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Yin L, Zhou Y, Ding N, Fang Y. Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering for the Biosynthesis of Phosphoenol Pyruvate-Oxaloacetate-Pyruvate-Derived Amino Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:2893. [PMID: 38930958 PMCID: PMC11206799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate-derived amino acids (POP-AAs) comprise native intermediates in cellular metabolism, within which the phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate (POP) node is the switch point among the major metabolic pathways existing in most living organisms. POP-AAs have widespread applications in the nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical industries. These amino acids have been predominantly produced in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum through microbial fermentation. With the rapid increase in market requirements, along with the global food shortage situation, the industrial production capacity of these two bacteria has encountered two bottlenecks: low product conversion efficiency and high cost of raw materials. Aiming to push forward the update and upgrade of engineered strains with higher yield and productivity, this paper presents a comprehensive summarization of the fundamental strategy of metabolic engineering techniques around phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate node for POP-AA production, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-isoleucine. Novel heterologous routes and regulation methods regarding the carbon flux redistribution in the POP node and the formation of amino acids should be taken into consideration to improve POP-AA production to approach maximum theoretical values. Furthermore, an outlook for future strategies of low-cost feedstock and energy utilization for developing amino acid overproducers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Nana Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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2
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Göttl VL, Meyer F, Schmitt I, Persicke M, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF, Henke NA. Enhancing astaxanthin biosynthesis and pathway expansion towards glycosylated C40 carotenoids by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8081. [PMID: 38582923 PMCID: PMC10998873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a versatile C40 carotenoid prized for its applications in food, cosmetics, and health, is a bright red pigment with powerful antioxidant properties. To enhance astaxanthin production in Corynebacterium glutamicum, we employed rational pathway engineering strategies, focused on improving precursor availability and optimizing terminal oxy-functionalized C40 carotenoid biosynthesis. Our efforts resulted in an increased astaxanthin precursor supply with 1.5-fold higher β-carotene production with strain BETA6 (18 mg g-1 CDW). Further advancements in astaxanthin production were made by fine-tuning the expression of the β-carotene hydroxylase gene crtZ and β-carotene ketolase gene crtW, yielding a nearly fivefold increase in astaxanthin (strain ASTA**), with astaxanthin constituting 72% of total carotenoids. ASTA** was successfully transferred to a 2 L fed-batch fermentation with an enhanced titer of 103 mg L-1 astaxanthin with a volumetric productivity of 1.5 mg L-1 h-1. Based on this strain a pathway expansion was achieved towards glycosylated C40 carotenoids under heterologous expression of the glycosyltransferase gene crtX. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time astaxanthin-β-D-diglucoside was produced with C. glutamicum achieving high titers of microbial C40 glucosides of 39 mg L-1. This study showcases the potential of pathway engineering to unlock novel C40 carotenoid variants for diverse industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Göttl
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Meyer
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ina Schmitt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcus Persicke
- CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Omics Core Facility - Proteom-Metabolom Unit (In Development), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Petra Peters-Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nadja A Henke
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
- CZS Junior Research Group, Microsystems in Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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3
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Li C, Sun P, Wei G, Zhu Y, Li J, Liu Y, Chen J, Deng Y. Efficient biosynthesis of creatine by whole-cell catalysis from guanidinoacetic acid in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:99-107. [PMID: 38288444 PMCID: PMC10823089 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a naturally occurring derivative of an amino acid commonly utilized in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Nevertheless, the current industrial synthesis of creatine relies on chemical processes, which may hinder its utilization in certain applications. Therefore, a biological approach was devised that employs whole-cell biocatalysis in the bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is considered safe for use in food production, to produce safe-for-consumption creatine. The objective of this study was to identify a guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) with superior catalytic activity for creatine production. Through employing whole-cell biocatalysis, a gamt gene from Mus caroli (Mcgamt) was cloned and expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, resulting in a creatine titer of 3.37 g/L. Additionally, the study employed a promoter screening strategy that utilized nine native strong promoters in C. glutamicum to enhance the expression level of GAMT. The highest titer was achieved using the P1676 promoter, reaching 4.14 g/L. The conditions of whole-cell biocatalysis were further optimized, resulting in a creatine titer of 5.42 g/L. This is the first report of successful secretory creatine expression in C. glutamicum, which provides a safer and eco-friendly approach for the industrial production of creatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Nuoan Baite Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Pengdong Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
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4
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Zhang J, Yan X, Park H, Scrutton NS, Chen T, Chen GQ. Nonsterile microbial production of chemicals based on Halomonas spp. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 85:103064. [PMID: 38262074 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The use of extremophile organisms such as Halomomas spp. can eliminate the need for fermentation sterilization, significantly reducing process costs. Microbial fermentation is considered a pivotal strategy to reduce reliance on fossil fuel resources; however, sustainable processes continue to incur higher costs than their chemical industry counterparts. Most organisms require equipment sterilization to prevent contamination, a practice that introduces complexity and financial strain. Fermentations involving extremophile organisms can eliminate the sterilization process, relying instead on conditions that are conductive solely to the growth of the desired organism. This review discusses current challenges in pilot- and industrial-scale bioproduction when using the extremophile bacteria Halomomas spp. under nonsterile conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Helen Park
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; EPSRC/BBSRC Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, BBSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- EPSRC/BBSRC Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, BBSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; MOE Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Caballero Cerbon DA, Gebhard L, Dokuyucu R, Ertl T, Härtl S, Mazhar A, Weuster-Botz D. Challenges and Advances in the Bioproduction of L-Cysteine. Molecules 2024; 29:486. [PMID: 38257399 PMCID: PMC10821248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
L-cysteine is a proteogenic amino acid with many applications in the pharmaceutical, food, animal feed, and cosmetic industries. Due to safety and environmental issues in extracting L-cysteine from animal hair and feathers, the fermentative production of L-cysteine offers an attractive alternative using renewable feedstocks. Strategies to improve microbial production hosts like Pantoea ananatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli are summarized. Concerning the metabolic engineering strategies, the overexpression of feedback inhibition-insensitive L-serine O-acetyltransferase and weakening the degradation of L-cysteine through the removal of L-cysteine desulfhydrases are crucial adjustments. The overexpression of L-cysteine exporters is vital to overcome the toxicity caused by intracellular accumulating L-cysteine. In addition, we compiled the process engineering aspects for the bioproduction of L-cysteine. Utilizing the energy-efficient sulfur assimilation pathway via thiosulfate, fermenting cheap carbon sources, designing scalable, fed-batch processes with individual feedings of carbon and sulfur sources, and implementing efficient purification techniques are essential for the fermentative production of L-cysteine on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alejandro Caballero Cerbon
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Leon Gebhard
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ruveyda Dokuyucu
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, D-94315 Straubing, Germany; (R.D.); (T.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Theresa Ertl
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, D-94315 Straubing, Germany; (R.D.); (T.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Sophia Härtl
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, D-94315 Straubing, Germany; (R.D.); (T.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Ayesha Mazhar
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, D-94315 Straubing, Germany; (R.D.); (T.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany;
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6
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Tabata H, Nishijima H, Yamada Y, Miyake R, Yamamoto K, Kato S, Nakanishi S. Microbial Biomanufacturing Using Chemically Synthesized Non-Natural Sugars as the Substrate. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300760. [PMID: 38063314 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The bioproduction of valuable materials using biomass sugars is attracting attention as an environmentally friendly technology. However, its ability to fulfil the enormous demand to produce fuels and chemical products is limited. With a view towards the future development of a novel bioproduction process that addresses these concerns, this study investigated the feasibility of bioproduction of valuable substances using Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) with a chemically synthesized non-natural sugar solution. Cells were grown using the synthesized sugar solution as the sole carbon source and they produced lactate under oxygen-limited conditions. It was also found that some of the sugars produced by the series of chemical reactions inhibited cell growth since prior removal of these sugars increased the cell growth rate. The results obtained in this study indicate that chemically synthesized sugars have the potential to resolve the concerns regarding future biomass sugar supply in microbial biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Tabata
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishijima
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Rika Miyake
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Green Earth Research Centre, Green Earth Institute Co., Ltd., 2-5-9 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Souichiro Kato
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Kim M, Oh JW, Jeong DW, Cho BH, Chang J, Shi X, Han SO. Biosynthesis of l-histidine from marine biomass-derived galactans in metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 391:129963. [PMID: 37925085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
