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Klee B, Diexer S, Horn J, Langer S, Wende M, Ortiz D, Bielecka A, Strowig T, Mikolajczyk R, Gottschick C. The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on community non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in preschool children. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:231. [PMID: 38561704 PMCID: PMC10985994 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the pandemic were mainly studied for severe outcomes. Among children, most of the burden of respiratory infections is related to infections which are not medically attended. The perspective on infections in the community setting is necessary to understand the effects of the pandemic on non-pharmaceutical interventions. METHODS In the unique prospective LoewenKIDS cohort study, we compared the true monthly incidence of self-reported acute respiratory infections (ARI) in about 350 participants (aged 3-4 years old) between October 2019 to March 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and October 2020 to March 2021 (pandemic period). Parents reported children's symptoms using a diary. Parents were asked to take a nasal swab of their child during all respiratory symptoms. We analysed 718 swabs using Multiplex PCR for 25 common respiratory viruses and bacteria. RESULTS During the pre-pandemic period, on average 44.6% (95% CI: 39.5-49.8%) of children acquired at least one ARI per month compared to 19.9% (95% CI: 11.1-28.7%) during the pandemic period (Incidence Rate Ratio = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.41-0.54). The detection of influenza virus decreased absolute by 96%, respiratory syncytial virus by 65%, metapneumovirus by 95%, parainfluenza virus by 100%, human enterovirus by 96% and human bocavirus by 70% when comparing the pre-pandemic to the pandemic period. However, rhinoviruses were nearly unaffected by NPI. Co-detection (detection of more than one virus in a single symptomatic swab) was common in the pre-pandemic period (222 of 390 samples with viral detection; 56.9%) and substantially less common during the pandemic period (46 of 216 samples; 21.3%). CONCLUSION Non-pharmaceutical interventions strongly reduced the incidence of all respiratory infections in preschool children but did not affect rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Klee
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sophie Diexer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Horn
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susan Langer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marie Wende
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diego Ortiz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agata Bielecka
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gottschick
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Goh M, Joy C, Gillespie AN, Soh QR, He F, Sung V. Asymptomatic viruses detectable in saliva in the first year of life: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:508-531. [PMID: 38135726 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are common in children. Many can be asymptomatic or have delayed health consequences. In view of increasing availability of point-of-care viral detection technologies, with possible application in newborn screening, this review aimed to (1) identify potentially asymptomatic viruses detectable in infants under one year old, via saliva/nasopharyngeal swab, and (2) describe associations between viruses and long-term health conditions. We systematically searched Embase(Ovid), Medline(Ovid) and PubMed, then further searched the literature in a tiered approach. From the 143 articles included, 28 potentially asymptomatic viruses were identified. Our second search revealed associations with a range of delayed health conditions, with most related to the severity of initial symptoms. Many respiratory viruses were linked with development of recurrent wheeze or asthma. Of note, some potentially asymptomatic viruses are linked with later non-communicable diseases: adenovirus serotype 36 and obesity, Enterovirus-A71 associated Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV) and malignancy, EBV and multiple sclerosis, HHV-6 and epilepsy, HBoV-1 and lung fibrosis and Norovirus and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Our review identified many potentially asymptomatic viruses, detectable in early life with potential delayed health consequences, that could be important to screen for in the future using rapid point-of-care viral detection methods. IMPACT: Novel point-of-care viral detection technologies enable rapid detection of viruses, both old and emerging. In view of increasing capability to screen for viruses, this is the first review to explore which potentially asymptomatic viruses, that are detectable using saliva and/or nasopharyngeal swabs in infants less than one year of age, are associated with delayed adverse health conditions. Further research into detecting such viruses in early life and their delayed health outcomes may pave new ways to prevent non-communicable diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Goh
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Charissa Joy
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Monash Children's Hospital Clayton, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alanna N Gillespie
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Qi Rui Soh
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fan He
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - Valerie Sung
