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Lani R, Thariq IM, Suhaimi NS, Hassandarvish P, Abu Bakar S. From defense to offense: Modulating toll-like receptors to combat arbovirus infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2306675. [PMID: 38263674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2306675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a significant threat to global public health, with outbreaks occurring worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response against these viruses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating an inflammatory response. Significantly, TLRs commonly implicated in the immune response against viral infections include TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8; limiting or allowing them to replicate and spread within the host. Modulating TLRs has emerged as a promising approach to combat arbovirus infections. This review summarizes recent advances in TLR modulation as a therapeutic target in arbovirus infections. Studies have shown that the activation of TLRs can enhance the immune response against arbovirus infections, leading to increased viral clearance and protection against disease. Conversely, inhibition of TLRs can reduce the excessive inflammation and tissue damage associated with arbovirus infection. Modulating TLRs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat arbovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ilya Maisarah Thariq
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nuramira Syazreen Suhaimi
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly Abu Bakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Elhassan E, Omolo CA, Gafar MA, Kiruri LW, Ibrahim UH, Ismail EA, Devnarain N, Govender T. Disease-Inspired Design of Biomimetic Tannic Acid-Based Hybrid Nanocarriers for Enhancing the Treatment of Bacterial-Induced Sepsis. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4924-4946. [PMID: 39214595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the development of novel biomimetic tannic acid-based hybrid nanocarriers (HNs) for targeted delivery of ciprofloxacin (CIP-loaded TAH-NPs) against bacterial-induced sepsis. The prepared CIP-loaded TAH-NPs exhibited appropriate physicochemical characteristics and demonstrated biocompatibility and nonhemolytic properties. Computational simulations and microscale thermophoresis studies validated the strong binding affinity of tannic acid (TA) and its nanoformulation to human Toll-like receptor 4, surpassing that of the natural substrate lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting a potential competitive inhibition against LPS-induced inflammatory responses. CIP released from TAH-NPs displayed a sustained release profile over 72 h. The in vitro antibacterial activity studies revealed that CIP-loaded TAH-NPs exhibited enhanced antibacterial efficacy and efflux pump inhibitory activity. Specifically, they showed a 3-fold increase in biofilm eradication activity against MRSA and a 2-fold increase against P. aeruginosa compared to bare CIP. Time-killing assays demonstrated complete bacterial clearance within 8 h of treatment with CIP-loaded TAH-NPs. In vitro DPPH scavenging and anti-inflammatory investigations confirmed the ability of the prepared hybrid nanosystem to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Collectively, these results suggest that CIP-loaded TAH-NPs may serve as an innovative nanocarrier for the effective and targeted delivery of antibiotics against bacterial-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Elhassan
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Calvin A Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag Durban X54001, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, P.O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Mohammed Ali Gafar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag Durban X54001, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Lucy W Kiruri
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Usri H Ibrahim
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4300, South Africa
| | - Eman A Ismail
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Nikita Devnarain
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag Durban X54001, South Africa
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Son GY, Zou A, Wahl A, Huang KT, Vinu M, Zorgit S, Zhou F, Wagner L, Idaghdour Y, Yule DI, Feske S, Lacruz RS. Loss of STIM1 and STIM2 in salivary glands disrupts ANO1 function but does not induce Sjogren's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574702. [PMID: 38260625 PMCID: PMC10802497 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Sjogren's disease (SjD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by xerostomia (dry mouth), lymphocytic infiltration into salivary glands and the presence of SSA and SSB autoantibodies. Xerostomia is caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands and has been involved in the development of SjD. Saliva production is regulated by parasympathetic input into the glands initiating intracellular Ca 2+ signals that activate the store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE) pathway eliciting sustained Ca 2+ influx. SOCE is mediated by the STIM1 and STIM2 proteins and the ORAI1 Ca 2+ channel. However, there are no studies on the effects of lack of STIM1/2 function in salivary acini in animal models and its impact on SjD. Here we report that male and female mice lacking Stim1 and Stim2 ( Stim1/2 K14Cre ) in salivary glands showed reduced intracellular Ca 2+ levels via SOCE in parotid acini and hyposalivate upon pilocarpine stimulation. Bulk RNASeq of the parotid glands of Stim1/2 K14Cre mice showed a decrease in the expression of Stim1/2 but no other Ca 2+ associated genes mediating saliva fluid secretion. SOCE was however functionally required for the activation of the Ca 2+ activated chloride channel ANO1. Despite hyposalivation, ageing Stim1/2 K14Cre mice showed no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration in the glands or elevated levels of SSA or SSB autoantibodies in the serum, which may be linked to the downregulation of the toll-like receptor 8 ( Tlr8 ). By contrast, salivary gland biopsies of SjD patients showed increased STIM1 and TLR8 expression, and induction of SOCE in a salivary gland cell line increased the expression of TLR8 . Our data demonstrate that SOCE is an important activator of ANO1 function and saliva fluid secretion in salivary glands. They also provide a novel link between SOCE and TLR8 signaling which may explain why loss of SOCE does not result in SjD.
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Awasthi S, Singh B, Ramani V, Godbole NM, King C. Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and histone proteins in immunomodulation by TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide against Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0031123. [PMID: 37909750 PMCID: PMC10714950 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00311-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary host defense is critical for the control of lung infection and inflammation. An increased expression and activity of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induce phagocytic uptake/clearance and inflammation against Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we addressed the mechanistic aspect of the immunomodulatory activity of the TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide (amino acid sequence GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE) against Escherichia coli. Binding of the SPA4 peptide to bacteria and direct anti-bacterial effects were investigated using flow cytometric, microscopic, and bacteriological methods. The bacterial uptake and inflammatory cytokine response were studied in dendritic cells expressing endogenous basal level of TLR4 or overexpressing TLR4. The subcellular distribution and co-localization of TLR4 and bacteria were investigated by immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we studied the cellular expression and co-localization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecules (calnexin and ER membrane protein complex subunit 1; EMC1) with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) in cells infected with E. coli and treated with the SPA4 peptide. Simultaneously, the expression of histone H2A protein was quantitated by immunoblotting. Our results demonstrate no binding or direct killing of the bacteria by SPA4 peptide. Instead, it induces the uptake and localization of E. coli in the phagolysosomes for lysis and simultaneously suppresses the secreted levels of TNF-α. Overexpression of TLR4 further augments the pro-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory activity of SPA4 peptide. A time-dependent change in subcellular distribution of TLR4 and an increased co-localization of TLR4 with E. coli in SPA4 peptide-treated cells suggest an enhanced recognition and internalization of bacteria in conjugation with TLR4. Furthermore, an increased co-localization of calnexin and EMC1 with LAMP1 indicates the involvement of ER in pro-phagocytic activity of SPA4 peptide. Simultaneous reduction in secreted amounts of TNF-α coincides with suppressed histone H2A protein expression in the SPA4 peptide-treated cells. These results provide initial insights into the plausible role of ER and histones in the TLR4-immunomodulatory activity of SPA4 peptide against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nachiket M. Godbole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Catherine King
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Morrison D, Pinpin C, Lee A, Sison C, Chory A, Gregersen PK, Forrest G, Kirshblum S, Harkema SJ, Boakye M, Harrop JS, Bryce TN, Schwab JM, Kwon BK, Stein AB, Bank MA, Bloom O. Profiling Immunological Phenotypes in Individuals During the First Year After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Longitudinal Analysis. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2621-2637. [PMID: 37221869 PMCID: PMC10722895 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Individuals with SCI are severely affected by immune system changes, resulting in increased risk of infections and persistent systemic inflammation. While recent data support that immunological changes after SCI differ in the acute and chronic phases of living with SCI, only limited immunological phenotyping in humans is available. To characterize dynamic molecular and cellular immune phenotypes over the first year, we assess RNA (bulk-RNA sequencing), protein, and flow cytometry (FACS) profiles of blood samples from 12 individuals with SCI at 0-3 days and at 3, 6, and 12 months post injury (MPI) compared to 23 uninjured individuals (controls). We identified 967 differentially expressed (DE) genes in individuals with SCI (FDR <0.001) compared to controls. Within the first 6 MPI we detected a reduced expression of NK cell genes, consistent with reduced frequencies of CD56bright, CD56dim NK cells present at 12 MPI. Over 6MPI, we observed increased and prolonged expression of genes associated with inflammation (e.g. HMGB1, Toll-like receptor signaling) and expanded frequencies of monocytes acutely. Canonical T-cell related DE genes (e.g. FOXP3, TCF7, CD4) were upregulated during the first 6 MPI and increased frequencies of activated T cells at 3-12 MPI. Neurological injury severity was reflected in distinct whole blood gene expression profiles at any time after SCI, verifying a persistent 'neurogenic' imprint. Overall, 2876 DE genes emerge when comparing motor complete to motor incomplete SCI (ANOVA, FDR <0.05), including those related to neutrophils, inflammation, and infection. In summary, we identify a dynamic immunological phenotype in humans, including molecular and cellular changes which may provide potential targets to reduce inflammation, improve immunity, or serve as candidate biomarkers of injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Morrison
