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Yucens B, Erdogan NO, Gündüz M, Tumkaya S. Comparison of autogenous and reactive type obsessive-compulsive disorders in terms of clinical characteristics: A meta-analysis study. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 176:338-347. [PMID: 38917724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been divided into two subgroups autogenous and reactive types, based on obsessive symptoms. To our knowledge, no meta-analysis study compares sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Investigation of the differences between the two groups in terms of these basic characteristics may provide information about the accuracy of this classification. This is the first meta-analysis to examine gender, age at onset and some clinical differences between patients with autogenous and reactive OCD. Electronic bibliographic databases of Scopus and PubMed were searched up to March 2024. Random effect models were conducted for this meta-analysis. The analysis was carried out using the standardized mean difference as the outcome measure. Publication bias was evaluated using the Begg and Eggers funnel plot, and fail-safe N calculation using the Rosenthal approach. The current meta-analysis summarizes the data from primary studies comparing the gender rates, age at onset of OCD, severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms between autogenous and reactive types of OCD. The results of this study showed that the rate of male gender was higher in the autogenous type OCD. In addition, increased severity of anxiety, and depression were associated with autogenous type OCD. There was no significant difference between groups regarding the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Age of OCD onset findings were insignificant, but excluding an outlier study suggested earlier onset in autogenous type OCD. These results support the distinction between autogenous and reactive type OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengu Yucens
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kınıklı, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Oktar Erdogan
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kınıklı, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Gündüz
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Hospital of Bolvadin, Bolvadin, Turkey
| | - Selim Tumkaya
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kınıklı, Denizli, Turkey; Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Kınıklı, Denizli, Turkey.
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2
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Sarmin N, Roknuzzaman ASM, Sarker R, Rashid MO, Hasan A, Qusar MMAS, Kabir ER, Islam MR, Mahmud ZA. Exploring the role of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306125. [PMID: 38924009 PMCID: PMC11207128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder. Recently, there has been a growing interest in investigating the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and the pathogenesis of OCD. However, studies targeting interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in OCD are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the potential role of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in the pathophysiology and development of OCD. METHODS This study recruited 58 OCD patients and 30 age-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). A qualified psychiatrist diagnosed OCD patients and assessed HCs based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Health Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. We measured the severity of OCD using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA kits following the appropriate methods. RESULTS The results showed that serum IL-1β levels were significantly elevated in OCD patients compared to HCs (23.68±1.65 pg/ml vs. 15.75±1.02 pg/ml; p = 0.002). Similarly, OCD patients exhibited significantly higher serum IL-6 levels than HCs (44.97±0.73 pg/ml vs. 37.04±0.35 pg/ml; p<0.001). We observed both cytokines were positively correlated with the Y-BOCS scores in OCD patients (IL-1β: r = 0.380, p = 0.015; IL-6: r = 0.324, p = 0.026) which indicates their role in disease pathophysiology. CONCLUSION These results suggest that serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels may be associated with the pathophysiology of OCD. Also, these cytokines levels in blood samples can serve as early risk assessment tools for the development of OCD. We recommend further studies in a large and homogeneous population to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisat Sarmin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rapty Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun-or- Rashid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahasanul Hasan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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3
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Zheng S, Teng Y, Liu H, He J, Zhang S, Xiong H. Syringaresinol attenuates Tau phosphorylation and ameliorates cognitive dysfunction induced by sevoflurane in aged rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:596-605. [PMID: 38622895 PMCID: PMC11187417 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction following anesthesia with agents such as sevoflurane is a significant clinical problem, particularly in elderly patients. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of the phytochemical syringaresinol (SYR) against sevoflurane-induced cognitive deficits in aged Sprague-Dawley rats and to determine the underlying mechanisms involved. We assessed the impact of SYR on sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment, glial activation, and neuronal apoptosis through behavioral tests (Morris water maze), immunofluorescence, Western blotting for key proteins involved in apoptosis and inflammation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. SYR treatment mitigated sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline, reduced microglial and astrocyte activation (decreased Iba-1 and GFAP expression), and countered neuronal apoptosis (reduced Bax, cleaved-caspase3, and cleaved-PARP expression). SYR also enhanced Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression and reduced p-Tau phosphorylation; these effects were reversed by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. SYR exerts neuroprotective effects on sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by modulating glial activity, apoptotic signaling, and Tau phosphorylation through the SIRT1 pathway. These findings could inform clinical strategies to safeguard cognitive function in patients undergoing anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Teng
- Department of Anesthesia and Comfort Health Center, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Jiaxuan He
- Department of Anesthesia and Comfort Health Center, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Hongfei Xiong
- Department of Anesthesia and Comfort Health Center, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
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4
