobenthos was significantly lower than during the rest of the year, suggesting an influence of both the shading produced by the mucous mat and allelopathic compounds possibly produced by O. cf. ovata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131 Italy.
| | - Tiziana Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Salvatore Pichierri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131 Italy
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Vanucci S, Guidi F, Pistocchi R, Long RA. Phylogenetic structure of bacterial assemblages co-occurring with Ostreopsis cf. ovata bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:259-271. [PMID: 28073540 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive blooms of the toxic epiphytic/benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata are being reported with increasing frequency and spatial distribution in temperate coastal regions including the Mediterranean. These blooms are of human and environmental health concern due to the production of isobaric palytoxin and a wide range of ovatoxins by Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Bacterial-microalgal interactions are important regulators in algal bloom dynamics and potentially toxin dynamics. This study investigated the bacterial assemblages co-occurring with O. cf. ovata (OA) and from ambient seawaters (SW) during the early and peak phases of bloom development in NW Adriatic Sea. Fractions of the bacterial assemblages co-occurring with O. cf. ovata (OA) and more closely associated to the mucilage layer (LA) embedding O. cf. ovata cells were also reported. In total, 14 bacterial phyla were detected by targeted 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The dominant bacterial phyla in the OA assemblages were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes; while at the class level, Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant (83 and 66%, relative abundance, early and peak bloom phases), followed by Flavobacteria (7 and 19%, early and peak phases). Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria were of minor importance (<5% of the relative bacterial abundance each). Gammaproteobacteria showed a notably presence in OA assemblage only at the early phase of the bloom (genus Haliea, 13%). The Alphaproteobacteria were predominately composed by the genera Ruegeria, Jannaschia and Erythrobacter which represented about half of the total phylotypes' contribution of OA at both early and peak phases of the O. cf. ovata bloom, suggesting interactions between this consortium and the microalga. Moreover, the highest contribution of Ruegeria (30% of the total phylotypes) was observed at the early phase of the bloom in LA assemblage. Microbial assemblages associated with the ambient seawaters while being also dominated by Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria were partially distinct from those associated with O. cf. ovata due to the presence of genera almost not retrieved in the latter assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Vanucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata, Messina, Italy.
| | - Flavio Guidi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Richard A Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
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Pezzolesi L, Vanucci S, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Tartaglione L, Pistocchi R. Effects of N and P availability on carbon allocation in the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:202-212. [PMID: 28073533 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata are usually associated with shallow and calm coastal waters, characterized by low nutrient concentrations. The algal cells typically cover the benthic substrates, such as the macroalgal and invertebrate communities and rocks, forming a mucilaginous film. Data reported on O. cf. ovata toxin production observed under both field and culture conditions show high variability in terms of toxic profile and cellular content; little is known about the environmental and physiological aspects which regulate the toxin dynamics. In this study, O. cf. ovata physiology was investigated using batch cultures supplied with nutrient concentrations similar to those found in the Adriatic Sea during the recurrent blooms and the observed cellular dynamics were compared with those found in a culture grown under optimal conditions, used as a reference. Data on the cellular C, N and P content during the growth highlighted a possible important role of the cellular nutritional status in regulating the toxin production that resulted to be promoted under specific intervals of the C:N and C:P ratios. The variable toxicity found for O. cf. ovata in various geographic areas could be related to the different in situ prevalent environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient concentrations) which affect the cellular elemental composition and carbon allocation. The obtained results strongly suggest that in the environment toxin production is steadily sustained by a low and constant nutrient supply, able to maintain appropriate cellular C:N (>12) or C:P (>170) ratios for a long period. These results explain to some extent the variability in toxicity and growth dynamics observed in blooms occurring in the different coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pezzolesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Silvana Vanucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando d'Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Dello Iacovo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Pelin M, Brovedani V, Sosa S, Tubaro A. Palytoxin-Containing Aquarium Soft Corals as an Emerging Sanitary Problem. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E33. [PMID: 26861356 PMCID: PMC4771986 DOI: 10.3390/md14020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX), one the most potent marine toxins, and/or its analogs, have been identified in different marine organisms, such as Palythoa soft corals, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria. Although the main concern for human health is PLTXs entrance in the human food chain, there is growing evidence of adverse effects associated with inhalational, cutaneous, and/or ocular exposure to aquarium soft corals contaminated by PLTXs or aquaria waters. Indeed, the number of case reports describing human poisonings after handling these cnidarians is continuously increasing. In general, the signs and symptoms involve mainly the respiratory (rhinorrhea and coughing), skeletomuscular (myalgia, weakness, spasms), cardiovascular (electrocardiogram alterations), gastrointestinal (nausea), and nervous (paresthesia, ataxia, tremors) systems or apparates. The widespread phenomenon, the entity of the signs and symptoms of poisoning and the lack of control in the trade of corals as aquaria decorative elements led to consider these poisonings an emerging sanitary problem. This review summarizes literature data on human poisonings due to, or ascribed to, PLTX-containing soft corals, focusing on the different PLTX congeners identified in these organisms and their toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Valentina Brovedani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Mazzeo A, Forino M, Wieringa A, Ciminiello P. Determination of Palytoxins in Soft Coral and Seawater from a Home Aquarium. Comparison between Palythoa- and Ostreopsis-Related Inhalatory Poisonings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1023-1030. [PMID: 26655059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal reports exist of aquarium hobbyists that experienced severe respiratory distress and/or skin injury following cleaning operation of home aquaria containing Palythoa sp. soft corals. Hundreds of cases of respiratory illness and/or dermatitis have been recorded in proximity to the sea concomitantly with algal blooms of Ostreopsis spp. in the Mediterranean area. Both Palythoa spp. and Ostreopsis spp. contain congeners of palytoxin, a highly potent toxin whose inhalation hazard is however unknown. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of high levels of palytoxins (palytoxin and hydroxypalytoxin) in both soft coral and seawater from a home marine aquarium involved in the poisoning of a whole family. Due to the high toxin levels found in seawater, a procedure for a rapid and efficient determination of palytoxin in seawater was setup. A comparison of symptoms of Palythoa- and Ostreopsis-related inhalatory poisonings showed many similarities including fever, respiratory distress, nausea, and flu-like symptoms. From the chemical and symptomatological data reported herein it is reasonable to hold palytoxins responsible for respiratory disorders following inhalation. Although the exact mechanism through which palytoxin congeners exert their inhalatory toxicity is still unknown, this represents a step toward demonstrating that palytoxin congeners exert toxic effects through inhalation both in natural environments and in the surroundings of private and public aquaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Mazzeo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martino Forino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andre Wieringa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, Moore SK, Hoagland P, Enevoldsen H. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 2015; 2015:10.1017/S0025315415001733. [PMID: 26692586 PMCID: PMC4676275 DOI: 10.1017/s0025315415001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal blooms are a natural part of the seasonal cycle of photosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems. They are key components of the structure and dynamics of the oceans and thus sustain the benefits that humans obtain from these aquatic environments. However, some microalgal blooms can cause harm to humans and other organisms. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) have direct impacts on human health and negative influences on human wellbeing, mainly through their consequences to coastal ecosystem services (fisheries, tourism and recreation) and other marine organisms and environments. HABs are natural phenomena, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. Global warming and associated changes in the oceans could affect HAB occurrences and toxicity as well, although forecasting the possible trends is still speculative and requires intensive multidisciplinary research. At the beginning of the 21st century, with expanding human populations, particularly in coastal and developing countries, mitigating HABs impacts on human health and wellbeing is becoming a more pressing public health need. The available tools to address this global challenge include maintaining intensive, multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific research, and strengthening the coordination with stakeholders, policymakers and the general public. Here we provide an overview of different aspects of the HABs phenomena, an important element of the intrinsic links between oceans and human health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Richard Gowen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK ; Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, BP21105, Rue de l'lle d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-60, Chamblee, GA 30341
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support. Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Porter Hoagland
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Fraga M, Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Fernández DA, Poli M, Botana LM. Detection of palytoxin-like compounds by a flow cytometry-based immunoassay supported by functional and analytical methods. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 903:1-12. [PMID: 26709295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX) is a complex marine toxin produced by zoanthids (i.e. Palythoa), dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis) and cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium). PLTX outbreaks are usually associated with Indo-Pacific waters, however their recent repeated occurrence in Mediterranean-European Atlantic coasts demonstrate their current worldwide distribution. Human sickness and fatalities have been associated with toxic algal blooms and ingestion of seafood contaminated with PLTX-like molecules. These toxins represent a serious threat to human health. There is an immediate need to develop easy-to-use, rapid detection methods due to the lack of validated protocols for their detection and quantification. We have developed an immuno-detection method for PLTX-like molecules based on the use of microspheres coupled to