1
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Crabtree A, Neikirk K, Marshall AG, Vang L, Whiteside AJ, Williams Q, Altamura CT, Owens TC, Stephens D, Shao B, Koh A, Killion M, Lopez EG, Lam J, Rodriguez B, Mungai M, Stanley J, Dean ED, Koh HJ, Gaddy JA, Scudese E, Sweetwyne MT, Davis J, Zaganjor E, Murray SA, Katti P, Damo SM, Vue Z, Hinton A. Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300186. [PMID: 37607124 PMCID: PMC10869235 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are required for energy production and even give brown adipose tissue (BAT) its characteristic color due to their high iron content and abundance. The physiological function and bioenergetic capacity of mitochondria are connected to the structure, folding, and organization of its inner-membrane cristae. During the aging process, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, and the regulatory balance of mitochondrial dynamics is often disrupted, leading to increased mitochondrial fragmentation in aging cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that significant morphological changes in BAT mitochondria and cristae will be present with aging. A quantitative 3D electron microscopy approach is developed to map cristae network organization in mouse BAT to test this hypothesis. Using this methodology, the 3D morphology of mitochondrial cristae is investigated in adult (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT tissue via serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and 3D reconstruction software for manual segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Upon investigation, an increase is found in mitochondrial volume, surface area, and complexity and decreased sphericity in aged BAT, alongside significant decreases in cristae volume, area, perimeter, and score. Overall, these data define the nature of the mitochondrial structure in murine BAT across aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron J Whiteside
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Qiana Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Christopher T Altamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Trinity Celeste Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dominique Stephens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alice Koh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mason Killion
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Edgar Garza Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jacob Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ben Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Margaret Mungai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jade Stanley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Estevão Scudese
- Laboratory of Biosciences of Human Motricity (LABIMH), Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
- Sport Sciences and Exercise Laboratory (LaCEE), Catholic University of Petrópolis (UCP), Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Mariya T Sweetwyne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jamaine Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Elma Zaganjor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sandra A Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Prasanna Katti
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Mori S, Beyer RS, Bernardes de Souza B, Sorg JM, Hoover DB, Sacks HS, Fishbein MC, Chang G, Peacock WJ, St. John MA, Law J, Symonds ME, Ajijola OA, Shivkumar K, Srikanthan P. Sympathetic innervation of the supraclavicular brown adipose tissue: A detailed anatomical study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290455. [PMID: 37792692 PMCID: PMC10550181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The supraclavicular fossa is the dominant location for human brown adipose tissue (BAT). Activation of BAT promotes non-shivering thermogenesis by utilization of glucose and free fatty acids and has been the focus of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for modulation in order to improve body weight and glucose homeostasis. Sympathetic neural control of supraclavicular BAT has received much attention, but its innervation has not been extensively investigated in humans. METHODS Dissection of the cervical region in human cadavers was performed to find the distribution of sympathetic nerve branches to supraclavicular fat pad. Furthermore, proximal segments of the 4th cervical nerve were evaluated histologically to assess its sympathetic components. RESULTS Nerve branches terminating in supraclavicular fat pad were identified in all dissections, including those from the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves and from the cervical sympathetic plexus. Histology of the proximal segments of the 4th cervical nerves confirmed tyrosine hydroxylase positive thin nerve fibers in all fascicles with either a scattered or clustered distribution pattern. The scattered pattern was more predominant than the clustered pattern (80% vs. 20%) across cadavers. These sympathetic nerve fibers occupied only 2.48% of the nerve cross sectional area on average. CONCLUSIONS Human sympathetic nerves use multiple pathways to innervate the supraclavicular fat pad. The present finding serves as a framework for future clinical approaches to activate human BAT in the supraclavicular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Mori
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan S. Beyer
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Breno Bernardes de Souza
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Sorg
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Harold S. Sacks
- VA Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Grace Chang
- Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Maie A. St. John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - James Law
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Micheal E. Symonds
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Olujimi A. Ajijola
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Preethi Srikanthan
- Division of Endocrinology UCLA, UCLA Health System, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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3
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Crabtree A, Neikirk K, Marshall AG, Vang L, Whiteside AJ, Williams Q, Altamura CT, Owens TC, Stephens D, Shao B, Koh A, Killion M, Lopez EG, Lam J, Rodriguez B, Mungai M, Stanley J, Dean ED, Koh HJ, Gaddy JA, Scudese E, Sweetwyne M, Davis J, Zaganjor E, Murray SA, Katti P, Damo SM, Vue Z, Hinton A. Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.12.540609. [PMID: 37577723 PMCID: PMC10418056 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.540609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are required for energy production and even give brown adipose tissue (BAT) its characteristic color due to their high iron content and abundance. The physiological function and bioenergetic capacity of mitochondria are connected to the structure, folding, and organization of its inner-membrane cristae. During the aging process, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, and the regulatory balance of mitochondrial dynamics is often disrupted, leading to increased mitochondrial fragmentation in aging cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that significant morphological changes in BAT mitochondria and cristae would be present with aging. We developed a quantitative three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy approach to map cristae network organization in mouse BAT to test this hypothesis. Using this methodology, we investigated the 3D morphology of mitochondrial cristae in adult (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT tissue via serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and 3D reconstruction software for manual segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Upon investigation, we found increases in mitochondrial volume, surface area, and complexity and decreased sphericity in aged BAT, alongside significant decreases in cristae volume, area, perimeter, and score. Overall, these data define the nature of the mitochondrial structure in murine BAT across aging. Abstract Figure
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron J Whiteside
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Qiana Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Christopher T Altamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Trinity Celeste Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dominique Stephens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alice Koh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mason Killion
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Edgar Garza Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jacob Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ben Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Margaret Mungai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jade Stanley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Estevão Scudese
- Laboratory of Biosciences of Human Motricity (LABIMH) of the Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Sport Sciences and Exercise Laboratory (LaCEE), Catholic University of Petrópolis (UCP), Brazil
| | - Mariya Sweetwyne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jamaine Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208 USA
| | - Elma Zaganjor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sandra A Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburg h, PA, 15261 USA
| | - Prasanna Katti
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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4
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Liu Z, Feng Y, Zhao H, Hu J, Chen Y, Liu D, Wang H, Zhu X, Yang H, Shen Z, Xia X, Ye J, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids in rats and its effects on liver enzyme activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136772. [PMID: 36873997 PMCID: PMC9981942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids (SZ-A) derived from twigs of mulberry (Morus alba L., genus Morus in the Moraceae family) was approved by the National Medical Products Administration in 2020 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to excellent hypoglycemic effect, increasing evidence has confirmed that SZ-A exerts multiple pharmacological effects, such as protecting pancreatic ß-cell function, stimulating adiponectin expression, and alleviating hepatic steatosis. Importantly, a specific distribution of SZ-A in target tissues following oral absorption into the blood is essential for the induction of multiple pharmacological effects. However, there is a lack of studies thoroughly exploring the pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of SZ-A following oral absorption into the blood, particularly dose-linear pharmacokinetics and target tissue distribution associated with glycolipid metabolic diseases. In the present study, we systematically investigated the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of SZ-A and its metabolites in human and rat liver microsomes, and rat plasma, as well as its effects on the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s). The results revealed that SZ-A was rapidly absorbed into the blood, exhibited linear pharmacokinetic characteristics in the dose range of 25-200 mg/kg, and was broadly distributed in glycolipid metabolism-related tissues. The highest SZ-A concentrations were observed in the kidney, liver, and aortic vessels, followed by the brown and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and the heart, spleen, lung, muscle, pancreas, and brain. Except for the trace oxidation products produced by fagomine, other phase I or phase II metabolites were not detected. SZ-A had no inhibitory or activating effects on major CYP450s. Conclusively, SZ-A is rapidly and widely distributed in target tissues, with good metabolic stability and a low risk of triggering drug-drug interactions. This study provides a framework for deciphering the material basis of the multiple pharmacological functions of SZ-A, its rational clinical use, and the expansion of its indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhen Yang
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Relationships between Uncoupling Protein Genes UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 and Irisin Levels in Residents of the Coldest Region of Siberia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091612. [PMID: 36140780 PMCID: PMC9498418 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is known that irisin can participate in the processes of thermoregulation and browning of adipose tissue, and, therefore, it is possible that it is involved in the microevolutionary mechanisms of adaptation to a cold. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the uncoupling protein genes (UCP1, UCP2, UCP3) and the irisin levels in the residents of the coldest region of Siberia. The sample consisted of 279 Yakut people (185 females, 94 males, average age 19.8 ± 2.03 years). The females plasma irisin concentration was 8.33 ± 2.74 mcg/mL and the males was 7.76 ± 1.86 mcg/mL. Comparative analysis of irisin levels with the genotypes of six studied SNP-markers in females revealed a significant association of irisin with rs1800849-UCP3. The TT genotype of rs1800849 was associated with elevated levels of irisin (p = 0.01). It was also found that this TT genotype in females was associated with reduced weight and height (p = 0.03). We searched for natural selection signals for the T-allele rs1800849-UCP3; as a result of which, it was found that this allele has a significantly high frequency of distribution in northern (45%, CI: 0.42–0.484) compared with southern Asian populations (28%, CI: 0.244–0.316) (p = 0.01). The results obtained indicate the probable involvement of irisin and the UCP3 gene in thermoregulation, and the spread of its allelic variants is probably related to adaptation to a cold climate.
