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Kagan Ben Tikva S, Gurwitz N, Sivan E, Hirsch D, Hezroni-Barvyi H, Biram A, Moss L, Wigoda N, Egozi A, Monziani A, Golani O, Gross M, Tenenbaum A, Shulman Z. T cell help induces Myc transcriptional bursts in germinal center B cells during positive selection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj7124. [PMID: 38552029 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody affinity maturation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs within germinal centers (GCs). At these sites, B cells mutate their antibody-encoding genes in the dark zone, followed by preferential selection of the high-affinity variants in the light zone by T cells. The strength of the T cell-derived selection signals is proportional to the B cell receptor affinity and to the magnitude of subsequent Myc expression. However, because the lifetime of Myc mRNA and its corresponding protein is very short, it remains unclear how T cells induce sustained Myc levels in positively selected B cells. Here, by direct visualization of mRNA and active transcription sites in situ, we found that an increase in transcriptional bursts promotes Myc expression during B cell positive selection in GCs. Elevated T cell help signals predominantly enhance the percentage of cells expressing Myc in GCs as opposed to augmenting the quantity of Myc transcripts per individual cell. Visualization of transcription start sites in situ revealed that T cell help promotes an increase in the frequency of transcriptional bursts at the Myc locus in GC B cells located primarily in the LZ apical rim. Thus, the rise in Myc, which governs positive selection of B cells in GCs, reflects an integration of transcriptional activity over time rather than an accumulation of transcripts at a specific time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kagan Ben Tikva
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Gurwitz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ehud Sivan
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dana Hirsch
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hadas Hezroni-Barvyi
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lihee Moss
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Wigoda
- Bioinformatics unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Egozi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alan Monziani
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Menachem Gross
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ariel Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Ambegaonkar AA, Holla P, Sohn H, George R, Tran TM, Pierce SK. Isotype switching in human memory B cells sets intrinsic antigen-affinity thresholds that dictate antigen-driven fates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313672121. [PMID: 38502693 PMCID: PMC10990115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313672121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) play a critical role in protection against homologous and variant pathogen challenge by either differentiating to plasma cells (PCs) or to germinal center (GC) B cells. The human MBC compartment contains both switched IgG+ and unswitched IgM+ MBCs; however, whether these MBC subpopulations are equivalent in their response to B cell receptor cross-linking and their resulting fates is incompletely understood. Here, we show that IgG+ and IgM+ MBCs can be distinguished based on their response to κ-specific monoclonal antibodies of differing affinities. IgG+ MBCs responded only to high-affinity anti-κ and differentiated almost exclusively toward PC fates. In contrast, IgM+ MBCs were eliminated by apoptosis by high-affinity anti-κ but responded to low-affinity anti-κ by differentiating toward GC B cell fates. These results suggest that IgG+ and IgM+ MBCs may play distinct yet complementary roles in response to pathogen challenge ensuring the immediate production of high-affinity antibodies to homologous and closely related challenges and the generation of variant-specific MBCs through GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A. Ambegaonkar
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Prasida Holla
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Rachel George
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Tuan M. Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
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3
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Amarnani A, Lopez-Ocasio M, Dilshat R, Anumukonda K, Davila J, Malakhov N, Huan C, Magnusdottir E, Steingrimsson E, Roman CA. Mitf regulates gene expression networks implicated in B cell homeostasis, germinal center responses, and tolerance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339325. [PMID: 38444862 PMCID: PMC10912573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The microphthalmia transcription factor Mitf has been shown to regulate B cell activation and tolerance. However, the underlying B cell-specific mechanisms responsible, and those that distinguish Mitf from closely related Mitf/TFE (MiT) transcription factors Tfe3, Tfeb, and Tfec, remain obscure. Methods Two complementary mouse models of Mitf and MiT deficiency were used: the Mitfmi-vga9/mi-vga9 systemic loss-of-function mutation, and B-cell specific MiT family inactivation via transgenic expression of a trans-dominant negative (TDN) protein (TDN-B). These models were employed to identify MiT family candidate target genes and pathways. Results Both models displayed spontaneous splenomegaly coincident with elevated plasma cell numbers, autoantibody titers, and proteinuria. These abnormalities appeared dependent on T helper cells, but independent of other non-B cell intrinsic effects of systemic Mitf inactivation. MiT inactivation in B cells augmented aspects of lupus-like autoimmune disease on the C57BL/6-Faslpr/lpr background. In both models, RNAseq of ex vivo resting B cells showed transcriptional upregulation of genes that control cell cycle, germinal center responses, and plasma cell differentiation. Among the genes strongly upregulated in both models were Socs6, Isp53 (Baiap1), S1pR2, and IgG2b/c. Mitf null B cells, but not TDN-B cells, showed evidence of type I interferon dysregulation. Discussion These studies clarify Mitf's role as 1) a key regulator of a B cell intrinsic germinal center program that influences self-tolerance through novel target genes, and 2) a regulator of systemic inflammatory processes that can impact the B cell microenvironment. This distinction of Mitf's function from that of related MiT transcription factors advances our understanding of B cell regulation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Amarnani
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- School of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Lopez-Ocasio
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kamala Anumukonda
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Anuko Tech Inc., Hillsborough, NJ, United States
| | - Jonathan Davila
- School of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Urology, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Nikita Malakhov
- School of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Erna Magnusdottir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher A. Roman
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- School of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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4
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Cormier M, Burnett E, Mo A, Notley C, Tijet N, Christie-Holmes N, Hough C, Lillicrap D. Mice possess a more limited natural antihuman factor VIII antibody repertoire than humans that is produced disproportionately by marginal zone B cells. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:76-89. [PMID: 37678547 PMCID: PMC10872961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of patients with severe hemophilia A develop neutralizing antibodies to the factor VIII (FVIII) protein in response to intravenous replacement therapy. Patients may also generate natural, nonneutralizing antibodies to FVIII before FVIII exposure. These patients are at increased risk of developing neutralizing antibodies to FVIII. However, natural anti-FVIII antibodies are also present in healthy human donors. OBJECTIVES To further characterize the natural antihuman (h) FVIII antibody repertoire in mice and humans. METHODS An in-house ELISA was developed using a purified polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) standard to quantify anti-hFVIII Ig in cell culture supernatant or plasma from mice (wild-type and FVIII-/-) and adult human donors. RESULTS All naïve wild-type and FVIII-/- mice, as well as healthy human donors, possess natural anti-hFVIII antibodies. Mice only have natural anti-hFVIII IgM, which is present in germ-free mice, suggesting that they are germline encoded. Although murine marginal zone B cells (MZBs) contribute 44% to all circulating natural IgM, they contribute disproportionately to the anti-hFVIII IgM repertoire (82%). This naturally occurring murine MZB-derived IgM is not B-domain specific and is reduced by intravenously administered hFVIII, suggesting that it may form immune complexes immediately upon hFVIII administration. Natural anti-hFVIII antibodies of IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes can be detected in adult human donors. There were increased levels of B-domain-favoring anti-hFVIII IgG in 14% of healthy donors, which were markedly different from the rest of the "low-titer" population. CONCLUSIONS There is a preponderance of natural anti-hFVIII antibodies in both mice and healthy adult human donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cormier
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Erin Burnett
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aomei Mo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen Notley
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathalie Tijet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Christie-Holmes
- Emerging & Pandemic Infections Consortium, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Hough
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Udoye CC, Ehlers M, Manz RA. The B Cell Response and Formation of Allergenic and Anti-Allergenic Antibodies in Food Allergy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1501. [PMID: 38132327 PMCID: PMC10740584 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are a growing public health concern worldwide, especially in children and young adults. Allergen-specific IgE plays a central role in the pathogenesis of food allergies, but their titers poorly correlate with allergy development. Host immune systems yield allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG subclasses with low or high affinities and differential Fc N-glycosylation patterns that can affect the allergic reaction to food in multiple ways. High-affinity IgE is required to induce strong mast cell activation eventually leading to allergic anaphylaxis, while low-affinity IgE can even inhibit the development of clinically relevant allergic symptoms. IgA and IgG antibodies can inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell activation through various mechanisms, thereby protecting IgE-positive individuals from allergy development. The production of IgE and IgG with differential allergenic potential seems to be affected by the signaling strength of individual B cell receptors, and by cytokines from T cells. This review provides an overview of the diversity of the B cell response and the diverse roles of antibodies in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Udoye