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Coelho DRA, Salvi JD, Vieira WF, Cassano P. Inflammation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis-based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25317. [PMID: 38459770 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 2%-3% of the global population. Despite the availability of several treatments, many patients with OCD do not respond adequately, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have associated various inflammatory processes with the pathogenesis of OCD, including alterations in peripheral immune cells, alterations in cytokine levels, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that inflammation could be a promising target for intervention. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) with near-infrared light is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that has shown potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its efficacy in OCD remains to be fully explored. This study aimed to review the literature on inflammation in OCD, detailing associations with T-cell populations, monocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome components, microglial activation, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, CRP, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also examined the hypothesis-based potential of t-PBM in targeting these inflammatory pathways of OCD, focusing on mechanisms such as modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of immune cell function, reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels, deactivation of neurotoxic microglia, and upregulation of BDNF gene expression. Our review suggests that t-PBM could be a promising, noninvasive intervention for OCD, with the potential to modulate underlying inflammatory processes. Future research should focus on randomized clinical trials to assess t-PBM's efficacy and optimal treatment parameters in OCD. Biomarker analyses and neuroimaging studies will be important in understanding the relationship between inflammatory modulation and OCD symptom improvement following t-PBM sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Richer Araujo Coelho
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for OCD and Related Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paolo Cassano
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Kamble SR, Dandekar MP. Implication of microbiota gut-brain axis in the manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176014. [PMID: 37619786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the key role of gut microbiota in the development of psychiatric disorders. The adverse impact of stress, anxiety, and depression has been well documented on the commensal gut microflora. Thus, therapeutic benefits of gut microbiota-based interventions may not be avoided in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review, we outline the current state of knowledge of gut microbiota with respect to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We discuss how OCD-generated changes corresponding to the key neurotransmitters, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and immunological and inflammatory pathways are connected with the modifications of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Notably, administration of few probiotics such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum R0175, Saccharomyces boulardii, and Lactobacillus casei Shirota imparted positive effects in the management of OCD symptoms. Taken together, we suggest that the gut microbiota-directed therapeutics may open new treatment approaches for the management of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali R Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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6
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Jalalifar E, Arad A, Rastkar M, Beheshti R. The COVID-19 pandemic and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review of comparisons between males and females. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:270-291. [PMID: 36861432 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease, one of the most disastrous epidemics, has caused a worldwide crisis, and the containment measures applied to decelerate the progression of the pandemic can increase the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Identifying vulnerable groups in this area can lead us to better resource expenditure, and therefore, this systematic review aims to make a comparison between males and females to determine which of the two groups was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic regarding OCD. Also, a meta-analysis was designed to investigate the prevalence of OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive search was conducted among three databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) until August 2021 which resulted in 197 articles, and 24 articles met our inclusion criteria. Overall, more than half of the articles stated the role of gender in OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several articles emphasized the role of the female gender, and some others the role of the male gender. The meta-analysis revealed a 41.2% overall prevalence of OCD during the COVID pandemic and 47.1% and 39.1% OCD prevalence for female and male genders respectively. However, the difference between the two genders was not statistically significant. Generally, it seems that females are at greater risk of OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the following groups, the female gender may have acted as a risk factor: under-18 years students, hospital staff, and the studies in the Middle East. In none of the categories, male gender was clearly identified as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Jalalifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirreza Arad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastkar
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasa Beheshti
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sethi P, Mehan S, Khan Z, Chhabra S. Acetyl-11-keto-beta boswellic acid(AKBA) modulates CSTC-pathway by activating SIRT-1/Nrf2-HO-1 signalling in experimental rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidenced by CSF, blood plasma and histopathological alterations. Neurotoxicology 2023; 98:61-85. [PMID: 37549874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-term and persistent mental illness characterised by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours. Numerous factors can contribute to the development or progression of OCD. These factors may result from the dysregulation of multiple intrinsic cellular pathways, including SIRT-1, Nrf2, and HO-1. Inhibitors of selective serotonin reuptake (SSRIs) are effective first-line treatments for OCD. In our ongoing research, we have investigated the role of SIRT-1, Nrf2, and HO-1, as well as the neuroprotective potential of Acetyl-11-keto-beta boswellic acid (AKBA) against behavioural and neurochemical changes in rodents treated with 8-OH-DPAT. In addition, the effects of AKBA were compared to those of fluvoxamine (FLX), a standard OCD medication. Injections of 8-OH-DPAT into the intra-dorso raphe nuclei (IDRN) of rats for seven days induced repetitive and compulsive behaviour accompanied by elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, apoptosis, and neurotransmitter imbalances in CSF, blood plasma, and brain samples. Chronic administration of AKBA at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg p.o. restored histopathological alterations in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) pathway, including the cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampal regions. Our investigation revealed that when AKBA and fluvoxamine were administered together, the alterations were restored to a greater degree than when administered separately. These findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective effect of AKBA can serve as an effective basis for developing a novel OCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranshul Sethi
- Division of Neuroscience, Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Swesha Chhabra