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Monash Children's Hospital Clayton, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Takashima MD, Grimwood K, Sly PD, Lambert SB, Ware RS. Association of rhinovirus and potentially pathogenic bacterial detections in the first 3 months of life with subsequent wheezing in childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:3428-3436. [PMID: 37671813 PMCID: PMC10947429 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airway interactions between viruses, especially rhinoviruses, and potentially pathogenic bacteria (PPB; Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) in early infancy may increase the risk of subsequent wheezing and asthma. We evaluated the association between rhinovirus and PPB in the first 3 months of life and wheezing episodes before age 2 years and asthma at age 5-7 years. METHODS An Australian community-based birth cohort of healthy children involved parents collecting nasal swabs weekly and completing symptom diaries daily until age 2 years. In a follow-up subset, asthma diagnosis was assessed annually until age 7 years. Swabs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Children were included if they returned symptom diaries beyond age 3 months (wheeze) or were reviewed at age 5-7 years (asthma). RESULTS 1440 swabs were returned by 146 children in the first 3 months of life. Wheeze and asthma outcomes were recorded for 146 and 84 children, respectively. Each additional week of rhinovirus detection increased the incidence of wheezing before age 2 years by 1.16 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.35). There were no significant associations between bacteria and wheeze. Each additional week with H. influenzae increased the odds of asthma at age 5-7 years by 135% (odds ratio: 2.35, 95% CI: 0.99-5.58). No significant interaction was observed between rhinovirus and PPB for wheezing or asthma. CONCLUSION Early life rhinovirus infection was associated with wheezing before age 2 years and H. influenzae with asthma by age 5-7 years. Microbes may play an etiologic role in wheezing and asthma, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari D. Takashima
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and PaediatricsGold Coast HealthGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stephen B. Lambert
- UQ Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable DiseasesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Robert S. Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
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Aurich B, Apele‐Freimane D, Banaschewski T, Chouchana L, Day S, Kaguelidou F, Kelly LE, Kindblom JM, Neubert A, Wong ICK. c4c: Paediatric pharmacovigilance: Methodological considerations in research and development of medicines for children - A c4c expert group white paper. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4997-5016. [PMID: 34699077 PMCID: PMC9788092 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Children frequently respond differently to therapies compared to adults. Differences also exist between paediatric age groups for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in both efficacy and safety. Paediatric pharmacovigilance requires an understanding of the unique aspects of children with regard to, for example, drug response, growth and development, clinical presentation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), how they can be detected and population-specific factors (e.g., more frequent use of off-label/unlicensed drugs). In recognition of these challenges, a group of experts has been formed in the context of the conect4children (c4c) project to support paediatric drug development. This expert group collaborated to develop methodological considerations for paediatric drug safety and pharmacovigilance throughout the life-cycle of medicinal products which are described in this article. These considerations include practical points to consider for the development of the paediatric section of the risk management plan (RMP), safety in paediatric protocol development, safety data collection and analysis. Furthermore, they describe the specific details of post-marketing pharmacovigilance in children using, for example, spontaneous reports, electronic health care records, registries and record-linkage, as well as the use of paediatric pharmacoepidemiology studies for risk characterisation. Next the details of the assessment of benefit-risk and challenges related to medicinal product formulation in the context of a Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) are presented. Finally, practical issues in paediatric signal detection and evaluation are included. This paper provides practical points to consider for paediatric pharmacovigilance throughout the life-cycle of medicinal products for RMPs, protocol development, safety data collection and analysis and PIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Aurich
- Department of PharmacologySaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | - Dina Apele‐Freimane
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Women and Child Health ClinicPauls Stradins Clinical University HospitalRigaLatvia
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Laurent Chouchana
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance, Department of PharmacologyCochin Hospital, APHP, Centre, Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Simon Day
- Clinical Trials Consulting and Training LimitedNorth MarstonUK
| | - Florentia Kaguelidou
- Department of Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital; Center of Clinical Investigations, INSERM CIC1426Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Lauren E. Kelly
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Jenny M. Kindblom
- Paediatric Clinical Research Center, Queen Silvia Children's HospitalSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Antje Neubert
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Ian C. K. Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongChina,Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of PharmacyUCLLondonUK
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Castañeda-Ribeyro A, Martins-Luna J, Verne E, Aguila-Luis MA, Silva-Caso W, Ugarte C, Carrillo-Ng H, Cornejo-Tapia A, Tarazona-Castro Y, del Valle-Mendoza J. High prevalence and clinical characteristics of respiratory infection by human rhinovirus in children from Lima-Peru during years 2009–2010. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271044. [PMID: 35839227 PMCID: PMC9286243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Human rhinovirus is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) worldwide. Epidemiological data on human rhinovirus (RV) in Peru is still scarce, as well as its role in respiratory infections in children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of rhinovirus and to identify the circulating species in nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute respiratory infections.