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Camille Pinpin
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Annette Lee
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Sison
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Chory
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Gail Forrest
- Tim and Caroline Reynolds Center for Spinal Stimulation, Center for Mobility and Human Engineering Research, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven Kirshblum
- Tim and Caroline Reynolds Center for Spinal Stimulation, Center for Mobility and Human Engineering Research, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation. West Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Susan J. Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Maxwell Boakye
- Kentucky Spinal Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - James S. Harrop
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas N. Bryce
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jan M. Schwab
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Spinal Cord Division, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Division, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam B. Stein
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Matthew A. Bank
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Ona Bloom
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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Taboun ZS, Sadeghi J. The bidirectional relationship between opioids and the gut microbiome: Implications for opioid tolerance and clinical interventions. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111142. [PMID: 37918085 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are widely used in treating patients with acute and chronic pain; however, this class of drugs is also commonly abused. Opioid use disorder and associated overdoses are becoming more prevalent as the opioid crisis continues. Chronic opioid use is associated with tolerance, which decreases the efficacy of opioids over time, but also puts individuals at risk of fatal overdoses. Therefore, it is essential to identify strategies to reduce opioid tolerance in those that use these agents. The gut microbiome has been found to play a critical role in opioid tolerance, with opioids causing dysbiosis of the gut, and changes in the gut microbiome impacting opioid tolerance. These changes in turn have a detrimental effect on the gut microbiome, creating a positive feedback cycle. We review the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and opioid tolerance, discuss the role of modulation of the gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic option in opioid-induced gut dysbiosis, and suggest opportunities for further research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra S Taboun
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javad Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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Bahman F, AlSaeed H, Albeloushi S, Al-Mulla F, Ahmad R, Al-Rashed F. The role of TLR2 in exercise-induced immunomodulation in normal weight individuals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10703. [PMID: 37400578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for several disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and diabetes mellitus. Daily levels physical activity (PA) has been purported to influence the systemic circulation of cytokines, affecting the overall activation of TLRs and influencing the inflammatory milieu. Objective and self-reported daily PA was tracked in 69 normal-weight adults. Freedson's cut-offs categorized daily PA intensity into the 25th lowest, medium, and top percentiles. Monocytic TLR2 expression was quantified by flow cytometry in fresh whole blood. Cross-sectional associations between flow cytometry measured TLR2+ subsets and clinical biomarkers were evaluated. PA increased circulation of TLR2+ monocytes. TLR2 expression was adversely corelated with reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) levels. However, regression analysis indicated that only TG levels were independently linked with TLR2+ subsets in circulation in active participants. Higher daily levels of physical activity are associated with improved cardiovascular blood markers and elevated circulatory monocytic TLR2+ subsets. These findings suggest that TLR2 may play a role in modulating CVD risk factors in individuals leading physically active lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah Bahman
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Halemah AlSaeed
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Shaima Albeloushi
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fatema Al-Rashed
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Al-Soor Street, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait.
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Correia S, Moura PL, Ventura S, Leitão A, Parkhouse RME. I329L: A Dual Action Viral Antagonist of TLR Activation Encoded by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). Viruses 2023; 15:445. [PMID: 36851659 PMCID: PMC9965916 DOI: 10.3390/v15020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is an economically important, large DNA virus which causes a highly contagious and frequently fatal disease in domestic pigs. Due to the acute nature of the infection and the complexity of the protective porcine anti-ASFV response, there is no accepted vaccine in use. As resistance to ASFV is known to correlate with a robust IFN response, the virus is predicted to have evolved strategies to inhibit innate immunity by modulating the IFN response. The deletion of virus host evasion gene(s) inhibiting IFN is a logical solution to develop an attenuated virus vaccine. One such candidate, the ASFV ORF I329L gene, is highly conserved in pathogenic and non-pathogenic virus isolates and in this study we confirm and extend the conclusion that it has evolved for the inhibition of innate immunity initiated through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Specifically, the ASFV I329L extracellular (ECD) and intracellular (ICD) domains inhibit TLR signalling by two entirely different mechanisms. Bioinformatics modelling suggests that the ECD inhibits several TLR signalling pathways through a short sequence homologous to the conserved TLR dimerization domain, here termed the putative dimerization domain (PDD). Remarkably, both full length and PDD constructs of I329L were demonstrated to inhibit activation, not only of TLR3, but also TLR4, TLR5, TLR8 and TLR9. Additionally, the demonstration of a weak association of I329L with TLR3 is consistent with the formation of a non-signalling I329L-TLR3 heterodimer, perhaps mediated through the PDD of I329L. Finally, the ICD associates with TRIF, thereby impacting on both TLR3 and TLR4 signalling. Thus, I329L offers potential as a general inhibitor of TLR responses and is a rational candidate for construction and testing of an I329L deletion mutant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Correia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sónia Ventura
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Malik S, Sah R, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:325. [PMID: 36851203 PMCID: PMC9959597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a great concern of the global health community due to its linked infection of inconspicuous nature and resultant serious medical consequences. Seropositive patients may develop ocular disease or genital herpes as characteristic infectious outcomes. Moreover, the infectious nature of HSV is so complex that the available therapeutic options have been modified in certain ways to cure it. However, no permanent and highly effective cure has been discovered. This review generates insights into the available prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against HSV. A methodological research approach is used for study design and data complication. Only the latest data from publications are acquired to shed light on updated therapeutic approaches. These studies indicate that the current antiviral therapeutics can suppress the symptoms and control viral transmission up to a certain level, but cannot eradicate the natural HSV infection and latency outcomes. Most trials that have entered the clinical phase are made part of this review to understand what is new within the field. Some vaccination approaches are also discussed. Moreover, some novel therapeutic options that are currently in research annals are given due consideration for future development. The data can enable the scientific community to direct their efforts to fill the gaps that remain unfilled in terms of therapies for HSV. The need is to integrate scientific efforts to produce a proper cure against HSV to control the virus spread, resistance, and mutation in future disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA Phase I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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Cheng T, Xu Z, Ma X. The role of astrocytes in neuropathic pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1007889. [PMID: 36204142 PMCID: PMC9530148 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1007889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, whose symptoms are characterized by spontaneous and irritation-induced painful sensations, is a condition that poses a global burden. Numerous neurotransmitters and other chemicals play a role in the emergence and maintenance of neuropathic pain, which is strongly correlated with common clinical challenges, such as chronic pain and depression. However, the mechanism underlying its occurrence and development has not yet been fully elucidated, thus rendering the use of traditional painkillers, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications and opioids, relatively ineffective in its treatment. Astrocytes, which are abundant and occupy the largest volume in the central nervous system, contribute to physiological and pathological situations. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have claimed that astrocytes contribute indispensably to the occurrence and progression of neuropathic pain. The activation of reactive astrocytes involves a variety of signal transduction mechanisms and molecules. Signal molecules in cells, including intracellular kinases, channels, receptors, and transcription factors, tend to play a role in regulating post-injury pain once they exhibit pathological changes. In addition, astrocytes regulate neuropathic pain by releasing a series of mediators of different molecular weights, actively participating in the regulation of neurons and synapses, which are associated with the onset and general maintenance of neuropathic pain. This review summarizes the progress made in elucidating the mechanism underlying the involvement of astrocytes in neuropathic pain regulation.