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6
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Garside JC, Kavanagh K, Block MR, Williams AG, Branca RT. Xenon-enhanced computed tomography assessment of brown adipose tissue distribution and perfusion in lean, obese, and diabetic primates. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1831-1841. [PMID: 35912825 PMCID: PMC9420818 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate xenon-enhanced computed tomography (XECT) for the detection of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to use XECT to assess differences in BAT distribution and perfusion between lean, obese, and diabetic nonhuman primates (NHPs). METHODS Whole-body XECT imaging was performed in anesthetized rhesus and vervet monkeys during adrenergic stimulation of BAT thermogenesis. In XECT images, BAT was identified as fat tissue that, during xenon inhalation, underwent significant radiodensity enhancement compared with subcutaneous fat. To measure BAT blood flow, BAT radiodensity enhancement was measured over time on the six computed tomography scans acquired during xenon inhalation. Postmortem immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm imaging findings. RESULTS XECT was able to correctly identify all BAT depots that were confirmed at necropsy, enabling construction of the first comprehensive anatomical map of BAT in NHPs. A significant decrease in BAT perfusion was found in diabetic animals compared with obese animals and healthy animals, as well as absence of axillary BAT and significant reduction of supraclavicular BAT in diabetic animals compared with obese and lean animals. CONCLUSIONS The use of XECT in NHP models of obesity and diabetes allows the analysis of the impact of metabolic status on BAT mass and perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Garside
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Biomedical Research Imaging CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of PathologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Masha R. Block
- Department of PathologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Abigail G. Williams
- Department of PathologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Biomedical Research Imaging CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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7
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Organ-Specific Glucose Uptake: Does Sex Matter? Cells 2022; 11:cells11142217. [PMID: 35883660 PMCID: PMC9323353 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake by peripheral organs is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels within normal range. Impaired glucose uptake is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome and is characterized by insulin resistance. Male sex is an independent risk factor for the development of T2D. We tested whether sex and diet are independent variables for differential glucose uptake by various organs. Here, in a longitudinal study, we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) to determine baseline differences in whole-body glucose uptake in young male and female mice on chow and high-fat diets. We report that sex and diet are important independent variables that account for differential glucose uptake in brown fat, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney, and the stomach, but not the brain, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, or perigonadal adipose. Of the seven organs analyzed, two organs, namely brown fat, and the heart had the highest concentrations of FDG, followed by the brain, kidneys, and skeletal muscle on chow diet. Young female mice had 47% greater FDG uptake in the brown fat compared to male mice, whereas skeletal muscle FDG uptake was 49% greater in male mice. The high-fat diet inhibited FDG uptake in brown fat, skeletal muscle, and the heart, three major organs involved in uptake, whereas brain uptake was enhanced in both sexes. These foundational and groundbreaking findings suggest that mechanisms of glucose homeostasis are context- and organ-dependent and highlight the need to study sex-specific outcomes and mechanisms for diseases such as T2D, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
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8
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Chen Y, Li C, Cheng S, Pan C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yao Y, Cheng B, Liu L, Meng P, Yang X, Jia Y, Wen Y, Zhang F. The Causal Relationships Between Sleep-related Phenotypes and Body Composition: A Mendelian Randomized Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3463-e3473. [PMID: 35435981 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite cumulative evidence showing obesity is associated with changes in sleep quality and quantity, the study about the relationships between sleep and body composition is scarce, and whether the relationship is causal remains unknown. In this study, we examined whether there are causal associations between sleep and body composition. METHODS First, we estimated genetic correlations between sleep-related phenotypes and body composition using the linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC). Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was then conducted to test 2-way causal relationships on phenotypes with significant genetic associations. Finally, Bayesian colocalization (COLOC) analysis was performed to calculate the posterior probability of causal variation and identify the common genes to verify the results of MR. RESULTS For the LDSC analysis, we observed some significant genetic correlations (rG), such as snoring and right leg fat mass (rG = 0.376, P = 7.21 × 10-80). For the MR analysis, we identified some significant causal relationships, such as snoring is the causal risk factor for whole-body fat-free mass (Pweighted median = 1.28 × 10-6, PMR-PRESSO = 1.35 × 10-7), dozing is the causal risk factor for right leg fat mass (Pweighted median = 9.22 × 10-4, PMR-PRESSO = 9.55 × 10-4), and right arm fat mass (Pweighted median = 1.11 × 10-40, PMR-PRESSO = 4.93 × 10-55) is the causal risk factor for snoring. For the COLOC analysis, we identified rs143384 mapping on GDF5 and 6 overlapped single nucleotide polymorphisms (eg, rs1421085, rs11642015) mapping on FTO. CONCLUSION Our study identified the causal relationships between sleep-related phenotypes and body composition. These findings may give insights into the mechanism of sleep disturbances and provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun'e Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peilin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuena Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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9
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Huo C, Song Z, Yin J, Zhu Y, Miao X, Qian H, Wang J, Ye L, Zhou L. Effect of Acute Cold Exposure on Energy Metabolism and Activity of Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917084. [PMID: 35837014 PMCID: PMC9273773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The benefit of cold exposure for humans against obesity has brought the energy metabolism and activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) induced by cold into focus. But the results are inconsistent. This review is aimed to systematically explore the effect of cold exposure on the activity of BAT and energy metabolism in humans. Methods: We searched relevant papers that were published from 1990 to 2021 and were cited in PubMed Central, Web of science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. Energy metabolism, BAT volume, BAT activity and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) data reported in eligible researches were extracted. Meta-analysis was applied to combine the mean difference or standard mean difference with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis and evaluating the risk of bias. Stata 16.0 was used for evaluating the publication bias. Results: Ten randomized controlled trials were included in meta-analysis. Compared with human exposed in room temperature at 24°C, the energy expenditure (EE) was increased after acute cold exposure at 16∼19°C (Z = 7.58, p < 0.05, mean different = 188.43kal/d, 95% CI = 139.73–237.13); BAT volume (Z = 2.62, p < 0.05; standard mean different = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.10–0.73); BAT activity (Z = 2.05, p = 0.04, standard mean difference = 1.61, 95% CI = 0.07–3.14) and the intake of BAT NEFA (Z = 2.85, p < 0.05; standard mean different = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.17–0.90) also increased. Conclusion: Acute cold exposure could improve the energy expenditure and BAT activity in adults, which is beneficial for human against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyi Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zikai Song
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianli Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghao Qian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Israni NS, Jiang A, Lea HJ, Lentz TN, Pierce AE, Cypess AM. Activating Human Adipose Tissue with the β3-Adrenergic Agonist Mirabegron. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2448:83-96. [PMID: 35167091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2087-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An appealing strategy for treatment of metabolic disease in humans is activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), a thermogenic organ best visualized through 18F-FDG PET/CT. BAT has been activated to varying degrees by mild cold exposure. However, this approach can cause undesirable stress, and there remains no consensus protocol. Here, we describe standardized methods for both acute and chronic activation of BAT using the orally administered β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, mirabegron. Acute pharmacological stimulation has enabled quantification of whole-body BAT volume and metabolic activity using PET/CT imaging, and chronic stimulation increases these properties of BAT over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikita S Israni
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Jiang
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taylor N Lentz
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne E Pierce
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Milan G, Conci S, Sanna M, Favaretto F, Bettini S, Vettor R. ASCs and their role in obesity and metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:994-1006. [PMID: 34625375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs) in the structural/functional context of the adipose tissue (AT) stem niche (adiponiche), including cell-cell interactions and the microenvironment, and emphasize findings obtained in humans and in lineage-tracing models. ASCs have distinctive markers, 'colors', and anatomical 'locations' which influence their functions. Each adiponiche component can become impaired, thereby contributing to the pathological AT alterations seen in obesity and metabolic diseases. We discuss adiposopathy with a focus on adiponiche dysfunction, and underline the mechanisms that control AT expansion and energy balance. Better understanding of adiponiche regulation and ASC features could help to identify therapeutic targets that favor weight loss and counteract weight regain, and also contribute to innovative strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Milan
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Internal Medicine 3, 35128 Padua, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padua Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Scilla Conci
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Internal Medicine 3, 35128 Padua, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padua Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Sanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Internal Medicine 3, 35128 Padua, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padua Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Favaretto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Internal Medicine 3, 35128 Padua, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padua Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Internal Medicine 3, 35128 Padua, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padua Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Internal Medicine 3, 35128 Padua, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Padua Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While obesity is linked with brain atrophy and dementia incidence, associations with regional adiposity are uncertain. Our goal was to determine whether cerebral gray matter volume is related to neck circumference (NC), a measure of regional adiposity having unique relationships with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging and NC were cross-sectionally assessed from 2011 to 2014 in a population-based sample of 2916 men and women in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. RESULTS For men, NC was inversely associated with total and regional gray matter in the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes after adjusting for age and intracranial brain volume. Associations were especially strong in the presence of diabetes. With further adjustment for indices of body composition and other characteristics, total and frontal gray matter in diabetic men were lowered by 6.1 mL (95% confidence interval: 2.5-9.7, P=0.004) and 2.9 mL (95% confidence interval: 1.0-4.9, P=0.017), respectively, per SD increase in NC (2.3 cm). For men without diabetes, and in all women, associations were less apparent. CONCLUSIONS In men with diabetes, NC was inversely associated with cerebral gray matter volume. The link between neck anthropometry and brain aging in diabetic men warrants further consideration.