- Division of Neuroscience, Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Jegatheeswaran L, Gokani SA, Luke L, Klyvyte G, Espehana A, Garden EM, Tarantino A, Al Omari B, Philpott CM. Assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165329. [PMID: 37599993 PMCID: PMC10436231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review To provide a detailed overview of the assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Recent findings COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction can have a detrimental impact to the quality of life of patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, olfactory and taste disorders were a common but under-rated, under-researched and under-treated sensory loss. The pandemic has exacerbated the current unmet need for accessing good healthcare for patients living with olfactory disorders and other symptoms secondary to COVID-19. This review thus explores the associations that COVID-19 has with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms, and provide a framework and rationale for the assessment of patients presenting with COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Summary Acute COVID-19 infection and long COVID is not solely a disease of the respiratory and vascular systems. These two conditions have strong associations with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. A systematic approach with history taking and examination particularly with nasal endoscopy can determine the impact that this has on the patient. Specific olfactory disorder questionnaires can demonstrate the impact on quality of life, while psychophysical testing can objectively assess and monitor olfaction over time. The role of cross-sectional imaging is not yet described for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Management options are limited to conservative adjunctive measures, with some medical therapies described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavandan Jegatheeswaran
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Ajay Gokani
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Luke
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabija Klyvyte
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Espehana
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mairenn Garden
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Tarantino
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Basil Al Omari
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Martin Philpott
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Marazziti D, Palermo S, Arone A, Massa L, Parra E, Simoncini M, Martucci L, Beatino MF, Pozza A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:275-300. [PMID: 36949315 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, much focus has been given to the possible role of inflammatory and immunologic alterations in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and some related conditions, such as pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Although the matter is intriguing, the available data are still controversial and/or limited. Therefore, the aim of this chapter was at reviewing and commenting on the literature on possible dysfunctions of inflammatory and immune system processes in OCD, PANDAS, and TS.This narrative review was carried out through searching PubMed and Google Scholar for English language papers from January 1985 to December 31, 2021.The data gathered up to now would suggest that the mechanisms involved might be heterogeneous according to the age of the patients and the disorder examined. Indeed, PANDAS seem more related to infections triggering autoimmunity not necessarily following group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection, as supposed in the past. Autoimmunity seems also important in TS, if coupled with an individual vulnerability that can be genetic and/or environmental. The data in adult OCD, albeit scattered and sometimes obtained in small samples of patients, would indicate that immune system and inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of the disorder. However, it is still unclear to conclude whether they are primary or secondary phenomena.In conclusion, taken together, the current findings pave that way towards novel and promising domains to explore the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders, as well towards the development of innovative therapeutic strategy beyond current pharmacological paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences - UniCamillus, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Palermo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Massa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Parra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marly Simoncini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Martucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Beatino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Gupta R, Mehan S, Chhabra S, Giri A, Sherawat K. Role of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Activation in the Prevention of Neurological Abnormalities Associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1718-1738. [PMID: 36272053 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The smoothened sonic hedgehog (Smo-Shh) pathway is one mechanism that influences neurogenesis, including brain cell differentiation and development during childhood. Shh signaling dysregulation leads to decreased target gene transcription, which contributes to increased neuronal excitation, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration, eventually leading to neurological deficits. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as OCD and related neurological dysfunctions are characterized by neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired neurogenesis, disturbing the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) link neuronal network. Despite the availability of several treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, some individuals may not benefit much from them. Several trials on the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of OCD have also produced inadequate findings. This evidence-based review focuses on a potential pharmacological approach to alleviating OCD and associated neuronal deficits by preventing neurochemical alterations, in which sonic hedgehog activators are neuroprotective, lowering neuronal damage while increasing neuronal maintenance and survival. As a result, stimulating SMO-Shh via its potential activators may have neuroprotective effects on neurological impairment associated with OCD. This review investigates the link between SMO-Shh signaling and the neurochemical abnormalities associated with the progression of OCD and associated neurological dysfunctions. Role of Smo-Shh signaling in serotonergic neurogenesis and in maintaining their neuronal identity. The Shh ligand activates two main transcriptional factors known as Foxa2 and Nkx2.2, which again activates another transcriptional factor, GATA (GATA2 and GATA3), in post mitotic precursor cells of serotonergic neurons-following increased expression of Pet-1 and Lmx1b after GATA regulates the expression of many serotonergic enzymes such as TPH2, SERT, VMAT, slc6a4, Htr1a, Htr1b (Serotonin receptor enzymes), and MAO that regulate and control the release of serotonin and maintain their neuronal identity after their maturation. Abbreviation: Foxa2: Forkhead box; GATA: Globin transcription factor; Lmx1b: LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta; TPH2: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2; Htr1a: Serotonin receptor 1a; Htr1b: Serotonin receptor 1b; SERT: Serotonin transporter; VMAT: Vesicular monoamine transporter; MAO: Monoamine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Gupta
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Swesha Chhabra
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Giri
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Kajal Sherawat