Materials and methods
We analyzed nasopharyngeal swab samples that were collected from children younger than 17 years old, who had a clinical diagnosis of ARI from the “Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia” between May 2009 and December 2010. The original study recruited 767 inpatients with ARI, 559 samples of which were included and analyzed in the current study. Detection of rhinovirus and determination of rhinovirus species were characterized by PCR.
Results
Rhinovirus was detected in 42.22% samples (236/559), RV-A was detected in 10.17% (24/236) of the cases, RV-B in 16.53% (39/236), and RV-C in 73.31% (173/236). The age group with the highest number of cases was the 0–5 months group with 45.97%, followed by the 1–5 years group with 25.22%. Most of the positive RV cases, i.e., 86.44% (204/236), were hospitalized. The most common signs and symptoms found in patients who tested positive for RV were cough (72.88%), fever (68.64%), rhinorrhea (68.22%), and respiratory distress (61.44%). Infection with RV-A was associated with wheezing (p = 0.02). Furthermore, RV-C was related to cough (p = 0.01), wheezing (p = 0.002), and conjunctival injection (p = 0.03). A peak in RV-C cases was found in March (32 cases in 2010); June (18 cases in 2009 and 12 cases in 2010), which corresponds to the fall season in Peru; and also November (17 cases in 2009 and 4 cases in 2010), which corresponds to spring. RV-A and RV-B cases were constant throughout the year.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of rhinovirus C infection among pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Lima, Peru. This viral infection was more common in children between 0 to 5 months old, and was associated with cough, wheezing, and conjunctival injection. Epidemiological surveillance of this virus should be strengthened/encouraged in Peru to determine its real impact on respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Castañeda-Ribeyro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Johanna Martins-Luna
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Verne
- School of Medicine Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Aguila-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Ugarte
- School of Medicine Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Carrillo-Ng
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Angela Cornejo-Tapia
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Yordi Tarazona-Castro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Juana del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
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Understanding Rhinovirus Circulation and Impact on Illness. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010141. [PMID: 35062345 PMCID: PMC8778310 DOI: 10.3390/v14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been reported as one of the main viral causes for severe respiratory illnesses that may require hospitalization, competing with the burden of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV in terms of severity, economic cost, and resource utilization. With three species and 169 subtypes, RV presents the greatest diversity within the Enterovirus genus, and despite the efforts of the research community to identify clinically relevant subtypes to target therapeutic strategies, the role of species and subtype in the clinical outcomes of RV infection remains unclear. This review aims to collect and organize data relevant to RV illness in order to find patterns and links with species and/or subtype, with a specific focus on species and subtype diversity in clinical studies typing of respiratory samples.