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Huang H, Li Y, Zhang G, Ruan GX, Zhu Z, Chen W, Zou J, Zhang R, Wang J, Ouyang Y, Xu S, Ou X. The RNA-binding protein hnRNP F is required for the germinal center B cell response. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1731. [PMID: 36997512 PMCID: PMC10063658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell-dependent (TD) antibody response involves the generation of high affinity, immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switched antibodies that are generated through germinal center (GC) response. This process is controlled by coordinated transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged as critical players in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here we demonstrate that B cell-specific deletion of RBP hnRNP F leads to diminished production of class-switched antibodies with high affinities in response to a TD antigen challenge. B cells deficient in hnRNP F are characterized by defective proliferation and c-Myc upregulation upon antigenic stimulation. Mechanistically, hnRNP F directly binds to the G-tracts of Cd40 pre-mRNA to promote the inclusion of Cd40 exon 6 that encodes its transmembrane domain, thus enabling appropriate CD40 cell surface expression. Furthermore, we find that hnRNP A1 and A2B1 can bind to the same region of Cd40 pre-mRNA but suppress exon 6 inclusion, suggesting that these hnRNPs and hnRNP F might antagonize each-other's effects on Cd40 splicing. In summary, our study uncovers an important posttranscriptional mechanism regulating the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjun Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gaopu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gui-Xin Ruan
- Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Zhijian Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Ouyang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shengli Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Xijun Ou
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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7
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CD40 signaling-mediated delay in terminal differentiation of B cells enables alternate fate choices during early divisions. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:1-15. [PMID: 35149319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells and differentiated plasma cells combine to confer sustained humoral immunity. Nonetheless, we are yet to understand how B cells decide between these fates. Although pan-T cell help augments plasma cell differentiation, signaling via CD40 alone is considered to be inhibitory. Here, we examine the capacity of CD40 signaling to interfere with lipopolysaccharide-induced differentiation. Whereas lipopolysaccharide stimulation yielded only short-lived plasmablasts, co-stimulation of CD40 enhanced activation, proliferation, survival, and isotype-switching, leading to alternate fate choices such as germinal center and memory B cells during early divisions. Contrary to the notion that CD40 signaling simply arrests differentiation, the survivors, at later time points, developed into long-lived mature plasma cells, after progressively losing their ability to get restimulated. Counterintuitively, as constitutive lipopolysaccharide stimulation itself hampered differentiation, we identified that the proliferation potential of cells acted alongside CD40 signaling. Accordingly, we propose a bi-layered regulation of differentiation - CD40 signaling and proliferation potential of cells independently inhibit the commitment to and maturation of differentiation, respectively. Elucidating such cell fate decision mechanisms will aid in better vaccine design and disease management.
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8
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Atitey K, Anchang B. Mathematical Modeling of Proliferative Immune Response Initiated by Interactions Between Classical Antigen-Presenting Cells Under Joint Antagonistic IL-2 and IL-4 Signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777390. [PMID: 35155574 PMCID: PMC8831889 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During an adaptive immune response from pathogen invasion, multiple cytokines are produced by various immune cells interacting jointly at the cellular level to mediate several processes. For example, studies have shown that regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) correlates with interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced lymphocyte proliferation. This motivates the need to better understand and model the mechanisms driving the dynamic interplay of proliferation of lymphocytes with the complex interaction effects of cytokines during an immune response. To address this challenge, we adopt a hybrid computational approach comprising of continuous, discrete and stochastic non-linear model formulations to predict a system-level immune response as a function of multiple dependent signals and interacting agents including cytokines and targeted immune cells. We propose a hybrid ordinary differential equation-based (ODE) multicellular model system with a stochastic component of antigen microscopic states denoted as Multiscale Multicellular Quantitative Evaluator (MMQE) implemented using MATLAB. MMQE combines well-defined immune response network-based rules and ODE models to capture the complex dynamic interactions between the proliferation levels of different types of communicating lymphocyte agents mediated by joint regulation of IL-2 and IL-4 to predict the emergent global behavior of the system during an immune response. We model the activation of the immune system in terms of different activation protocols of helper T cells by the interplay of independent biological agents of classic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their joint activation which is confounded by the exposure time to external pathogens. MMQE quantifies the dynamics of lymphocyte proliferation during pathogen invasion as bivariate distributions of IL-2 and IL-4 concentration levels. Specifically, by varying activation agents such as dendritic cells (DC), B cells and their joint mechanism of activation, we quantify how lymphocyte activation and differentiation protocols boost the immune response against pathogen invasion mediated by a joint downregulation of IL-4 and upregulation of IL-2. We further compare our in-silico results to in-vivo and in-vitro experimental studies for validation. In general, MMQE combines intracellular and extracellular effects from multiple interacting systems into simpler dynamic behaviors for better interpretability. It can be used to aid engineering of anti-infection drugs or optimizing drug combination therapies against several diseases.
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9
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Udoye CC, Rau CN, Freye SM, Almeida LN, Vera-Cruz S, Othmer K, Korkmaz RÜ, Clauder AK, Lindemann T, Niebuhr M, Ott F, Kalies K, Recke A, Busch H, Fähnrich A, Finkelman FD, Manz RA. B-cell receptor physical properties affect relative IgG1 and IgE responses in mouse egg allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1375-1388. [PMID: 36114245 PMCID: PMC9705252 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutated and unmutated IgE and IgG play different and partly opposing roles in allergy development, but the mechanisms controlling their relative production are incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed the IgE-response in murine food allergy. Deep sequencing of the complementary-determining region (CDR) repertoires indicated that an ongoing unmutated extrafollicular IgE response coexists with a germinal center response, even after long-lasting allergen challenges. Despite overall IgG1-dominance, a significant proportion of clonotypes contained several-fold more IgE than IgG1. Clonotypes with differential bias to either IgE or IgG1 showed distinct hypermutation and clonal expansion. Hypermutation rates were associated with different physiochemical binding properties of individual B-cell receptors (BCR). Increasing BCR signaling strength inhibited class switching from IgG1 to IgE in vitro, preferentially constraining IgE formation. These data indicate that antigen-binding properties of individual BCRs determine differential IgE hypermutation and IgE versus IgG1 production on the level of single B-cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Udoye
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina N. Rau
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah M. Freye
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Larissa N. Almeida
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Vera-Cruz
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kai Othmer
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rabia Ü. Korkmaz
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Clauder
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Lindemann
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Niebuhr
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kalies
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Recke
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University off Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anke Fähnrich
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- grid.239573.90000 0000 9025 8099Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Liu J, Shulman Z. Affinity-based clonal selection in Peyer's patches. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 74:100-105. [PMID: 34847473 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective long-lasting immunity depends on the generation of protective antibodies that restrict the invasion of harmful pathogens. The germinal center (GC) is a microanatomical site at which B cells acquire random somatic mutations in their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity-based selection. Whereas this process was extensively studied in lymph nodes and spleen, less is known about GCs located in mucosal tissues lymphoid organs, such as the Peyer's patches (PPs). These lymphoid organs have a special structure and host a unique niche known as the subepithelial dome (SED), where B cell activation and class switch recombination to IgA take place before GC seeding. As opposed to typical lymph-nodes, the PPs host chronic GC reactions that are driven by gut-bacteria. Direct evidence for antibody affinity maturation in PPs, and competition between B cells for T cell help was recently obtained. Here, we discuss these findings and how they complement each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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11
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Grenov AC, Moss L, Edelheit S, Cordiner R, Schmiedel D, Biram A, Hanna JH, Jensen TH, Schwartz S, Shulman Z. The germinal center reaction depends on RNA methylation and divergent functions of specific methyl readers. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210360. [PMID: 34402854 PMCID: PMC8374864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting immunity depends on the generation of protective antibodies through the germinal center (GC) reaction. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNAs by METTL3 activity modulates transcript lifetime primarily through the function of m6A readers; however, the physiological role of this molecular machinery in the GC remains unknown. Here, we show that m6A modifications by METTL3 are required for GC maintenance through the differential functions of m6A readers. Mettl3-deficient GC B cells exhibited reduced cell-cycle progression and decreased expression of proliferation- and oxidative phosphorylation-related genes. The m6A binder, IGF2BP3, was required for stabilization of Myc mRNA and expression of its target genes, whereas the m6A reader, YTHDF2, indirectly regulated the expression of the oxidative phosphorylation gene program. Our findings demonstrate how two independent gene networks that support critical GC functions are modulated by m6A through distinct mRNA binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie C. Grenov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihee Moss