l-Histidine plays significant roles in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and its demand has been steadily increasing recently. As demand for l-histidine continues, the development of eco-friendly processes is required. To pursue this goal, D-galactose, a primary component of red algae, was employed as a carbon source for synthesizing l-histidine. To harness this marine biomass, κ-carrageenan was preferentially hydrolyzed to obtain D-galactose using κ-carrageenase (CgkA) and iduronate-2-sulfatase (IdsA3). Subsequently, l-histidine production was enhanced by modifying precursor pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum. The resulting strain, TDPH6 exhibited a remarkable 2.15-fold increase in l-histidine production compared to TDP. Furthermore, a galactose utilization system was introduced and named TDPH6G2. During fermentation, this strain efficiently consumed 100 % of the D-galactose and synthesized 0.395 g/L of l-histidine. In conclusion, this study presents a sustainable approach to L-histidine synthesis by introducing a galactose utilization system into C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Woon Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Amtixbio CO., LTD., Seoul 01411, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Lee CH, Kim S, Seo H, Kim KJ. Structural and Biochemical Analysis of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1595-1605. [PMID: 38151830 PMCID: PMC10772564 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2305.05018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHQD) catalyzes the conversion of 3-dehydroquinic acid (DHQ) into 3-dehydroshikimic acid in the mid stage of the shikimate pathway, which is essential for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and folates. Here, we report two the crystal structures of type II DHQD (CgDHQD) derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is a widely used industrial platform organism. We determined the structures for CgDHQDWT with the citrate at a resolution of 1.80Å and CgDHQDR19A with DHQ complexed forms at a resolution of 2.00 Å, respectively. The enzyme forms a homododecamer consisting of four trimers with three interfacial active sites. We identified the DHQ-binding site of CgDHQD and observed an unusual binding mode of citrate inhibitor in the site with a half-opened lid loop. A structural comparison of CgDHQD with a homolog derived from Streptomyces coelicolor revealed differences in the terminal regions, lid loop, and active site. Particularly, CgDHQD, including some Corynebacterium species, possesses a distinctive residue P105, which is not conserved in other DHQDs at the position near the 5-hydroxyl group of DHQ. Replacements of P105 with isoleucine and valine, conserved in other DHQDs, caused an approximately 70% decrease in the activity, but replacement of S103 with threonine (CgDHQDS103T) caused a 10% increase in the activity. Our biochemical studies revealed the importance of key residues and enzyme kinetics for wild type and CgDHQDS103T, explaining the effect of the variation. This structural and biochemical study provides valuable information for understanding the reaction efficiency that varies due to structural differences caused by the unique sequences of CgDHQD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hwi Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kataoka N, Matsushita K, Yakushi T. Development of a 2-hydroxyglutarate production system by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5987-5997. [PMID: 37555949 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate (2-OG) is a tricarboxylate cycle intermediate that can be biologically converted into several industrially important compounds. However, studies on the fermentative production of compounds synthesized from 2-OG, but not via glutamate (defined as 2-OG derivatives), have been limited. Herein, a system that can efficiently produce 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), a 2-OG derivative biosynthesized by the hgdH-encoded NADH-dependent 2-HG dehydrogenase of Acidaminococcus fermentans, was developed as a model using Corynebacterium glutamicum. First, the D3 strain, which lacked the two NADH-consuming enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, as well as isocitrate lyase, was constructed as a starting strain. Next, the growth conditions that induced the accumulation of 2-OG were investigated, and it was found that the biotin- and nitrogen-limited (B/N-limited) aerobic growth conditions were suitable for this purpose. Finally, the hgdH gene of A. fermentans became overexpressed in the D3 strain by inserting it into the intergenic regions with the strong constitutive promoter of the tuf gene of C. glutamicum; the engineered strain was cultured under the B/N-limited aerobic growth conditions. The engineered strain produced 80.1 mM 2-HG with a yield of 0.390 mol/mol glucose, which are the highest titer and yield reported thus far, to the best of our knowledge. Furthermore, reverse genetics showed that the produced 2-HG was partially exported via the YggB protein (NCgl1221 protein, a mechanosensitive channel) known as an exporter for glutamate under the conditions used herein. KEY POINTS: • An efficient 2-HG production system was developed with Corynebacterium glutamicum. • Biotin- and nitrogen-limited aerobic growth conditions induced 2-OG production. • Produced 2-HG was partially excreted via the glutamate exporter, YggB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kataoka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Kazunobu Matsushita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yakushi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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10
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Sundermeyer L, Folkerts JG, Lückel B, Mack C, Baumgart M, Bott M. Cellular localization of the hybrid pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266823. [PMID: 37754766 PMCID: PMC10581250 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02668-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For many bacterial proteins, specific localizations within the cell have been demonstrated, but enzymes involved in central metabolism are usually considered to be homogenously distributed within the cytoplasm. Here, we provide an example for a spatially defined localization of a unique enzyme complex found in actinobacteria, the hybrid pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (PDH-ODH). In non-actinobacterial cells, PDH and ODH form separate multienzyme complexes of megadalton size composed of three different subunits, E1, E2, and E3. The actinobacterial PDH-ODH complex is composed of four subunits, AceE (E1p), AceF (E2p), Lpd (E3), and OdhA (E1oE2o). Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that in Corynebacterium glutamicum, all four subunits are co-localized in distinct spots at the cell poles, and in larger cells, additional spots are present at mid-cell. These results further confirm the existence of the hybrid complex. The unphosporylated OdhI protein, which binds to OdhA and inhibits ODH activity, was co-localized with OdhA at the poles, whereas phosphorylated OdhI, which does not bind OdhA, was distributed in the entire cytoplasm. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, both metabolically linked to ODH, were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Based on the available structural data for individual PDH-ODH subunits, a novel supramolecular architecture of the hybrid complex differing from classical PDH and ODH complexes has to be postulated. Our results suggest that localization at the poles or at mid-cell is most likely caused by nucleoid exclusion and results in a spatially organized metabolism in actinobacteria, with consequences yet to be studied. IMPORTANCE Enzymes involved in the central metabolism of bacteria are usually considered to be distributed within the entire cytoplasm. Here, we provide an example for a spatially defined localization of a unique enzyme complex of actinobacteria, the hybrid pyruvate dehydrogenase/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (PDH-ODH) complex composed of four different subunits. Using fusions with mVenus or mCherry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that all four subunits are co-localized in distinct spots at the cell poles, and in larger cells, additional spots were observed at mid-cell. These results clearly support the presence of the hybrid PDH-ODH complex and suggest a similar localization in other actinobacteria. The observation of a defined spatial localization of an enzyme complex catalyzing two key reactions of central metabolism poses questions regarding possible consequences for the availability of substrates and products within the cell and other bacterial enzyme complexes showing similar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sundermeyer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan-Gerrit Folkerts
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benita Lückel
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Mack
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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11
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Mohammed Y, Ye D, He M, Wang H, Zhu Z, Sun Y. Production of Astaxanthin by Animal Cells via Introduction of an Entire Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Pathway. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1073. [PMID: 37760175 PMCID: PMC10525450 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a fascinating molecule with powerful antioxidant activity, synthesized exclusively by specific microorganisms and higher plants. To expand astaxanthin production, numerous studies have employed metabolic engineering to introduce and optimize astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms and plant hosts. Here, we report the metabolic engineering of animal cells in vitro to biosynthesize astaxanthin. This was accomplished through a two-step study to introduce the entire astaxanthin pathway into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). First, we introduced the astaxanthin biosynthesis sub-pathway (Ast subp) using several genes encoding β-carotene ketolase and β-carotene hydroxylase enzymes to synthesize astaxanthin directly from β-carotene. Next, we introduced a β-carotene biosynthesis sub-pathway (β-Car subp) with selected genes involved in Ast subp to synthesize astaxanthin from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). As a result, we unprecedentedly enabled HEK293T cells to biosynthesize free astaxanthin from GGPP with a concentration of 41.86 µg/g dry weight (DW), which represented 66.19% of the total ketocarotenoids (63.24 µg/g DW). Through optimization steps using critical factors in the astaxanthin biosynthetic process, a remarkable 4.14-fold increase in total ketocarotenoids (262.10 µg/g DW) was achieved, with astaxanthin constituting over 88.82%. This pioneering study holds significant implications for transgenic animals, potentially revolutionizing the global demand for astaxanthin, particularly within the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Mohammed
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mudan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.M.); (D.Y.); (M.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China
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12
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Hanh DD, Elkasaby T, Kawaguchi H, Tsuge Y, Ogino C, Kondo A. Enhanced production of itaconic acid from enzymatic hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass by recombinant Corynebacteriumglutamicum. J Biosci Bioeng 2023:S1389-1723(23)00083-X. [PMID: 37120372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Itaconic acid (IA) is a value-added chemical currently produced by Aspergillus terreus from edible glucose and starch but not from inedible lignocellulosic biomass owing to the high sensitivity to fermentation inhibitors present in the hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass. To produce IA from lignocellulosic biomass, a gram-positive bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, with a high tolerance to fermentation inhibitors was metabolically engineered to express a fusion protein composed of cis-aconitate decarboxylase from A. terreus responsible for IA formation from cis-aconitate and a maltose-binding protein (malE) from Escherichia coli. The codon-optimized cadA_malE gene was expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, and the resulting recombinant strain produced IA from glucose. IA concentration increased 4.7-fold by the deletion of the ldh gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase. With the Δldh strain HKC2029, an 18-fold higher IA production was observed from enzymatic hydrolysate of kraft pulp as a model lignocellulosic biomass than from glucose (6.15 and 0.34 g/L, respectively). The enzymatic hydrolysate of kraft pulp contained various potential fermentation inhibitors involved in furan aldehydes, benzaldehydes, benzoic acids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and aliphatic acid. Whereas cinnamic acid derivatives severely inhibited IA production, furan aldehydes, benzoic acids, and aliphatic acid improved IA production at low concentrations. The present study suggests that lignocellulosic hydrolysate contains various potential fermentation inhibitors; however, some of them can serve as enhancers for microbial fermentation likely due to the changing of redox balance in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Duy Hanh