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Kim HM, Lee EJ, Lee N, Woo SH, Kim J, Rhee JE, Kim E. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on respiratory surveillance and explanation of high detection rate of human rhinovirus during the pandemic in the Republic of Korea. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:721-731. [PMID: 34405546 PMCID: PMC8446939 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the detection of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Korea on January 20, 2019, it has triggered three major outbreaks. To decrease the disease burden of COVID-19, social distancing and active mask wearing were encouraged, reducing the number of patients with influenza-like illness and altering the detection rate of influenza and respiratory viruses in the Korea Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Surveillance System (KINRESS). We examined the changes in respiratory viruses due to COVID-19 in South Korea and virological causes of the high detection rate of human rhinovirus (hRV) in 2020. METHODS We collected 52 684 oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swab samples from patients with influenza-like illness in cooperation with KINRESS from 2016 to 2020. Influenza virus and other respiratory viruses were confirmed using real-time RT-PCR. The weekly detection rate was used to compare virus detection patterns. RESULTS Non-enveloped virus (hRV, human bocavirus, and human adenovirus) detection rates during the COVID-19 pandemic were maintained. The detection rate of hRV significantly increased in 2020 compared with that in 2019 and was negatively correlated with number of COVID-19-confirmed cases in 2020. The distribution of strains and genetic characteristics in hRV did not differ between 2019 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the respiratory virus detection rate. The extremely low detection rate of enveloped viruses resulted from efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea. The high detection rate of hRV may be related to resistance against environmental conditions as a non-enveloped virus and the long period of viral shedding from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui Man Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis ControlKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis Analysis, Regional Centers for Disease Control and PreventionKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Nam‐Joo Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis ControlKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang hee Woo
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis ControlKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Min Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis ControlKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Rhee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis ControlKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Jin Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis ControlKorea Disease Control and Prevention AgencyCheongjuRepublic of Korea
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8
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The Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Phylogenetics of Rhinoviruses Among Paediatric Cases in Sydney, Australia. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:69-74. [PMID: 34174431 PMCID: PMC10161873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rhinoviruses (RV) represent the most common aetiological agent of all acute respiratory tract infections across all age groups and a significant burden of disease among children. Recent studies have shown that RV-A and RV-C species are associated with increased disease severity. In order to better understand the potential associations between RV species and clinical features among paediatric cases, this study aimed to integrate genetic and epidemiological data using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. METHODS Potential associations between RV species and subtypes, and clinical disease severity using a matched dataset of 52 RV isolates sampled from children (< 18 years) in Sydney, Australia, between 2006 and 2009 were uncovered using epidemiological and phylogenetic methods. RESULTS It was found that RV-C was significantly more likely to be isolated from paediatric cases aged < 2 years compared with RV-A, although no significant differences in recorded symptoms were observed. Significant phylogenetic-trait associations between age and the VP4/VP2 capsid protein phylogeny suggest that age-specific variations in infectivity among subtypes may may be possible. CONCLUSION This study adds to the growing body of epidemiological evidence concerning RV. Improving surveillance and testing for RV, including routine whole genome sequencing, may improve understanding of the varied disease outcomes of RV species and subtypes. Future studies could aim to identify specific genetic markers associated with age-specific infectivity of RV, which could inform treatment practices and public health surveillance of RV.
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9
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Loss of regulatory capacity in Treg cells following rhinovirus infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1016-1029.e16. [PMID: 34153372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections with rhinoviruses (RV) are strongly associated with development and exacerbations of asthma, and they pose an additional health risk for subjects with allergy. OBJECTIVE How RV infections and chronic allergic diseases are linked and what role RV plays in the breaking of tolerance in regulatory T (Treg) cells is unknown. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of RV on Treg cells. METHODS Treg cells were isolated from subjects with asthma and controls after experimental infection with the RV-A16 (RV16) and analyzed with next-generation sequencing. Additionally, suppression assays, quantitative PCR assays, and protein quantifications were performed with Treg cells after in vitro RV16 infection. RESULTS RV16 induced a strong antiviral response in Treg cells from subjects with asthma and controls, including the upregulation of IFI44L, MX1, ISG15, IRF7, and STAT1. In subjects with asthma, the inflammatory response was exaggerated and showed a dysregulated immune response compared with that in the controls. Furthermore, subjects with asthma failed to upregulate several immunosuppressive molecules such as CTLA4 and CD69, and they upregulated the inflammasome-related genes PYCARD and AIM2. Additionally, RV16 reduced the suppressive capacity of Treg cells from healthy subjects and subjects with asthma in vitro and increased TH2 cell-type cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS Treg cells from healthy subjects and subjects with asthma displayed an antiviral response after RV infection and showed reduced suppressive capacity. These data suggest that Treg cell function might be altered or impaired during RV infections, which might play an important role in the association between RV and the development of asthma and asthma exacerbations.