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11
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Identification and immunological evaluation of novel TLR2 agonists through structural optimization of Diprovocim. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114771. [PMID: 36174413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an important family member of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 can recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacteria and viral components. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that TLR2 agonists play a critical role in cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Diprovocim is the most potent small molecule TLR2 agonist known, showing remarkably immune adjuvant activity in mice. However, the further clinical research and development of Diprovocim was hampered because of its structural complexity as well as high molecular weight. Here, we designed and synthesized 21 structurally simplified derivatives of Diprovocim, performed their TLR2 agonistic activities by HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay, and evaluated the toxicity in two human normal cell lines. Compounds B3-B4 and B9-B12 with excellent TLR2 agonistic activity were found through the structure-activity relationship study. Among them, diastereomer B10 and B12 substituted (S)-2-phenylcyclopropylamide side chain of Diprovocim with simple (R)- and (S)-n-butyl groups exhibited comparable TLR2 agonistic activities with EC50 values of 35 nM and 39 nM, respectively. ELISA and western blot experiments on THP-1 cells showed that B10 and B12 displayed remarkable immunostimulatory activity in the release of various inflammatory cytokines through activating MyD88-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Importantly, B10 and B12 have less structural complexity and better safety compared to Diprovocim, and the chiral center of right pyrrolidine ring has negligible influence on TLR2 activition. Our study provides simplified Diprovocim derivatives with high agonistic activity, providing a clue to further optimize Diprovocim.
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12
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Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acid in Endodontic Infection. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1335-1346. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Ping W, Hong S, Xun Y, Li C. Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Pan-Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4436646. [PMID: 35937402 PMCID: PMC9352480 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4436646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background To conduct a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on the transcriptome signatures of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in pan-cancer. Materials and methods. A total of 11,057 tissues consisting of 33 types of carcinoma in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were retrieved, and then we further explored the correlation between TLRs' expression with tumorigenesis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity. We conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on TLR1 to 10 in pan-cancer, including differential expression analysis between normal and tumor tissues, differential immune subtype correlation, survival analysis, tumor immune infiltration estimating, stemness indices correlation, and drug responses correlation. Results TLR2 was highly expressed in most types of tumors. TLR9 was hardly expressed compared to other TLR genes, which lead to TLR9 showing less correlation with both immune-estimate scores and stromal-estimate scores. All the TLRs were related with immune subtype of tumor samples that all of them were differentially expressed in differential immune subtype samples. The expression of TLRs was positively related with immune-estimate scores and stromal-estimate scores in almost all types of tumor. The expression of TLRs was negatively correlated with mRNA expression-based stemness scores (RNAss) in nearly almost type of tumors except kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and also negatively correlated with DNA methylation-based stemness scores (DNAss) in many types of tumors except adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), KIRC, acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), low-grade glioma (LGG), testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), thyroid carcinoma (THCA), thymoma (THYM), and uveal melanoma (UVM). The expression of TLR9 was significantly positively correlated with the drug sensitivity of fluphenazine, alectinib, carmustine, and 7-hydroxystaurosporine. TLR7 was significantly positively correlated with the drug sensitivity of alectinib. Conclusions Our study reveals the significant role of TLRs family in pan-cancer and provides potential therapeutic strategies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ping
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Senyuan Hong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xun
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, 430030 Wuhan, China
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14
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Shin S. Regulation of Adipose Tissue Biology by Long-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022; 31:147-160. [PMID: 35691686 PMCID: PMC9284576 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) modulate metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory responses, and the physiological effects of LCFA are determined by chain length and the degree of saturation. Adipose tissues comprise multiple cell types, and play a significant role in energy storage and expenditure. Fatty acid uptake and oxidation are the pathways through which fatty acids participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and their dysregulation can lead to the development of obesity and chronic obesity-related disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Numerous studies have reported that many aspects of adipose tissue biology are influenced by the number and position of double bonds in LCFA, and these effects are mediated by various signaling pathways, including those regulating adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), thermogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue. This review aims to describe the underlying molecular mechanisms by which different types of LCFA influence adipose tissue metabolism, and to further clarify their relevance to metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity. A better understanding of the effects of LCFA on adipose tissue metabolism may lead to improved nutraceutical strategies to address obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Major of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Penna C, Comità S, Tullio F, Alloatti G, Pagliaro P. Challenges facing the clinical translation of cardioprotection: 35 years after the discovery of ischemic preconditioning. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 144:106995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.106995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Liu J, Li JX, Wu R. Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Novel Target to Tackle Drug Addiction? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:275-290. [PMID: 35434747 PMCID: PMC9829382 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors despite the major negative consequences. Current well-established neuronal underpinnings of drug addiction have promoted the substantial progress in understanding this disorder. However, non-neuronal mechanisms of drug addiction have long been underestimated. Fortunately, increased evidence indicates that neuroimmune system, especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, plays an important role in the different stages of drug addiction. Drugs like opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol activate TLR4 signaling and enhance the proinflammatory response, which is associated with drug reward-related behaviors. While extensive studies have shown that inhibition of TLR4 attenuated drug-related responses, there are conflicting findings implicating that TLR4 signaling may not be essential to drug addiction. In this chapter, preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to further evaluate whether TLR4-based neuroimmune pharmacotherapy can be used to treat drug addiction. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of TLR4 inhibition in modulating drug-related behaviors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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17
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Fang Y, Yan C, Zhao Q, Zhao B, Liao Y, Chen Y, Wang D, Tang D. The Association Between Gut Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptors, and Colorectal Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022; 16:11795549221130549. [PMCID: PMC9634190 DOI: 10.1177/11795549221130549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of microbes found in the gut are involved in various critical biological processes in the human body and have dynamic and complex interactions with the immune system. Disruptions in the host’s gut microbiota and the metabolites produced during fermentation promote the development of intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific microbial-associated molecular patterns specific to microorganisms whose signaling is involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis or, under certain conditions, mediating dysbiosis-associated intestinal inflammation. The signaling pathways of TLRs are described first, followed by a discussion of the interrelationship between gut microbes and TLRs, including the activation of TLRs by gut microbes and the effect of TLRs on the distribution of gut microbiota, particularly the role of microbes in colorectal carcinogenesis via TLRs. Finally, we discuss the potential roles of various TLRs in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- The People’s Hospital Of QianNan, Duyun, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Changshu No.2 People’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiqun Liao
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuji Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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18