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13
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Zhang H, Dong M, Liu X. Obeticholic acid ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis by activating brown fat. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:991. [PMID: 34345273 PMCID: PMC8311225 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is exemplified as a potent drug for treating primary biliary cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting bile acid synthesis. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of OCA is mediated by the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). In the present study, brown adipogenesis differentiation in vitro and db/db mouse model treated with OCA were used to assess the anti-obesity function by body weight tracking, O2 consumption, food intake, physical activity, glucose tolerance tests. In addition, uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) protein expression in brown adipose tissue was measured by western blotting, morphometry of brown adipose tissue was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hepatic steatosis was detected by Oil-Red O staining and serological analysis was performed to assess the effect of OCA on hyperlipidemia. OCA treatment enhanced brown adipocyte cell differentiation and upregulated the expression of the BAT-specific gene Ucp1) in C3H10T1/2 cells in vitro. Consistent with these findings, OCA increased whole-body energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis by enhancing BAT activity in vivo, and ultimately decreased body weight gain in db/db mice. In addition, the results demonstrated that spontaneous hepatic steatosis in db/db mice was ameliorated following OCA treatment. In summary, OCA functioned as a BAT activator to help ameliorate obesity and maintain glucose homeostasis in db/db mice. The present results may provide a novel potential therapeutic approach to activate brown fat in patients with obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, P.R. China
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14
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Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism. Bone Res 2021; 9:25. [PMID: 34016950 PMCID: PMC8137703 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ, suggesting that bone-derived factors regulate local bone metabolism and metabolic functions. In addition, these factors can regulate global energy homeostasis by altering insulin sensitivity, feeding behavior, and adipocyte commitment. These findings may provide a new pathological mechanism for related metabolic diseases or be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of bone and bone-derived factors on energy metabolism and discuss directions for future research.
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15
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Li P, Fan C, Cai Y, Fang S, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Lin X, Zhang H, Xue Y, Guan M. Transplantation of brown adipose tissue up-regulates miR-99a to ameliorate liver metabolic disorders in diabetic mice by targeting NOX4. Adipocyte 2020; 9:57-67. [PMID: 32000567 PMCID: PMC6999837 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1721970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), main cause of liver damage, is inextricably linked to diabetes. However, there is no specific means to improve the pathology of fatty liver in diabetic patients. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important endocrine organ that secretes adipokines and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in systemic metabolic regulation. To investigate the effects of BAT transplantation on liver lipid metabolism in diabetic mice, we transplanted BAT from male donor mice into diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high-fat diet (HFD). At 10 weeks after transplantation, BAT transplantation significantly decreased the blood glucose and lipid, downregulated FAS, CD36, Scd1, ACCα, NOX2, NOX4, TGF-β1, FN and COL-1, up-regulated Nrf2, reversed the pathological changes of liver and increased the circulating miR-99a in diabetic mice. To verify whether circulating miR-99a improves oxidative stress by targeting inhibition of NOX4, we used 0.4mM palmitic acid (PA) to treat the LO2 cells. The expression of NOX4 protein was significantly decreased after transfection with miR-99a mimic, and increased after transfection with miR-99a inhibitor. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-99a could target NOX4 mRNA. These findings clarify the role of miR-99a and NOX4 in liver beneficial effect of BAT transplantation in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunxia Fan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu Fang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanmei Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiping Guan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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McHugh CT, Garside J, Barkes J, Frank J, Dragicevich C, Yuan H, Branca RT. Differences in [ 18F]FDG uptake in BAT of UCP1 -/- and UCP1 +/+ during adrenergic stimulation of non-shivering thermogenesis. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:136. [PMID: 33159596 PMCID: PMC7648812 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a fat tissue found in most mammals that helps regulate energy balance and core body temperature through a sympathetic process known as non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT activity is commonly detected and quantified in [18F]FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans, and radiotracer uptake in BAT during adrenergic stimulation is often used as a surrogate measure for identifying thermogenic activity in the tissue. BAT thermogenesis is believed to be contingent upon the expression of the protein UCP1, but conflicting results have been reported in the literature concerning [18F]FDG uptake within BAT of mice with and without UCP1. Differences in animal handling techniques such as feeding status, type of anesthetic, type of BAT stimulation, and estrogen levels were identified as possible confounding variables for [18F]FDG uptake. In this study, we aimed to assess differences in BAT [18F]FDG uptake between wild-type and UCP1-knockout mice using a protocol that minimizes possible variations in BAT stimulation caused by different stress responses to mouse handling. RESULTS [18F]FDG PET/CT scans were run on mice that were anesthetized with pentobarbital after stimulation of non-shivering thermogenesis by norepinephrine. While in wild-type mice [18F]FDG uptake in BAT increased significantly with norepinephrine stimulation of BAT, there was no consistent change in [18F]FDG uptake in BAT of mice lacking UCP1. CONCLUSIONS [18F]FDG uptake within adrenergically stimulated BAT of wild-type and UCP1-knockout mice can significantly vary such that an [18F]FDG uptake threshold cannot be used to differentiate wild-type from UCP1-knockout mice. However, while an increase in BAT [18F]FDG uptake during adrenergic stimulation is consistently observed in wild-type mice, in UCP1-knockout mice [18F]FDG uptake in BAT seems to be independent of β3-adrenergic stimulation of non-shivering thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T McHugh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Garside
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared Barkes
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Frank
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Constance Dragicevich
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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17
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Eckel-Mahan K, Ribas Latre A, Kolonin MG. Adipose Stromal Cell Expansion and Exhaustion: Mechanisms and Consequences. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040863. [PMID: 32252348 PMCID: PMC7226766 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is comprised of a diverse number of cell types, including adipocytes, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and infiltrating leukocytes. Adipose stromal cells (ASCs) are a mixed population containing adipose progenitor cells (APCs) as well as fibro-inflammatory precursors and cells supporting the vasculature. There is growing evidence that the ability of ASCs to renew and undergo adipogenesis into new, healthy adipocytes is a hallmark of healthy fat, preventing disease-inducing adipocyte hypertrophy and the spillover of lipids into other organs, such as the liver and muscles. However, there is building evidence indicating that the ability for ASCs to self-renew is not infinite. With rates of ASC proliferation and adipogenesis tightly controlled by diet and the circadian clock, the capacity to maintain healthy AT via the generation of new, healthy adipocytes appears to be tightly regulated. Here, we review the contributions of ASCs to the maintenance of distinct adipocyte pools as well as pathogenic fibroblasts in cancer and fibrosis. We also discuss aging and diet-induced obesity as factors that might lead to ASC senescence, and the consequences for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Aleix Ribas Latre
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research Center, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Brown adipose tissue and cancer progression. Skeletal Radiol 2020; 49:635-639. [PMID: 31650208 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-019-03322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to determine the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study was approved by our institutional review board and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant. Our study group comprised 132 cancer patients (116 f, 16 m; mean age 50 ± 16 years) who underwent F18-FDG PET/CT per standard clinical protocol, for staging or surveillance of cancer. We included patients who were BAT-positive on PET/CT and had clinical follow-up data available for at least 12 months or until tumor recurrence or tumor-related death, whichever occurred first. BAT volume by PET/CT was quantified by PET-CT Viewer shareware. Clinical information including tumor type, tumor recurrence, survival, and outside temperature at time of scan were recorded. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine longitudinal associations between BAT volume and tumor recurrence/mortality. RESULTS There were 55 tumor recurrences/tumor-related deaths over a median follow-up period of 71 (33; 110 interquartile range) months. Higher BAT volume was associated with an increased likelihood of tumor recurrence/tumor-associated mortality after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION BAT volume, assessed using routine PET/CT, is a predictor of tumor recurrence/mortality in patients with cancer, independent of other factors that can influence BAT activity, such as sex, age, BMI, or tumor type.
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Nikanorova AA, Barashkov NA, Nakhodkin SS, Pshennikova VG, Solovyev AV, Romanov GP, Kuzmina SS, Sazonov NN, Burtseva TE, Odland JØ, Fedorova SA. The Role of Leptin Levels in Adaptation to Cold Climates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061854. [PMID: 32178438 PMCID: PMC7143756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ that produces hormone-active substances, including leptin, which can play a key role in thermoregulation processes. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the influence of the climatic environment on leptin levels. A systematic literature search in the databases was carried out on 10 January 2020. Finally, 22 eligible articles were included in the current meta-analysis and a total of 13,320 participants were covered in the final analysis. It was shown that males of the “North” subgroup demonstrated significantly higher levels of leptin (10.02 ng/mL; CI: 7.92–12.13) than males of the “South” subgroup (4.9 ng/mL; CI: 3.71–6.25) (p = 0.0001). On the contrary, in the female group, a similar pattern was not detected (p = 0.91). Apparently, in order to maintain body temperature, higher leptin levels are required. The results of the study indicate that such effects are most pronounced in males and to a smaller extent in females, apparently due to a relatively high initial concentration of leptin in females. The correlation between leptin levels and climatic environment data support the hypothesis of leptin-mediated thermoregulation as an adaptive mechanism to cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena A. Nikanorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay A. Barashkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergey S. Nakhodkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Vera G. Pshennikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Aisen V. Solovyev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
- Laboratory of the Human in the Arctic, The Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Federal Research Center “Yakut Science Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science”, Yakutsk, 677027 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Georgii P. Romanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Sargylana S. Kuzmina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sazonov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Tatyana E. Burtseva
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Surgery, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia;
- Laboratory of Monitoring Children Health and Medico-environmental Research, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, 677010 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7003 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Sardana A. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677010 Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (A.A.N.); (S.S.N.); (V.G.P.); (A.V.S.); (G.P.R.); (S.A.F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000 Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia; (S.S.K.); (N.N.S.)