flow-cytometry detection (Luminex 200™). The assay consisted of the competition between free PLTX-like compounds in solution and PLTX immobilized on the surface of microspheres for binding to a specific monoclonal anti-PLTX antibody. This method displays an IC50 of 1.83 ± 0.21 nM and a dynamic range of 0.47-6.54 nM for PLTX. An easy-to-perform extraction protocol, based on a mixture of methanol and acetate buffer, was applied to spiked mussel samples providing a recovery rate of 104 ± 8% and a range of detection from 374 ± 81 to 4430 ± 150 μg kg(-1) when assayed with this method. Extracts of Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and Palythoa tuberculosa were tested and yielded positive results for PLTX-like molecules. However, the data obtained for the coral sample suggested that this antibody did not detect 42-OH-PLTX efficiently. The same samples were further analyzed using a neuroblastoma cytotoxicity assay and UPLC-IT-TOF spectrometry, which also pointed to the presence of PLTX-like compounds. Therefore, this single detection method for PLTX provides a semi-quantitative tool useful for the screening of PLTX-like molecules in different matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fraga
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Diego A Fernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mark Poli
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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Zendong Z, McCarron P, Herrenknecht C, Sibat M, Amzil Z, Cole RB, Hess P. High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:10-21. [PMID: 26363951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of marine algal toxins has traditionally focussed on shellfish monitoring while, over the last decade, passive sampling has been introduced as a complementary tool for exploratory studies. Since 2011, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been adopted as the EU reference method (No. 15/2011) for detection and quantitation of lipophilic toxins. Traditional LC-MS approaches have been based on low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), however, advances in instrument platforms have led to a heightened interest in the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for toxin detection. This work describes the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling as a progressive approach to marine algal toxin surveys. Experiments focused on comparison of LRMS and HRMS for determination of a broad range of toxins in shellfish and passive samplers. Matrix effects are an important issue to address in LC-MS; therefore, this phenomenon was evaluated for mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and passive samplers using LRMS (triple quadrupole) and HRMS (quadrupole time-of-flight and Orbitrap) instruments. Matrix-matched calibration solutions containing okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxin, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, domoic acid, pinnatoxins, gymnodimine A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C were prepared. Similar matrix effects were observed on all instruments types. Most notably, there was ion enhancement for pectenotoxins, okadaic acid/dinophysistoxins on one hand, and ion suppression for yessotoxins on the other. Interestingly, the ion selected for quantitation of PTX2 also influenced the magnitude of matrix effects, with the sodium adduct typically exhibiting less susceptibility to matrix effects than the ammonium adduct. As expected, mussel as a biological matrix, quantitatively produced significantly more matrix effects than passive sampler extracts, irrespective of toxin. Sample dilution was demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce matrix effects for all compounds, and was found to be particularly useful for the non-targeted approach. Limits of detection and method accuracy were comparable between the systems tested, demonstrating the applicability of HRMS as an effective tool for screening and quantitative analysis. HRMS offers the advantage of untargeted analysis, meaning that datasets can be retrospectively analyzed. HRMS (full scan) chromatograms of passive samplers yielded significantly less complex data sets than mussels, and were thus more easily screened for unknowns. Consequently, we recommend the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling for studies investigating emerging or hitherto uncharacterized toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Pearse McCarron
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z 1, Canada
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
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Hunt for Palytoxins in a Wide Variety of Marine Organisms Harvested in 2010 on the French Mediterranean Coast. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5425-46. [PMID: 26308009 PMCID: PMC4557029 DOI: 10.3390/md13085425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the summer of 2010, 31 species including fish, echinoderms, gastropods, crustaceans, cephalopods and sponges were sampled in the Bay of Villefranche on the French Mediterranean coast and screened for the presence of PLTX-group toxins using the haemolytic assay. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for confirmatory purposes and to determine the toxin profile. The mean toxin concentration in the whole flesh of all sampled marine organisms, determined using the lower- (LB) and upper-bound (UB) approach was 4.3 and 5.1 µg·kg−1, respectively, with less than 1% of the results exceeding the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) threshold of 30 µg·kg−1 and the highest values being reported for sea urchins (107.6 and 108.0 µg·kg−1). Toxins accumulated almost exclusively in the digestive tube of the tested species, with the exception of octopus, in which there were detectable toxin amounts in the remaining tissues (RT). The mean toxin concentration in the RT of the sampled organisms (fishes, echinoderms and cephalopods) was 0.7 and 1.7 µg·kg−1 (LB and UB, respectively), with a maximum value of 19.9 µg·kg−1 for octopus RT. The herbivorous and omnivorous organisms were the most contaminated species, indicating that diet influences the contamination process, and the LC-MS/MS revealed that ovatoxin-a was the only toxin detected.
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