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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Wang TY, Lu RB, Lee SY, Chang YH, Chen SL, Tsai TY, Tseng HH, Chen PS, Chen KC, Yang YK, Hong JS. Association Between Inflammatory Cytokines, Executive Function, and Substance Use in Patients With Opioid Use Disorder and Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Use Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 26:42-51. [PMID: 36181736 PMCID: PMC9850661 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term opioid and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) abuse may affect immunological function and impair executive function. We aimed to determine whether biomarkers of inflammation and executive function were associated with substance use in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and ATS use disorder (ATSUD). The interactions between these biomarkers were also explored. METHODS We assessed plasma cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and executive function in terms of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) in OUD and ATSUD patients and healthy controls (HC). OUD and ATSUD patients were followed for 12 weeks, and their urine morphine and amphetamine tests, cytokine levels, and executive function were repeatedly measured. RESULTS We enrolled 483 patients and 145 HC. Plasma TNF-α, CRP, IL-8, IL-6, and BDNF levels and most subscale scores on the WCST and CPT significantly differed between OUD and ATSUD patients and HC. Increased TNF-α levels and more perseveration error on the WCST were significantly associated with more urine drug-positive results and less abstinence. Plasma IL-6 and CRP levels were significantly negatively correlated with WCST and CPT performance. CONCLUSION OUD and ATSUD patients had more inflammation and worse executive function than HC. Inflammatory markers and WCST performance were associated with their urinary drug results, and higher inflammation was associated with poor executive function. Studies on regulating the inflammatory process and enhancing executive function in OUD and ATSUD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Wang
- Correspondence: Tzu-Yun Wang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, Taiwan ()
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,YiNing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Institute of Gerontology,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Zhang SF, Chen HM, Xiong JN, Liu J, Xiong J, Xie JZ, Wang XM, Tian Q, Xia B, Li Y, Qu N. Comparison of cognitive impairments with lipid profiles and inflammatory biomarkers in unipolar and bipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 150:300-306. [PMID: 35429740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments is one of important accompanied symptom in Unipolar depressive disorder (UD) and bipolar disorder (BD) that was hard to distinguish, as their diagnosis is based on behavioural observations and subjective symptoms. In this study, we could highlight the difference of cognitive ability in UD and BD by testing lipid profiles and inflammatory biomarkers in major depressive episodes (MDE). 207 subjects (96 unipolar and 111 bipolar depressed patients) were included in this study. We applied Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to test cognitive ability. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used for assessment at the beginning of treatment. A series of clinical variables and lipid profiles were collected from clinic record. We detected pro-inflammatory biomarkers Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reaction protein (CRP) levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. From the results, cognitive impairments were more popular in BD than UD, most obviously in severe cognitive impairments (MoCA score<23). And UD showed better cognitive ability than BD in MoCA, particularly in language domain. Compared lipid profiles like total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and lipoprotein α (Lpα), we found that ApoB was higher in BD than UD that maybe a risk factor in cognition. There was no obviously difference in TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, or Lpα. Also, we found CRP level in BD was higher than UD, and showed no significant difference in IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Furthermore, BDNF level which was neurotrophic biomarker for cognition and mood was significantly declined in BD compared with UD. Correlation analysis showed that ApoB and CRP was negative closed associated with MoCA scores. And BDNF level was positive related with cognitive ability in MDE patients. From our results mentioned that quantitative lipid profiles and inflammatory biomarkers analysis might help to objectively identify between these disorders and up our understanding of their pathophysiology. And ApoB, CRP and BDNF could be as potential peripheral candidates in cognitive evaluation to distinguish UD and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hua-Min Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Ni Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei Province, China.
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13
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Dacosta-Aguayo R, Lamonja-Vicente N, Chacón C, Carrasco-Ribelles LA, Montero-Alia P, Costa-Garrido A, García-Sierra R, López-Lifante VM, Moreno-Gabriel E, Massanella M, Puig J, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Mateu L, Prats A, Rodríguez C, Mataró M, Prado JG, Martínez-Cáceres E, Violán C, Torán-Monserrat P. Neurocognitive Profile of the Post-COVID Condition in Adults in Catalonia-A Mixed Method Prospective Cohort and Nested Case-Control Study: Study Protocol. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:849. [PMID: 35746457 PMCID: PMC9230542 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of the post-COVID condition is usually achieved by excluding other diseases; however, cognitive changes are often found in the post-COVID disorder. Therefore, monitoring and treating the recovery from the post-COVID condition is necessary to establish biomarkers to guide the diagnosis of symptoms, including cognitive impairment. Our study employs a prospected cohort and nested case-control design with mixed methods, including statistical analyses, interviews, and focus groups. Our main aim is to identify biomarkers (functional and structural neural changes, inflammatory and immune status, vascular and vestibular signs and symptoms) easily applied in primary care to detect cognitive changes in post-COVID cases. The results will open up a new line of research to inform diagnostic and therapeutic decisions with special considerations for cognitive impairment in the post-COVID condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Dacosta-Aguayo
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimaging Center (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Noemí Lamonja-Vicente
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
| | - Carla Chacón
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
| | - Lucia Amalía Carrasco-Ribelles
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
| | - Pilar Montero-Alia
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre d’Atenció Primària La Riera (Mataró 1), Institut Català de la Salut, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Costa-Garrido
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
| | - Rosa García-Sierra
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor M. López-Lifante
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Palau-Solità Healthcare Centre, Palau-Solità Plegamans Institut Català de la Salut, 08124 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Moreno-Gabriel
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola de Vallès, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.M.); (J.G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimaging Center (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Jose A. Muñoz-Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.A.M.-M.); (A.P.)