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Gu J, Wang X, Yang H, Li H, Wang J. Preclinical in vivo imaging for brown adipose tissue. Life Sci 2020; 249:117500. [PMID: 32147430 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has multiple functions in the human body, including the production of heat and increasing energy consumption. However, BAT is also related to many kinds of diseases, such as obesity and metabolic disorders. The progression of such diseases occurs at the cellular level, and thus, imaging techniques could prove greatly beneficial for determining optimal therapeutic regimens. Currently, positron-emission tomography (PET) is considered to be the gold standard for assessing the function of activated BAT. However, PET also has inherent disadvantages, and, thus, recent efforts have been focused on exploring, and potentially developing, new imaging techniques to better observe BAT and evaluate its metabolic function. Researchers have already achieved promising success with computed tomography, magnetic resonance approaches, ultrasound, new tracers for use in PET, and other imaging techniques through in vivo and in vitro animal experiments. Since, these studies have shown that BAT may serve as an effective therapeutic target for treatment of metabolic dysfunction diseases, the development of an efficient in vivo BAT imaging technique that is applicable to humans will prove to be of great clinical value. In this review, classical PET imaging technique is highlighted as well as the current status of preclinical imaging methods developed for BAT examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Tay SH, Goh HJ, Govindharajulu P, Cheng J, Camps SG, Haldar S, Velan SS, Sun L, Li Y, Henry CJ, Leow MKS. Brown fat activity determined by infrared thermography and thermogenesis measurement using whole body calorimetry (BRIGHT Study). Physiol Res 2020; 69:85-97. [PMID: 31852199 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess BAT activity in humans at a population level, infrared thermography (IRT) represents a safe, readily repeatable and affordable alternative to 18F-FDG-PET. Building upon a previously proposed method by our laboratory, we further refined the image computational algorithm to quantify BAT activation in the cervical-supraclavicular (C-SCV) region of healthy young men under thermo-neutral and cold exposure conditions. Additionally, we validated the whole-body calorimeter (WBC) in reliably measuring cold-induced thermogenesis. The temperature gradient between C-SCV-deltoid regions, and the corresponding difference in heat power output, increased upon cold air exposure relative to thermo-neutral conditions (by 74.88 %, p<0.0001; and by 71.34 %, p<0.0001 respectively). Resting and cumulative energy expenditure (EE) rose significantly (by 13.14 % and 9.12 % respectively, p=0.0001) while positive correlations between IRT measures and EE were found with cold air exposure (percentage change in heat power gradient between ROI and deltoid, cold air: r(2)=0.29, p=0.026, Pearson's correlation). IRT and WBC can be used to study BAT activation. The refined algorithm allows for more automation and objectivity in IRT data analysis, especially under cold air exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Tay
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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Riis-Vestergaard MJ, Laustsen C, Mariager CØ, Schulte RF, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Glucose metabolism in brown adipose tissue determined by deuterium metabolic imaging in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1417-1427. [PMID: 31965069 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained growing interest as a potential target for treatment of obesity. Currently, the most widely used technique/method for in vivo measurements of BAT activity in humans is 18FDG PET/CT. To supplement these investigations novel radiation-free methods are warranted. Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is a novel modality that combines magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging with deuterium-labelled glucose (2H-glucose). This allows for spatio-temporal and metabolic imaging beyond glucose uptake. We aimed to evaluate if DMI could discriminate glucose metabolism in BAT of cold-acclimatised and thermoneutral rats. SUBJECTS/METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in a cold environment (9 °C, n = 10) or at thermoneutrality (30 °C, n = 11) for 1 week. For imaging rats were anaesthetized, received a 2H-glucose (1 M, 1.95 g/kg) bolus and DMI was acquired at baseline followed by 20 min time intervals up to 2 h. Furthermore, Dixon MRI was performed for anatomical determination of the interscapular BAT (iBAT) depot along with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI to evaluate perfusion. RESULTS 2H-glucose signal was higher in cold-acclimatised rats compared with thermoneutral rats (p ≤ 0.001) indicating an overall increase in glucose uptake and metabolism. This was in line with a lower fat/water threshold, higher perfusion and increased UCP1 mRNA expression in iBAT (ninefold increment) of cold-acclimatised rats compared with thermoneutral rats. CONCLUSIONS We find that DMI can discriminate cold-acclimatised and thermoneutral BAT in rats. This is the first study to evaluate BAT activity by DMI, which may open up for the use of the non-radioactive DMI method for BAT measurements in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ji Riis-Vestergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Saito M, Matsushita M, Yoneshiro T, Okamatsu-Ogura Y. Brown Adipose Tissue, Diet-Induced Thermogenesis, and Thermogenic Food Ingredients: From Mice to Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:222. [PMID: 32373072 PMCID: PMC7186310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the recent rediscovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, this thermogenic tissue has been attracting increasing interest. The inverse relationship between BAT activity and body fatness suggests that BAT, because of its energy dissipating activity, is protective against body fat accumulation. Cold exposure activates and recruits BAT, resulting in increased energy expenditure and decreased body fatness. The stimulatory effects of cold exposure are mediated through transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Most TRP members also function as chemesthetic receptors for various food ingredients, and indeed, agonists of TRP vanilloid 1 such as capsaicin and its analog capsinoids mimic the effects of cold exposure to decrease body fatness through the activation and recruitment of BAT. The antiobesity effect of other food ingredients including tea catechins may be attributable, at least in part, to the activation of the TRP-SNS-BAT axis. BAT is also involved in the facultative thermogenesis induced by meal intake, referred to as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), which is a significant component of the total energy expenditure in our daily lives. Emerging evidence suggests a crucial role for the SNS in BAT-associated DIT, particularly during the early phase, but several gut-derived humoral factors may also participate in meal-induced BAT activation. One intriguing factor is bile acids, which activate BAT directly through Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5) in brown adipocytes. Given the apparent beneficial effects of some TRP agonists and bile acids on whole-body substrate and energy metabolism, the TRP/TGR5-BAT axis represents a promising target for combating obesity and related metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masayuki Saito
| | | | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hamaoka T, Nirengi S, Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Kuroiwa M, Endo T, Sakane N, Matsushita M, Saito M, Yoneshiro T, Kurosawa Y. Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Spectroscopy for Assessing Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32508746 PMCID: PMC7249345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates adaptive thermogenesis upon food intake and cold exposure, thus potentially contributing to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) (18FDG-PET/CT) is a standard method for assessing BAT activity and volume in humans. 18FDG-PET/CT has several limitations, including high device cost and ionizing radiation and acute cold exposure necessary to maximally stimulate BAT activity. In contrast, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used for measuring changes in O2-dependent light absorption in the tissue in a non-invasive manner, without using radiation. Among NIRS, time-resolved NIRS (NIRTRS) can quantify the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb], respectively) by emitting ultrashort (100 ps) light pulses and counts photons, which are scattered and absorbed in the tissue. The basis for assessing BAT density (BAT-d) using NIRTRS is that the vascular density in the supraclavicular region, as estimated using Hb concentration, is higher in BAT than in white adipose tissue. In contrast, relatively low-cost continuous wavelength NIRS (NIRCWS) is employed for measuring relative changes in oxygenation in tissues. In this review, we provide evidence for the validity of NIRTRS and NIRCWS in estimating human BAT characteristics. The indicators (IndNIRS) examined were [oxy-Hb]sup, [deoxy-Hb]sup, total hemoglobin [total-Hb]sup, Hb O2 saturation (StO2sup), and reduced scattering coefficient ( μs sup' ) in the supraclavicular region, as determined by NIRTRS, and relative changes in corresponding parameters, as determined by NIRCWS. The evidence comprises the relationships between the IndNIRS investigated and those determined by 18FDG-PET/CT; the correlation between the IndNIRS and cold-induced thermogenesis; the relationship of the IndNIRS to parameters measured by 18FDG-PET/CT, which responded to seasonal temperature fluctuations; the relationship of the IndNIRS and plasma lipid metabolites; the analogy of the IndNIRS to chronological and anthropometric data; and changes in the IndNIRS following thermogenic food supplementation. The [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup determined by NIRTRS, but not parameters determined by NIRCWS, exhibited significant correlations with cold-induced thermogenesis parameters and plasma androgens in men in winter or analogies to 18FDG-PET. We conclude that NIRTRS can provide useful information for assessing BAT-d in a simple, rapid, non-invasive way, although further validation study is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takafumi Hamaoka
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Saito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Qiu Y, Sun L, Hu X, Zhao X, Shi H, Liu Z, Yin X. Compromised browning plasticity of primary subcutaneous adipocytes derived from overweight Chinese adults. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:91. [PMID: 33110450 PMCID: PMC7583200 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE People with obesity have a compromised browning capacity of adipose tissue when faced with sympathetic stimuli. This study aimed to determine whether norepinephrine treatment can enhance the induction of precursor cells from human white adipose tissue to differentiate into adipocytes that express key markers of beige adipocytes, and if there is a difference in this capacity between normal weight and overweight individuals. METHODS Stromal vascular cells derived from subcutaneous white adipose tissue of normal weight and overweight groups were induced to differentiation, with or without norepinephrine, into adipocytes. Oxygen consumption rate, lipolysis, the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and other thermogenic genes were compared between different adiposity and treatment groups. RESULTS Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ- coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 α) and uncoupling protein 1 gene expression increased significantly in the normal weight group, but not in the overweight group, with norepinephrine treatment. The increments of lipolysis and oxygen consumption rate were also higher in adipocytes from the normal weight group with norepinephrine treatment, as compared with those of the overweight group. PR domain containing protein 16 (PRDM 16) gene expression was higher in the normal weight group compared with that in the overweight group, while there were no significant changes found with norepinephrine treatment in either the normal weight or overweight group. CONCLUSIONS Adipogenic precursor cells derived from overweight individuals were less prone to differentiate into beige-like adipocytes when facing sympathetic stimuli than normal weight ones, resulting in the compromised sympathetic-induced browning capacity in subcutaneous white adipose tissue in overweight individuals, which occurred before the onset of overt obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qiu