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarit Edelheit
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ross Cordiner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob H. Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Schraga Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Tang Y, Bai Z, Qi J, Lu Z, Ahmad, Wang G, Jin M, Wang B, Chen H, Li X. Altered peripheral B lymphocyte homeostasis and functions mediated by IL-27 via activating the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:354-365. [PMID: 34558072 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell dysfunction and inflammatory cytokine over-production participate in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we compared peripheral B cell homeostasis and immune functions between RA patients and healthy controls (HC) and explored vital signaling pathways involved in altered RA B cells. We found that RA patients showed significantly decreased frequencies of peripheral CD19+ CD27+ CD24high regulatory B (Breg) cells but increased frequencies of CD19+ CD27+ CD38high plasmablasts and CD19+ CD138+ plasma cells, and higher levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG. Compared to HC peripheral B cells, RA peripheral B cells had more increased proliferation and higher expression of activation markers. Importantly, our results showed that RA peripheral B cells displayed the mTOR signaling pathway to be more activated, and inhibition of mTOR could restore RA B cell homeostasis and functions. RA serum-treated B cells exhibited more increased expressions of mTOR, which could be restored with the addition of anti-interleukin (IL)-27 neutralizing antibody. Serum IL-27 levels were significantly increased in RA patients and positively correlated with disease activity, the frequencies of plasma cells and the levels of autoantibodies. In vitro, IL-27 notably promoted immune dysfunction of RA B cells, which were inhibited by anti-IL-27 neutralizing antibody. Also, the mTOR pathway was more activated in IL-27-treated RA B cells, and mTOR inhibition apparently reversed abnormalities of RA B cells mediated by IL-27. These results suggest that increased serum IL-27 levels could promote peripheral B cell dysfunction in RA patients via activating the mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, IL-27 may play a pro-pathogenic role in the development of RA, and antagonizing IL-27 could be a novel therapy strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Tang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ziran Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Minli Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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13
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Hahn WO, Pepper M, Liles WC. B cell intrinsic expression of IFNλ receptor suppresses the acute humoral immune response to experimental blood-stage malaria. Virulence 2021; 11:594-606. [PMID: 32407154 PMCID: PMC7549950 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1768329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a critical protective role in the host response to blood-stage malaria infection. The role of cytokines in shaping the antibody response to blood-stage malaria is unclear. Interferon lambda (IFNλ), a type III interferon, is a cytokine produced early during blood-stage malaria infection that has an unknown physiological role during malaria infection. We demonstrate that B cell-intrinsic IFNλ signals suppress the acute antibody response, acute plasmablast response, and impede acute parasite clearance during a primary blood-stage malaria infection. Our findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for B cell intrinsic IFNλ-signaling in the initiation of the humoral immune response in the host response to experimental malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Hahn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
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14
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Biram A, Winter E, Denton AE, Zaretsky I, Dassa B, Bemark M, Linterman MA, Yaari G, Shulman Z. B Cell Diversification Is Uncoupled from SAP-Mediated Selection Forces in Chronic Germinal Centers within Peyer's Patches. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1910-1922.e5. [PMID: 32049020 PMCID: PMC7016508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies secreted within the intestinal tract provide protection from the invasion of microbes into the host tissues. Germinal center (GC) formation in lymph nodes and spleen strictly requires SLAM-associated protein (SAP)-mediated T cell functions; however, it is not known whether this mechanism plays a similar role in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. Here, we find that in Peyer’s patches (PPs), SAP-mediated T cell help is required for promoting B cell selection in GCs, but not for clonal diversification. PPs of SAP-deficient mice host chronic GCs that are absent in T cell-deficient mice. GC B cells in SAP-deficient mice express AID and Bcl6 and generate plasma cells in proportion to the GC size. Single-cell IgA sequencing analysis reveals that these mice host few diversified clones that were subjected to mild selection forces. These findings demonstrate that T cell-derived help to B cells in PPs includes SAP-dependent and SAP-independent functions. Chronic germinal centers in Peyer’s patches are formed in SAP-deficient mice SAP-independent germinal centers arise in response to influenza infection Few highly diversified clones dominate the SAP-independent germinal centers Germinal center B cells in SAP-deficient mice are subjected to mild selection forces
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eitan Winter
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Alice E Denton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Gur Yaari
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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15
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Thouvenel CD, Fontana MF, Netland J, Krishnamurty AT, Takehara KK, Chen Y, Singh S, Miura K, Keitany GJ, Lynch EM, Portugal S, Miranda MC, King NP, Kollman JM, Crompton PD, Long CA, Pancera M, Rawlings DJ, Pepper M. Multimeric antibodies from antigen-specific human IgM+ memory B cells restrict Plasmodium parasites. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211852. [PMID: 33661302 PMCID: PMC7938364 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimeric immunoglobulin-like molecules arose early in vertebrate evolution, yet the unique contributions of multimeric IgM antibodies to infection control are not well understood. This is partially due to the difficulty of distinguishing low-affinity IgM, secreted rapidly by plasmablasts, from high-affinity antibodies derived from later-arising memory cells. We developed a pipeline to express B cell receptors (BCRs) from Plasmodium falciparum–specific IgM+ and IgG+ human memory B cells (MBCs) as both IgM and IgG molecules. BCRs from both subsets were somatically hypermutated and exhibited comparable monomeric affinity. Crystallization of one IgM+ MBC-derived antibody complexed with antigen defined a linear epitope within a conserved Plasmodium protein. In its physiological multimeric state, this antibody displayed exponentially higher antigen binding than a clonally identical IgG monomer, and more effectively inhibited P. falciparum invasion. Forced multimerization of this IgG significantly improved both antigen binding and parasite restriction, underscoring how avidity can alter antibody function. This work demonstrates the potential of high-avidity IgM in both therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary F Fontana
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason Netland
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Kennidy K Takehara
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Yu Chen
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Gladys J Keitany
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric M Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Justin M Kollman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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16
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Saveliev A, Bell SE, Turner M. Efficient homing of antibody-secreting cells to the bone marrow requires RNA-binding protein ZFP36L1. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200504. [PMID: 33306108 PMCID: PMC7744253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration relies on coordinated activity of chemotactic and guidance receptors. Here, we report a specific role for the RNA-binding protein ZFP36L1 in limiting the abundance of molecules involved in the homing of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) to the bone marrow (BM). In the absence of ZFP36L1, ASCs build up in the spleen and the liver and show diminished accumulation in the BM. ZFP36L1 facilitates migration by directly regulating G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and the integrin chains α4 and β1 in splenic ASCs. Expression of CXCR4 and of the integrins α4 and β1 is differentially regulated on ASCs produced at the early and late stages of the immune response. Consequently, deletion of the Zfp36l1 gene has a stronger effect on BM accumulation of high-affinity ASCs formed late in the response. Thus, ZFP36L1 is an integral part of the regulatory network controlling gene expression during ASC homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Saveliev
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah E Bell
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Turner
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Pracht K, Meinzinger J, Schulz SR, Daum P, Côrte-Real J, Hauke M, Roth E, Kindermann D, Mielenz D, Schuh W, Wittmann J, Jäck HM. miR-148a controls metabolic programming and survival of mature CD19-negative plasma cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1089-1109. [PMID: 33336366 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells are essential to establish humoral memory against pathogens. While a regulatory transcription factor network has been established in plasma cell differentiation, the regulatory role of miRNAs remains enigmatic. We have recently identified miR-148a as the most abundant miRNA in primary mouse and human plasma cells. To determine whether this plasma cell signature miRNA controls the in vivo development of B cells into long-lived plasma cells, we established mice with genomic, conditional, and inducible deletions of miR-148a. The analysis of miR-148a-deficient mice revealed reduced serum Ig, decreased numbers of newly formed plasmablasts and reduced CD19-negative, CD93-positive long-lived plasma cells. Transcriptome and metabolic analysis revealed an impaired glucose uptake, a reduced oxidative phosphorylation-based energy metabolism, and an altered abundance of homing receptors CXCR3 (increase) and CXCR4 (reduction) in miR-148a-deficient plasma cells. These findings support the role of miR-148a as a positive regulator of the maintenance of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Meinzinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Daum