- Facultat de Psicologia i Ciències de l’Educació, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.M.); (J.G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.A.M.-M.); (A.P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Prats
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.A.M.-M.); (A.P.)
| | - Carmina Rodríguez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Fost de Campcentelles Healthcare Centre, Sant Fost de Campcentelles, Institut Català de la Salut, 08105 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mataró
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.); (L.M.); (J.G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Cáceres
- Immunology Department, FOCIS Center of Excellence—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Immunology Division, Laboratori Clinic Metropolitana Nord (LCMN), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Concepción Violán
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303 Mataró, Spain; (R.D.-A.); (N.L.-V.); (C.C.); (L.A.C.-R.); (P.M.-A.); (A.C.-G.); (R.G.-S.); (V.M.L.-L.); (E.M.-G.); (C.R.); (P.T.-M.)
- Direcció d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08916 Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society GREMSAS (2017 SGR 917), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Milton LK, Patton T, O'Keeffe M, Oldfield BJ, Foldi CJ. In pursuit of biomarkers for predicting susceptibility to activity-based anorexia in adolescent female rats. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:664-677. [PMID: 35302253 PMCID: PMC9311799 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN) is critical for the implementation of early intervention strategies. Anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and immune dysfunction may be involved in the development of AN; however, their direct influence on susceptibility to the condition remains unclear. Here, we used the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model to examine whether activity, anxiety-like behavior, compulsive behavior, and circulating immune markers predict the subsequent development of pathological weight loss. METHOD Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 44) underwent behavioral testing before exposure to ABA conditions after which they were separated into susceptible and resistant subpopulations. Blood was sampled before behavioral testing and after recovery from ABA to screen for proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Rats that were vulnerable to pathological weight loss differed significantly from resistant rats on all key ABA parameters. While the primary measures of anxiety-like or compulsive behavior were not shown to predict vulnerability to ABA, increased locomotion and anxiety-like behavior were both associated with the extent of weight loss in susceptible but not resistant animals. Moreover, the change in expression of proinflammatory markers IL-4 and IL-6 evoked by ABA was associated with discrete vulnerability factors. Intriguingly, behavior related to risk assessment was shown to predict vulnerability to ABA. DISCUSSION We did not find undisputable behavioral or immune predictors of susceptibility to pathological weight loss in the ABA rat model. Future research should examine the role of cognition in the development of ABA, dysfunction of which may represent an endophenotype linking anorectic, anxiety-like and compulsive behavior. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Anorexia nervosa (AN) has among the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric disorders and treatment options remain limited in their efficacy. Understanding what types of risk factors contribute to the development of AN is essential for implementing early intervention strategies. This study describes how some of the most common psychological features of AN could be used to predict susceptibility to pathological weight loss in a well-established animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Karina Milton
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Timothy Patton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneElizabethVictoriaAustralia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brian John Oldfield
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Claire Jennifer Foldi
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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15
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Modulating neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:367-373. [PMID: 34809994 PMCID: PMC8594960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbation of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during COVID-19 or new onset of the OCD symptoms resulting from COVID-19 infection is an understudied area of research. It is possible that increased proinflammatory immune status is associated with the onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and that targeted anti-inflammatory treatments for COVID-19 infection can mitigate the new onset of Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) spectrum symptoms. In this review, we cover OCD pathogenesis as related to COVID-19, summarize the impact of cytokines on behavior, and suggest that anti-cytokine treatments can help mitigate post-COVID-19 and new onset of the OC symptoms.