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10
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Choi T, Devries M, Bacharier LB, Busse W, Camargo CA, Cohen R, Demuri GP, Evans MD, Fitzpatrick AM, Gergen PJ, Grindle K, Gruchalla R, Hartert T, Hasegawa K, Khurana Hershey GK, Holt P, Homil K, Jartti T, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, Kim H, Laing IA, LeBeau P, Lee KE, Le Souëf PN, Liu A, Mauger DT, Ober C, Pappas T, Patel SJ, Phipatanakul W, Pongracic J, Seroogy C, Sly PD, Tisler C, Wald ER, Wood R, Gangnon R, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE, Bochkov YA. Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rhinovirus C and Age-Dependent Patterns of Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:822-830. [PMID: 33357024 PMCID: PMC8017585 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3753oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Rhinovirus (RV) C can cause asymptomatic infection and respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe wheezing.Objectives: To identify how age and other individual-level factors are associated with susceptibility to RV-C illnesses.Methods: Longitudinal data from the COAST (Childhood Origins of Asthma) birth cohort study were analyzed to determine relationships between age and RV-C infections. Neutralizing antibodies specific for RV-A and RV-C (three types each) were determined using a novel PCR-based assay. Data were pooled from 14 study cohorts in the United States, Finland, and Australia, and mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors related to the proportion of RV-C versus RV-A detection.Measurements and Main Results: In COAST, RV-A and RV-C infections were similarly common in infancy, whereas RV-C was detected much less often than RV-A during both respiratory illnesses and scheduled surveillance visits (P < 0.001, χ2) in older children. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to RV-A or RV-C types was low (5-27%) at the age of 2 years, but by the age of 16 years, RV-C seropositivity was more prevalent (78% vs. 18% for RV-A; P < 0.0001). In the pooled analysis, the RV-C to RV-A detection ratio during illnesses was significantly related to age (P < 0.0001), CDHR3 genotype (P < 0.05), and wheezing illnesses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, certain RV types (e.g., C2, C11, A78, and A12) were consistently more virulent and prevalent over time.Conclusions: Knowledge of prevalent RV types, antibody responses, and populations at risk based on age and genetics may guide the development of vaccines or other novel therapies against this important respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Devries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter J Gergen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tuomas Jartti
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Universities of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Haejin Kim
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter N Le Souëf
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Liu
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | | | - Ellen R Wald
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Wood
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James E Gern
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Monge S, Duijster J, Kommer GJ, van de Kassteele J, Krafft T, Engelen P, Valk JP, de Waard J, de Nooij J, Riezebos-Brilman A, van der Hoek W, van Asten L. Ambulance dispatch calls attributable to influenza A and other common respiratory viruses in the Netherlands (2014-2016). Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:420-428. [PMID: 32410358 PMCID: PMC7298355 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambulance dispatches could be useful for syndromic surveillance of severe respiratory infections. We evaluated whether ambulance dispatch calls of highest urgency reflect the circulation of influenza A virus, influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenzavirus and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). METHODS We analysed calls from four ambulance call centres serving 25% of the population in the Netherlands (2014-2016). The chief symptom and urgency level is recorded during triage; we restricted our analysis to calls with the highest urgency and identified those compatible with a respiratory syndrome. We modelled the relation between respiratory syndrome calls (RSC) and respiratory virus trends using binomial regression with identity link function. RESULTS We included 211 739 calls, of which 15 385 (7.3%) were RSC. Proportion of RSC showed periodicity with winter peaks and smaller interseasonal increases. Overall, 15% of RSC were attributable to respiratory viruses (20% in out-of-office hour calls). There was large variation by age group: in <15 years, only RSV was associated and explained 11% of RSC; in 15-64 years, only influenza A (explained 3% of RSC); and in ≥65 years adenovirus explained 9% of RSC, distributed throughout the year, and hMPV (4%) and influenza A (1%) mainly during the winter peaks. Additionally, rhinovirus was associated with total RSC. CONCLUSION High urgency ambulance dispatches reflect the burden of different respiratory viruses and might be useful to monitor the respiratory season overall. Influenza plays a smaller role than other viruses: RSV is important in children while adenovirus and hMPV are the biggest contributors to emergency calls in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monge