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joana Côrte-Real
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Edith Roth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Kindermann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wittmann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Yabas M, Yazicioglu YF, Hoyne GF, Goodnow CC, Enders A. Loss of hnRNPLL-dependent splicing of Ptprc has no impact on B-cell development, activation and terminal differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:532-541. [PMID: 33331104 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNPLL) controls alternative splicing of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (Ptprc) which encodes CD45. hnRNPLL deficiency leads to a failure in silencing Ptprc exons 4-6 causing aberrant expression of the corresponding CD45 isoforms, namely, CD45RA, RB and RC. While an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced point mutation in murine Hnrnpll results in loss of peripheral naïve T cells, its role in B-cell biology remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B-cell development in the bone marrow of Hnrnpllthu/thu mice is normal and the number of mature B-cell subsets in the spleen and peritoneal cavity is comparable to control littermates. In response to in vivo immunization, Hnrnpllthu/thu mice were deficient in generating germinal center (GC) B cells, and analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that the GC B-cell deficiency was a B-cell extrinsic effect of the hnRNPLL mutation. Mature Hnrnpllthu/thu B cells proliferated normally in response to various B-cell receptor- and Toll-like receptor-mediated stimuli. Similarly, in vitro stimulation of mutant B cells led to normal generation of plasmablasts, but mutant plasmablasts failed to downregulate B220 expression because of the inability of cells to undergo proper CD45 pre-messenger RNA alternative splicing. These findings collectively suggest that, like in T and natural killer T cells, the mutation disrupts hnRNPLL-mediated alternative splicing of the Ptprc gene in plasmablasts, but this dysregulation of Ptprc alternative splicing does not affect the development and function of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yabas
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Yavuz F Yazicioglu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gerard F Hoyne
- School of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Science Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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19
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Epigenetic suppression of SLFN11 in germinal center B-cells during B-cell development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0237554. [PMID: 33513156 PMCID: PMC7846023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SLFN11 has recently been reported to execute cancer cells harboring replicative stress induced by DNA damaging agents. However, the roles of SLFN11 under physiological conditions remain poorly understood. Germinal center B-cells (GCBs) undergo somatic hypermutations and class-switch recombination, which can cause physiological genotoxic stress. Hence, we tested whether SLFN11 expression needs to be suppressed in GCBs during B-cell development. Objective To clarify the expression profile of SLFN11 in different developmental stages of B-cells and B-cell-derived cancers. Methods We analyzed the expression of SLFN11 by mining cell line databases for different stages of normal B-cells and various types of B-cell-derived cancer cell lines. We performed dual immunohistochemical staining for SLFN11 and B-cell specific markers in normal human lymphatic tissues. We tested the effects of two epigenetic modifiers, an EZH2 inhibitor, tazemetostat (EPZ6438) and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat (LBH589) on SLFN11 expression in GCB-derived lymphoma cell lines. We also examined the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs in combination with cytosine arabinoside and the effects of SLFN11 on the efficacy of cytosine arabinoside in SLFN11-overexpressing cells. Results SLFN11 mRNA level was found low in both normal GCBs and GCB-DLBCL (GCB like-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). Immunohistochemical staining showed low SLFN11 expression in GCBs and high SLFN11 expression in plasmablasts and plasmacytes. The EZH2 and HDAC epigenetic modifiers upregulated SLFN11 expression in GCB-derived lymphoma cells and made them more susceptible to cytosine arabinoside. SLFN11 overexpression further sensitized GCB-derived lymphoma cells to cytosine arabinoside. Conclusions The expression of SLFN11 is epigenetically suppressed in normal GCBs and GCB-derived lymphomas. GCB-derived lymphomas with low SLFN11 expression can be treated by the combination of epigenetic modifiers and cytosine arabinoside.
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20
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Fike AJ, Chodisetti SB, Bricker KN, Choi NM, Chroneos ZC, Kaplan MH, Rahman ZSM. STAT4 Is Largely Dispensable for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Autoimmune- and Foreign Antigen-Driven Antibody-Forming Cell, Germinal Center, and Follicular Th Cell Responses. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:2-15. [PMID: 33446493 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified variants in the transcription factor STAT4 gene and several other genes in the STAT4 signaling pathway, such as IL12A, IL12B, JAK2, and TYK2, which are associated with an increased risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. Consistent with the genome-wide association studies data, STAT4 was shown to play an important role in autoimmune responses and autoimmunity development in SLE mouse models. Despite such important role for STAT4 in SLE development in mice and humans, little is known whether and how STAT4 may regulate extrafollicular Ab-forming cell (AFC) and follicular germinal center (GC) responses, two major pathways of autoreactive B cell development and autoantibody production. To our surprise, we found STAT4 to be largely dispensable for promoting autoimmune AFC and GC responses in various autoimmune- and SLE-prone mouse models, which strongly correlated with autoantibody production, and immune complex deposition and immune cell infiltration in the kidney. We further observed that STAT4 deficiency had no effects on AFC, GC, and Ag-specific Ab responses during protein Ag immunization or influenza virus infection. Additionally, CD4+ effector and follicular Th cell responses in autoimmune- and SLE-prone mice and protein Ag-immunized and influenza virus-infected mice were intact in the absence of STAT4. Together, our data demonstrate a largely dispensable role for STAT4 in AFC, GC, and Ab responses in SLE mouse models and in certain foreign Ag-driven responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Kristen N Bricker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nicholas M Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
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21
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Abstract
SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19 has created panic around the world since its first origin in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 46.4 million people, with 1,199,727 deaths. The immune system plays a crucial role in the severity of COVID-19 and the development of pneumonia-induced acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Along with providing protection, both innate and T cell-based adaptive immune response dysregulate during severe SARS-CoV2 infection. This dysregulation is more pronounced in older population and patients with comorbidities (Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, other pulmonary and autoimmune diseases). However, COVID-19 patients develop protective antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV2, but they do not long for last. The induction of the immune response against the pathogen also requires metabolic energy that generates through the process of immunometabolism. The change in the metabolic stage of immune cells from homeostasis to an inflammatory or infectious environment is called immunometabolic reprogramming. The article describes the cellular immunology (macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells and pulmonary epithelial cells (PEC) and vascular endothelial cells) and the associated immune response during COVID-19. Immunometabolism may serve as a cell-specific therapeutic approach to target COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 Blocks Tfh Cell Differentiation during Salmonella Infection, thereby Contributing to Germinal Center Suppression. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2796-2809.e5. [PMID: 31775046 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are crucial for the formation of long-lived humoral immunity. Many pathogens suppress GC, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), but the mechanisms driving suppression remain unknown. We report that neither plasmablasts nor STm-specific B cells are required for GC suppression in mice. Rather, we identify that interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ), directly suppresses T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation of T cells intrinsically. Administering recombinant IL-12 during nitrophenyl-Chicken Gamma Globulin (NP-CGG) immunization also suppresses Tfh cell differentiation and GC B cells, indicating that IL-12 is sufficient to suppress Tfh cell differentiation independent of STm infection. Recombinant IL-12 induces high levels of T-bet, and T-bet is necessary for Tfh cell suppression. Therefore, IL-12 induced during STm infection in mice contributes to GC suppression via suppression of Tfh cell differentiation. More broadly, these data suggest that IL-12 can tailor the proportions of humoral (Tfh cell) and cellular (T helper type 1 [Th1] cell) immunity to the infection, with implications for IL-12 targeting therapies in autoimmunity and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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23
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Sokolowska M, Lukasik ZM, Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis D, Akdis M, Barcik W, Brough HA, Eiwegger T, Eljaszewicz A, Eyerich S, Feleszko W, Gomez‐Casado C, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K, Janda J, Jiménez‐Saiz R, Jutel M, Knol EF, Kortekaas Krohn I, Kothari A, Makowska J, Moniuszko M, Morita H, O'Mahony L, Nadeau K, Ozdemir C, Pali‐Schöll I, Palomares O, Papaleo F, Prunicki M, Schmidt‐Weber CB, Sediva A, Schwarze J, Shamji MH, Tramper‐Stranders GA, Veen W, Untersmayr E. Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy 2020; 75:2445-2476. [PMID: 32584441 PMCID: PMC7361752 DOI: 10.1111/all.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multiorgan disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and the SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS‐CoV‐2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular, and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender, and age in development of COVID‐19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID‐19 studies.