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Huang Z, He A, Wang J, Lu H, Xu X, Zhang R, Liao W, Feng Q, Wu L. Toll-like receptor 3 is a potential prognosis marker and associated with immune infiltration in stomach adenocarcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2021; 34:77-93. [PMID: 34657879 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors participate in various biological mechanisms, mainly including the immune response and inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the role of TLRs in STAD remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the expression, prognosis performance of TLRs in STAD and their relationship with immune infiltration. METHODS Student's t-test was used to evaluate the expression of TLRs between STAD tissues and normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier method was applied to explored the prognosis value of TLRs in STAD. And qRT-PCR validated their expression and prognosis value. Spearman's correlation analysis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to assess the association between TLRs and immune infiltration in STAD. RESULTS The mRNA level of TLR3 was downregulated in STAD. We summarized genetic mutations and CNV alteration of TLRs in STAD cohort. Prognosis analysis revealed that STAD patients with high TLR3 expression showed better prognosis in OS, FP and PPS. The result of qRT-PCR suggested that TLR3 expression was decreased in STAD tissues and STAD patients with high TLR3 mRNA level had a better OS. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis suggested TLR3 expression and clinical stage as independent factors affecting STAD patients' prognosis. A positive association existed between TLR3 expression and the abundance of immune cells and the expression of various immune biomarkers. Furthermore, key targets related to TLR3 were identified in STAD, mainly including MIR-129 (GCAAAAA), PLK1, and V$IRF1_01. CONCLUSIONS Our result demonstrated TLR3 as a prognosis marker and associated with immune infiltration in STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Aoxiao He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongcheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinxian People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rongguiyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Linquan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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19
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Correa S, Grosskopf AK, Lopez Hernandez H, Chan D, Yu AC, Stapleton LM, Appel EA. Translational Applications of Hydrogels. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11385-11457. [PMID: 33938724 PMCID: PMC8461619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in hydrogel technology have unlocked unique and valuable capabilities that are being applied to a diverse set of translational applications. Hydrogels perform functions relevant to a range of biomedical purposes-they can deliver drugs or cells, regenerate hard and soft tissues, adhere to wet tissues, prevent bleeding, provide contrast during imaging, protect tissues or organs during radiotherapy, and improve the biocompatibility of medical implants. These capabilities make hydrogels useful for many distinct and pressing diseases and medical conditions and even for less conventional areas such as environmental engineering. In this review, we cover the major capabilities of hydrogels, with a focus on the novel benefits of injectable hydrogels, and how they relate to translational applications in medicine and the environment. We pay close attention to how the development of contemporary hydrogels requires extensive interdisciplinary collaboration to accomplish highly specific and complex biological tasks that range from cancer immunotherapy to tissue engineering to vaccination. We complement our discussion of preclinical and clinical development of hydrogels with mechanical design considerations needed for scaling injectable hydrogel technologies for clinical application. We anticipate that readers will gain a more complete picture of the expansive possibilities for hydrogels to make practical and impactful differences across numerous fields and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Correa
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Abigail K. Grosskopf
- Chemical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Doreen Chan
- Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Eric A. Appel
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Pediatric
Endocrinology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods
Institute for the Environment, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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20
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Wladis EJ, Adam AP. Immune signaling in rosacea. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:224-229. [PMID: 34481075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic skin disease affecting mostly people aged 40 and above, with currently no cure. When it affects the eyelids and periocular skin, it leads to dry eye and potentially corneal damage. Research performed over the last decade shed light into the potential mechanisms leading to skin hypersensitivity and provided promising avenues for development of novel, rational therapeutics aimed at reducing the skin inflammatory state. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of rosacea in general and of periocular skin-affecting disease in particular, identify key questions that remain to be answered in future research, and offer a disease model that can explain the key characteristics of this disease, with particular emphasis on a potential positive feedback loop that could explain both the acute and chronic features of rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Wladis
- Lions Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, 1220 New Scotland Rd, Suite 302, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, United States.
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, United States
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21
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Sarkar A, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Sivaprakasam P, Naglich J, Xie C, Gangwar S, Boger DL. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies and evaluation of a TLR 3/8/9 agonist and its analogues. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1377-1385. [PMID: 34421287 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive SAR study of a putative TLR 3/8/9 agonist was conducted. Despite the excitement surrounding the potential of the first small molecule TLR3 agonist with a compound that additionally displayed agonist activity for TLR8 and TLR9, compound 1 displayed disappointing activity in our hands, failing to match the potency (EC50) reported and displaying only a low efficacy for the extent of stimulated NF-κB activation and release. The evaluation of >75 analogs of 1, many of which constitute minor modifications in the structure, failed to identify any that displayed significant activity and none that exceeded the modest activity found for 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anushka C Galasiti Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Heng Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Joseph Naglich
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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22
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Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, García-Culebras A, Alzamora L, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance of TLR4 in peripheral immune cells after stroke. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107933. [PMID: 34174279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very common disease being the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The immune response subsequent to an ischemic stroke is a crucial factor in its physiopathology and outcome. This response is not limited to the injury site. In fact, the immune response to the ischemic process mobilizes mainly circulating cells which upon activation will be recruited to the injury site. When a stroke occurs, molecules that are usually retained inside the cell bodies are released into the extracellular space by uncontrolled cell death. These molecules can bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in circulating immune cells which are then activated, eliciting, although not exclusively, the inflammatory response to the stroke. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary of the role of the different peripheral immune cells in stroke as well as the role of TLR4 in the function of each cell type in ischemia. Also, we summarize the different antagonists developed against TLR4 and their potential as a pharmacological tool for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Alzamora
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Scarpa M, Ruffolo C, Kotsafti A, Canal F, Erroi F, Basato S, DallAgnese L, Fiorot A, Pozza A, Brun P, Bassi N, Dei Tos A, Castoro C, Castagliuolo I, Scarpa M. MLH1 Deficiency Down-Regulates TLR4 Expression in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:624873. [PMID: 34026821 PMCID: PMC8139190 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.624873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancer (CRC) have a more favorable prognosis than patients with tumors with intact MMR. In order to obtain further insights on the reasons for this different outcome, we investigated the interplay between MMR genes and TLR4/MyD88 signaling. The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) databases were selected to predict the differential expression of TLR4 in colon cancer and its correlation with MMR genes. Moreover, the expression of MMR genes and TLR4 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 113 CRC samples and a cohort of 63 patients was used to assess TLR4 mRNA expression and MLH1 epigenetic silencing status. In vitro, the effect of MLH1 knockdown on TLR4 expression was quantified by Real Time PCR. TLR4 expression resulted dependent on MMR status and directly correlated to MLH1 expression. In vitro, MLH1 silencing decreased TLR4 expression. These observations may reflect the better prognosis and the chemoresistance of patients with CRC and MMR defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Scarpa
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare Ruffolo
- Clinica Chirurgica I, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andromachi Kotsafti
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Canal
- Pathology Unit, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Francesca Erroi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Basato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia DallAgnese
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alain Fiorot
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Pozza
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine DMM, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicol Bassi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Dei Tos
- Pathology Unit, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Carlo Castoro
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marco Scarpa
- Clinica Chirurgica I, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
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24
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Pluijmert NJ, Atsma DE, Quax PHA. Post-ischemic Myocardial Inflammatory Response: A Complex and Dynamic Process Susceptible to Immunomodulatory Therapies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647785. [PMID: 33996944 PMCID: PMC8113407 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following acute occlusion of a coronary artery causing myocardial ischemia and implementing first-line treatment involving rapid reperfusion, a dynamic and balanced inflammatory response is initiated to repair and remove damaged cells. Paradoxically, restoration of myocardial blood flow exacerbates cell damage as a result of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury, which eventually provokes accelerated apoptosis. In the end, the infarct size still corresponds to the subsequent risk of developing heart failure. Therefore, true understanding of the mechanisms regarding MI-R injury, and its contribution to cell damage and cell death, are of the utmost importance in the search for successful therapeutic interventions to finally prevent the onset of heart failure. This review focuses on the role of innate immunity, chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory cells in all three overlapping phases following experimental, mainly murine, MI-R injury known as the inflammatory, reparative, and maturation phase. It provides a complete state-of-the-art overview including most current research of all post-ischemic processes and phases and additionally summarizes the use of immunomodulatory therapies translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek J Pluijmert