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janneke Duijster
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Kommer
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services (VPZ), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van de Kassteele
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Krafft
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht Centre for Global Health, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jens P Valk
- Dispatch Center Regional Ambulance Services Noord Nederland, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Waard
- Regional Ambulance Service Hollands Midden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Nooij
- Regional Ambulance Service Hollands Midden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Riezebos-Brilman
- Department of Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte van Asten
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Rodrigues AF, Santos AM, Ferreira AM, Marino R, Barreira ME, Cabeda JM. Year-Long Rhinovirus Infection is Influenced by Atmospheric Conditions, Outdoor Air Virus Presence, and Immune System-Related Genetic Polymorphisms. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:340-349. [PMID: 31350695 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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13
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Merckx J, Kraicer-Melamed H, Gore G, Ducharme FM, Quach C. Respiratory pathogens and clinical outcomes in children with an asthma exacerbation: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2019; 4:145-168. [PMID: 36340656 PMCID: PMC9603032 DOI: 10.3138/jammi.2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In asthmatic children, respiratory pathogens are identified in 60%-80% of asthma exacerbations, contributing to a significant burden of illness. The role of pathogens in the clinical evolution of exacerbations is unknown. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed the association between the presence of pathogens and clinical outcomes in children with an asthma exacerbation. METHOD PubMed, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to October 2016 for studies reporting on respiratory pathogen exposure and clinical outcome. The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool was used for quality assessment. RESULTS Twenty-eight observational studies (N = 4,224 children) reported on 112 different associations between exposure to any pathogen (n = 45), human rhinovirus (HRV; n = 34), atypical bacteria (n = 21), specific virus (n = 11), or bacteria (n = 1) and outcomes of exacerbation severity (n = 26), health care use (n = 38), treatment response (n = 19), and morbidity (n = 29). Restricting the analysis only to comparisons with a low to moderate risk of bias, we observed an association between HRV and higher exacerbation severity on presentation (regression p = .016) and between the presence of any pathogen and emergency department treatment failure (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95% CI 1.04% to 2.37%). High-quality evidence for effect on morbidity or health care use is lacking. CONCLUSIONS Further research on the role of pathogen-treatment interaction and outcomes is required to inform the need for point-of-care, real-time testing for pathogens. Studies with a sufficiently large sample size that address selection bias, correctly adjust for confounding, and rigorously report core patient-centred outcomes are necessary to improve knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Merckx
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hannah Kraicer-Melamed
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Gore
- Life Sciences Library, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Francine M Ducharme
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Division of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Kuypers J, Perchetti GA, Chu HY, Newman KL, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Jerome KR, Tielsch JM, Englund JA. Phylogenetic characterization of rhinoviruses from infants in Sarlahi, Nepal. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2108-2116. [PMID: 31389049 PMCID: PMC6800797 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem Rhinoviruses (RVs), the most common causes of acute respiratory infections in young children and infants, are highly diverse genetically. Objective To characterize the RV types detected with respiratory illness episodes in infants in Nepal. Study methods Infants born to women enrolled in a randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural, southern Nepal were followed with household‐based weekly surveillance until 180 days of age. Infants with respiratory symptoms had nasal swabs tested for twelve respiratory viruses. A subset with RV alone was selected for sequencing of the VP4/2 gene to identify RV types. Results Among 547 RV‐only positive illnesses detected from December 2012 to April 2014, 285 samples (52%) were sequenced. RV‐A, B, and C species were detected in 193 (68%), 18 (6%), and 74 (26%) specimens, respectively. A total of 94 unique types were identified from the sequenced samples, including 52 RV‐A, 11 RV‐B, and 31 RV‐C. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No seasonality was observed. The median ages at illness onset were 88, 104, and 88 days for RV‐A, B, and C, respectively. The median polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values did not differ between RV species. No differences between RV species were observed for reported respiratory symptoms, including pneumonia, or for medical care‐seeking. Conclusions Among very young, symptomatic infants in rural Nepal, all three species and many types of RV were identified; RV‐A was detected most frequently. There was no association between RV species and disease severity. RV infections were common among infants less than six months old in southern Nepal. All three species and 94 types of RV were identified by sequencing the VP4/2 gene. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No symptomatic differences between RV species or types were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kira L Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Colombia
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Kennedy JL, Pham S, Borish L. Rhinovirus and Asthma Exacerbations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:335-344. [PMID: 31284924 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is ubiquitous and typically causes only minor upper respiratory symptoms. However, especially in children and adolescent asthmatics, RV is responsible for most exacerbations. This ability of RV to drive exacerbations typically requires the concomitant presence of exposure to a bystander allergen. Susceptibility to RV-mediated exacerbations is also related to the genetic background of the host, which contributes to greater infectivity, more severe infections, altered immune responses, and to greater inflammation and loss of asthma control. Given these responses, there are several treatments available or being developed that should improve the control of exacerbations related to RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Sarah Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Larry Borish
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Systems, MR4 Building Room 5041, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Systems, MR4 Building Room 5041, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health Systems, MR4 Building Room 5041, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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16
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Regional, age and respiratory-secretion-specific prevalence of respiratory viruses associated with asthma exacerbation: a literature review. Arch Virol 2018; 163:845-853. [PMID: 29327237 PMCID: PMC7087223 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased understanding of how viral infection is involved in asthma exacerbations, it is less clear which viruses are involved and to what extent they contribute to asthma exacerbations. Here, we sought to determine the prevalence of different respiratory viruses during asthma exacerbations. Systematic computerized searches of the literature up to June 2017 without language limitation were performed. The primary focus was on the prevalence of respiratory viruses, including AdV (adenovirus), BoV (bocavirus), CoV (coronavirus), CMV (cytomegalovirus), EnV (enterovirus), HSV (herpes simplex virus), IfV (influenza virus), MpV (metapneumovirus), PiV (parainfluenzavirus), RV (rhinovirus) and RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) during asthma exacerbations. We also examined the prevalence of viral infection stratified by age, geographic region, type of respiratory secretion, and detection method. Sixty articles were included in the final analysis. During asthma exacerbations, the mean prevalence of AdV, BoV, CoV, CMV, EnV, HSV, IfV, MpV, PiV, RV and RSV was 3.8%, 6.9%, 8.4%, 7.2%, 10.1%, 12.3%, 10.0%, 5.3%, 5.6%, 42.1% and 13.6%, respectively. EnV, MPV, RV and RSV were more prevalent in children, whereas AdV, BoV, CoV, IfV and PiV were more frequently present in adults. RV was the major virus detected globally, except in Africa. RV could be detected in both the upper and lower airway. Polymerase chain reaction was the most sensitive method for detecting viral infection. Our findings indicate the need to develop prophylactic polyvalent or polyvirus (including RV, EnV, IfV and RSV) vaccines that produce herd immunity and reduce the healthcare burden associated with virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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17
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A chip-based rapid genotyping assay to discriminate between rhinovirus species A, B and C. J Clin Virol 2017; 99-100:10-14. [PMID: 29268148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are increasingly associated with severe disease of the respiratory tract. Multiple studies highlighted the clinical significance of different RV species; RV-C is linked to asthma exacerbations and increased disease severity in children, whereas RV-B seems to correlate with milder disease. OBJECTIVES Current typing strategies for differentiation of RV species are time consuming and require extensive equipment. Here we present a novel genotyping tool to discriminate RV species A, B and C. STUDY DESIGN The method encompasses a VP4/VP2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by hybridization of the product on a macro array with probes covering RV-A, B, and C, produced by Chipron as custom array. Validation was performed with respiratory specimens