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24
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B cells expressing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs can be recruited to germinal centers and affinity mature in multiple independent mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22920-22931. [PMID: 32873644 PMCID: PMC7502816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004489117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational development of successful vaccines requires utilization of predictive models of vaccination. One approach for development of an HIV vaccine has been to study broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and revert the mutations back to germline. However, there are limitations to such models. Therefore, we generated three knockin mice expressing B cell receptors (BCRs) from authentic naive VRC01-class B cells from healthy human donors (“HuGL” mice). This approach revealed that human VRC01-class naive B cell BCRs are indeed competent for antigen-specific responses in vivo. Additionally, a series of experiments shows the importance of precursor frequency and affinity on B cell responses to vaccine antigens. Overall, these HuGL mouse models validate a central tenet of the germline-targeting approach to vaccine design. Animal models of human antigen-specific B cell receptors (BCRs) generally depend on “inferred germline” sequences, and thus their relationship to authentic naive human B cell BCR sequences and affinities is unclear. Here, BCR sequences from authentic naive human VRC01-class B cells from healthy human donors were selected for the generation of three BCR knockin mice. The BCRs span the physiological range of affinities found in humans, and use three different light chains (VK3-20, VK1-5, and VK1-33) found among subclasses of naive human VRC01-class B cells and HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The germline-targeting HIV immunogen eOD-GT8 60mer is currently in clinical trial as a candidate bnAb vaccine priming immunogen. To attempt to model human immune responses to the eOD-GT8 60mer, we tested each authentic naive human VRC01-class BCR mouse model under rare human physiological B cell precursor frequency conditions. B cells with high (HuGL18HL) or medium (HuGL17HL) affinity BCRs were primed, recruited to germinal centers, and they affinity matured, and formed memory B cells. Precursor frequency and affinity interdependently influenced responses. Taken together, these experiments utilizing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs validate a central tenet of germline-targeting vaccine design and extend the overall concept of the reverse vaccinology approach to vaccine development.
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25
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Siu JH, Motallebzadeh R, Pettigrew GJ. Humoral autoimmunity after solid organ transplantation: Germinal ideas may not be natural. Cell Immunol 2020; 354:104131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Yang J, Li D, Zhou J. Histone Deacetylase 6 as a Therapeutic Target in B cell-associated Hematological Malignancies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:971. [PMID: 32676030 PMCID: PMC7333221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a critical role in humoral immunity. Abnormal B cell development and function cause a variety of hematological malignancies such as myeloma, B cell lymphoma, and leukemia. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitors alone or in combination with other drugs have shown efficacy in several hematological malignancies, including those resistant to targeted therapies. Mechanistically, HDAC6 inhibitors promote malignant tumor cell apoptosis by inhibiting protein degradation, reinvigorating anti-tumor immunity, and inhibiting cell survival signaling pathways. Due to their specificity, HDAC6 inhibitors represent a very promising and feasible new development pipeline for high-efficacy drugs with limited side effects. This article reviews recent progress in the mechanisms of action of HDAC6 inhibitors for the treatment of B cell-associated hematological malignancies, such as multiple myeloma and B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which are often resistant to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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27
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Biram A, Shulman Z. T cell help to B cells: Cognate and atypical interactions in peripheral and intestinal lymphoid tissues. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:36-47. [PMID: 32557712 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long-lived antibody-producing cells, which provide extended protection from recurrent exposures. These cells originate mainly from germinal center structures, wherein B cells introduce mutations to their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity-based selection. Generation of high-affinity antibodies relies on physical contacts between T and B cells, a process that facilitates the delivery of fate decision signals. T-B cellular engagements are mediated through interactions between the T cell receptor and its cognate peptide presented on B cell major histocompatibility class II molecules. Here, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of these cognate T-B interactions, and highlight exceptional cases, especially those arising at intestinal lymphoid organs, at which T cells provide help to B cells in an atypical manner, independent of T cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Bonaud A, Clare S, Bisio V, Sowerby JM, Yao S, Ostergaard H, Balabanian K, Smith KGC, Espéli M. Leupaxin Expression Is Dispensable for B Cell Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:466. [PMID: 32269569 PMCID: PMC7109257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a potent humoral immune response by B cells relies on the integration of signals induced by the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors and both negative and positive co-receptors. Several reports also suggest that integrin signaling plays an important role in this process. How integrin signaling is regulated in B cells is however still partially understood. Integrin activity and function are controlled by several mechanisms including regulation by molecular adaptors of the paxillin family. In B cells, Leupaxin (Lpxn) is the most expressed member of the family and in vitro studies suggest that it could dampen BCR signaling. Here, we report that Lpxn expression is increased in germinal center B cells compared to naïve B cells. Moreover, Lpxn deficiency leads to decreased B cell differentiation into plasma cells in vitro. However, Lpxn seems dispensable for the generation of a potent B cell immune response in vivo. Altogether our results suggest that Lpxn is dispensable for T-dependent and T-independent B cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Bonaud
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, France
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Genome, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Bisio
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, France
| | - John M. Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shugang Yao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hanne Ostergaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karl Balabanian
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth G. C. Smith
- The Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Espéli
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, France
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29
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Fujimoto A, Suzuki R. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020328. [PMID: 32024048 PMCID: PMC7072403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus belonging to the human γ-herpes virus subfamily. After primary infection, EBV maintains a life-long latent infection. A major concern is that EBV can cause a diverse range of neoplasms and autoimmune diseases. In addition, patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation can experience post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) due to dysfunction or suppression of host’s immune system, or uncontrolled proliferation of EBV-infected cells. In recent years, the number of EBV-associated PTLD cases has increased. This review focuses on the current understandings of EBV-associated PTLD pathogenesis, as well as the risk factors and clinical outcomes for patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritsuro Suzuki
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2517; Fax: +81-853-20-2525
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30
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Gars E, Butzmann A, Ohgami R, Balakrishna JP, O'Malley DP. The life and death of the germinal center. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 44:151421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.151421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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32
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Biram A, Davidzohn N, Shulman Z. T cell interactions with B cells during germinal center formation, a three-step model. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:37-48. [PMID: 30874355 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of effective immunity against invading microbes depends on continuous generation of antibodies that facilitate pathogen clearance. Long-lived plasma cells with the capacity to produce high affinity antibodies evolve in germinal centers (GCs), where B cells undergo somatic hypermutation and are subjected to affinity-based selection. Here, we focus on the cellular interactions that take place early in the antibody immune response during GC colonization. Clones bearing B-cell receptors with different affinities and specificities compete for entry to the GC, at the boundary between the B-cell and T-cell zones in lymphoid organs. During this process, B cells compete for interactions with T follicular helper cells, which provide selection signals required for differentiation into GC cells and antibody secreting cells. These cellular engagements are long-lasting and depend on activation of adhesion molecules that support persistent interactions and promote transmission of signals between the cells. Here, we discuss how interactions between cognate T and B cells are primarily maintained by three types of molecular interactions: homophilic signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) interactions, T-cell receptor: peptide-loaded major histocompatibility class II (pMHCII), and LFA-1:ICAMs. These essential components support a three-step process that controls clonal selection for entry into the antibody affinity maturation response in the GC, and establishment of long-lasting antibody-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Autoreactive, Low-Affinity T Cells Preferentially Drive Differentiation of Short-Lived Memory B Cells at the Expense of Germinal Center Maintenance. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3342-3355.e5. [PMID: 30566861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell fate decisions within a germinal center (GC) are critical to determining the outcome of the immune response to a given antigen. Here, we characterize GC kinetics and B cell fate choices in a response to the autoantigen myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and compare the response with a standard model foreign antigen. Both antigens generate productive primary responses, as evidenced by GC development, circulating antigen-specific antibodies, and differentiation of memory B cells. However, in the MOG response, the status of the cognate T cell partner drives preferential B cell differentiation to a memory phenotype at the expense of GC maintenance, resulting in a truncated GC. Reduced plasma cell differentiation is largely independent of T cell influence. Interestingly, memory-phenotype B cells formed in the MOG GC are not long lived, resulting in a failure of the B cell response to secondary challenge.