- Department of Surgery, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Linong road 8, 5-1-801, Jinan, 250013 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Department of Surgery, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Linong road 8, 5-1-801, Jinan, 250013 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Abdul Sater Z, Cassimatis TM, Cero C, Fletcher LA, Israni NS, Johnson JW, Lea HJ, Linderman JD, O'Mara AE, Zhu KY, Cypess AM. Opportunities and challenges in the therapeutic activation of human energy expenditure and thermogenesis to manage obesity. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1926-1942. [PMID: 31914415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current obesity pandemic results from a physiological imbalance in which energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure (EE), and prevention and treatment strategies remain generally ineffective. Approaches designed to increase EE have been informed by decades of experiments in rodent models designed to stimulate adaptive thermogenesis, a long-term increase in metabolism, primarily induced by chronic cold exposure. At the cellular level, thermogenesis is achieved through increased rates of futile cycling, which are observed in several systems, most notably the regulated uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP generation by uncoupling protein 1, a tissue-specific protein present in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Physiological activation of BAT and other organ thermogenesis occurs through β-adrenergic receptors (AR), and considerable effort over the past 5 decades has been directed toward developing AR agonists capable of safely achieving a net negative energy balance while avoiding unwanted cardiovascular side effects. Recent discoveries of other BAT futile cycles based on creatine and succinate have provided additional targets. Complicating the current and developing pharmacological-, cold-, and exercise-based methods to increase EE is the emerging evidence for strong physiological drives toward restoring lost weight over the long term. Future studies will need to address technical challenges such as how to accurately measure individual tissue thermogenesis in humans; how to safely activate BAT and other organ thermogenesis; and how to sustain a negative energy balance over many years of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zahraa Abdul Sater
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Thomas M Cassimatis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Laura A Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nikita S Israni
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - James W Johnson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joyce D Linderman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alana E O'Mara
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth Y Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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Fernández-Galilea M, Félix-Soriano E, Colón-Mesa I, Escoté X, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Omega-3 fatty acids as regulators of brown/beige adipose tissue: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:251-267. [PMID: 31853728 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction represents the hallmark of obesity. Brown/beige adipose tissues play a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis through non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been inversely related to body fatness, suggesting that BAT activation is protective against obesity. BAT plays also a key role in the control of triglyceride clearance, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, BAT/beige activation has been proposed as a strategy to prevent or ameliorate obesity development and associated commorbidities. In the last few years, a variety of preclinical studies have proposed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) as novel inducers of BAT activity and white adipose tissue browning. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo available evidences of the thermogenic properties of n-3 PUFAs, especially focusing on the molecular and cellular physiological mechanisms involved. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives to better characterize the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFAs as browning agents, especially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Galilea
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain.,IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Félix-Soriano
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Colón-Mesa
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain.,Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Eurecat, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria J Moreno-Aliaga
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain. .,IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Cai Y, Zhang H, Fan C, Zeng Y, Zou S, Wu C, Wang L, Fang S, Li P, Xue Y, Guan M. Renoprotective effects of brown adipose tissue activation in diabetic mice. J Diabetes 2019; 11:958-970. [PMID: 31020790 PMCID: PMC6899899 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been regarded as a potential target organ to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, the effect of BAT activation on the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains unclear. METHODS Diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) combined with a high-fat diet. To activate BAT, mice were administered 1 mg/kg per day, i.p., CL316,243, a β3 -adrenergic receptor agonist, for 4 weeks. Blood glucose, serum lipids, adipokines, 24-hour urinary albumin, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels were analyzed, in addition to renal pathology. Histological changes (fibrosis, inflammation) were evaluated in the kidneys, as was the expression of oxidative stress-related genes. Renal signaling pathways (fibroblast growth factor [Fgf]21/β-klotho/FGF receptor 1c and AMP-activated protein kinase[AMPK]/sirtuin 1 [Sirt1]/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α [Pgc1α]) were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared with untreated STZ-diabetic mice, CL316,243 treatment reduced blood glucose, albeit not significantly (20.58 ± 3.55 vs 23.60 ± 3.90 mM), and significantly decreased triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Simultaneously, BAT activation significantly decreased 24-hour urinary albumin (34.21 ± 6.28 vs 70.46 ± 15.81 μg/24 h; P < 0.05) and 8-OHdG, improved renal fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and ameliorated renal morphological abnormalities. In addition to enhancing BAT activity, CL316,243 significantly increased serum adiponectin concentrations and renal Fgf21 sensitivity, and reactivated the renal AMPK/Sirt1/Pgc1α signaling pathway. Furthermore, CL316,243 treatment increased levels of some circulating miRNAs and downregulated expression of their target genes in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS Activating BAT could improve kidney injury in diabetic mice via metabolic improvements and renal AMPK activation by beneficial adipokines and miRNAs.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Adipokines/blood
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Circulating MicroRNA/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetic Nephropathies/blood
- Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/prevention & control
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Lipids/blood
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 1/metabolism
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ying Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Birth Control, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Hong‐Bin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Cun‐Xia Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHainan General HospitalHaikouChina
| | - Yan‐Mei Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shao‐Zhou Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Yan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shu Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yao‐Ming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mei‐Ping Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Symonds ME, Farhat G, Aldiss P, Pope M, Budge H. Brown adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis - the link between climate change and the global rise in obesity and diabetes. Adipocyte 2019; 8:46-50. [PMID: 30463471 PMCID: PMC6768202 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1551689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the global rise in temperature is contributing to the onset of diabetes, which could be mediated by a concomitant reduction in brown fat activity. Brown (and beige) fat are characterised as possessing a unique mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein (UCP)1 that when activated can rapidly generate large amounts of heat. Primary environmental stimuli of UCP1 include cold-exposure and diet, leading to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and large amounts of lipid and glucose being oxidised by brown fat. The exact contribution remains controversial, although recent studies indicate that the amount of brown and beige fat in adult humans has been greatly underestimated. We therefore review the potential mechanisms by which glucose could be utilised within brown and beige fat in adult humans and the extent to which these are sensitive to temperature and diet. This includes the potential contribution from the peridroplet and cytoplasmic mitochondrial sub-fractions recently identified in brown fat, and whether a proportion of glucose oxidation could be UCP1-independent. It is thus predicted that as new methods are developed to assess glucose metabolism by brown fat, a more accurate determination of the thermogenic and non-thermogenic functions could be feasible in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Grace Farhat
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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30
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Klepac K, Georgiadi A, Tschöp M, Herzig S. The role of brown and beige adipose tissue in glycaemic control. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:90-100. [PMID: 31283940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the past decade, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been extensively studied as a potential therapy for obesity and metabolic diseases due to its thermogenic and glucose-consuming properties. It is now clear that the function of BAT goes beyond heat production, as it also plays an important endocrine role by secreting the so-called batokines to communicate with other metabolic tissues and regulate systemic energy homeostasis. However, despite numerous studies showing the benefits of BAT in rodents, it is still not clear whether recruitment of BAT can be utilized to treat human patients. Here, we review the advances on understanding the role of BAT in metabolism and its benefits on glucose and lipid homeostasis in both humans and rodents. Moreover, we discuss the latest methodological approaches to assess the contribution of BAT to human metabolism as well as the possibility to target BAT, pharmacologically or by lifestyle adaptations, to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Klepac
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Georgiadi
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Germany.