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16
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Gupta R, Mehan S, Sethi P, Prajapati A, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Al-Mazroua HA, Narula AS. Smo-Shh Agonist Purmorphamine Prevents Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Defects in 8-OH-DPAT-Induced Experimental Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030342. [PMID: 35326298 PMCID: PMC8946713 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by repetitive, unwanted thoughts and behavior due to abnormal neuronal corticostriatal-thalamocortical pathway and other neurochemical changes. Purmorphamine is a smoothened-sonic-hedgehog agonist that has a protective effect against many neurological diseases due to its role in maintaining functional connectivity during CNS development and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. As part of our current research, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of PUR against behavioral and neurochemical changes in 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder in rats. Additionally, the effect of PUR was compared with the standard drug for OCD, i.e., fluvoxamine. The intra-dorsal raphe-nucleus injection of 8-OH-DPAT in rats for seven days significantly showed OCD-like repetitive and compulsive behavior along with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, as well as neurotransmitter imbalance. These alterations were dose-dependently attenuated by long-term purmorphamine treatment at 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg i.p. In this study, we assessed the level of various neurochemical parameters in different biological samples, including brain homogenate, blood plasma, and CSF, to check the drug’s effect centrally and peripherally. These effects were comparable to the standard oral treatment withfluvoxamine at 10 mg/kg. However, when fluvoxamine was given in combination with purmorphamine, there was a more significant restoration of these alterations than the individualtreatmentswithfluvoxamine and purmorphamine. All the above findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective effect of purmorphamine in OCD can be strong evidence for developing a new therapeutic target for treating and managing OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Gupta
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.G.); (P.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.G.); (P.S.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pranshul Sethi
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.G.); (P.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Aradhana Prajapati
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.G.); (P.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (H.A.A.-M.)
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (H.A.A.-M.)
| | - Haneen A. Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (H.A.A.-M.)
| | - Acharan S. Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA;
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17
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Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Jowik K, Paszynska E, Dutkiewicz A, Słopien A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M. Expression of immune-related proteins and their association with neuropeptides in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. Neuropeptides 2022; 91:102214. [PMID: 34861598 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a metabo-psychiatric disorder where alterations of cytokines, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and the interactions between these factors can play an important role. Thus, the primary goal of the presented study was a cross-sectional analysis of immune-related proteins in patients with AN. Moreover, the correlations between these molecules and selected neuropeptides were studied. Twenty-five adolescent inpatients girls in the acute stage of a restrictive type of AN were enrolled in the study within the first year of the disease. Additionally, thirty similar in age and height controls (CG) were also assessed. The levels of 24 immune-related proteins, including cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, were measured. Moreover, selected adipocytokines, gastrointestinal hormones, and centrally produced neuropeptides levels were determined. Finally, the correlations between these molecules were analyzed. The fasting levels of CXCL1, CXCL9, FGF2, GrB, IL1, IL6, IL8, MMP8, MMP9, CTSS were statistically lower in AN than in the CG. The concentrations of many immune-related proteins remain unchanged despite their metabolic and mental condition. Moreover, significant correlations were found between leptin and CXCL1, CXCL9, GrB, IL1, IL6, and MMP8. Leptin receptors were correlated with GrB, while resistin was associated with MMP9. Our findings suggest that the initial stage of restrictive AN among adolescents within the first year of the disease is not connected with a pro-inflammatory state. Some immune-related protein changes may be associated with altered neuropeptides, primarily leptin, its receptors, and resistin. Future research should clarify which changes are primary and secondary to weight loss and whether these changes normalize with increasing weight. This would aid in understanding the complex etiopathogenesis of AN and in the search for new methods of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 61-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jowik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 61-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Paszynska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St., 60-812 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 61-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Słopien
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 61-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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18
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Xu Y, Zhuang Y, Kang L. A Review of Neurological Involvement in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932962. [PMID: 34145211 PMCID: PMC8221270 DOI: 10.12659/msm.932962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). As the infection spreads, there is increasing evidence of neurological and psychiatric involvement in COVID-19. Headache, impaired consciousness, and olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are common neurological manifestations described in the literature. Studies demonstrating more specific and more severe neurological involvement such as cerebrovascular insults, encephalitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome are also emerging. Respiratory failure, a significant condition that leads to mortality in COVID-19, is hypothesized to be partly due to brainstem impairment. Notably, some of these neurological complications seem to persist long after infection. This review aims to provide an update on what is currently known about neurological involvement in patients with COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we demonstrate invasion routes of SARS-CoV-2, provide evidence to support the neurotropism hypothesis of the virus, and investigate the pathological mechanisms that underlie neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Lumei Kang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- Department of Animal Science, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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19
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Marazziti D, Cianconi P, Mucci F, Foresi L, Chiarantini I, Della Vecchia A. Climate change, environment pollution, COVID-19 pandemic and mental health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145182. [PMID: 33940721 PMCID: PMC7825818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Converging data would indicate the existence of possible relationships between climate change, environmental pollution and epidemics/pandemics, such as the current one due to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Each of these phenomena has been supposed to provoke detrimental effects on mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the available scientific literature on these variables in order to suggest and comment on their eventual synergistic effects on mental health. The available literature report that climate change, air pollution and COVID-19 pandemic might influence mental health, with disturbances ranging from mild negative emotional responses to full-blown psychiatric conditions, specifically, anxiety and depression, stress/trauma-related disorders, and substance abuse. The most vulnerable groups include elderly, children, women, people with pre-existing health problems especially mental illnesses, subjects taking some types of medication including psychotropic drugs, individuals with low socio-economic status, and immigrants. It is evident that COVID-19 pandemic uncovers all the fragility and weakness of our ecosystem, and inability to protect ourselves from pollutants. Again, it underlines our faults and neglect towards disasters deriving from climate change or pollution, or the consequences of human activities irrespective of natural habitats and constantly increasing the probability of spillover of viruses from animals to humans. In conclusion, the psychological/psychiatric consequences of COVID-19 pandemic, that currently seem unavoidable, represent a sharp cue of our misconception and indifference towards the links between our behaviour and their influence on the "health" of our planet and of ourselves. It is time to move towards a deeper understanding of these relationships, not only for our survival, but for the maintenance of that balance among man, animals and environment at the basis of life in earth, otherwise there will be no future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy; UniCamillus - Saint Camillus University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Cianconi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Region, NHS Local Health Unit, Italy
| | - Lara Foresi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiarantini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy.