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34
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Stoler-Barak L, Biram A, Davidzohn N, Addadi Y, Golani O, Shulman Z. B cell dissemination patterns during the germinal center reaction revealed by whole-organ imaging. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2515-2530. [PMID: 31492809 PMCID: PMC6829594 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated long-lasting protection from harmful pathogens depends on collaboration of immune cells within immunological niches. Stoler-Barak et al. introduce an approach that enables the visualization of all the germinal center niches and activated B cells within intact lymph nodes. Germinal centers (GCs) are sites wherein B cells proliferate and mutate their immunoglobulins in the dark zone (DZ), followed by affinity-based selection in the light zone (LZ). Here, we mapped the location of single B cells in the context of intact lymph nodes (LNs) throughout the GC response, and examined the role of BCR affinity in dictating their position. Imaging of entire GC structures and proximal single cells by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy revealed that individual B cells that previously expressed AID are located within the LN cortex, in an area close to the GC LZ. Using in situ photoactivation, we demonstrated that B cells migrate from the LZ toward the GC outskirts, while DZ B cells are confined to the GC. B cells expressing very-low-affinity BCRs formed GCs but were unable to efficiently disperse within the follicles. Our findings reveal that BCR affinity regulates B cell positioning during the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Moser EK, Roof J, Dybas JM, Spruce LA, Seeholzer SH, Cancro MP, Oliver PM. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch restricts antigen-driven B cell responses. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2170-2183. [PMID: 31311822 PMCID: PMC6719427 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates antibody levels and prevents autoimmune disease in humans and mice, yet how Itch regulates B cell fate or function is unknown. We now show that Itch directly limits B cell activity. While Itch-deficient mice displayed normal numbers of preimmune B cell populations, they showed elevated numbers of antigen-experienced B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Itch acts within B cells to limit naive and, to a greater extent, germinal center (GC) B cell numbers. B cells lacking Itch exhibited increased proliferation, glycolytic capacity, and mTORC1 activation. Moreover, stimulation of these cells in vivo by WT T cells resulted in elevated numbers of GC B cells, PCs, and serum IgG. These results support a novel role for Itch in limiting B cell metabolism and proliferation to suppress antigen-driven B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Moser
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Lynn A Spruce
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Paula M Oliver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA .,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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36
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Noguchi A, Yasuda S, Hisada R, Kato M, Oku K, Bohgaki T, Suzuki M, Matsumoto Y, Atsumi T. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titers decrease in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab: A pilot study. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 30:276-281. [PMID: 30789096 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1583784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze the effects of tocilizumab on peripheral B-cell subpopulation and its ability to produce anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods: Thirteen consecutive RA patients initiated with tocilizumab were enrolled in our prospective study. Anti-CCP antibody titers and clinical parameters were evaluated during treatment. Peripheral blood B-cell subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry according to the Human Immunology Project.Results: Disease activity was significantly improved and anti-CCP antibody titers significantly decreased at week 24 compared to baseline. The percentages of post-switch memory B cells in CD19+ cells transiently increased at week 12, but there was no significant difference in any of the investigated B-cell subpopulations at week 24 compared to baseline. The ratios of post-switch memory to naïve B cells (post-switch/naïve) correlated negatively with anti-CCP antibody titers regardless of the time-points.Conclusion: Our study indicated that tocilizumab has a potential to reduce anti-CCP antibody production presumably by affecting post-switch/naïve ratio, and that anti-CCP antibody titers reflect B-cell distribution/subpopulation. As anti-CCP antibodies are produced in lymph nodes or ectopic lymphoid structures in synovial tissues, not in circulation, transient increment of post-switch memory B cells after tocilizumab treatment may reflect the altered balance of B-cell distribution between circulation and arthritic joints, resulting in suppressed production of anti-CCP antibody in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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37
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Ramadani F, Bowen H, Gould HJ, Fear DJ. Transcriptional Analysis of the Human IgE-Expressing Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:402. [PMID: 30915071 PMCID: PMC6421273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is secreted by plasma cells (PCs) and is central to allergic disease. Using an ex vivo tonsil B cell culture system, which mimics the Th2 responses in vivo, we have recently characterized the development pathway of human IgE-expressing PCs. In this system, as in mice, we reported the predisposition of IgE-expressing B cells to differentiate into PCs. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involved in the differentiation of human IgE+ B cells into PCs we have used the Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip array to analyse the gene expression profile of ex vivo generated human IgE+ B cells at various stages of their differentiation into PCs. We also compared the transcription profiles of IgE+ and IgG1+ cells to discover isotype-specific patterns. Comparisons of IgE+ and IgG1+ cell transcriptional profiles revealed molecular signatures specific for IgE+ cells, which diverge from their IgG1+ cell counterparts upon differentiation into PCs. At the germinal center (GC) stage of development, unlike in some mouse studies of IgE biology, we observed similar rates of apoptosis and no significant differences in the expression of apoptosis-associated genes between the IgE+ and IgG1+ B cells. We identified a gene interaction network associated with early growth response 1 (EGR1) that, together with the up-regulated IRF4, may account for the predisposition of IgE+ B cells to differentiate into PCs. However, despite their swifter rates of PC differentiation, the transcription profile of IgE+ PCs is more closely related to IgE+ and IgG1+ plasmablasts (PBs) than to IgG1+ PCs, suggesting that the terminal differentiation of IgE+ cells is impeded. We also show that IgE+ PCs have increased levels of apoptosis suggesting that the IgE+ PCs generated in our in vitro tonsil B cell cultures, as in mice, are short-lived. We identified gene regulatory networks as well as cell cycle and apoptosis signatures that may explain the diverging PC differentiation programme of these cells. Overall, our study provides a detailed analysis of the transcriptional pathways underlying the differentiation of human IgE-expressing B cells and points to molecular signatures that regulate IgE+ PC differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Ramadani
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Bowen
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Fear
- Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Early T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Germinal Center Reactions Are Associated with Viremia Control in Immunized Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01687-18. [PMID: 30463978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01687-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental in germinal center (GC) maturation and selection of antigen-specific B cells within secondary lymphoid organs. GC-resident TFH cells have been fully characterized in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the role of GC TFH cells in GC B cell responses following various simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques (RMs) has not been fully investigated. We characterized GC TFH cells of RMs over the course of a mucosal/systemic vaccination regimen to elucidate GC formation and SIV humoral response generation. Animals were mucosally primed twice with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-SIV recombinants and systemically boosted with ALVAC-SIVM766Gag/Pro/gp120-TM and SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum hydroxide (ALVAC/Env) or DNA encoding SIVenv/SIVGag/rhesus interleukin 12 (IL-12) plus SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum phosphate (DNA&Env). Lymph nodes were biopsied in macaque subgroups prevaccination and at day 3, 7, or 14 after the 2nd Ad5hr-SIV prime and the 2nd vector/Env boost. Evaluations of GC TFH and GC B cell dynamics including correlation analyses supported a significant role for early GC TFH cells in providing B cell help during initial phases of GC formation. GC TFH responses at day 3 post-mucosal priming were consistent with generation of Env-specific memory B cells in GCs and elicitation of prolonged Env-specific humoral immunity in the rectal mucosa. GC Env-specific memory B cell responses elicited early post-systemic boosting correlated significantly with decreased viremia postinfection. Our results highlight the importance of early GC TFH cell responses for robust GC maturation and generation of long-lasting SIV-specific humoral responses at mucosal and systemic sites. Further investigation of GC TFH cell dynamics should facilitate development of an efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The modest HIV protection observed in the human RV144 vaccine trial associated antibody responses with vaccine efficacy. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are CD4+ T cells that select antibody secreting cells with high antigenic affinity in germinal centers (GCs) within secondary lymphoid organs. To evaluate the role of TFH cells in eliciting prolonged virus-specific humoral responses, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with a combined mucosal prime/systemic boost regimen followed by repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIV, mimicking human exposure to HIV-1. Although the vaccine regimen did not prevent SIV infection, decreased viremia was observed in the immunized macaques. Importantly, vaccine-induced TFH responses elicited at day 3 postimmunization and robust GC maturation were strongly associated. Further, early TFH-dependent SIV-specific B cell responses were also correlated with decreased viremia. Our findings highlight the contribution of early vaccine-induced GC TFH responses to elicitation of SIV-specific humoral immunity and implicate their participation in SIV control.
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Papadatou I, Tzovara I, Licciardi PV. The Role of Serotype-Specific Immunological Memory in Pneumococcal Vaccination: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E13. [PMID: 30700048 PMCID: PMC6466264 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae, pneumococcus) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Achieving long-term immunity against S. pneumoniae through immunization is an important public health priority. Long-term protection after immunization is thought to rely both on protective serum antibody levels and immunological memory in the form of antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs). Although the ability to achieve protective antibody levels shortly after pneumococcal vaccination has been well documented for the various infant immunization schedules currently in use worldwide, the examination of immunological memory in the form of antigen-specific MBCs has been much more limited. Such responses are critical for long-term protection against pneumococcal colonization and disease. This review summarizes the published literature on the MBC response to primary or booster immunization with either pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) or pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), aiming to elucidate the immunological mechanisms that determine the magnitude and longevity of vaccine protection against pneumococcus. There is evidence that PCVs induce the production of antigen-specific MBCs, whereas immunization with PPV23 does not result in the formation of MBCs. Increased understanding of the immunological factors that facilitate the induction, maintenance and recall of MBCs in response to pneumococcal vaccination could enable the use of MBC enumeration as novel correlates of protection against S. pneumoniae. Ongoing studies that examine MBC response to pneumococcal vaccination in high burden settings will be extremely important in our understanding of long-term protection induced by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Papadatou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 111527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Irene Tzovara
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 111527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Carrillo-Ballesteros FJ, Oregon-Romero E, Franco-Topete RA, Govea-Camacho LH, Cruz A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Bustos-Rodríguez FJ, Pereira-Suárez AL, Palafox-Sánchez CA. B-cell activating factor receptor expression is associated with germinal center B-cell maintenance. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2053-2060. [PMID: 30783477 PMCID: PMC6364250 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a major cytokine that regulates B-cell survival, maturation and differentiation through its binding with its receptors: BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). These receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in tertiary lymphoid structure formation; however, their role in germinal centers (GCs) has remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression profiles of BAFF and its receptors in secondary lymphoid tissues. Tonsils resected due to chronic tonsillitis were used as lymphoid tissues. To confirm the presence of GCs identified based on their typical structure, CD21 antibody staining was employed. The expression of BAFF, BAFF-R, TACI and BCMA was assessed by immunohistochemistry. BAFF was highly expressed in all regions of the follicle, but the highest BAFF expression was detected in the mantle zone (MZ). A high expression of BAFF-R was observed on lymphocytes in the MZ in comparison with the other regions (~80%; P<0.05), which was co-localizated with BAFF (r=0.646; P<0.001), in the MZ. TACI and BCMA exhibited similar expression among the different zones of the GCs, and co-localization with BAFF was observed inside the follicle, mainly in the dark zone. The present results indicate that BAFF is implicated in the maintenance of GCs. BAFF-R overexpression in the MZ, co-localizated with BAFF, suggests that these proteins constitute the principal pathway for the maintenance of the naïve B-cell population. Furthermore, TACI and BCMA have a role in the GC, where processes of B-cell selection, proliferation and differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Josué Carrillo-Ballesteros
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Edith Oregon-Romero
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Ramon Antonio Franco-Topete
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Luis Humberto Govea-Camacho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Alvaro Cruz
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Felipe Jesús Bustos-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
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Abstract
Virus infections continue to pose a substantial threat to human health. Unravelling the intricacies of immune defenses against viruses should lead to improved control of infections through the design of new vaccines and therapies. Our understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the immune systems response to virus infection has improved substantially in recent years. This wealth of new information and the promise of new insight from systems biology approaches continue to drive research in this field. Such knowledge has revealed why viruses sometimes induce immune dysfunction or trigger disastrous pathology and has paved the way for new therapies being tested against chronic and emerging infections. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the general concepts in immunity to virus infections and highlight some of the key challenges remaining for the future. Virus infections continue to pose a substantial threat to human health.
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Increased IRF4 expression in isolated B cells from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:52-59. [PMID: 30503671 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by low serum levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and recurrent infection. In most CVID patients, a defect in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells has been observed. Several factors play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, including IRF4 and XBP1 transcription factors. METHODS In the present study we investigated the expression of IRF4 and XBP1 in the B-cells of CVID and healthy controls (HCs). For this purpose, we assessed the expression of IRF4 and XBP1 at both mRNA and protein levels by real time-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS We found that IRF4 expression was significantly increased in CVID patients compared with controls. Although the XBP1 protein level was lower in patients in comparison to controls, this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION Taken together, increased IRF4 expression could be involved in defective functions of B cells in CVID patients.