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31
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Darcy J, Tseng YH. ComBATing aging-does increased brown adipose tissue activity confer longevity? GeroScience 2019; 41:285-296. [PMID: 31230192 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and its related beige adipose tissue (BAT) play a definitive role in maintaining body temperature by producing heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which acts by dissociating oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production, resulting in the release of heat. Therefore, in order to maintain high thermogenic capacity, BAT must act as a metabolic sink by taking up vast amounts of circulating glucose and lipids for oxidation. This, along with the rediscovery of BAT in adult humans, has fueled the study of BAT as a putative therapeutic approach to manage the growing rates of obesity and metabolic syndromes. Notably, many of the beneficial consequences of BAT activity overlap with metabolic biomarkers of extended lifespan and healthspan. In this review, we provide background about BAT including the thermogenic program, BAT's role as a secretory organ, and differences between BAT in mice and humans. We also provide details on BAT during aging, and perspectives on the potential of targeting BAT to promote lifespan and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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32
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François M, Torres H, Huesing C, Zhang R, Saurage C, Lee N, Qualls-Creekmore E, Yu S, Morrison CD, Burk D, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H. Sympathetic innervation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue in mouse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1454:3-13. [PMID: 31184376 PMCID: PMC6810755 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of significant brown fat depots in adult humans has revived discussion of exploiting brown fat thermogenesis in the control of energy balance and body weight. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has a key role in the activation of brown fat and functional mapping of its components will be crucial for the development of specific neuromodulation techniques. The mouse is an important species used for molecular genetic modulations, but its small size is not ideal for anatomical dissections, thus brown fat innervation studies are mostly available in larger rodents such as rats and hamsters. Here, we use pseudorabies virus retrograde tracing, whole tissue clearing, and confocal/light sheet microscopy to show the location of pre- and postganglionic neurons selectively innervating the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in the mouse. Using iDISCO whole tissue clearing, we identified iBAT projecting postganglionic neurons in the caudal parts of the ipsilateral fused stellate/T1, as well as the T2-T5 sympathetic chain ganglia and preganglionic neurons between levels T2 and T6 of the ipsilateral spinal cord. The methodology enabled high-resolution imaging and 3D rendering of the specific SNS innervation of iBAT and will be helpful to discern peripheral nervous system innervation of other organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie François
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hayden Torres
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Clara Huesing
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rui Zhang
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Carson Saurage
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nathan Lee
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Sangho Yu
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - David Burk
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hans Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Preliminary investigation of brown adipose tissue assessed by PET/CT and cancer activity. Skeletal Radiol 2019; 48:413-419. [PMID: 30215105 PMCID: PMC6345160 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-018-3046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in cancer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group comprised 142 patients (121 female, 21 male; mean age, 49 ± 16 years) who underwent F18-FDG PET/CT (PET/CT) for staging or surveillance of cancer and who were BAT-positive on PET/CT. BAT volume by PET/CT, abdominal (visceral and subcutaneous) fat and paraspinous muscle cross-sectional areas (CSA) were assessed. Groups with and without active cancer on PET/CT were compared using a two-sided paired t test. Linear regression analyses between BAT and body composition parameters were performed. RESULTS There were 62 patients (54 female, eight male) who had active cancer on PET/CT and 80 patients (67 female, 13 male) without active cancer. Groups were similar in age and BMI (p ≥ 0.4), abdominal fat and muscle CSA, fasting glucose, and outside temperature at time of scan (p ≥ 0.2). Patients who had active cancer on PET/CT had higher BAT volume compared to patients without active cancer (p = 0.009). In patients without active cancer, BAT was positively associated with BMI and abdominal fat depots (r = 0.46 to r = 0.59, p < 0.0001) while there were no such associations in patients with active cancer (p ≥ 0.1). No associations between BAT and age or muscle CSA were found (p ≥ 0.1). CONCLUSIONS BAT activity is greater in patients with active cancer compared to age-, sex-, and BMI-matched BAT-positive patients without active cancer, suggesting a possible role of BAT in cancer activity.
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Zhang Y, Hu X, Hu S, Scotti A, Cai K, Wang J, Zhou X, Yang D, Figini M, Pan L, Shangguan J, Yang J, Zhang Z. Non-invasive Imaging Methods for Brown Adipose Tissue Detection and Function Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8. [PMID: 31080698 PMCID: PMC6508884 DOI: 10.4172/2165-8048.1000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) has a major role in thermoregulation, producing heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Primarily found in animals and human infants, the presence of significant brown adipose tissue was identified only recently, and its metabolic role in adults was reconsidered. BAT is believed to have an important role in many metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and also to be associated with cancer cachexia. Therefore, it is currently a topic of great interest in the research community, and many groups are investigating the mechanisms underlying BAT metabolism in normal and pathological conditions. However, well established non-invasive methods for assessing BAT distribution and function are still lacking. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the art of these methods, with a particular focus on PET, CT and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Radiology, Third Military Medical University Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Su Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alessandro Scotti
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Third Military Medical University Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Pingjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matteo Figini
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Pan
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Shangguan
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has been recently rediscovered and intensively investigated as a new potential therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, reliable assessment of BAT mass in vivo represents a considerable challenge. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate for the first time that human BAT depots can be imaged with a translocator protein (TSPO)-specific positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [11C]PBR28 under thermoneutral conditions. PROCEDURES In this retrospective analysis, we analyzed the images of three healthy volunteers who underwent PET/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after injection of 14 m Ci of [11C]PBR28 at room temperature. Thirty-minute static PET images were reconstructed from the data obtained 60-90 min after the injection of the tracer. RESULTS [11C]PBR28 uptake in the neck/supraclavicular regions was identified, which was parallel to the known distribution pattern of human BAT depots. These areas co-localized with the areas of hyperintensity and corresponded to fat on T1-weighted MR images. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was used to quantify [11C]PBR28 signal in BAT depots. The average (± SD) SUV(mean) and SUVmax for BAT depots was 2.13 (± 0.33) and 3.19 (± 0.34), respectively, while the average SUV(mean) for muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue was 0.79 (± 0.1) and 0.18 (± 0.04), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this brief article, we provide the first evidence suggesting that [11C]PBR28, a widely available TSPO-specific PET tracer, can be used for imaging human BAT mass under thermoneutral conditions.
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Karampinos DC, Weidlich D, Wu M, Hu HH, Franz D. Techniques and Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Studying Brown Adipose Tissue Morphometry and Function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:299-324. [PMID: 30099625 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present review reports on the current knowledge and recent findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) of brown adipose tissue (BAT). The work summarizes the features and mechanisms that allow MRI to differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT) by making use of their distinct morphological appearance and the functional characteristics of BAT. MR is a versatile imaging modality with multiple contrast mechanisms as potential candidates in the study of BAT, targeting properties of 1H, 13C, or 129Xe nuclei. Techniques for assessing BAT morphometry based on fat fraction and markers of BAT microstructure, including intermolecular quantum coherence and diffusion imaging, are first described. Techniques for assessing BAT function based on the measurement of BAT metabolic activity, perfusion, oxygenation, and temperature are then presented. The application of the above methods in studies of BAT in animals and humans is described, and future directions in MR study of BAT are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dominik Weidlich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Houchun H Hu
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Dedov II, Tkachuk VA, Gusev NB, Shirinsky VP, Vorotnikov AV, Kochegura TN, Mayorov AY, Shestakova MV. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: identification of the molecular mechanisms, key signaling pathways and transcription factors aimed to reveal new therapeutical targets. DIABETES MELLITUS 2018. [DOI: 10.14341/dm9730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a socially important disease with only symptomatic therapy developed due to lack of knowledge about its pathogenesis and underlying mechanism. Insulin resistance (IR) is the first link of T2DM pathogenesis and results in decrease of ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by target cells. Development of IR involves genetic predisposition, excessive nutrition, stress, obesity or chronic inflammation due to disruption of insulin signaling within cells. Molecular mechanisms and markers of IR are characterized rather poorly, which prevents early diagnosis and creation of preventive therapy. Euglycemic clamp test is still a golden standard for IR diagnosis in clinic. Hyperglycemia is a distant consequence of IR in which damaging effect of oxidative and carbonyl stress is realized and diagnosis of T2DM is stipulated. Molecular chaperones and small heat-shock proteins have a protective effect at the early stages of T2DM pathogenesis, preventing development of reticulum stress and apoptosis. Endothelial dysfunction is related to T2DM and its cardiovascular complications, however, it is unknown on which stage of pathogenesis these changes occur and what are their molecular inductors. Finally, transcriptional activity and adipogenic differentiation play an important role in formation of new fat depots from predecessor cells and activation of brown and beige fat demonstrating hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms of development of IR and endothelial dysfunction, role of transcription factor Prep1 and small heat shock proteins, evaluation of novel methods of diagnostics of IR and therapeutic potential of brown and beige fat, determination of biotargets for new antidiabetic drugs.
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Association between brown adipose tissue and bone mineral density in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1516-1525. [PMID: 30518823 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) seems to play a role in bone morphogenesis. A negative association has been reported between BAT and bone mineral density (BMD) in women, but not in men. A panel of experts has recently published a set of recommendations for BAT assessment, and thus, to re-address previously reported associations is needed. This study aimed to investigate the association between cold-induced BAT 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake and BMD in young healthy adults. METHODS Ninety-eight healthy adults (68 women; 22 ± 2.2 years old; 24.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2) cold-induced BAT was assessed by means of an 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan preceded by a personalized cold stimulation. The cold exposure consisted in 2 h in a mild cold room at 19.5-20 °C wearing a water perfused cooling vest set 4 °C above the individual shivering threshold. Total body and lumbar spine BMD were assessed by a whole-body DXA scan. RESULTS We found no association between BMD and cold-induced BAT volume, mean, and maximal activity (all P > 0.1) in neither young and healthy men nor women. These results remained unchanged when adjusting by height, by body composition, and by objectively assessed physical activity. Sensitivity analyses using the criteria to quantify cold-induced BAT-related parameters applied in previous studies did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study shows that there is no association between cold-induced BAT and BMD in young healthy adults. Moreover, our data support the notion that previously shown associations between BAT and BMD in healthy non-calorically restricted individuals, could be driven by methodological issues related to BAT assessment and/or sample size limitations.
