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Abe A, Kapoor MP, Morishima S, Ozeki M, Sato N, Takara T, Naito Y. Effectiveness of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum on Cognitive Function and Sleep Efficiency in Healthy Elderly Subjects in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, and Parallel-Group Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1211. [PMID: 38674901 PMCID: PMC11054110 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of functional foods in a daily diet is a promising approach for the maintenance of cognitive health. The present study examines the effects of water-soluble prebiotic dietary-fiber, partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), on cognitive function and mental health in healthy elderly individuals. Participants consumed either 5 g/day of PHGG or a placebo daily for 12 weeks in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group study. An assessment of cognitive functions, sleep quality, and subjective mood evaluations was performed at baseline and after 8 and 12 weeks of either PHGG or placebo intake. The visual memory scores in cognitive function tests and sleepiness on rising scores related to sleep quality were significantly improved in the PHGG group compared to the placebo group. No significant differences were observed in mood parameters between the groups. Vigor-activity scores were significantly improved, while the scores for Confusion-Bewilderment decreased significantly in the PHGG group when compared to the baseline. In summary, supplementation with PHGG was effective in improving cognitive functions, particularly visual memory, as well as enhancing sleep quality and vitality in healthy elderly individuals (UMIN000049070).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abe
- Department of Research and Development, Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan; (M.P.K.); (S.M.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Mahendra Parkash Kapoor
- Department of Research and Development, Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan; (M.P.K.); (S.M.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - So Morishima
- Department of Research and Development, Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan; (M.P.K.); (S.M.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Makoto Ozeki
- Department of Research and Development, Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan; (M.P.K.); (S.M.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Norio Sato
- Department of Research and Development, Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan; (M.P.K.); (S.M.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Takara
- Medical Corporation Seishinkai, Takara Clinic, 9F Taisei Bldg., 2-3-2, Higashi-gotanda, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0022, Japan;
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyoku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
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2
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Alsudayri A, Perelman S, Brewer M, Chura A, McDevitt M, Drerup C, Ye L. Gut microbiota regulate maturation and mitochondrial function of the nutrient-sensing enteroendocrine cell. Development 2024; 151:dev202544. [PMID: 38577841 PMCID: PMC11112165 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are crucial for sensing ingested nutrients and regulating feeding behavior. How gut microbiota regulate the nutrient-sensing EEC activity is unclear. Our transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that commensal microbiota colonization significantly increases the expression of many genes associated with mitochondrial function. Using new methods to image EEC cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ activity in live zebrafish, our data revealed that it is dynamically regulated during the EEC development process. Mature EECs display an increased mitochondrial-to-cytoplasmic Ca2+ ratio. Mitochondria are evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of immature EECs. As EECs mature, their mitochondria are highly localized at the basal membrane where EEC vesicle secretion occurs. Conventionalized (CV) EECs, but not germ-free (GF) EECs, exhibit spontaneous low-amplitude Ca2+ fluctuation. The mitochondrial-to-cytoplasmic Ca2+ ratio is significantly higher in CV EECs. Nutrient stimulants, such as fatty acid, increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ in a subset of EECs and promote a sustained mitochondrial Ca2+ and ATP increase. However, the nutrient-induced EEC mitochondrial activation is nearly abolished in GF zebrafish. Together, our study reveals that commensal microbiota are crucial in supporting EEC mitochondrial function and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfahdah Alsudayri
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shane Perelman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Melissa Brewer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Annika Chura
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Madelyn McDevitt
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Catherine Drerup
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lihua Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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3