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taghreed Elkasaby
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 60 Elgomhoria St, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yota Tsuge
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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13
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Pauli S, Kohlstedt M, Lamber J, Weiland F, Becker J, Wittmann C. Systems metabolic engineering upgrades Corynebacterium glutamicum for selective high-level production of the chiral drug precursor and cell-protective extremolyte L-pipecolic acid. Metab Eng 2023; 77:100-117. [PMID: 36931556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The nonproteinogenic cyclic metabolite l-pipecolic acid is a chiral precursor for the synthesis of various commercial drugs and functions as a cell-protective extremolyte and mediator of defense in plants, enabling high-value applications in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and agrochemical markets. To date, the production of the compound is unfavorably fossil-based. Here, we upgraded the strain Corynebacterium glutamicum for l-pipecolic acid production using systems metabolic engineering. Heterologous expression of the l-lysine 6-dehydrogenase pathway, apparently the best route to be used in the microbe, yielded a family of strains that enabled successful de novo synthesis from glucose but approached a limit of performance at a yield of 0.18 mol mol-1. Detailed analysis of the producers at the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels revealed that the requirements of the introduced route were largely incompatible with the cellular environment, which could not be overcome after several further rounds of metabolic engineering. Based on the gained knowledge, we based the strain design on l-l-lysine 6-aminotransferase instead, which enabled a substantially higher in vivo flux toward l-pipecolic acid. The tailormade producer C. glutamicum PIA-7 formed l-pipecolic acid up to a yield of 562 mmol mol-1, representing 75% of the theoretical maximum. Ultimately, the advanced mutant PIA-10B achieved a titer of 93 g L-1 in a fed-batch process on glucose, outperforming all previous efforts to synthesize this valuable molecule de novo and even approaching the level of biotransformation from l-lysine. Notably, the use of C. glutamicum allows the safe production of GRAS-designated l-pipecolic acid, providing extra benefit toward addressing the high-value pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic markets. In summary, our development sets a milestone toward the commercialization of biobased l-pipecolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pauli
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Lamber
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Fabia Weiland
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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14
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Christmann J, Cao P, Becker J, Desiderato CK, Goldbeck O, Riedel CU, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. High-efficiency production of the antimicrobial peptide pediocin PA-1 in metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum using a microaerobic process at acidic pH and elevated levels of bivalent calcium ions. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:41. [PMID: 36849884 PMCID: PMC9969654 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediocin PA-1 is a bacteriocin of recognized value with applications in food bio-preservation and the medical sector for the prevention of infection. To date, industrial manufacturing of pediocin PA-1 is limited by high cost and low-performance. The recent establishment of the biotechnological workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum as recombinant host for pediocin PA-1 synthesis displays a promising starting point towards more efficient production. RESULTS Here, we optimized the fermentative production process. Following successful simplification of the production medium, we carefully investigated the impact of dissolved oxygen, pH value, and the presence of bivalent calcium ions on pediocin production. It turned out that the formation of the peptide was strongly supported by an acidic pH of 5.7 and microaerobic conditions at a dissolved oxygen level of 2.5%. Furthermore, elevated levels of CaCl2 boosted production. The IPTG-inducible producer C. glutamicum CR099 pXMJ19 Ptac pedACDCg provided 66 mg L-1 of pediocin PA-1 in a two-phase batch process using the optimized set-up. In addition, the novel constitutive strain Ptuf pedACDCg allowed successful production without the need for IPTG. CONCLUSIONS The achieved pediocin titer surpasses previous efforts in various microbes up to almost seven-fold, providing a valuable step to further explore and develop this important bacteriocin. In addition to its high biosynthetic performance C. glutamicum proved to be highly robust under the demanding producing conditions, suggesting its further use as host for bacteriocin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christmann
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peng Cao
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian K. Desiderato
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldbeck
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian U. Riedel
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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15
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Pu W, Chen J, Liu P, Shen J, Cai N, Liu B, Lei Y, Wang L, Ni X, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhou W, Ma H, Wang Y, Zheng P, Sun J. Directed evolution of linker helix as an efficient strategy for engineering LysR-type transcriptional regulators as whole-cell biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:115004. [PMID: 36516630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell biosensors based on transcriptional regulators are powerful tools for rapid measurement, high-throughput screening, dynamic metabolic regulation, etc. To optimize the biosensing performance of transcriptional regulator, its effector-binding domain is commonly engineered. However, this strategy is encumbered by the limitation of diversifying such a large domain and the risk of affecting effector specificity. Molecular dynamics simulation of effector binding of LysG (an LysR-type transcriptional regulator, LTTR) suggests the crucial role of the short linker helix (LH) connecting effector- and DNA-binding domains in protein conformational change. Directed evolution of LH efficiently produced LysG variants with extended operational range and unaltered effector specificity. The whole-cell biosensor based on the best LysGE58V variant outperformed the wild-type LysG in enzyme high-throughput screening and dynamic regulation of l-lysine biosynthetic pathway. LH mutations are suggested to affect DNA binding and facilitate transcriptional activation upon effector binding. LH engineering was also successfully applied to optimize another LTTR BenM for biosensing. Since LTTRs represent the largest family of prokaryotic transcriptional regulators with highly conserved structures, LH engineering is an efficient and universal strategy for development and optimization of whole-cell biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jiuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; BioDesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Ningyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Baoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; BioDesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yingyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China; BioDesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Jibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
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16
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Melo RM, de Souza JMF, Williams TCR, Fontes W, de Sousa MV, Ricart CAO, do Vale LHF. Revealing Corynebacterium glutamicum proteoforms through top-down proteomics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2602. [PMID: 36788287 PMCID: PMC9929327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a bacterium widely employed in the industrial production of amino acids as well as a broad range of other biotechnological products. The present study describes the characterization of C. glutamicum proteoforms, and their post-translational modifications (PTMs) employing top-down proteomics. Despite previous evidence of PTMs having roles in the regulation of C. glutamicum metabolism, this is the first top-down proteome analysis of this organism. We identified 1125 proteoforms from 273 proteins, with 60% of proteins presenting at least one mass shift, suggesting the presence of PTMs, including several acetylated, oxidized and formylated proteoforms. Furthermore, proteins relevant to amino acid production, protein secretion, and oxidative stress were identified with mass shifts suggesting the presence of uncharacterized PTMs and proteoforms that may affect biotechnologically relevant processes in this industrial workhorse. For instance, the membrane proteins mepB and SecG were identified as a cleaved and a formylated proteoform, respectively. While in the central metabolism, OdhI was identified as two proteoforms with potential biological relevance: a cleaved proteoform and a proteoform with PTMs corresponding to a 70 Da mass shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Magalhães Melo
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jaques Miranda Ferreira de Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Ferreira do Vale
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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Tuveri A, Nakama CS, Matias J, Holck HE, Jäschke J, Imsland L, Bar N. A regularized Moving Horizon Estimator for combined state and parameter estimation in a bioprocess experimental application. Comput Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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18
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Catalytic Production of Functional Monomers from Lysine and Their Application in High-Valued Polymers. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine is a key raw material in the chemical industry owing to its sustainability, mature fermentation process and unique chemical structure, besides being an important nutritional supplement. Multiple commodities can be produced from lysine, which thus inspired various catalytic strategies for the production of these lysine-based chemicals and their downstream applications in functional polymer production. In this review, we present a fundamental and comprehensive study on the catalytic production process of several important lysine-based chemicals and their application in highly valued polymers. Specifically, we first focus on the synthesis process and some of the current industrial production methods of lysine-based chemicals, including ε-caprolactam, α-amino-ε-caprolactam and its derivatives, cadaverine, lysinol and pipecolic acid. Second, the applications and prospects of these lysine-based monomers in functional polymers are discussed such as derived poly (lysine), nylon-56, nylon-6 and its derivatives, which are all of growing interest in pharmaceuticals, human health, textile processes, fire control and electronic manufacturing. We finally conclude with the prospects of the development of both the design and synthesis of new lysine derivatives and the expansion of the as-synthesized lysine-based monomers in potential fields.