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20
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Said EA, Al-Reesi I, Al-Shizawi N, Jaju S, Al-Balushi MS, Koh CY, Al-Jabri AA, Jeyaseelan L. Defining IL-6 levels in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3915-3924. [PMID: 33155686 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced by and impacts different cell types in human. IL-6 is associated with different diseases and viral infections, including COVID-19. To our knowledge, no normal values were reported for IL-6 in the blood of healthy individuals. We have reviewed and performed a meta-analysis on a total of 140 studies, including 12,421 values for IL-6 in the blood of healthy adult donors. Among these studies, 83 did not report a mean value and the standard deviation. Therefore, for the statistical analysis, we used the values reported in 57 studies, which included 3166 values for IL-6. RESULTS The reported values for IL-6 in the blood of healthy donors varied between 0 and 43.5 pg/ml. The pooled estimate of IL-6 was 5.186 pg/ml (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.631, 5.740). As the age increased by 1 year, IL-6 values increased by 0.05 pg/ml (95% CI: 0.02, 0.09; p < .01). Though the heterogenicity, as determined by I2 statistics, was high in our study, the differences in IL-6 values are still at the level of a few pg/ml, which might be related to the differences in the conditions that influence IL-6 production in the healthy population. CONCLUSIONS This is the first meta-analysis reporting the levels of IL-6 in the blood of healthy donors based on a large number of studies and donors. Therefore the 95% CI values determined in our study could well serve as a reference range for quick decision-making in clinical interventions, particularly those aiming to inhibit IL-6, especially urgent interventions, for example, COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Iman Al-Reesi
- Department of Microbiology, Suhar Hospital, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nawal Al-Shizawi
- Department of Microbiology, Suhar Hospital, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sanjay Jaju
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultanate of Oman, Alkoudh, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohammed S Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Crystal Y Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ali A Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Sultanate of Oman
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 infection results in various viral-related physical and mental health problems, joined with the long-term psychological impact of the pandemic in general. However, the accompanying neurocognitive changes remain poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS We synthetize the current knowledge of viral (SARS-CoV-2) induced inflammation, mechanisms to viral entry into the central nervous system and altered neurotransmitter systems to provide an informed neurobiological explanation for the rise of neurocognitive disorders (defined as per the DSM-5 criteria). SUMMARY The mild and major neurocognitive disorder symptoms due to the COVID-19 pandemic provide a unique opportunity to address the early changes underlying neurocognitive impairment at both clinical and molecular level. We discuss the utilization of the available evidence for their management and future novel therapeutic opportunities.
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22
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Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Ecklu-Mensah G, Aleti G, Rosenberg DR, Hong S. Searching for host immune-microbiome mechanisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative literature review and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:517-534. [PMID: 33639178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is disabling and often treatment-refractory. Host immunity and gut microbiota have bidirectional communication with each other and with the brain. Perturbations to this axis have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, but immune-microbiome signaling in OCD is relatively underexplored. We review support for further pursuing such investigations in OCD, including: 1) gut microbiota has been associated with OCD, but causal pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear; 2) early environmental risk factors for OCD overlap with critical periods of immune-microbiome development; 3) OCD is associated with increased risk of immune-mediated disorders and changes in immune parameters, which are separately associated with the microbiome; and 4) gut microbiome manipulations in animal models are associated with changes in immunity and some obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Theoretical pathogenic mechanisms could include microbiota programming of cytokine production, promotion of expansion and trafficking of peripheral immune cells to the CNS, and regulation of microglial function. Immune-microbiome signaling in OCD requires further exploration, and may offer novel insights into pathogenic mechanisms and potential treatment targets for this disabling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Troyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.