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Zhang Y, Huang W, Shan Z, Zhou Y, Qiu T, Hu L, Yang L, Wang Y, Xiao Z. A new experimental rat model of nocebo-related nausea involving double mechanisms of observational learning and conditioning. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14389. [PMID: 37545429 PMCID: PMC10848046 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The nocebo effect, such as nausea and vomiting, is one of the major reasons patients discontinue therapy. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown due to a lack of reliable experimental models. The goal of this study was to develop a new animal model of nocebo-related nausea by combining observational learning and Pavlovian conditioning paradigms. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats with nitroglycerin-induced migraine were given 0.9% saline (a placebo) or LiCl (a nausea inducer) following headache relief, according to different paradigms. RESULTS Both strategies provoked nocebo nausea responses, with the conditioning paradigm having a greater induction impact. The superposition of two mechanisms led to a further increase in nausea responses. A preliminary investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed clearly raised peripheral and central cholecystokinin (CCK) levels, as well as specific changes in the 5-hydroxytryptamine and cannabinoid systems. Brain networks related to emotion, cognition, and visceral sense expressed higher c-Fos-positive neurons, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, basolateral amygdala (BLA), thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and dorsal raphe nucleus-dorsal part (DRD). We also found that nausea expectances in the model could last for at least 12 days. CONCLUSION The present study provides a useful experimental model of nocebo nausea that might be used to develop potential molecular pathways and therapeutic strategies for nocebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Central LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Wanbin Huang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Central LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Zhengming Shan
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Central LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Yanjie Zhou
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Central LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Luyu Hu
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Zheman Xiao
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
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4
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Alsudayri A, Perelman S, Chura A, Brewer M, McDevitt M, Drerup C, Ye L. Gut microbiota promotes enteroendocrine cell maturation and mitochondrial function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.558332. [PMID: 37961164 PMCID: PMC10635018 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.558332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the intestine are crucial for sensing ingested nutrients and regulating feeding behavior. The means by which gut microbiota regulates the nutrient-sensing EEC activity is unclear. Our transcriptomic analysis of the EECs from germ-free (GF) and conventionalized (CV) zebrafish revealed that commensal microbiota colonization significantly increased the expression of many genes that are associated with mitochondrial function. Using in vivo imaging and 3D automated cell tracking approach, we developed new methods to image and analyze the EECs' cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium activity at cellular resolution in live zebrafish. Our data revealed that during the development, shortly after gut microbiota colonization, EECs briefly increased cytoplasm and mitochondrial Ca2+, a phenomenon we referred to as "EEC awakening". Following the EEC awakening, cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels but not mitochondrial Ca2+ level in the EECs decreased, resulting in a consistent increase in the mitochondrial-to-cytoplasmic Ca2+ ratio. The increased mitochondrial-to-cytoplasmic Ca2+ ratio is associated with the EEC maturation process. In immature EECs, we further discovered that their mitochondria are evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. When EECs mature, their mitochondria are highly localized in the basal lateral membrane where EEC vesicle secretion occurs. Furthermore, CV EECs, but not GF EECs, exhibit spontaneous low-amplitude calcium fluctuation. The mitochondrial-to-cytoplasm Ca2+ ratio is significantly higher in CV EECs. When stimulating the CV zebrafish with nutrients like fatty acids, nutrient stimulants increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ in a subset of EECs and promote a sustained mitochondrial Ca2+ increase. However, the nutrient induced EEC mitochondrial activation is nearly abolished in GF zebrafish. Together, our study reveals that commensal microbiota are critical in supporting EEC mitochondrial function and maturation. Selectively manipulating gut microbial signals to alter EEC mitochondrial function will provide new opportunities to change gut-brain nutrient sensing efficiency and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfahdah Alsudayri
- Department of Neuroscience, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Shane Perelman
- Department of Neuroscience, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Annika Chura
- Department of Neuroscience, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Melissa Brewer
- Department of Neuroscience, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Madelyn McDevitt
- Department of Neuroscience, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Catherine Drerup
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Lihua Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
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5