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19
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Sundermeyer L, Bosco G, Gujar S, Brocker M, Baumgart M, Willbold D, Weiergräber OH, Bellinzoni M, Bott M. Characteristics of the GlnH and GlnX Signal Transduction Proteins Controlling PknG-Mediated Phosphorylation of OdhI and 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Activity in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0267722. [PMID: 36445153 PMCID: PMC9769921 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02677-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Corynebacterium glutamicum the protein kinase PknG phosphorylates OdhI and thereby abolishes the inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity by unphosphorylated OdhI. Our previous studies suggested that PknG activity is controlled by the periplasmic binding protein GlnH and the transmembrane protein GlnX, because ΔglnH and ΔglnX mutants showed a growth defect on glutamine similar to that of a ΔpknG mutant. We have now confirmed the involvement of GlnH and GlnX in the control of OdhI phosphorylation by analyzing the OdhI phosphorylation status and glutamate secretion in ΔglnH and ΔglnX mutants and by characterizing ΔglnX suppressor mutants. We provide evidence for GlnH being a lipoprotein and show by isothermal titration calorimetry that it binds l-aspartate and l-glutamate with moderate to low affinity, but not l-glutamine, l-asparagine, or 2-oxoglutarate. Based on a structural comparison with GlnH of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, two residues critical for the binding affinity were identified and verified. The predicted GlnX topology with four transmembrane segments and two periplasmic domains was confirmed by PhoA and LacZ fusions. A structural model of GlnX suggested that, with the exception of a poorly ordered N-terminal region, the entire protein is composed of α-helices and small loops or linkers, and it revealed similarities to other bacterial transmembrane receptors. Our results suggest that the GlnH-GlnX-PknG-OdhI-OdhA signal transduction cascade serves to adapt the flux of 2-oxoglutarate between ammonium assimilation via glutamate dehydrogenase and energy generation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to the availability of the amino group donors l-glutamate and l-aspartate in the environment. IMPORTANCE Actinobacteria comprise a large number of species playing important roles in biotechnology and medicine, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum, the major industrial amino acid producer, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen causing tuberculosis. Many actinobacteria use a signal transduction process in which the phosphorylation status of OdhI (corynebacteria) or GarA (mycobacteria) regulates the carbon flux at the 2-oxoglutarate node. Inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase by unphosphorylated OdhI shifts the flux of 2-oxoglutarate from the TCA cycle toward glutamate formation and, thus, ammonium assimilation. Phosphorylation of OdhI/GarA is catalyzed by the protein kinase PknG, whose activity was proposed to be controlled by the periplasmic binding protein GlnH and the transmembrane protein GlnX. In this study, we combined genetic, biochemical, and structural modeling approaches to characterize GlnH and GlnX of C. glutamicum and confirm their roles in the GlnH-GlnX-PknG-OdhI-OdhA signal transduction cascade. These findings are relevant also to other Actinobacteria employing a similar control process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sundermeyer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Graziella Bosco
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Srushti Gujar
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Brocker
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Weiergräber
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Kou M, Cui Z, Fu J, Dai W, Wang Z, Chen T. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for efficient production of optically pure (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:150. [PMID: 35879766 PMCID: PMC9310479 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2,3-butanediol is an important platform compound which has a wide range of applications, involving in medicine, chemical industry, food and other fields. Especially the optically pure (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol can be employed as an antifreeze agent and as the precursor for producing chiral compounds. However, some (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol overproducing strains are pathogenic such as Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Results In this study, a (3R)-acetoin overproducing C. glutamicum strain, CGS9, was engineered to produce optically pure (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol efficiently. Firstly, the gene bdhA from B. subtilis 168 was integrated into strain CGS9 and its expression level was further enhanced by using a strong promoter Psod and ribosome binding site (RBS) with high translation initiation rate, and the (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol titer of the resulting strain was increased by 33.9%. Then the transhydrogenase gene udhA from E. coli was expressed to provide more NADH for 2,3-butanediol synthesis, which reduced the accumulation of the main byproduct acetoin by 57.2%. Next, a mutant atpG was integrated into strain CGK3, which increased the glucose consumption rate by 10.5% and the 2,3-butanediol productivity by 10.9% in shake-flask fermentation. Through fermentation engineering, the most promising strain CGK4 produced a titer of 144.9 g/L (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol with a yield of 0.429 g/g glucose and a productivity of 1.10 g/L/h in fed-batch fermentation. The optical purity of the resulting (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol surpassed 98%. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest titer of optically pure (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol achieved by GRAS strains, and the result has demonstrated that C. glutamicum is a competitive candidate for (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01875-5.
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21
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Production of Trehalose from Maltose by Whole Cells of Permeabilized Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-1,1-α-D-glucopyranoside) is a stable and nonreducing disaccharide; can be used as sweetener, stabilizer, and humectant; and has many applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Trehalose production from maltose catalyzed by trehalose synthase (TreS) is simple and economically feasible for industrial-scale application. Reducing the cost and enhancing the efficiency of TreS synthesis and the conversion of maltose to trehalose is critical for trehalose production. In this study, the homologous TreS was constitutively overexpressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 by removing the repressor gene lacIq fragment in the plasmid, and TreS expression could be exempt from the inducer addition and induction process. For cell permeabilization, Triton X-100 was used as a permeabilization agent, and the treatment time was 3 h. In the conversion system, the permeabilized cells of recombinant C. glutamicum were used as biocatalysts, 300 g/L maltose was used as a substrate, and 173.7 g/L trehalose was produced within 12 h under 30 °C and pH 7.0 conditions. In addition, the whole-cell biocatalysts showed promising reusability. This study provides a safe, convenient, practical, and low-cost pathway for the production of trehalose.
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22
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Wang S, Zhan C, Chen R, Li W, Song H, Zhao G, Wen M, Liang D, Qiao J. Achievements and perspectives of synthetic biology in botanical insecticides. J Cell Physiol 2022. [PMID: 36183373 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides are the origin of all insecticidal compounds. They have been widely used to control pests in crops for a long time. Currently, the commercial production of botanical insecticides extracted from plants is limited because of insufficient raw material supply. Synthetic biology is a promising and effective approach for addressing the current problems of the production of botanical insecticides. It is an emerging biological research hotspot in the field of botanical insecticides. However, the biosynthetic pathways of many botanical insecticides are not completely elucidated. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of botanical pesticides and low efficiency of these biosynthetic enzymes in new hosts make it still challenging for their heterologous production. In the present review, we summarized the recent developments in the heterologous production of botanical insecticides, analyzed the current challenges, and discussed the feasible production strategies, focusing on elucidating biosynthetic pathways, enzyme engineering, host engineering, and cytotoxicity engineering. Looking to the future, synthetic biology promises to further advance heterologous production of more botanical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chuanling Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hongjian Song
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhang Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
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Research Progress on the Construction of Artificial Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Adipic Acid by Engineered Microbes. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipic acid is an important bulk chemical used in the nylon industry, as well as in food, plasticizers and pharmaceutical fields. It is thus considered one of the most important 12 platform chemicals. The current production of adipic acid relies on non-renewable petrochemical resources and emits large amounts of greenhouse gases. The bio-production of adipic acid from renewable resources via engineered microorganisms is regarded as a green and potential method to replace chemical conversion, and has attracted attention all over the world. Herein we review the current status of research on several artificial pathways for the biosynthesis of adipic acid, especially the reverse degradation pathway, which is a full biosynthetic method and has achieved the highest titer of adipic acid so far. Other artificial pathways including the fatty acid degradation pathway, the muconic acid conversion pathway, the polyketide pathway, the α-ketopimelate pathway and the lysine degradation pathway are also discussed. In addition, the challenges in the bio-production of adipic acid via these artificial pathways are analyzed and the prospects are presented with the intention of providing some significant points for the promotion of adipic acid biosynthesis.