submitted for diagnostic evaluation to the Academic Medical Center. A selection of RV PCR-positive samples genotyped based on VP4/VP2 sequencing was evaluated. Diagnostic performance was tested on respiratory samples positive for RV in an in-house multiplex respiratory PCR from January 2016 to January 2017. In-house primers and additional genotype-specific primers were used for sequencing to investigate array-negative and array-double-positive samples. RESULTS The majority of samples pretyped RVs (n = 135) were classified correctly, except for one that was assigned RV-C instead of RV-A, and 3 samples tested negative. The array gave four double-positive results; the presence of more than one genotype was confirmed in two samples. In 173/187 (92.5%) RV-positive tested patient samples from 2016, the test resulted in a designated species. RV species A was identified in 109 specimens (58.3%), RV-B in 26 (13.9%), and RV-C in 56 (29.9%) samples. Sequencing of the probe region of 14 (7.6%) negative samples revealed up to 3 mismatches to the probes for 12 samples; in 2 cases no PCR product was generated. Notably, in 18 samples the chip detected more than one species, of which 16 were confirmed by sequencing. DISCUSSION The Chipron LCD RV array provides a fast and highly sensitive method for discrimination between rhinovirus species, and has the power to detect dual infections.
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18
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Frassanito A, Nenna R, Nicolai A, Pierangeli A, Tozzi AE, Stefanelli P, Carsetti R, Concato C, Schiavoni I, Midulla F. Infants hospitalized for Bordetella pertussis infection commonly have respiratory viral coinfections. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:492. [PMID: 28701160 PMCID: PMC5506634 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Frassanito
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, V.le Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Nenna
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, V.le Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Nicolai
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, V.le Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pierangeli
- Molecular Medicine Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A E Tozzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - P Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immunomediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - R Carsetti
- Immunology Unit, Immunology and Pharmacal Therapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - C Concato
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - I Schiavoni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immunomediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, V.le Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Annamalay AA, Jroundi I, Bizzintino J, Khoo SK, Zhang G, Lehmann D, Laing IA, Gern J, Goldblatt J, Mahraoui C, Benmessaoud R, Moraleda C, Bassat Q, Le Souëf P. Rhinovirus C is associated with wheezing and rhinovirus A is associated with pneumonia in hospitalized children in Morocco. J Med Virol 2016; 89:582-588. [PMID: 27677921 PMCID: PMC7166858 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) is commonly associated with severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children. We aimed to describe the distribution of RV species and associations between RV species and clinical features in children hospitalized with clinically severe pneumonia (CSP) in Morocco. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected from 700 children, 2–59 months of age, admitted with CSP to the Hôpital d'Enfants de Rabat in Morocco. At least one respiratory virus was identified in 92% of children, of which RV was the most common (53%). PCR assays, sequencing, and phylogenetic tree analyses were carried out on 183 RV‐positive NPAs to determine RV species and genotypes. Of 157 successfully genotyped NPAs, 60 (38.2%) were RV‐A, 8 (5.1%) were RV‐B, and 89 (56.7%) were RV‐C. Wheezing and cyanosis were more common in RV‐C‐positive than RV‐A‐positive children (80.9% vs. 56.7%; P = 0.001 for wheezing and 10.1% vs. 0%; P = 0.011 for cyanosis). Physician's discharge diagnosis of pneumonia was more frequent among RV‐A‐positive (40.0%) than RV‐C‐positive children (20.2%; P = 0.009). RV‐A and RV‐C showed distinct seasonal patterns. Our findings suggest that RV‐C is associated with wheezing illness while RV‐A is associated with pneumonia. J. Med. Virol. 89:582–588, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Annamalay
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Imane Jroundi
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Training and Research in Public Health, School of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco.,École Nationale de Santé Publique (ENSP), Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah Lehmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - James Gern
- Universityof Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chafiq Mahraoui
- Centre Hôpitalier Universitaire (CHU) Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco.,Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Benmessaoud
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Moraleda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Peter Le Souëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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