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Savulescu-Fiedler I, Gurghean AL, Siliste RN. The complex involvement of the digestive tract in human defense behavior - structural and functional arguments. J Med Life 2022; 15:1081-1089. [PMID: 36415517 PMCID: PMC9635236 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive system has an innate monitoring and defense capacity, which allows the recognition and elimination of different dangerous substances. The complex analysis of the intestinal content comprises the cross-interactions between the epithelial cells, the enteroendocrine cells, the neural tissue and the cellular defense mechanisms. The enteric nervous system, also called "the enteric brain" or "the second brain" is the only neuronal network outside the central nervous system capable of autonomous reflex activity. The enteric nervous system activity is mostly independent of the central nervous system, but not in all aspects. In fact, even the enteral reflexes are a consequence of the bidirectional intestine-brain relation. The central nervous and enteric nervous systems are coupled through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. The gastrointestinal functions are regulated due to the interaction between the intrinsic neurons within the gastrointestinal wall and the extrinsic neurons outside the gastrointestinal tract. Here we provide an overview of the important role of the enteric brain in defensive behavior, as well as its structural and functional particularities that make it a special organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Department 1 Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Luminita Gurghean
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Department 1 Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana-Nicoleta Siliste
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Department 1 Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Brown RE, Jacobse J, Anant SA, Blunt KM, Chen B, Vega PN, Jones CT, Pilat JM, Revetta F, Gorby AH, Stengel KR, Choksi YA, Palin K, Piazuelo MB, Washington MK, Lau KS, Goettel JA, Hiebert SW, Short SP, Williams CS. MTG16 (CBFA2T3) regulates colonic epithelial differentiation, colitis, and tumorigenesis by repressing E protein transcription factors. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153045. [PMID: 35503250 PMCID: PMC9220854 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant epithelial differentiation and regeneration contribute to colon pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). MTG16 (CBFA2T3) is a transcriptional corepressor expressed in the colonic epithelium. MTG16 deficiency in mice exacerbates colitis and increases tumor burden in CAC, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identified MTG16 as a central mediator of epithelial differentiation, promoting goblet and restraining enteroendocrine cell development in homeostasis and enabling regeneration following dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Transcriptomic analyses implicated increased E box-binding transcription factor (E protein) activity in MTG16-deficient colon crypts. Using a novel mouse model with a point mutation that attenuates MTG16:E protein interactions (Mtg16P209T), we established that MTG16 exerts control over colonic epithelial differentiation and regeneration by repressing E protein-mediated transcription. Mimicking murine colitis, MTG16 expression was increased in biopsies from patients with active IBD compared to unaffected controls. Finally, uncoupling MTG16:E protein interactions partially phenocopied the enhanced tumorigenicity of Mtg16-/- colon in the azoxymethane(AOM)/DSS-induced model of CAC, indicating that MTG16 protects from tumorigenesis through additional mechanisms. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MTG16, via its repression of E protein targets, is a key regulator of cell fate decisions during colon homeostasis, colitis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Brown
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Justin Jacobse
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Shruti A Anant
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Koral M Blunt
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Bob Chen
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Paige N Vega
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Chase T Jones
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M Pilat
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Frank Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Aidan H Gorby
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Kristy R Stengel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Yash A Choksi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Kimmo Palin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Mary K Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Ken S Lau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A Goettel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
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7
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One Giant Leap from Mouse to Man: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Mood Disorders and Translational Challenges Moving towards Human Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030568. [PMID: 35276927 PMCID: PMC8840472 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway that enables the gut microbiota to communicate with the brain through direct and indirect signaling pathways to influence brain physiology, function, and even behavior. Research has shown that probiotics can improve several aspects of health by changing the environment within the gut, and several lines of evidence now indicate a beneficial effect of probiotics on mental and brain health. Such evidence has prompted the arrival of a new term to the world of biotics research: psychobiotics, defined as any exogenous influence whose effect on mental health is bacterially mediated. Several taxonomic changes in the gut microbiota have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. While clinical evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health, and indeed demonstrating the beneficial effects of probiotics is rapidly accumulating, most of the evidence to date has emerged from preclinical studies employing different animal models. The purpose of this review is to focus on the role of probiotics and the microbiota–gut–brain axis in relation to mood disorders and to review the current translational challenges from preclinical to clinical research.