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douwe E Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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Jiang C, Zhao ML, Ramos L, Dobaczewska K, Herbert R, Hobbie K, Mikulski Z, Verkoczy L, Diaz M. The Role of IgM Antibodies in T Cell Lymphoma Protection in a Novel Model Resembling Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2468-2477. [PMID: 33883189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MRL/lpr mice typically succumb to immune complex-mediated nephritis within the first year of life. However, MRL/lpr mice that only secrete IgM Abs because of activation-induced deaminase deficiency (AID-/-MRL/lpr mice) experienced a dramatic increase in survival. Further crossing of these mice to those incapable of making secretory IgM (μS mice) generated mice lacking any secreted Abs but with normal B cell receptors. Both strains revealed no kidney pathology, yet Ab-deficient mice still experienced high mortality. In this article, we report Ab-deficient MRL/lpr mice progressed to high-grade T cell lymphoma that can be reversed with injection of autoreactive IgM Abs or following adoptive transfer of IgM-secreting MRL/lpr B cells. Anti-nuclear Abs, particularly anti-dsDNA IgM Abs, exhibited tumor-killing activities against a murine T cell lymphoma cell line. Passive transfers of autoreactive IgM Abs into p53-deficient mice increased survival by delaying onset of T cell lymphoma. The lymphoma originated from a double-negative aberrant T cell population seen in MRL/lpr mice and most closely resembled human anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Combined, these results strongly implicate autoreactive IgM Abs in protection against T cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancang Jiang
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Ming-Lang Zhao
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Luis Ramos
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Katarzyna Dobaczewska
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ronald Herbert
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kristen Hobbie
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Marilyn Diaz
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC .,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA
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26
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Hossam N, Matboli M, Shehata HH, Aboelhussein MM, Hassan MK, Eissa S. Toll-like receptor immune modulatory role in personalized management of colorectal cancer, review of literature. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1816136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hossam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Shehata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Aboelhussein
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel Hassan
- Zewail city for science and Technology, Helmy Institute for medical science, Center for Genomics, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Biology/Zoology, Biotechnology Program, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Eissa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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27
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Wang X, Yu B, Cao B, Zhou J, Deng Y, Wang Z, Jin G. A chemical conjugation of JQ-1 and a TLR7 agonist induces tumoricidal effects in a murine model of melanoma via enhanced immunomodulation. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:437-447. [PMID: 32683685 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, inhibitors of the BET bromodomain proteins, such as BRD4 inhibitors, have demonstrated robust antitumor activity. JQ-1, a representative small molecular BRD4 inhibitor, is also effective to block PD-1/PD-L1 signaling by significantly decreasing the PD-L1 expression on tumor cells. However, toxicity of BRD4 inhibitors on lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues limits their clinical usage. In this research, we designed and studied an immunogenic BRD4 inhibitor, SZU-119, by coupling JQ-1 with a TLR7 agonist, SZU-101. In vitro, SZU-119 stimulated the production of cytokines in mouse BMDCs and spleen lymphocytes, and inhibited the expression of PD-L1 in mouse B16 tumor cells. In vivo, SZU-119 suppressed the B16 tumor growth at both injected and uninjected sites, and prolonged the survival time of mice. SZU-119 elevated the number of total CD8+ and IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells in spleens, with greater CTL cytotoxicity to B16 tumor cells. It was also observed that the infiltration of CD8+ T cells was increased in tumors at both local and distant sites, and the PD-L1 expression was decreased in tumor cells at the primary site. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that SZU-119 activated the innate immune cells, kept efficacy of PD-L1 blockade and abrogated immune toxicity, showing more potent antitumor effects than the simple mixture of SZU-101 and JQ-1 in a mouse melanoma model. Our work provides new insights for the development of anti-melanoma drugs that concurrently target innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingying Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Birong Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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28
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Pre-activation with TLR7 in combination with thioridazine and loratadine promotes tumoricidal T-cell activity in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 31:989-996. [PMID: 32694422 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Our previous studies have shown that combinatorial treatment with thioridazine and loratadine may effectively inhibit CRC. However, the translation of these research findings to clinical practice was impaired by issues related to a lack of therapeutic specificity and to immune evasion. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been used as adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of immunotherapy with thioridazine and loratadine in combination with resiqumiod (R848), a small-molecule TLR7 agonist, in suppressing CRC growth in a mouse model. Twenty-four BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to treatment with PBS, R848, thioridazine + loratadine, or thioridazine + loratadine + R848. Cytokine levels were measured with ELISA. Overall survival, as well as tumor volume and tumor weight, was recorded. Cytotoxicity was measured by counting the numbers of CD8 and CD3-positive (CD8CD3) or CD4 and CD3-positive (CD3CD4) T-cells. The immune response induced by cytokines (as interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was significantly stronger in mice treated with thioridazine + loratadine + R848. Moreover, thioridazine + loratadine + R848 significantly delayed tumor development and prolonged survival, which was associated with enhanced immune response and dendritic cell maturation. This study suggested that thioridazine + loratadine + R848 combinatorial treatment may be effective in overcoming immune evasion by tumor cells, with promising therapeutic potential in CRC.
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29
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Zuurbier CJ, Abbate A, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Cohen MV, Collino M, De Kleijn DPV, Downey JM, Pagliaro P, Preissner KT, Takahashi M, Davidson SM. Innate immunity as a target for acute cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1131-1142. [PMID: 30576455 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial ischaemia and if prolonged, may result in an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). First-line treatment involves rapid reperfusion. However, a highly dynamic and co-ordinated inflammatory response is rapidly mounted to repair and remove the injured cells which, paradoxically, can further exacerbate myocardial injury. Furthermore, although cardiac remodelling may initially preserve some function to the heart, it can lead over time to adverse remodelling and eventually heart failure. Since the size of the infarct corresponds to the subsequent risk of developing heart failure, it is important to find ways to limit initial infarct development. In this review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system in the acute response to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and specifically its contribution to cell death and myocardial infarction. Numerous danger-associated molecular patterns are released from dying cells in the myocardium, which can stimulate pattern recognition receptors including toll like receptors and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in resident cardiac and immune cells. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1, and pyroptosis may ensue, particularly when the myocardium has been previously aggravated by the presence of comorbidities. Evidence will be discussed that suggests agents targeting innate immunity may be a promising means of protecting the hearts of STEMI patients against acute IR injury. However, the dosing and timing of such agents should be carefully determined because innate immunity pathways may also be involved in cardioprotection. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled 'Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte', and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center and Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael V Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Dominique P V De Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK
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30
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Kötzner L, Huck B, Garg S, Urbahns K. Small molecules-Giant leaps for immuno-oncology. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:1-62. [PMID: 32362326 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology therapies are revolutionizing the oncology landscape with checkpoint blockade becoming the treatment backbone for many indications. While inspiring, much work remains to increase the number of cancer patients that can benefit from these treatments. Thus, a new era of immuno-oncology research has begun which is focused on identifying novel combination regimes that lead to improved response rates. This review highlights the significance of small molecules in this approach and illustrates the huge progress that has been made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kötzner
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bayard Huck
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sakshi Garg
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus Urbahns
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
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31