| | - Jordan N Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gertrude Ecklu-Mensah
- Department of Medicine and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gajender Aleti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - David R Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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23
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Yuan X, Tang J, Chen J, Liu Y, Lai X, Hu M. Reasoning, problem-solving, and visual learning as candidate endophenotypes for first-episode, drug-naïve obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Han Chinese population. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135377. [PMID: 32920047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disease with obsessions and compulsions as its main symptom dimensions. In recent years, endophenotype (intermediate phenotype) method has been used to study OCD. This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive function for patients with OCD and search for possible endophenotype. METHODS This study utilized a comparison control group design with 64 OCD patients, 49 healthy siblings (HS) of the patients, and 53 healthy controls. Several projects were selected to evaluate patients' cognition functions, such as reasoning, problem-solving, attention/vigilance, visual learning, speed of processing, and verbal learning. RESULTS Results suggested that the patients with OCD and their HS have cognitive deficits in reasoning, problem-solving, trail making test, and visual learning. Significant differences were observed among the three groups of subjects in verbal learning. No significant difference was observed in attention/vigilance among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that reasoning, problem-solving, and visual learning may be candidate endophenotypes for the early diagnosis of prodrome Han Chinese patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China
| | - Xiong Lai
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China
| | - Maorong Hu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China.
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24
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Martino D, Johnson I, Leckman JF. What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? Front Neurol 2020; 11:567407. [PMID: 33041996 PMCID: PMC7525089 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.567407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goal of this article is to review the past decade's literature and provide a critical commentary on the involvement of immunological mechanisms in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome, other Chronic tic disorders (CTD), and related neuropsychiatric disorders including Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: We conducted a literature search using the Medline/PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases to locate relevant articles and abstracts published between 2009 and 2020, using a comprehensive list of search terms related to immune mechanisms and the diseases of interest, including both clinical and animal model studies. Results: The cellular and molecular processes that constitute our "immune system" are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that innate and adaptive systemic immune pathways, as well as neuroinflammatory mechanisms, play an important role in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders In the conceptual framework of the holobiont theory, emerging evidence points also to the importance of the "microbiota-gut-brain axis" in the pathobiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusions: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. Immunological pathways are implicated in several early neurodevelopmental processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Hyper-reactivity of systemic immune pathways and neuroinflammation may contribute to the natural fluctuations of the core behavioral features of CTD, OCD, and ADHD. There is still limited knowledge of the efficacy of direct and indirect (i.e., through environmental modifications) immune-modulatory interventions in the treatment of these disorders. Future research also needs to focus on the key molecular pathways through which dysbiosis of different tissue microbiota influence neuroimmune interactions in these disorders, and how microbiota modification could modify their natural history. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Isaac Johnson
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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25
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Steardo L, Steardo L, Verkhratsky A. Psychiatric face of COVID-19. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:261. [PMID: 32732883 PMCID: PMC7391235 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a severe multiorgan pathology which, besides cardio-respiratory manifestations, affects the function of the central nervous system (CNS). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similarly to other coronaviruses demonstrate neurotropism; the viral infection of the brain stem may complicate the course of the disease through damaging central cardio-respiratory control. The systemic inflammation as well as neuroinflammatory changes are associated with massive increase of the brain pro-inflammatory molecules, neuroglial reactivity, altered neurochemical landscape and pathological remodelling of neuronal networks. These organic changes, emerging in concert with environmental stress caused by experiences of intensive therapy wards, pandemic fears and social restrictions, promote neuropsychiatric pathologies including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), various psychoses, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 represent serious clinical challenge that has to be considered for future complex therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Steardo
- Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Fortunato University, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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26
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Zheng J, Xie Y, Li F, Zhou Y, Qi L, Liu L, Chen Z. Lactoferrin improves cognitive function and attenuates brain senescence in aged mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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27
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Smith KL, Todd SM, Boucher A, Bennett MR, Arnold JC. P2X 7 receptor knockout mice display less aggressive biting behaviour correlating with increased brain activation in the piriform cortex. Neurosci Lett 2020; 714:134575. [PMID: 31693933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder. P2X7 receptors regulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia, and gain-of-function P2X7 mutations may contribute to the neuroinflammation found in affective disorders. However, the role of this receptor in mediating other mental health conditions and aberrant behaviours requires further examination. The current study we investigated the effects of germline genetic deletion of P2xr7 on social and marble burying behaviours in mice throughout the critical adolescent developmental period. Marble burying behaviour is thought to provide a mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We also characterised the effects of P2rx7 deletion on aggressive attack behaviour in adult mice and subsequently quantifieded microglial cell densities and c-Fos expression, a marker of neuronal activation. P2rx7 knockout mice displayed reduced OCD-related marble burying behaviour which was most pronounced in late adolescence/early adulthood. P2rx7 knockout mice also exhibited reduced aggressive attack behaviours in adulthood in the resident-intruder test. Reduced aggression in P2xr7 knockout mice did not coincide with changes to microglial cell densities, however c-Fos expression was elevated in the piriform cortex of P2rx7 knockout mice compared to wildtype mice. This study suggests that the P2X7 receptor might serve as a novel target for serenic or anti-OCD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Leigh Smith
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Todd
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Aurelie Boucher
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Maxwell R Bennett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia.
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