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Genome engineering of the Corynebacterium glutamicum chromosome by the Extended Dual-In/Out strategy. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 200:106555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Briki A, Olmos E, Delaunay S, Fournier F. Generalized modelling of effect of oxygenation and glucose concentration on Corynebacterium glutamicum growth and production kinetics. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Rohles C, Pauli S, Gießelmann G, Kohlstedt M, Becker J, Wittmann C. Systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum eliminates all by-products for selective and high-yield production of the platform chemical 5-aminovalerate. Metab Eng 2022; 73:168-181. [PMID: 35917915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-aminovalerate (AVA) is a platform chemical of substantial commercial value to derive nylon-5 and five-carbon derivatives like δ-valerolactam, 1,5-pentanediol, glutarate, and 5-hydroxyvalerate. De-novo bio-production synthesis of AVA using metabolically engineered cell factories is regarded as exemplary route to provide this chemical in a sustainable way. So far, this route is limited by low titers, rates and yields and suffers from high levels of by-products. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel family of AVA producing C. glutamicum cell factories. Stepwise optimization included (i) improved AVA biosynthesis by expression balancing of the heterologous davAB genes from P. putida, (ii) reduced formation of the by-product glutarate by disruption of the catabolic y-aminobutyrate pathway (iii), increased AVA export, and (iv) reduced AVA re-import via native and heterologous transporters to account for the accumulation of intracellular AVA up to 300 mM. Strain C. glutamicum AVA-5A, obtained after several optimization rounds, produced 48.3 g L-1 AVA in a fed-batch process and achieved a high yield of 0.21 g g-1. Surprisingly in later stages, the mutant suddenly accumulated glutarate to an extent equivalent to 30% of the amount of AVA formed, tenfold more than in the early process, displaying a severe drawback toward industrial production. Further exploration led to the discovery that ArgD, naturally aminating N-acetyl-l-ornithine during l-arginine biosynthesis, exhibits deaminating side activity on AVA toward glutarate formation. This promiscuity became relevant because of the high intracellular AVA level and the fact that ArgD became unoccupied with the gradually stronger switch-off of anabolism during production. Glutarate formation was favorably abolished in the advanced strains AVA-6A, AVA-6B, and AVA-7, all lacking argD. In a fed-batch process, C. glutamicum AVA-7 produced 46.5 g L-1 AVA at a yield of 0.34 g g-1 and a maximum productivity of 1.52 g L-1 h-1, outperforming all previously reported efforts and stetting a milestone toward industrial manufacturing of AVA. Notably, the novel cell factories are fully genome-based, offering high genetic stability and requiring no selection markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rohles
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Sarah Pauli
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Germany
| | | | | | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Germany
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Usuda Y, Nishio Y, Nonaka G, Hara Y. Microbial Production Potential of Pantoea ananatis: From Amino Acids to Secondary Metabolites. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061133. [PMID: 35744651 PMCID: PMC9231021 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantoea ananatis, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Erwiniaceae family, is a well-known phytopathogen isolated from many ecological niches and plant hosts. However, this bacterium also provides us with various beneficial characteristics, such as the growth promotion of their host plants and increased crop yield. Some isolated non-pathogenic strains are promising for the microbial production of useful substances. P. ananatis AJ13355 was isolated as an acidophilic bacterium and was used as an excellent host to produce L-glutamic acid under acidic conditions. The genome sequence of P. ananatis AJ13355 was determined, and specific genome-engineering technologies were developed. As a result, P. ananatis was successfully used to construct a bacterial strain that produces cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid that has been difficult to produce through fermentation because of complex regulation. Furthermore, by heterologous expression including plant-derived genes, construction of a strain that produces isoprenoids such as isoprene and linalool as secondary metabolites was achieved. P. ananatis is shown to be a useful host for the production of secondary metabolites, as well as amino acids, and is expected to be used as a platform for microbial production of bioactive substances, aromatic substances, and other high-value-added substances of plant origin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Usuda
- Research and Business Planning Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo 104-8315, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-70-4361-3762; Fax: +81-3-5250-8352
| | - Yousuke Nishio
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.H.)
| | - Gen Nonaka
- Ajinomoto-Genetika Research Institute, Moscow 117545, Russia;
| | - Yoshihiko Hara
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.H.)
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Amoah OJ, Nguyen HT, Sohng JK. N-Glucosylation in Corynebacterium glutamicum with YdhE from Bacillus lichenformis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113405. [PMID: 35684346 PMCID: PMC9182490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is traditionally known as a food-grade microorganism due to its high ability to produce amino acids and its endotoxin-free recombinant protein expression factory. In recent years, studies to improve the activities of useful therapeutics and pharmaceutical compounds have led to the engineering of the therapeutically advantageous C. glutamicum cell factory system. One of the well-studied ways to improve the activities of useful compounds is glucosylation with glycosyltransferases. In this study, we successfully and efficiently glycosylated therapeutic butyl-4-aminobenzoate and other N-linked compounds in C. glutamicum using a promiscuous YdhE, which is a glycosyltransferase from Bacillus lichenformis. For efficient glucosylation, components, such as promoter, codons sequence, expression temperatures, and substrate and glucose concentrations were optimized. With glucose as the sole carbon source, we achieved a conversion rate of almost 96% of the glycosylated products in the culture medium. The glycosylated product of high concentration was successfully purified by a simple purification method, and subjected to further analysis. This is a report of the in vivo cultivation and glucosylation of N-linked compounds in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed Jackson Amoah
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea; (O.J.A.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Hue Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea; (O.J.A.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea; (O.J.A.); (H.T.N.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Chungnam, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(41)-530-2246; Fax: +82-(41)-530-8229
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Abstract
RNase J exerts both 5'-3' exoribonuclease and endoribonuclease activities and plays a major role in ribonucleotide metabolism in various bacteria; however, its gene regulation is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the regulation of rnj expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum. rnj mRNA expression was increased in a strain with an rnj mutation. Deletion of the genes encoding RNase E/G also resulted in increased rnj mRNA levels, although the effect was smaller than that of the rnj mutation. rnj mRNA was more stable in the rnj mutant strain than in wild-type cells. These results indicate that RNase J regulates its own gene by degrading its mRNA. The growth of rnj and pnp mutant cells was impaired at cold temperatures. The expression of rnj mRNA was transiently induced by cold shock; however, this induction was not observed in the rnj mutant strain, suggesting that autoregulation by self-degradation is responsible for inducing of rnj expression under cold-shock conditions. IMPORTANCE Corynebacterium glutamicum harbors one RNase E/G-type enzyme and one RNase J-type enzyme which are major ribonucleases in various bacteria. However, little is known about these gene regulations. Here, we show that RNase J autoregulates its own gene expression and RNase E/G is also involved in the rnj mRNA degradation. Furthermore, we show that transient induction of the rnj mRNA in the cold-shock condition is dependent on RNase J autoregulation. This study sheds light on the regulatory mechanism of RNase J in C. glutamicum.