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Inamura K. Roles of microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 65:164-175. [PMID: 31911189 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which shows great promise for treating patients with metastatic malignancies, has dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape of cancer, particularly subsequent to the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the responses to immunotherapy are heterogeneous and often transient. More problematic is that a high proportion of patients with cancer are resistant to such therapy. Much effort has been expended to identify reliable biomarkers that accurately predict clinical responses to immunotherapy. Unfortunately, such tools are lacking, and our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying its efficacy and safety is insufficient. The microbiota is increasingly recognized for its influence on human health and disease. Microbes create a pro- or an anti-inflammatory environment through complex interactions with host cells and cytokines. Emerging evidence indicates that microbes alter the efficacy and toxicity of immunotherapy by modulating the host's local and systemic immune responses. It is therefore critically important to exploit the microbiota to develop biomarkers as well as to identify therapeutic targets that can be applied to cancer immunotherapy. This review provides insights into the challenges that must be addressed to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
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32
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Kapp K, Volz B, Oswald D, Wittig B, Baumann M, Schmidt M. Beneficial modulation of the tumor microenvironment and generation of anti-tumor responses by TLR9 agonist lefitolimod alone and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1659096. [PMID: 31741757 PMCID: PMC6844329 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1659096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is known to foster innate and adaptive immune responses and thus improve immune-mediated control of malignant disease. Lefitolimod is a potent TLR9 agonist without chemical modification developed for immunotherapeutic strategies. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial requirement for the response to various immunotherapies: Immunogenic (“hot”) tumors, characterized by their T cell-infiltrated TME, respond better compared to non-immunogenic (“cold”) tumors. It has been speculated that the mode-of-action of lefitolimod provides the necessary signals for activation of immune cells, their differentiation into anti-tumor effector cells and their recruitment into the TME. We investigated the effect of lefitolimod on TME, and its potency to induce synergistic anti-tumor effects when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitory antibodies (CPI) in a murine model. Indeed, we could show that treatment with single-agent lefitolimod beneficially modulated the TME, via infiltration of activated CD8+ cells and a shift in the macrophage population toward M1 phenotype. The result was a pronounced anti-tumor effect correlated with the magnitude of infiltrated immune cells and tumor-specific T cell responses. In line with this, lefitolimod led to persistent anti-tumor memory in the EMT-6 model after tumor re-challenge. This was accompanied by an increase of tumor-specific T cell responses and cross-reactivity against different tumor cells. Lefitolimod clearly augmented the limited anti-tumor effect of the CPI anti-PD1 in an A20 and anti-PD-L1 in a CT26 model. These properties of potent immune surveillance reactivation render lefitolimod an ideal candidate as therapeutic agent for immuno-oncology, e.g. improving CPI strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Burghardt Wittig
- Mologen AG (advisor), Berlin, Germany.,MolBio2Math - Molecular Biology & Integral Biomathics, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Xu W, Dong J, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Yuan Y, Ta HM, Miller HE, Olson M, Rajasekaran K, Ernstoff MS, Wang D, Malarkannan S, Wang L. Immune-Checkpoint Protein VISTA Regulates Antitumor Immunity by Controlling Myeloid Cell-Mediated Inflammation and Immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1497-1510. [PMID: 31340983 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint protein V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) controls antitumor immunity and is a valuable target for cancer immunotherapy. This study identified a role of VISTA in regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in myeloid cells and controlling myeloid cell-mediated inflammation and immunosuppression. VISTA modulated the polyubiquitination and protein expression of TRAF6. Consequently, VISTA dampened TLR-mediated activation of MAPK/AP-1 and IKK/NF-κB signaling cascades. At cellular levels, VISTA regulated the effector functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tolerogenic dendritic cell (DC) subsets. Blocking VISTA augmented their ability to produce proinflammatory mediators and diminished their T cell-suppressive functions. These myeloid cell-dependent effects resulted in a stimulatory tumor microenvironment that promoted T-cell infiltration and activation. We conclude that VISTA is a critical myeloid cell-intrinsic immune-checkpoint protein and that the reprogramming of tolerogenic myeloid cells following VISTA blockade promotes the development of T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Juan Dong
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hieu Minh Ta
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Halli E Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Demin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
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34
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Su L, Wang Y, Wang J, Mifune Y, Morin MD, Jones BT, Moresco EMY, Boger DL, Beutler B, Zhang H. Structural Basis of TLR2/TLR1 Activation by the Synthetic Agonist Diprovocim. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2938-2949. [PMID: 30829478 PMCID: PMC6537610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diprovocim is a recently discovered exceptionally potent, synthetic small molecule agonist of TLR2/TLR1 and has shown significant adjuvant activity in anticancer vaccination against murine melanoma. Since Diprovocim bears no structural similarity to the canonical lipopeptide ligands of TLR2/TLR1, we investigated how Diprovocim interacts with TLR2/TLR1 through in vitro biophysical, structural, and computational approaches. We found that Diprovocim induced the formation of TLR2/TLR1 heterodimers as well as TLR2 homodimers in vitro. We determined the crystal structure of Diprovocim in a complex with a TLR2 ectodomain, which revealed, unexpectedly, two Diprovocim molecules bound to the ligand binding pocket formed between two TLR2 ectodomains. Extensive hydrophobic interactions and a hydrogen-bonding network between the protein and Diprovocim molecules are observed within the defined ligand binding pocket and likely underlie the high potency of Diprovocim. Our work shed first light into the activation mechanism of TLR2/TLR1 by a noncanonical agonist. The structural information obtained here may be exploited to manipulate TLR2/TLR1-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Su
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuto Mifune
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew D. Morin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Brian T. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eva Marie Y. Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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35
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Awasthi S, Singh B, Ramani V, Xie J, Kosanke S. TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide improves host defense and alleviates tissue injury in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210979. [PMID: 30689633 PMCID: PMC6349318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between surfactant protein-A (SP-A) and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 plays a critical role in host defense. In this work, we studied the host defense function of SPA4 peptide (amino acids GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE), derived from the TLR4-interacting region of SP-A, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We determined the binding of SPA4 peptide to live bacteria, and its direct antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Pro-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in JAWS II dendritic cells and primary alveolar macrophages. The biological relevance of SPA4 peptide was evaluated in a mouse model of acute lung infection induced by intratracheal challenge with P. aeruginosa. Our results demonstrate that the SPA4 peptide does not interact with or kill P. aeruginosa when cultured outside the host. The SPA4 peptide treatment induces the uptake and localization of bacteria in the phagolysosomes of immune cells. At the same time, the secreted amounts of TNF-α are significantly reduced in cell-free supernatants of SPA4 peptide-treated cells. In cells overexpressing TLR4, the TLR4-induced phagocytic response is maintained, but the levels of TLR4-stimulated TNF-α are reduced. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the therapeutic administration of SPA4 peptide reduces bacterial burden, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, intracellular signaling, and lactate levels, and alleviates lung edema and tissue damage in P. aeruginosa-infected mice. Together, our results suggest that the treatment with SPA4 peptide can help control the bacterial burden, inflammation, and tissue injury in a P. aeruginosa lung infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stanley Kosanke
- Department of Pathology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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EnanDIM - a novel family of L-nucleotide-protected TLR9 agonists for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:5. [PMID: 30621769 PMCID: PMC6323716 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 9 agonists are potent activators of the immune system. Their clinical potential in immunotherapy against metastatic cancers is being evaluated across a number of clinical trials. TLR9 agonists are DNA-based molecules that contain several non-methylated CG-motifs for TLR9 recognition. Chemical modifications of DNA backbones are usually employed to prevent degradation by nucleases. These, however, can promote undesirable off-target effects and therapeutic restrictions. Methods Within the EnanDIM® family members of TLR9 agonists described here, D-deoxyribose nucleotides at the nuclease-accessible 3′-ends are replaced by nuclease-resistant L-deoxyribose nucleotides. EnanDIM® molecules with varying sequences were screened for their activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells based on secretion of IFN-alpha and IP-10 as well as activation of immune cells. Selected molecules were evaluated in mice in a maximum feasible dose study and for analysis of immune activation. The ability to modulate the tumor-microenvironment and anti-tumor responses after EnanDIM® administration was analyzed in syngeneic murine tumor models. Results The presence of L-deoxyribose containing nucleotides at their 3′-ends is sufficient to prevent EnanDIM® molecules from nucleolytic degradation. EnanDIM® molecules show broad immune activation targeting specific components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Activation was strictly dependent on the presence of CG-motifs, known to be recognized by TLR9. The absence of off-target effects may enable a wide therapeutic window. This