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Poyntz HC, Jones A, Jauregui R, Young W, Gestin A, Mooney A, Lamiable O, Altermann E, Schmidt A, Gasser O, Weyrich L, Jolly CJ, Linterman MA, Gros GL, Hawkins ED, Forbes-Blom E. Genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness to immunization in substrains of BALB/c mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:39-53. [PMID: 30152893 PMCID: PMC6378622 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody‐mediated immunity is highly protective against disease. The majority of current vaccines confer protection through humoral immunity, but there is high variability in responsiveness across populations. Identifying immune mechanisms that mediate low antibody responsiveness may provide potential strategies to boost vaccine efficacy. Here, we report diverse antibody responsiveness to unadjuvanted as well as adjuvanted immunization in substrains of BALB/c mice, resulting in high and low antibody response phenotypes. Furthermore, these antibody phenotypes were not affected by changes in environmental factors such as the gut microbiota composition. Antigen‐specific B cells following immunization had a marked difference in capability to class switch, resulting in perturbed IgG isotype antibody production. In vitro, a B‐cell intrinsic defect in the regulation of class‐switch recombination was identified in mice with low IgG antibody production. Whole genome sequencing identified polymorphisms associated with the magnitude of antibody produced, and we propose candidate genes that may regulate isotype class‐switching capability. This study highlights that mice sourced from different vendors can have significantly altered humoral immune response profiles, and provides a resource to interrogate genetic regulators of antibody responsiveness. Together these results further our understanding of immune heterogeneity and suggest additional research on the genetic influences of adjuvanted vaccine strategies is warranted for enhancing vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel C Poyntz
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, New Zealand
| | - Angela Jones
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Ruy Jauregui
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Aurélie Gestin
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Anna Mooney
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Lamiable
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Laura Weyrich
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Forbes-Blom
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, New Zealand
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Ruiz-Lafuente N, Muro M, Minguela A, Parrado A. The transcriptional response of mouse spleen B cells to IL-4: Comparison to the response of human peripheral blood B cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 16:56-61. [PMID: 30302405 PMCID: PMC6174832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Th2 cytokine IL-4 triggers a signaling cascade which activates transcription by STAT6. The goals of the present study are to define the transcriptomic response of mouse spleen B cells (mSBC) to IL-4 used as single stimulus, its specificity compared to human peripheral blood B cells (hPBBC) and to mouse spleen T cells (mSTC), and the pathways affected. Oligonucleotide-based microarrays were performed using two references, the untreated sample and the cells cultured without IL-4, an experimental design which reduces the potential confounding effect of cellular stress during culture. Specificity was addressed by comparing the response of mSBC and our previously published study on hPBBC, of similar design, and a study by other authors on mSTC. We detected an mSBC-specific response (including novel genes, e.g., Sertad4, Lifr, Pmepa1, Epcam, Tbxas1; and common genes, e.g., Usp2, Cst7, Grtp1, and Casp6), an hPBBC-specific response (e.g., CCL17, MTCL1, GCSAM, HOMER2, IL2RA), and a common mSBC/hPBBC response (e.g., CISH, NFIL3, SOCS1, VDR, CDH1). In contrast, the mSBC and mSTC responses were largely divergent. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied for the first time to identify the pathways affected. Both in mSBC and hPBBC, IL-4 activated Myc, the transcriptional machinery itself, cell cycle, mitochondria and respiratory chain, ribosome, proteasome and antigen presentation, and Wnt signaling, and inhibited GPCR signaling. However, significant differences were found in histone demethylation, Nod signaling, and Rho signaling, which were downregulated in mSBC, and in chromatin condensation, which was downregulated in hPBBC. These findings may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of allergic diseases and parasitic infections.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Acc. No., accession number
- B cells
- BCR, B cell receptor
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GSEA
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- IL-4
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MSigDB, Molecular Signatures database
- Microarray
- Mitochondria
- S.D., standard deviation
- Wnt signaling
- hPBBC, human peripheral blood B cells
- mSBC, mouse spleen B cells
- mSTC, mouse spleen T cells
- moAb, monoclonal antibody
- qRTPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruiz-Lafuente
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Parrado
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Giovannone N, Liang J, Antonopoulos A, Geddes Sweeney J, King SL, Pochebit SM, Bhattacharyya N, Lee GS, Dell A, Widlund HR, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 suppresses B cell receptor signaling and is regulated by I-branching of N-glycans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3287. [PMID: 30120234 PMCID: PMC6098069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are coated with a layer of heterogeneous carbohydrates (glycans) that modulate immune function, in part by governing specific interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins). Although nearly all membrane proteins bear glycans, the identity and function of most of these sugars on leukocytes remain unexplored. Here, we characterize the N-glycan repertoire (N-glycome) of human tonsillar B cells. We observe that naive and memory B cells express an N-glycan repertoire conferring strong binding to the immunoregulatory lectin galectin-9 (Gal-9). Germinal center B cells, by contrast, show sharply diminished binding to Gal-9 due to upregulation of I-branched N-glycans, catalyzed by the β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase GCNT2. Functionally, we find that Gal-9 is autologously produced by naive B cells, binds CD45, suppresses calcium signaling via a Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 dependent mechanism, and blunts B cell activation. Thus, our findings suggest Gal-9 intrinsically regulates B cell activation and may differentially modulate BCR signaling at steady state and within germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Geddes Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Pochebit
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G S Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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Miura Y, Morooka M, Sax N, Roychoudhuri R, Itoh-Nakadai A, Brydun A, Funayama R, Nakayama K, Satomi S, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Muto A. Bach2 Promotes B Cell Receptor-Induced Proliferation of B Lymphocytes and Represses Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:2882-2893. [PMID: 29540581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BTB and CNC homology 2 (Bach2) is a transcriptional repressor that is required for the formation of the germinal center (GC) and reactions, including class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of Ig genes in B cells, within the GC. Although BCR-induced proliferation is essential for GC reactions, the function of Bach2 in regulating B cell proliferation has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that Bach2 is required to sustain high levels of B cell proliferation in response to BCR signaling. Following BCR engagement in vitro, B cells from Bach2-deficient (Bach2-/-) mice showed lower incorporation of BrdU and reduced cell cycle progression compared with wild-type cells. Bach2-/- B cells also underwent increased apoptosis, as evidenced by an elevated frequency of sub-G1 cells and early apoptotic cells. Transcriptome analysis of BCR-engaged B cells from Bach2-/- mice revealed reduced expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2l1 encoding Bcl-xL and elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) family genes, including Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a, and Cdkn2b Reconstitution of Bcl-xL expression partially rescued the proliferation defect of Bach2-/- B cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Bach2 bound to the CKI family genes, indicating that these genes are direct repression targets of Bach2. These findings identify Bach2 as a requisite factor for sustaining high levels of BCR-induced proliferation, survival, and cell cycle progression, and it promotes expression of Bcl-xL and repression of CKI genes. BCR-induced proliferation defects may contribute to the impaired GC formation observed in Bach2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mizuho Morooka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nicolas Sax
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Itoh-Nakadai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Andrey Brydun
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Susumu Satomi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; and
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; and
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Zhang Y, Jia X, Xia Y, Li H, Chen F, Zhu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Pan M, Huang X, Yu T, Fu L, Xiao C, Geng D. Altered expression of transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8 in peripheral blood B cells is associated with clinical severity and circulating plasma cells frequency in patients with myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:126-134. [PMID: 29569949 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1454913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Guangming New District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third People’s Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - YuZhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical college, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Class 2014, Excellent Physician Class of Clinical Medicine Department, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingyan Yu
- Class 2014, Excellent Physician Class of Clinical Medicine Department, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenghua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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50
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Sebina I, Pepper M. Humoral immune responses to infection: common mechanisms and unique strategies to combat pathogen immune evasion tactics. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:46-54. [PMID: 29477969 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses are crucial for protection against invading pathogens and are the underlying mechanism of protection for most successful vaccines. Our understanding of how humoral immunity develops is largely based on animal models utilizing experimental immunization systems. While these studies have made enormous progress for the field and have defined many of the fundamental principles of B cell differentiation and function, we are only now beginning to appreciate the complexities of humoral immune responses induced by infection. Co-evolution of the adaptive immune system and the pathogenic world has created a diverse array of B cell responses to infections, with both shared and unique strategies. In this review, we consider the common mechanisms that regulate the development of humoral immune responses during infection and highlight recent findings demonstrating the evolution of unique strategies used by either host or pathogen for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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