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Son J, Choi IH, Lim CG, Jang JH, Bang HB, Cha JW, Jeon EJ, Sohn MG, Yun HJ, Kim SC, Jeong KJ. Production of Cinnamaldehyde through Whole-Cell Bioconversion from trans-Cinnamic Acid Using Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2656-2663. [PMID: 35102737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde (CAD) has various applications in foods and pharmaceuticals and has gained prominence as a potent nematicide in agricultural research owing to its nematicidal activity. However, conventional methods of CAD production, including extraction from plants or organic chemical synthesis, are environmentally hazardous and limit its utilization for downstream applications. Here, we engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the efficient bioconversion of trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) into CAD. An expression module of Mycobacterium phlei carboxylic acid reductase was constructed for the conversion of t-CA to CAD. Additionally, the putative dehydrogenase-related genes (dkgA, adhC, and cg1176) responsible for the conversion of CAD to cinnamyl alcohol were deleted from the engineered C. glutamicum strain to prevent the loss of CAD. Furthermore, as the conversion is NADPH-dependent, we investigated the conversion efficiency by exchanging the putative promoter region for the zwf gene, which encodes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, with a strong promoter to increase the NADPH pool. Finally, a bioconversion platform using C. glutamicum as a whole-cell biocatalyst was developed by deleting the vdh gene, which is involved in the reverse conversion of CAD to t-CA. Taken together, a 100% conversion yield of 1.1 g/L CAD from 1.2 g/L t-CA was obtained within 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Son
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hyeok Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyu Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bae Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Cha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Sohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Chang Z, Dai W, Mao Y, Cui Z, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Ma H, Chen T. Enhanced 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid Production From Acetate via the Malonyl-CoA Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:808258. [PMID: 35096794 PMCID: PMC8790568 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.808258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetate is an economical and environmental-friendly alternative carbon source. Herein, the potential of harnessing Corynebacterium glutamicum as a host to produce 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) from acetate was explored. First, the expression level of malonyl-CoA reductase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus was optimized through several strategies, strain Cgz2/sod-N-C* showed an MCR enzyme activity of 63 nmol/mg/min and a 3-HP titer of 0.66 g/L in flasks. Next, the expression of citrate synthase in Cgz2/sod-N-C* was weakened to reduce the acetyl-CoA consumption in the TCA cycle, and the resulting strain Cgz12/sod-N-C* produced 2.39 g/L 3-HP from 9.32 g/L acetate. However, the subsequent deregulation of the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase genes in Cgz12/sod-N-C* resulted in an increased accumulation of intracellular fatty acids, instead of 3-HP. Accordingly, cerulenin was used to inhibit fatty acid synthesis in Cgz14/sod-N-C*, and its 3-HP titer was further increased to 4.26 g/L, with a yield of 0.50 g 3-HP/g-acetate. Finally, the engineered strain accumulated 17.1 g/L 3-HP in a bioreactor without cerulenin addition, representing the highest titer achieved using acetate as substrate. The results demonstrated that Corynebacterium glutamicum is a promising host for 3-HP production from acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuai Chang
- Frontier Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Frontier Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Frontier Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- Frontier Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongwu Ma, ; Tao Chen,
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongwu Ma, ; Tao Chen,
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Uncovering the Role of PhzC as DAHP Synthase in Shikimate Pathway of Pseudomonas chlororaphis HT66. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010086. [PMID: 35053084 PMCID: PMC8772962 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated PhzC, one essential 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosnate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase that catalyzes the first step of the shikimate pathway in Pseudomonas chlororaphis. We identified and characterized phzC, which is different from the reported DAHP synthase encoding genes aroF, aroG and aroH in E. coli. PhzC accounts for approximately 90% of the total DAHP synthase activities in P. chlororaphis and it plays the most critical role in four DAHP synthases in the shikimate pathway. Moreover, the results showed that phzC in P. chlororaphis HT66 is not sensitive to feedback inhibition. This study demonstrated that PhzC is essential for phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) biosynthesis without inhibition in feedback by PCN production. It highlighted the importance of PhzC and applying P. chlororaphis for shikimate pathway-derived high-value biological production. Abstract DAHP synthase catalyzes the first step in the shikimate pathway, deriving the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (Trp, Phe and Tyr), phenazine-1-carboxamide, folic acid, and ubiquinone in Pseudomonas chlororaphis. In this study, we identified and characterized one DAHP synthase encoding gene phzC, which differs from the reported DAHP synthase encoding genes aroF, aroG and aroH in E. coli. PhzC accounts for approximately 90% of the total DAHP synthase activities in P. chlororaphis HT66 and plays the most critical role in four DAHP synthases in the shikimate pathway. Inactivation of phzC resulted in the reduction of PCN production by more than 90%, while the absence of genes aroF, aroG and aroH reduced PCN yield by less than 15%, and the production of PCN was restored after the complementation of gene phzC. Moreover, the results showed that phzC in P. chlororaphis HT66 is not sensitive to feedback inhibition. This study demonstrated that gene phzC is essential for PCN biosynthesis. The expression level of both phzC and phzE genes are not inhibited in feedback by PCN production due to the absence of a loop region required for allosteric control reaction. This study highlighted the importance of PhzC and applying P. chlororaphis for shikimate pathway-derived high-value biological production.
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Linder M, Haak M, Botes A, Kalinowski J, Rückert C. Construction of an IS-Free Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13 032 Chassis Strain and Random Mutagenesis Using the Endogenous ISCg1 Transposase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:751334. [PMID: 34976962 PMCID: PMC8715038 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.751334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) contribute to instability of the host genome and plasmids. Previously, removal of the prophages in the industrial amino acid producer Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13 032 resulted in strain MB001 which showed better survival under stress conditions and increased transformability. Still, eight families of Insertion Sequence (IS) elements with 27 potentially active members remain in MB001, two of which were demonstrated to be detrimental in biotechnological processes. In this study, systematical deletion of all complete IS elements in MB001 resulted in the MGE-free strain CR101. CR101 shows growth characteristics identical to the wildtype and the increased transformability of MB001. Due to its improved genome stability, we consider this strain to be an optimal host for basic research and biotechnology. As a “zero-background” host, it is also an ideal basis to study C. glutamicum IS elements. Re-sequencing of CR101 revealed that only five spontaneous point mutations had occurred during the construction process, highlighting the low mutation rate of C. glutamicum on the nucleotide level. In a second step, we developed an easily applicable ISCg1-based transposon mutagenesis system to randomly transpose a selectable marker. For optimal plasmid stability during cloning in Escherichia coli, the system utilizes a genetic switch based on the phage integrase Bxb1. Use of this integrase revealed the presence of a functional attB site in the C. glutamicum genome. To avoid cross-talk with our system and increase ease-of-use, we removed the attB site and also inserted the Bxb1 encoding gene into the chromosome of CR101. Successful insertion of single markers was verified by sequencing randomly selected mutants. Sequencing pooled mutant libraries revealed only a weak target site specificity, seemingly random distribution of insertion sites and no general strand bias. The resulting strain, ML103, together with plasmid pML10 provides a easily customizable system for random mutagenesis in an otherwise genomically stable C. glutamicum. Taken together, the MGE-free C. glutamicum strain CR101, the derivative ML103, and the plasmid pML10 provide a useful set of tools to study C. glutamicum in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Linder
- CeBiTec Bielefeld, Technology Platform Genomics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Haak
- CeBiTec Bielefeld, Technology Platform Genomics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Angela Botes
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- CeBiTec Bielefeld, Technology Platform Genomics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- CeBiTec Bielefeld, Technology Platform Genomics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Christian Rückert ,
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Li X, Bao T, Osire T, Qiao Z, Liu J, Zhang X, Xu M, Yang T, Rao Z. MarR-type transcription factor RosR regulates glutamate metabolism network and promotes accumulation of L-glutamate in Corynebacterium glutamicum G01. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125945. [PMID: 34560435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) perform a crucial function in the regulation of amino acids biosynthesis. Here, TFs involved in L-glutamate biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum were investigated. Compared to transcriptomic results of C. glutamicum 13032, 7 TFs regulated to glutamate biosynthesis were indentifed in G01 and E01. Among them, RosR was demonstrated to regulate L-glutamate metabolic network by binding to the promoters of glnA, pqo, ilvB, ilvN, ilvC, ldhA, odhA, dstr1, fas, argJ, ak and pta. Overexpression of RosR in G01 resulted in significantly decreased by-products yield and improved L-glutamate titer (130.6 g/L) and yield (0.541 g/g from glucose) in fed-batch fermentation. This study demonstrated the L-glutamate production improved by the expression of TFs in C. glutamicum, which provided a good reference for the transcriptional regulation engineering of strains for amino acid biosynthesis and suggested further metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum for L-glutamate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Teng Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tolbert Osire
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhina Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Sheng Q, Wu XY, Xu X, Tan X, Li Z, Zhang B. Production of l-glutamate family amino acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Physiological mechanism, genetic modulation, and prospects. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:302-325. [PMID: 34632124 PMCID: PMC8484045 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
l-glutamate family amino acids (GFAAs), consisting of l-glutamate, l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, l-proline, l-hydroxyproline, γ-aminobutyric acid, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed industries, accounting for billions of dollars of market activity. These GFAAs have many functions, including being protein constituents, maintaining the urea cycle, and providing precursors for the biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals. Currently, the production of GFAAs mainly depends on microbial fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum (including its related subspecies Corynebacterium crenatum), which is substantially engineered through multistep metabolic engineering strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic engineering strategies for GFAA accumulation in C. glutamicum and C. crenatum, which provides insights into the recent progress in l-glutamate-derived chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Shin JH, Andersen AJC, Achterberg P, Olsson L. Exploring functionality of the reverse β-oxidation pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of adipic acid. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:155. [PMID: 34348702 PMCID: PMC8336102 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipic acid, a six-carbon platform chemical mainly used in nylon production, can be produced via reverse β-oxidation in microbial systems. The advantages posed by Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model cell factory for implementing the pathway include: (1) availability of genetic tools, (2) excretion of succinate and acetate when the TCA cycle becomes overflown, (3) initiation of biosynthesis with succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, and (4) established succinic acid production. Here, we implemented the reverse β-oxidation pathway in C. glutamicum and assessed its functionality for adipic acid biosynthesis. RESULTS To obtain a non-decarboxylative condensation product of acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, and to subsequently remove CoA from the condensation product, we introduced heterologous 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase and acyl-CoA thioesterase into C. glutamicum. No 3-oxoadipic acid could be detected in the cultivation broth, possibly due to its endogenous catabolism. To successfully biosynthesize and secrete 3-hydroxyadipic acid, 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase was introduced. Addition of 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase led to biosynthesis and excretion of trans-2-hexenedioic acid. Finally, trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase was inserted to yield 37 µg/L of adipic acid. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we engineered the reverse β-oxidation pathway in C. glutamicum and assessed its potential for producing adipic acid from glucose as starting material. The presence of adipic acid, albeit small amount, in the cultivation broth indicated that the synthetic genes were expressed and functional. Moreover, 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase and β-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase were determined as potential target for further improvement of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Shin
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Puck Achterberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Advances in metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce high-value active ingredients for food, feed, human health, and well-being. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:197-212. [PMID: 34096577 PMCID: PMC8313993 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The soil microbe Corynebacterium glutamicum is a leading workhorse in industrial biotechnology and has become famous for its power to synthetise amino acids and a range of bulk chemicals at high titre and yield. The product portfolio of the microbe is continuously expanding. Moreover, metabolically engineered strains of C. glutamicum produce more than 30 high value active ingredients, including signature molecules of raspberry, savoury, and orange flavours, sun blockers, anti-ageing sugars, and polymers for regenerative medicine. Herein, we highlight recent advances in engineering of the microbe into novel cell factories that overproduce these precious molecules from pioneering proofs-of-concept up to industrial productivity.