advantageous anti-tumoral immune profile also promotes increased T cell infiltration into CT26 colon carcinoma tumors, which translates into reduced tumor growth. EnanDIM® molecules also drove regression of multiple other murine syngeneic tumors including MC38 colon carcinoma, B16 melanoma, A20 lymphoma, and EMT-6 breast cancer. In A20 and EMT-6, EnanDIM® immunotherapy cured a majority of mice and established persistent anti-tumor immune memory as evidenced by the complete immunity of these mice to subsequent tumor re-challenge. Conclusions In summary, EnanDIM® comprise a novel family of TLR9 agonists that facilitate an efficacious activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Their proven potential in onco-immunotherapy, as shown by cytotoxic activity, beneficial modulation of the tumor microenvironment, inhibition of tumor growth, and induction of long-lasting, tumor-specific memory, supports EnanDIM® molecules for further preclinical and clinical development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0470-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li X, Zhang X, Pan Y, Shi G, Ren J, Fan H, Dou H, Hou Y. mTOR regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via reactive oxygen species in murine lupus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:888-896. [PMID: 30060081 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein complexes responsible for the release of IL-1 family cytokines, and they play critical roles in immunity and inflammation. The best-characterized inflammasome, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, is involved in the development of multiple autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of abnormal NLRP3 inflammasome activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain elusive. Here, western blot analysis was used to detect the level of NLRP3 components and mTORC1/2 substrate in the kidney tissues from B6.MRL-FASlpr/J lupus mice and C57BL/6 mice, and the results showed that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) and the NLRP3 inflammasome were hyperactivated in B6.MRL-FASlpr/J lupus mice. The inhibition of mTOR by INK128, a novel mTORC1/2 inhibitor, suppressed LPS/ATP and LPS/nigericin-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro. INK128 decreased both the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3 in an NF-κB-independent manner. Moreover, we reported for the first time that the inhibition of mTOR suppressed mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BMDMs stimulated by an NLRP3 agonist. Furthermore, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS inhibitor, decreased NLRP3 expression, and rotenone, a robust ROS inducer, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of INK128 on NLRP3. These results demonstrated that mTOR regulated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome at least partially via ROS-induced NLRP3 expression. Importantly, in vivo data demonstrated that INK128 treatment prominently attenuated lupus nephritis and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in B6.MRL-FASlpr/J lupus mice. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of mTOR/ROS/NLRP3 signaling may contribute to the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuchen Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoping Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongye Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Cheng B, Yuan WE, Su J, Liu Y, Chen J. Recent advances in small molecule based cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:582-598. [PMID: 30125720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been increasingly utilized for the treatment of cancer. Currently available cancer immunotherapies mainly involve the use of antibodies, which have advantages in terms of pharmacodynamics such as efficacy and specificity, however, they exhibit disadvantages in regard to the pharmacokinetics including but not limited to poor tissue and tumor penetration, very long half-life, and the lack of oral bioavailability. Also they are immunogenic and may cause undesired side effects. In addition, they are difficult and expensive to produce. In contrast to therapeutic antibodies, small molecule immuno-oncology agents generally have favorable pharmacokinetics, for example, better oral bioavailability, higher tissue and tumor penetration, reasonable half-lives etc. Furthermore, some small molecules are highly selective and efficacious with benign toxicity profiles. Therefore, small molecule immuno-oncology agents have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of therapeutic antibodies, and they can complement existing therapeutic antibodies and may also be used in combination with antibodies to achieve synergistic effects. In this article, we summarize the current advances in the field of small molecule approaches in tumor immunology which include the small molecules in clinical trials and preclinical studies, and the reported crystal structures of small molecules and their target proteins as well as the binding interactions between small molecules and the targets. The tumorigenesis mechanism of different targets (the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1(PD1/PD-L1), retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt), Chemokine receptor, Stimulator of Interferon Genes (Sting), Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), toll-like receptors (TLR) etc.) are also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univerisity, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univerisity, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Cen X, Liu S, Cheng K. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor in Inflammation and Tumor Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 30127747 PMCID: PMC6088210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation enables host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs), ignite immune cells to discriminate between self and non-self, and then promote the following innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulated clinical/preclinical evidences have proven TLRs to be critical role in the autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory and tumor-associated diseases. Activation of TLRs is becoming or has been a target for cancer treatment. It is shown that TLRs can induce preferable anti-tumor effect by eliciting inflammatory cytokines expression and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) response. As adjuvant, TLRs agonists can launch a strong immune response to assist cancer radiotherapy and bio-chemotherapy. On the other hand, tumor-associated antigens acting as PAMPs, can also activate TLRs and induce tumor gene-related programmed cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. While there are also arguments that the excessive TLRs expression will promote tumor deterioration in various organisms, as the TLR-induced inflammation will accelerate the cancer cells boost in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the effect of TLRs acting on cancers is still not quite clear today. In this review, we will summarize the recent researches of TLRs in cancer treatment and their role in TME, giving a brief overview on future expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fernández G, Moraga A, Cuartero MI, García-Culebras A, Peña-Martínez C, Pradillo JM, Hernández-Jiménez M, Sacristán S, Ayuso MI, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Fernández-López D, Martín ME, Moro MA, González VM, Lizasoain I. TLR4-Binding DNA Aptamers Show a Protective Effect against Acute Stroke in Animal Models. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2047-2059. [PMID: 29910175 PMCID: PMC6094477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates brain damage after stroke, development of TLR4 antagonists is a promising therapeutic strategy for this disease. Our aim was to generate TLR4-blocking DNA aptamers to be used for stroke treatment. From a random oligonucleotide pool, we identified two aptamers (ApTLR#1R, ApTLR#4F) with high affinity for human TLR4 by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Optimized truncated forms (ApTLR#1RT, ApTLR#4FT) were obtained. Our data demonstrate specific binding of both aptamers to human TLR4 as well as a TLR4 antagonistic effect. ApTLR#4F and ApTLR#4FT showed a long-lasting protective effect against brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), an effect that was absent in TLR4-deficient mice. Similar effects were obtained in other MCAO models, including in rat. Additionally, efficacy of ApTLR#4FT in a model of brain ischemia-reperfusion in rat supports the use of this aptamer in patients undergoing artery recanalization induced by pharmacological or mechanical interventions. The absence of major toxicology aspects and the good safety profile of the aptamers further encourage their future clinical positioning for stroke therapy and possibly other diseases in which TLR4 plays a deleterious role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Sacristán
- Laboratorio de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Irene Ayuso
- Grupo de Investigación Neurovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Grupo de Investigación Neurovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Fernández-López
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- Laboratorio de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor M González
- Laboratorio de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Javmen A, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR, Toshchakov VY. Blocking TIR Domain Interactions in TLR9 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:995-1006. [PMID: 29914886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of TLR9 with ligands activates NF-κB, leading to proinflammatory cytokine production. Excessive TLR activation is a pathogenic factor for inflammatory diseases. This study has examined cell-permeating decoy peptides (CPDPs) derived from the TLR9 Toll/IL-1R resistance (TIR) domain. CPDP 9R34, which included AB loop, β-strand B, and N-terminal BB loop residues, inhibited TLR9 signaling most potently. CPDPs derived from α-helices C, D, and E (i.e., 9R6, 9R9, and 9R11) also inhibited TLR9-induced cytokines but were less potent than 9R34. 9R34 did not inhibit TLR2/1, TLR4, or TLR7 signaling. The N-terminal deletion modification of 9R34, 9R34-ΔN, inhibited TLR9 as potently as the full length 9R34. Binding of 9R34-ΔN to TIR domains was studied using cell-based Förster resonance energy transfer/fluorescence lifetime imaging approach. Cy3-labeled 9R34-ΔN dose-dependently decreased fluorescence lifetime of TLR9 TIR-Cerulean (Cer) fusion protein. Cy3-9R34-ΔN also bound TIRAP TIR, albeit with a lesser affinity, but not MyD88 TIR, whereas CPDP from the opposite TIR surface, 9R11, bound both adapters and TLR9. i.p. administration of 9R34-ΔN suppressed oligonucleotide-induced systemic cytokines and lethality in mice. This study identifies a potent, TLR9-specific CPDP that targets both receptor dimerization and adapter recruitment. Location of TIR segments that represent inhibitory CPDPs suggests that TIR domains of TLRs and TLR adapters interact through structurally homologous surfaces within primary receptor complex, leading to formation of a double-stranded, filamentous structure. In the presence of TIRAP and MyD88, primary complex can elongate bidirectionally, from two opposite ends, whereas in TIRAP-deficient cells, elongation is unidirectional, only through the αE side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Javmen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