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McCallister D, Zhang L, Burant A, Katz L, Branca RT. Effect of microscopic susceptibility gradients on chemical-shift-based fat fraction quantification in supraclavicular fat. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:141-151. [PMID: 30284347 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility differences between fat and water can cause changes in the water-fat frequency separation that can negatively affect the accuracy of fat fraction techniques. This may be especially relevant for brown adipose tissue, as MRI fat fraction techniques have been proposed for its detection. PURPOSE To assess the effect of microscopic magnetic susceptibility gradients on the water-fat frequency separation and its impact on chemical-shift-based fat fraction quantification techniques in the supraclavicular fat, where brown adipose tissue is commonly found in humans. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION/SUBJECTS/PHANTOM/SPECIMEN/ANIMAL MODEL Subjects: 11 healthy volunteers, mean age of 26 and mean BMI of 23, three overweight volunteers, mean age of 38 and mean BMI of 33. Phantoms: bovine phantom and intralipid fat emulsion. Simulations: various water-fat distributions. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Six-echo gradient echo chemical-shift-encoded sequence at 3T. ASSESSMENT Fat fraction values as obtained from a water-fat spectral model accounting for susceptibility-induced water-fat frequency variations were directly compared to traditional spectral models that assume constant water-fat frequency separation. STATISTICAL TESTS Two-tail t-tests were used for significance testing (p < 0.05.) A Bayesian Information Criterion difference of 6 between fits was taken as strong evidence of an improved model. RESULTS Phantom experiments and simulation results showed variations of the water-fat frequency separation up to 0.4 ppm and 0.6 ppm, respectively. In the supraclavicular area, the water-fat frequency separation produced by magnetic susceptibility gradients varied by as much as ±0.4 ppm, with a mean of 0.08 ± 0.14 ppm, producing a mean difference in fat fraction of -1.26 ± 5.26%. DATA CONCLUSION In the supraclavicular fat depot, microscopic susceptibility gradients that exist within a voxel between water and fat compartments can produce variations in the water-fat frequency separation. These variations may produce fat fraction quantification errors of 5% when a spectral model with a fixed water-fat frequency separation is applied, which could impact MR brown fat techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:141-151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew McCallister
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Applied Physical Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alex Burant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurence Katz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Antonacci MA, Zhang L, Degan S, Erdmann D, Branca RT. Calibration of methylene-referenced lipid-dissolved xenon frequency for absolute MR temperature measurements. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:765-772. [PMID: 30216528 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Absolute MR temperature measurements are currently difficult because they require precalibration procedures specific for tissue types and conditions. Reference of the lipid-dissolved 129 Xe resonance frequency to temperature-insensitive methylene protons (rLDX) has been proposed to remove the effect of macro- and microscopic susceptibility gradients to obtain absolute temperature information. The scope of this work is to evaluate the rLDX chemical shift (CS) dependence on lipid composition to estimate the precision of absolute temperature measurements in lipids. METHODS Neat triglycerides, vegetable oils, and samples of freshly excised human and rodent adipose tissue (AT) are prepared under 129 Xe atmosphere and studied using high-resolution NMR. The rLDX CS is measured as a function of temperature. 1 H spectra are also acquired and the consistency of methylene-referenced water proton and rLDX CS values are compared in human AT. RESULTS Although rLDX CS shows a dependence on lipid composition, in human and rodent AT samples the rLDX shows consistent CS values with a similar temperature dependence (-0.2058 ± 0.0010) ppm/°C × T (°C) + (200.15 ± 0.03) ppm, enabling absolute temperature measurements with an accuracy of 0.3°C. Methylene-referenced water CS values present variations of up to 4°C, even under well-controlled conditions. CONCLUSIONS The rLDX can be used to obtain accurate absolute temperature measurements in AT, opening new opportunities for hyperpolarized 129 Xe MR to measure tissue absolute temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Le Zhang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Simone Degan
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Detlev Erdmann
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Kaikaew K, van den Beukel JC, Neggers SJCMM, Themmen APN, Visser JA, Grefhorst A. Sex difference in cold perception and shivering onset upon gradual cold exposure. J Therm Biol 2018; 77:137-144. [PMID: 30196892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To maintain a thermal balance when experiencing cold, humans reduce heat loss and enhance heat production. A potent and rapid mechanism for heat generation is shivering. Research has shown that women prefer a warmer environment and feel less comfortable than men in the same thermal condition. Using the Blanketrol® III, a temperature management device commonly used to study brown adipose tissue activity, we tested whether the experimental temperature (TE) at which men and women start to shiver differs. Twenty male and 23 female volunteers underwent a cooling protocol, starting at 24 °C and gradually decreasing by 1-2 °C every 5 min until an electromyogram detected the shivering or the temperature reached 9 °C. Women started shivering at a higher TE than men (11.3 ± 1.8 °C for women vs 9.6 ± 1.8 °C for men, P = 0.003). In addition, women felt cool, scored by a visual analogue scale, at a higher TE than men (18.3 ± 3.0 °C for women vs 14.6 ± 2.6 °C for men, P < 0.001). This study demonstrates a sex difference in response to cold exposure: women require shivering as a source of heat production earlier than men. This difference could be important and sex should be considered when using cooling protocols in physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiphak Kaikaew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Johanna C van den Beukel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Axel P N Themmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Capel E, Vatier C, Cervera P, Stojkovic T, Disse E, Cottereau AS, Auclair M, Verpont MC, Mosbah H, Gourdy P, Barraud S, Miquel A, Züchner S, Bonnefond A, Froguel P, Christin-Maitre S, Delemer B, Fève B, Laville M, Robert J, Tenenbaum F, Lascols O, Vigouroux C, Jéru I. MFN2-associated lipomatosis: Clinical spectrum and impact on adipose tissue. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1420-1435. [PMID: 30158064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is characterized by upper-body lipomatous masses frequently associated with metabolic and neurological signs. MFN2 pathogenic variants were recently implicated in a very rare autosomal recessive form of MSL. MFN2 encodes mitofusin-2, a mitochondrial fusion protein previously involved in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical, metabolic, tissular, and molecular characteristics of MFN2-associated MSL. METHODS We sequenced MFN2 in 66 patients referred for altered fat distribution with one or several lipomas or lipoma-like regions and performed clinical and metabolic investigations in patients with positive genetic testing. Lipomatous tissues were studied in 3 patients. RESULTS Six patients from 5 families carried a homozygous p.Arg707Trp pathogenic variant, representing the largest reported series of MFN2-associated MSL. Patients presented both lipomatous masses and a lipodystrophic syndrome (lipoatrophy, low leptinemia and adiponectinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and/or diabetes). Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy was of highly variable clinical severity. Lipomatous tissue mainly contained hyperplastic unilocular adipocytes, with few multilocular cells. It displayed numerous mitochondrial alterations (increased number and size, structural defects). As compared to control subcutaneous fat, mRNA and protein expression of leptin and adiponectin was strikingly decreased, whereas the CITED1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) thermogenic markers were strongly overexpressed. Consistently, serum FGF21 was markedly increased, and 18F-FDG-PET-scan revealed increased fat metabolic activity. CONCLUSION MFN2-related MSL is a novel mitochondrial lipodystrophic syndrome involving both lipomatous masses and lipoatrophy. Its complex neurological and metabolic phenotype justifies careful clinical evaluation and multidisciplinary care. Low leptinemia and adiponectinemia, high serum FGF21, and increased 18F-FDG body fat uptake may be disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Capel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Camille Vatier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre National de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtriére, Centre National de Référence des maladies neuromusculaires, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Disse
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Ségolène Cottereau
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Martine Auclair
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Verpont
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S1155, LUMIC, Plate-forme d'Imagerie et de Cytométrie de Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Héléna Mosbah
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sara Barraud
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Reims, France
| | - Anne Miquel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Radiologie, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Züchner
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre National de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Reims, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre National de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Martine Laville
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Lyon, France
| | - Juliette Robert
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Florence Tenenbaum
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lascols
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre National de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Jéru
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
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Symonds ME, Aldiss P, Pope M, Budge H. Recent advances in our understanding of brown and beige adipose tissue: the good fat that keeps you healthy. F1000Res 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1129. [PMID: 30079236 PMCID: PMC6058473 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14585.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses a unique uncoupling protein (UCP1) which, when activated, enables the rapid generation of heat and the oxidation of lipids or glucose or both. It is present in small amounts (~15-350 mL) in adult humans. UCP1 is rapidly activated at birth and is essential in preventing hypothermia in newborns, who rapidly generate large amounts of heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. Since the "re-discovery" of BAT in adult humans about 10 years ago, there has been an exceptional amount of research interest. This has been accompanied by the establishment of beige fat, characterised as discrete areas of UCP1-containing cells dispersed within white adipocytes. Typically, the amount of UCP1 in these depots is around 10% of the amount found in classic BAT. The abundance of brown/beige fat is reduced with obesity, and the challenge is to prevent its loss with ageing or to reactivate existing depots or both. This is difficult, as the current gold standard for assessing BAT function in humans measures radio-labelled glucose uptake in the fasted state and is usually dependent on cold exposure and the same subject can be found to exhibit both positive and negative scans with repeated scanning. Rodent studies have identified multiple pathways that may modulate brown/beige fat function, but their direct relevance to humans is constrained, as these studies typically are undertaken in cool-adapted animals. BAT remains a challenging organ to study in humans and is able to swiftly adapt to changes in the thermal environment and thus enable rapid changes in heat production and glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Assessment of the Aging of the Brown Adipose Tissue by 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging in the Progeria Mouse Model Lmna -/. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:8327089. [PMID: 30116163 PMCID: PMC6079616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8327089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important energy metabolic organ that is highly implicated in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Aging is one of the most important determinants of BAT activity. In this study, we used 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging to assess BAT aging in Lmna−/− mice. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVMax) of the BAT was measured, and the target/nontarget (T/NT) values of BAT were calculated. The transcription and the protein expression levels of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), and the PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting or immunohistochemical analysis. Apoptosis and cell senescence rates in the BAT of WT and Lmna−/− mice were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and by CDKN2A/p16INK4a immunohistochemical staining, respectively. At 14 weeks of age, the BAT SUVMax and the expression levels of UCP1, β3-AR, and PRDM16 in Lmna−/− mice were significantly reduced relative to WT mice. At the same time, the number of p16INK4a and TUNEL positively stained cells (%) increased in Lmna−/− mice. Collectively, our results indicate that the aging characteristics and the aging regulatory mechanism in the BAT of Lmna−/− mice can mimic the normal BAT aging process.