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Jeon EJ, Choi JW, Cho MS, Jeong KJ. Enhanced production of neoagarobiose from agar with Corynebacterium glutamicum producing exo-type and endo-type β-agarases. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2164-2175. [PMID: 34310855 PMCID: PMC8449658 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoagarobiose (NA2) derived from agar marine biomass is a rare reagent that acts as an anti-melanogenesis reagent and moisturizer. Here, for the economical manufacturing of NA2, we developed the co-secretory production system of endo-type β-agarases (DagA) and exo-type β-agarases (EXB3) in Corynebacterium glutamicum. For this purpose, we first developed a secretory system of DagA via Tat pathway. To improve the secretion efficiency, we coexpressed two Tat pathway components (TatA and TatC), and to improve the purity of secreted DagA in the culture supernatant, two endogenous protein genes (Cg2052 and Cg1514) were removed. Using the engineered strain (C. glutamicum SP002), we confirmed that DagA as high as 1.53 g l-1 was successfully produced in the culture media with high purity (72.7% in the supernatant protein fraction). Next, we constructed the expression system (pHCP-CgR-DagA-EXB3) for the simultaneous secretion of EXB3 via Sec-pathway together with DagA, and it was clearly confirmed that DagA and EXB3 were successfully secreted as high as 54% and 24.5%, respectively. Finally, using culture medium containing DagA and EXB3, we successfully demonstrated the conversion of high-concentration agar (40 g l-1 ) into NA2 via a two-stage hydrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Korea
| | - Min Soo Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Institute for the BioCentury, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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39
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Metabolic Engineering of
Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Son J, Jang JH, Choi IH, Lim CG, Jeon EJ, Bae Bang H, Jeong KJ. Production of trans-cinnamic acid by whole-cell bioconversion from L-phenylalanine in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:145. [PMID: 34303376 PMCID: PMC8310591 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) is a phenylpropanoid with a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and it also has high potential in food and cosmetic applications. Although significant progress has been made in the production of t-CA using microorganisms, its relatively low product titers still need to be improved. In this study, we engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum as a whole-cell catalyst for the bioconversion of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) into t-CA and developed a repeated bioconversion process. Results An expression module based on a phenylalanine ammonia lyase-encoding gene from Streptomyces maritimus (SmPAL), which mediates the conversion of l-Phe into t-CA, was constructed in C. glutamicum. Using the strong promoter PH36 and ribosome binding site (RBS) (in front of gene 10 of the T7 phage), and a high-copy number plasmid, SmPAL could be expressed to levels as high as 39.1% of the total proteins in C. glutamicum. Next, to improve t-CA production at an industrial scale, reaction conditions including temperature and pH were optimized; t-CA production reached up to 6.7 mM/h in a bioreactor under optimal conditions (50 °C and pH 8.5, using NaOH as base solution). Finally, a recycling system was developed by coupling membrane filtration with the bioreactor, and the engineered C. glutamicum successfully produced 13.7 mM of t-CA (24.3 g) from 18.2 mM of l-Phe (36 g) and thus with a yield of 75% (0.75 mol/mol) through repetitive supplementation. Conclusions We developed a highly efficient bioconversion process using C. glutamicum as a biocatalyst and a micromembrane-based cell recycling system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on t-CA production in C. glutamicum, and this robust platform will contribute to the development of an industrially relevant platform for the production of t-CA using microorganisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01631-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Son
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hyeok Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyu Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bae Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for The BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Huang J, Chen J, Wang Y, Shi T, Ni X, Pu W, Liu J, Zhou Y, Cai N, Han S, Zheng P, Sun J. Development of a Hyperosmotic Stress Inducible Gene Expression System by Engineering the MtrA/MtrB-Dependent NCgl1418 Promoter in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:718511. [PMID: 34367120 PMCID: PMC8334368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.718511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important workhorse for industrial production of diversiform bioproducts. Precise regulation of gene expression is crucial for metabolic balance and enhancing production of target molecules. Auto-inducible promoters, which can be activated without expensive inducers, are ideal regulatory tools for industrial-scale application. However, few auto-inducible promoters have been identified and applied in C. glutamicum. Here, a hyperosmotic stress inducible gene expression system was developed and used for metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum. The promoter of NCgl1418 (P NCgl1418 ) that was activated by the two-component signal transduction system MtrA/MtrB was found to exhibit a high inducibility under hyperosmotic stress conditions. A synthetic promoter library was then constructed by randomizing the flanking and space regions of P NCgl1418 , and mutant promoters exhibiting high strength were isolated via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-based high-throughput screening. The hyperosmotic stress inducible gene expression system was applied to regulate the expression of lysE encoding a lysine exporter and repress four genes involved in lysine biosynthesis (gltA, pck, pgi, and hom) by CRISPR interference, which increased the lysine titer by 64.7% (from 17.0 to 28.0 g/L) in bioreactors. The hyperosmotic stress inducible gene expression system developed here is a simple and effective tool for gene auto-regulation in C. glutamicum and holds promise for metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum to produce valuable chemicals and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jibin Sun
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Ramp P, Lehnert A, Matamouros S, Wirtz A, Baumgart M, Bott M. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of scyllo-inositol, a drug candidate against Alzheimer's disease. Metab Eng 2021; 67:173-185. [PMID: 34224896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Scyllo-inositol has been identified as a potential drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, cost-efficient processes for the production of this compound are desirable. In this study, we analyzed and engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum with the aim to develop competitive scyllo-inositol producer strains. Initial studies revealed that C. glutamicum naturally produces scyllo-inositol when cultured with myo-inositol as carbon source. The conversion involves NAD+-dependent oxidation of myo-inositol to 2-keto-myo-inositol followed by NADPH-dependent reduction to scyllo-inositol. Use of myo-inositol for biomass formation was prevented by deletion of a cluster of 16 genes involved in myo-inositol catabolism (strain MB001(DE3)Δiol1). Deletion of a second cluster of four genes (oxiC-cg3390-oxiD-oxiE) related to inositol metabolism prevented conversion of 2-keto-myo-inositol to undesired products causing brown coloration (strain MB001(DE3)Δiol1Δiol2). The two chassis strains were used for plasmid-based overproduction of myo-inositol dehydrogenase (IolG) and scyllo-inositol dehydrogenase (IolW). In BHI medium containing glucose and myo-inositol, a complete conversion of the consumed myo-inositol into scyllo-inositol was achieved with the Δiol1Δiol2 strain. To enable scyllo-inositol production from cheap carbon sources, myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (Ino1) and myo-inositol 1-phosphatase (ImpA), which convert glucose 6-phosphate into myo-inositol, were overproduced in addition to IolG and IolW using plasmid pSI. Strain MB001(DE3)Δiol1Δiol2 (pSI) produced 1.8 g/L scyllo-inositol from 20 g/L glucose and even 4.4 g/L scyllo-inositol from 20 g/L sucrose within 72 h. Our results demonstrate that C. glutamicum is an attractive host for the biotechnological production of scyllo-inositol and potentially further myo-inositol-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ramp
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Lehnert
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Susana Matamouros
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Astrid Wirtz
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Fan L, Wang Y, Qian J, Gao N, Zhang Z, Ni X, Sun L, Yuan Q, Zheng P, Sun J. Transcriptome analysis reveals the roles of nitrogen metabolism and sedoheptulose bisphosphatase pathway in methanol-dependent growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1797-1808. [PMID: 34132489 PMCID: PMC8313271 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol is a promising feedstock for biomanufacturing of fuels and chemicals. Although efforts have been made to engineer platform microorganisms for methanol bioconversion, the substrate uptake and cell growth rates on methanol are still unsatisfactory, suggesting certain limiting factors remain unsolved. Herein, we analysed the global metabolic regulation changes between an evolved methanol-dependent Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant and its ancestral strain by transcriptome analysis. Many genes involved in central metabolism including glycolysis, amino acid biosynthesis and energy generation were regulated, implying the adaptive laboratory evolution reprogrammed the cellular metabolism for methanol utilization. We then demonstrated that nitrate could serve as a complementary electron acceptor for aerobic methanol metabolism, and the biosynthesis of several amino acids limited methylotrophic growth. Finally, the sedoheptulose bisphosphatase pathway for generating methanol assimilation acceptor was found effective in C. glutamicum. This study identifies limiting factors of methanol metabolism and provides engineering targets for developing superior synthetic methylotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Fan
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- College of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
| | - Letian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
| | - Ping Zheng
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial BiotechnologyTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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44
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Lira-Parada PA, Tuveri A, Seibold GM, Bar N. Comparison of noninvasive, in-situ and external monitoring of microbial growth in fed-batch cultivations in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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45