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Le QV, Choi J, Oh YK. Nano delivery systems and cancer immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-018-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Treatment of ocular rosacea. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:340-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Huck BR, Kötzner L, Urbahns K. Kleine Moleküle, ganz groß: niedermolekulare immunonkologische Kombinationstherapien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bayard R. Huck
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA; Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Lisa Kötzner
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA; Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Klaus Urbahns
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA; Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Deutschland
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45
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Huck BR, Kötzner L, Urbahns K. Small Molecules Drive Big Improvements in Immuno-Oncology Therapies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4412-4428. [PMID: 28971564 PMCID: PMC5900885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology therapies have the potential to revolutionize the armamentarium of available cancer treatments. To further improve clinical response rates, researchers are looking for novel combination regimens, with checkpoint blockade being used as a backbone of the treatment. This Review highlights the significance of small molecules in this approach, which holds promise to provide increased benefit to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayard R. Huck
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 25064293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Lisa Kötzner
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 25064293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Klaus Urbahns
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 25064293DarmstadtGermany
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Cho JH, Lee HJ, Ko HJ, Yoon BI, Choe J, Kim KC, Hahn TW, Han JA, Choi SS, Jung YM, Lee KH, Lee YS, Jung YJ. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod induces anti-cancer effects via autophagic cell death and enhances anti-tumoral and systemic immunity during radiotherapy for melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24932-24948. [PMID: 28212561 PMCID: PMC5421900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are strongly considered immune-adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy and have been shown to exert direct anti-cancer effects. This study was performed to evaluate the synergistic anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) during radiotherapy for melanoma. The pretreatment of B16F10 or B16F1 cells with IMQ combined with γ-ionizing radiation (IR) led to enhanced cell death via autophagy, as demonstrated by increased expression levels of autophagy-related genes, and an increased number of autophagosomes in both cell lines. The results also confirmed that the autophagy process was accelerated via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in the cells pretreated with IMQ combined with IR. Mice subcutaneously injected with melanoma cells showed a reduced tumor growth rate after treatment with IMQ and IR. Treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), ameliorated the anti-cancer effect of IMQ combined with IR. Additionally, the combination therapy enhanced anti-cancer immunity, as demonstrated by an increased number of CD8+ T cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor lesions. Moreover, the combination therapy decreased the number of metastatic nodules in the lungs of mice that were injected with B16F10 cells via the tail vein. In addition, the combination therapy enhanced systemic anti-cancer immunity by increasing the abundances of T cell populations expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α. Therefore, these findings suggest that IMQ could serve as a radiosensitizer and immune booster during radiotherapy for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040432. [PMID: 29601492 PMCID: PMC5946217 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity leads to an inflammatory condition that is directly involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. The classic inflammatory response is an acute reaction to infections or to tissue injuries, and it tends to move towards resolution and homeostasis. However, the inflammatory process that was observed in individuals affected by obesity and metabolic syndrome differs from the classical inflammatory response in certain respects. This inflammatory process manifests itself systemically and it is characterized by a chronic low-intensity reaction. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is acknowledged as one of the main triggers of the obesity-induced inflammatory response. The aim of the present review is to describe the role that is played by the TLR4 signaling pathway in the inflammatory response and its modulation by saturated and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Studies indicate that saturated fatty acids can induce inflammation by activating the TLR4 signaling pathway. Conversely, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, exert anti-inflammatory actions through the attenuation of the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway by either lipopolysaccharides or saturated fatty acids.
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Hassanian SM, Fiuji H, Soleimanpour S, Ferns GA, Avan A, Khazaei M. Toll like receptor signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5613-5622. [PMID: 29150944 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling is involved in activating innate and adaptive immune responses and plays a critical role in inflammation-induced diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Dysregulation of this signaling pathway can result in disturbance of epithelial layer hemostasis, chronic inflammatory, excessive repair responses, and development of CRC. There is now substantial evidence for the benefit of targeting of this pathway in cancer treatment, and several agents have been approved, such as BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin), MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A) and imiquimod. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the different functions of TLRs on tumor cells and their application in cancer therapy with particular emphasis on recent preclinical and clinical research in treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Moradi-Marjaneh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Gentile F, Deriu MA, Barakat K, Danani A, Tuszynski J. A Novel Interaction Between the TLR7 and a Colchicine Derivative Revealed Through a Computational and Experimental Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010022. [PMID: 29462934 PMCID: PMC5874718 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal membrane receptor involved in the innate immune system response. Its best-known small molecule activators are imidazoquinoline derivatives such as imiquimod (R-837) and resiquimod (R-848). Recently, an interaction between R-837 and the colchicine binding site of tubulin was reported. To investigate the possibility of an interaction between structural analogues of colchicine and the TLR7, a recent computational model for the dimeric form of the TLR7 receptor was used to determine a possible interaction with a colchicine derivative called CR42-24, active as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. The estimated values of the binding energy of this molecule with respect to the TLR7 receptor were comparable to the energies of known binders as reported in a previous study. The binding to the TLR7 was further assessed by introducing genetic transformations in the TLR7 gene in cancer cell lines and exposing them to the compound. A negative shift of the IC50 value in terms of cell growth was observed in cell lines carrying the mutated TLR7 gene. The reported study suggests a possible interaction between TLR7 and a colchicine derivative, which can be explored for rational design of new drugs acting on this receptor by using a colchicine scaffold for additional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Marco A Deriu
- Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi Sull'intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2H1 Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Andrea Danani
- Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi Sull'intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Jack Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Edmonton, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, AB T6G 1Z2 Edmonton, Canada.
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50
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Wang N, McKell M, Dang A, Yamani A, Waggoner L, Vanoni S, Noah T, Wu D, Kordowski A, Köhl J, Hoebe K, Divanovic S, Hogan SP. Lipopolysaccharide suppresses IgE-mast cell-mediated reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1574-1585. [PMID: 28833704 PMCID: PMC5865592 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental analyses have identified a central role for IgE/FcεRI/mast cells in promoting IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Recent data from human studies suggest that bacterial infections can alter susceptibility to anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of LPS exposure on the induction of IgE-mast cell (MC) mediated reactions in mice. METHODS C57BL/6 WT, tlr4-/- and IL10-/- mice were exposed to LPS, and serum cytokines (TNF and IL-10) were measured. Mice were subsequently treated with anti-IgE, and the symptoms of passive IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, MC activation, Ca2+ -mobilization and the expression of FcεRI on peritoneal MCs were quantitated. RESULTS We show that LPS exposure of C57BL/6 WT mice constraints IgE-MC-mediated reactions. LPS-induced suppression of IgE-MC-mediated responses was TLR-4-dependent and associated with increased systemic IL-10 levels, decreased surface expression of FcεRI on MCs and loss of sensitivity to IgE activation. Notably, LPS-induced desensitization of MCs was short term with MC sensitivity to IgE reconstituted within 48 hours, which was associated with recapitulation of FcεRI expression on the MCs. Mechanistic analyses revealed a requirement for IL-10 in LPS-mediated decrease in MC FcεRI surface expression. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Collectively, these studies suggest that LPS-induced IL-10 promotes the down-regulation of MC surface FcεRI expression and leads to desensitization of mice to IgE-mediated reactions. These studies indicate that targeting of the LPS-TLR-4-IL-10 pathway may be used as a therapeutic approach to prevent adverse IgE-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianrong Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Yuzhong Qu, 400065 Chongqing Shi China
| | - Melanie McKell
- Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Andrew Dang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Amnah Yamani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Taeko Noah
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Anna Kordowski
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
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