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Symonds ME, Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Law J, Fainberg HP, Pope M, Sacks H, Budge H. Brown adipose tissue development and function and its impact on reproduction. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R53-R62. [PMID: 29789429 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of the smallest organs in the body, it has the potential to have a substantial impact on both heat production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. This is most apparent at birth, which is characterised with the rapid appearance and activation of the BAT specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in many large mammals. The amount of brown fat then gradually declines with age, an adaptation that can be modulated by the thermal environment. Given the increased incidence of maternal obesity and its potential transmission to the mother's offspring, increasing BAT activity in the mother could be one mechanism to prevent this cycle. To date, however, all rodent studies investigating maternal obesity have been conducted at standard laboratory temperature (21°C), which represents an appreciable cold challenge. This could also explain why offspring weight is rarely increased, suggesting that future studies would benefit from being conducted at thermoneutrality (~28°C). It is also becoming apparent that each fat depot has a unique transcriptome and show different developmental pattern, which is not readily apparent macroscopically. These differences could contribute to the retention of UCP1 within the supraclavicular fat depot, the most active depot in adult humans, increasing heat production following a meal. Despite the rapid increase in publications on BAT over the past decade, the extent to which modifications in diet and/or environment can be utilised to promote its activity in the mother and/or her offspring remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research CentreSchool of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neele Dellschaft
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Law
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hernan P Fainberg
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Harold Sacks
- VA Endocrinology and Diabetes DivisionVA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Acosta FM, Berchem J, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, Alcantara JMA, Ortiz-Alvarez L, Hamaoka T, Ruiz JR. Near-Infrared Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy as an Indirect Technique to Assess Brown Adipose Tissue in Young Women. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 21:328-338. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Scotti A, Tain RW, Li W, Gil V, Liew CW, Cai K. Mapping brown adipose tissue based on fat water fraction provided by Z-spectral imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 47:1527-1533. [PMID: 29148120 PMCID: PMC5957768 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a great relevance in metabolic diseases and has been shown to be reduced in obesity and insulin resistance patients. Currently, Dixon MRI is used to calculate fat-water fraction (FWF) and differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT). However, it may fail in areas of phase wrapping and introduce fat-water swapping artifacts. PURPOSE To investigate the capacity of the Z-spectrum imaging (ZSI) for the identification of BAT in vivo. STUDY TYPE Retrospective study. SPECIMENS WAT, BAT, and lean tissue from healthy mice. ANIMALS Four C57BL/6 healthy mice. POPULATION Five healthy volunteers. FIELD STRENGTH 9.4T, 3T for volunteers. SEQUENCE Z-Spectra data were fitted to a model with three Lorentzian peaks reflecting the direct saturation of tissue water (W) and methylene fat (F), and the magnetization transfer from the semi-solid tissues. The peak amplitudes of water and fat were used to map the FWF. The novel FWF metric was calibrated with an oil and water mixture phantom and validated in specimens, mice and human subjects. ASSESSMEMT FWF distribution was compared with published works and values compared with Dixon's MRI results. STATISTICAL TESTS Comparisons were performed by t-tests. RESULTS ZSI clearly differentiated WAT, BAT, and lean tissues by having FWF = 1, 0.5, and 0, respectively. Calibration with oil mixture phantoms revealed a linear relationship between FWF and the actual fat fraction (R2 = 0.98). In vivo experiments in mice confirmed in vitro results by showing FWF = 0.6 in BAT. FWF maps of human subjects showed the same FWF distribution as Dixon's MRI (P > 0.05). ZSI is independent from B0 field inhomogeneity and fat-water swapping because both lipid and water frequency offsets are determined simultaneously during Z-spectral fitting. DATA CONCLUSION ZSI can derive artifact-free FWF maps, which can be used to identify BAT distribution in vivo noninvasively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1527-1533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Scotti
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rong-Wen Tain
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weiguo Li
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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48
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Recent advances in the detection of brown adipose tissue in adult humans: a review. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1039-1054. [PMID: 29802209 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is associated with reductions in circulating lipids and glucose in rodents and contributes to energy expenditure in humans indicating the potential therapeutic importance of targetting this tissue for the treatment of a variety of metabolic disorders. In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of human BAT, a variety of methodologies for assessing the volume and metabolic activity of BAT are utilized. Cold exposure is often utilized to increase BAT activity but inconsistencies in the characteristics of the exposure protocols make it challenging to compare findings. The metabolic activity of BAT in response to cold exposure has most commonly been measured by static positron emission tomography of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in combination with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) imaging, but recent studies suggest that under some conditions this may not always reflect BAT thermogenic activity. Therefore, recent studies have used alternative positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging strategies and radiotracers that may offer important insights. In addition to PET-CT, there are numerous emerging techniques that may have utility for assessing BAT metabolic activity including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), skin temperature measurements, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and contrast ultrasound (CU). In this review, we discuss and critically evaluate the various methodologies used to measure BAT metabolic activity in humans and provide a contemporary assessment of protocols which may be useful in interpreting research findings and guiding the development of future studies.
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49
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Velickovic KD, Ukropina MM, Glisic RM, Cakic-Milosevic MM. Effects of long-term sucrose overfeeding on rat brown adipose tissue: a structural and immunohistochemical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.166538. [PMID: 29496784 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of long-term sucrose overfeeding on functional capacity and ultrastructural characteristics of the rat brown adipose tissue (BAT). For the study, 16 male Wistar rats, chow-fed and kept under standard laboratory conditions, were divided into 2 equal groups. The rats from a control group drank tap water, whereas those from a sucrose overfed group were allowed to drink 10% sucrose solution for 21 days. Structural changes of BAT were analysed at the level of light and electron microscopy on routinely prepared tissue sections or using immunohistochemical staining, in combination with stereological methods. Obtained results have shown that the significantly increased energy intake in sucrose overfed rats did not result in a higher gain of body mass compared with controls. The light microscopy analysis revealed that the BAT acquired the appearance of a thermogenically active tissue, with intensified vascularisation, reduced size of brown adipocytes and increased multilocularity. At the ultrastructural level, mitochondria of brown adipocytes became more abundant, enlarged and contained more cristae in comparison to control animals. The immunoexpression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and noradrenaline, as markers of BAT thermogenic status, was increased, whereas the pattern of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) was slightly modified. Taken together, the results of this investigation indicated that BAT possesses the ability to increase thermogenic capacity/activity in response to high energy intake and to prevent body mass gain. These findings are particularly relevant in view of recent reports on the existence of functional BAT in adult humans and its potential use to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija D Velickovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chair of Cell and Tissue Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Electron Microscopy, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirela M Ukropina
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chair of Cell and Tissue Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila M Glisic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Maja M Cakic-Milosevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chair of Cell and Tissue Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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50
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Acosta FM, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, A. Alcantara JM, Acosta-Manzano P, Morales-Artacho AJ, R. Ruiz J. Physiological responses to acute cold exposure in young lean men. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196543. [PMID: 29734360 PMCID: PMC5937792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe the physiological responses to an acute bout of mild cold in young lean men (n = 11, age: 23 ± 2 years, body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2) to better understand the underlying mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis and how it is regulated. Resting energy expenditure, substrate metabolism, skin temperature, thermal comfort perception, superficial muscle activity, hemodynamics of the forearm and abdominal regions, and heart rate variability were measured under warm conditions (22.7 ± 0.2°C) and during an individualized cooling protocol (air-conditioning and water cooling vest) in a cold room (19.4 ± 0.1°C). The temperature of the cooling vest started at 16.6°C and decreased ~ 1.4°C every 10 minutes until participants shivered (93.5 ± 26.3 min). All measurements were analysed across 4 periods: warm period, at 31% and at 64% of individual´s cold exposure time until shivering occurred, and at the shivering threshold. Energy expenditure increased from warm period to 31% of cold exposure by 16.7% (P = 0.078) and to the shivering threshold by 31.7% (P = 0.023). Fat oxidation increased by 72.6% from warm period to 31% of cold exposure (P = 0.004), whereas no changes occurred in carbohydrates oxidation. As shivering came closer, the skin temperature and thermal comfort perception decreased (all P<0.05), except in the supraclavicular skin temperature, which did not change (P>0.05). Furthermore, the superficial muscle activation increased at the shivering threshold. It is noteworthy that the largest physiological changes occurred during the first 30 minutes of cold exposure, when the participants felt less discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Acosta
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. A. Alcantara
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Acosta-Manzano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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