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Runguphan W, Sae-Tang K, Tanapongpipat S. Recent advances in the microbial production of isopentanol (3-Methyl-1-butanol). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:107. [PMID: 34043086 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As the effects of climate change become increasingly severe, metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists are looking towards greener sources for transportation fuels. The design and optimization of microorganisms to produce gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel compounds from renewable feedstocks can significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels and thereby produce fewer emissions. Over the past two decades, a tremendous amount of research has contributed to the development of microbial strains to produce advanced fuel compounds, including branched-chain higher alcohols (BCHAs) such as isopentanol (3-methyl-1-butanol; 3M1B) and isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol). In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of microbial strains for the production of isopentanol in both conventional and non-conventional hosts. We also highlight metabolic engineering strategies that may be employed to enhance product titers, reduce end-product toxicity, and broaden the substrate range to non-sugar carbon sources. Finally, we offer glimpses into some promising future directions in the development of isopentanol producing microbial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerawat Runguphan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | - Kittapong Sae-Tang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sutipa Tanapongpipat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand
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46
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Reiter A, Herbst L, Wiechert W, Oldiges M. Need for speed: evaluation of dilute and shoot-mass spectrometry for accelerated metabolic phenotyping in bioprocess development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3253-3268. [PMID: 33791825 PMCID: PMC8079306 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
With the utilization of small-scale and highly parallelized cultivation platforms embedded in laboratory robotics, microbial phenotyping and bioprocess development have been substantially accelerated, thus generating a bottleneck in bioanalytical bioprocess sample analytics. While microscale cultivation platforms allow the monitoring of typical process parameters, only limited information about product and by-product formation is provided without comprehensive analytics. The use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry can provide such a comprehensive and quantitative insight, but is often limited by analysis runtime and throughput. In this study, we developed and evaluated six methods for amino acid quantification based on two strong cation exchanger columns and a dilute and shoot approach in hyphenation with either a triple-quadrupole or a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry with 13C15N labeled amino acids was used to correct for matrix effects. The versatility of the methods for metabolite profiling studies of microbial cultivation supernatants is confirmed by a detailed method validation study. The methods using chromatography columns showed a linear range of approx. 4 orders of magnitude, sufficient response factors, and low quantification limits (7-443 nM) for single analytes. Overall, relative standard deviation was comparable for all analytes, with < 8% and < 11% for unbuffered and buffered media, respectively. The dilute and shoot methods with an analysis time of 1 min provided similar performance but showed a factor of up to 35 times higher throughput. The performance and applicability of the dilute and shoot method are demonstrated using a library of Corynebacterium glutamicum strains producing L-histidine, obtained from random mutagenesis, which were cultivated in a microscale cultivation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reiter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Herbst
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Computational Systems Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany.
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47
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Zhang Z, Liu P, Su W, Zhang H, Xu W, Chu X. Metabolic engineering strategy for synthetizing trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in microorganisms. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:87. [PMID: 33882914 PMCID: PMC8061225 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is an important amino acid that is widely used in medicinal and industrial applications, particularly as a valuable chiral building block for the organic synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Traditionally, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is produced by the acidic hydrolysis of collagen, but this process has serious drawbacks, such as low productivity, a complex process and heavy environmental pollution. Presently, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is mainly produced via fermentative production by microorganisms. Some recently published advances in metabolic engineering have been used to effectively construct microbial cell factories that have improved the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline biosynthetic pathway. To probe the potential of microorganisms for trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline production, new strategies and tools must be proposed. In this review, we provide a comprehensive understanding of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, including its biosynthetic pathway, proline hydroxylases and production by metabolic engineering, with a focus on improving its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohe Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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48
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Lei M, Peng X, Sun W, Zhang D, Wang Z, Yang Z, Zhang C, Yu B, Niu H, Ying H, Ouyang P, Liu D, Chen Y. Nonsterile l-Lysine Fermentation Using Engineered Phosphite-Grown Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10160-10167. [PMID: 34056170 PMCID: PMC8153679 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important method for the industrial production of amino acids. However, conventional fermentation processes using C. glutamicum are susceptible to microbial contamination and therefore require equipment sterilization or antibiotic dosing. To establish a more robust fermentation process, l-lysine-producing C. glutamicum was engineered to efficiently utilize xenobiotic phosphite (Pt) by optimizing the expression of Pt dehydrogenase in the exeR genome locus. This ability provided C. glutamicum with a competitive advantage over common contaminating microbes when grown on media containing Pt as a phosphorus source instead of phosphate. As a result, the engineered strain could produce 41.00 g/L l-lysine under nonsterile conditions during batch fermentation for 60 h, whereas the original strain required 72 h to produce 40.78 g/L l-lysine under sterile conditions. Therefore, the recombinant strain can efficiently produce l-lysine under nonsterilized conditions with unaffected production efficiency. Although this anticontamination strategy has been previously reported for other species, this is the first time it has been demonstrated in C. glutamicum; these findings should aid in the further development of cost-efficient amino acid fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiwei Peng
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Di Zhang
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhengjiao Yang
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huanqing Niu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dong Liu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong Chen
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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49
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Gao R, Li Z. Biosynthesis of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyrate from l-Leucine by Whole-Cell Catalysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3712-3719. [PMID: 33734707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB) is an important compound that can be used for the synthesis of a variety of chemicals in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Here, a biocatalytic method using l-leucine as a substrate was designed and constructed by expressing l-amino acid deaminase (l-AAD) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4-HPPD) in Escherichia coli. To reduce the influence of the rate-limiting step on the cascade reaction, two 4-HPPD mutants were screened by rational design and both showed improved catalytic activity. Under optimal reaction conditions, the maximum conversion rate and production rate were 80% and 0.257 g/L·h, respectively. HMB production could be realized with high efficiency without an additional supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which successfully overcomes the shortcomings of chemical production and fermentation methods. This design-based strategy of constructing a whole-cell catalyst system from l-leucine might serve as an alternative route to HMB synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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50
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Liu M, Liu H, Shi M, Jiang M, Li L, Zheng Y. Microbial production of ectoine and hydroxyectoine as high-value chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:76. [PMID: 33771157 PMCID: PMC7995798 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as typical representatives of compatible solutes are not only essential for extremophiles to survive in extreme environments, but also widely used in cosmetic and medical industries. Ectoine was traditionally produced by Halomonas elongata through a "bacterial milking" process, of which the marked feature is using a high-salt medium to stimulate ectoine biosynthesis and then excreting ectoine into a low-salt medium by osmotic shock. The optimal hydroxyectoine production was achieved by optimizing the fermentation process of Halomonas salina. However, high-salinity broth exacerbates the corrosion to fermenters, and more importantly, brings a big challenge to the subsequent wastewater treatment. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to reducing the salinity of the fermentation broth but without a sacrifice of ectoine/hydroxyectoine production. With the fast development of functional genomics and synthetic biology, quite a lot of progress on the bioproduction of ectoine/hydroxyectoine has been achieved in recent years. The importation and expression of an ectoine producing pathway in a non-halophilic chassis has so far achieved the highest titer of ectoine (~ 65 g/L), while rational flux-tuning of halophilic chassis represents a promising strategy for the next-generation of ectoine industrial production. However, efficient conversion of ectoine to hydroxyectoine, which could benefit from a clearer understanding of the ectoine hydroxylase, is still a challenge to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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