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8
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Chen M, Sokolowski MB. How Social Experience and Environment Impacts Behavioural Plasticity in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2021; 16:68-84. [PMID: 34852730 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2021.1989248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism's behaviour is influenced by its social environment. Experiences such as social isolation or crowding may have profound short or long-term effects on an individual's behaviour. The composition of the social environment also depends on the genetics and previous experiences of the individuals present, leading to additional potential outcomes from each social interaction. In this article, we review selected literature related to the social environment of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, and how Drosophila respond to variation in their social experiences throughout their lifetimes. We focus on the effects of social environment on behavioural phenotypes such as courtship, aggression, and group dynamics, as well as other phenotypes such as development and physiology. The consequences of phenotypic plasticity due to social environment are discussed with respect to the ecology and evolution of Drosophila. We also relate these studies to laboratory research practices involving Drosophila and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Current Affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
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9
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Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, Barbagallo M. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114080. [PMID: 34836334 PMCID: PMC8624903 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors combined are currently recognized as contributors to cognitive decline. The main independent risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia is advanced age followed by other determinants such as genetic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, including nutrition and physical activity. In the next decades, a rise in dementia cases is expected due largely to the aging of the world population. There are no hitherto effective pharmaceutical therapies to treat age-associated cognitive impairment and dementia, which underscores the crucial role of prevention. A relationship among diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors with cognitive function has been intensively studied with mounting evidence supporting the role of these determinants in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, which is a chief cause of disability globally. Several dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients have been investigated in this regard, with some encouraging and other disappointing results. This review presents the current evidence for the effects of dietary patterns, dietary components, some supplements, physical activity, sleep patterns, and social engagement on the prevention or delay of the onset of age-related cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; +39-0916554828
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Vernuccio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Catanese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Flora Inzerillo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy;
- UOC of Neurology, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
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10
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Shi Y, Zhan H, Zeng Y, Huang S, Cai G, Yang J, Wu W. Sex Differences in the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Signal to Placebo Analgesia and Nocebo Hyperalgesia in Experimental Pain: A Functional MRI Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:657517. [PMID: 34497495 PMCID: PMC8419258 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.657517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Placebo as well as nocebo responses are widely found in scientific research and clinical practice. Growing evidence suggests sex differences in placebo as well as nocebo responses. However, data concerning this question are still insufficient. This study examined whether the BOLD signals of two responses, as measured with functional MRI (fMRI), differ by sex under conditions of equivalent experimental pain perception. Method Thirty-one healthy volunteers (14 female) underwent two fMRI scans, once during a placebo intervention and once during a nocebo intervention, pseudorandomly ordered, in an acute lower back pain (ALBP) model. We collected visual analog scale (VAS) data after each scanning. fMRI data from different sex groups were subjected to functional connectivity (FC) analysis and behavioral correlation analysis (BCA). Results The results showed statistical differences in VAS scores between male and female participants, in both placebo and nocebo responses. Both groups also showed reduced FC in the pain-associated network of the placebo response and elevated FC in the pain-related network of the nocebo response. However, in the placebo condition, male participants displayed increased FC in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus (PHP), and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), while female participants showed increased FC in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampal gyrus (HP), and insular cortex (IC). In the nocebo condition, male participants showed decreased FC in the PCC and HP, while female participants displayed decreased FC in the mid-cingulate cortex, thalamus (THS), and HP. The BCA results of the two groups were also different. Conclusion We found that the endogenous opioid system and reward circuit play a key role in sex differences of placebo response and that anxiety and its secondary reactions may cause the sex differences of nocebo response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongrui Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiyuan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Decoding the Role of Gut-Microbiome in the Food Addiction Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136825. [PMID: 34202073 PMCID: PMC8297196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviour is characterised by a solid balance between homeostatic and hedonic regulatory mechanisms at the central level and highly influenced by peripheral signals. Among these signals, those generated by the gut microbiota have achieved relevance in recent years. Despite this complex regulation, under certain circumstances eating behaviour can be deregulated becoming addictive. Although there is still an ongoing debate about the food addiction concept, studies agree that patients with eating addictive behaviour present similar symptoms to those experienced by drug addicts, by affecting central areas involved in the control of motivated behaviour. In this context, this review tries to summarise the main data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in eating behaviour and how a gut dysbiosis can be responsible for a maladaptive behaviour such as “food addiction”.
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12
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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13
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Melzer TM, Manosso LM, Yau SY, Gil-Mohapel J, Brocardo PS. In Pursuit of Healthy Aging: Effects of Nutrition on Brain Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5026. [PMID: 34068525 PMCID: PMC8126018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming a balanced, nutritious diet is important for maintaining health, especially as individuals age. Several studies suggest that consuming a diet rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory components such as those found in fruits, nuts, vegetables, and fish may reduce age-related cognitive decline and the risk of developing various neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have been published over the last decade focusing on nutrition and how this impacts health. The main objective of the current article is to review the data linking the role of diet and nutrition with aging and age-related cognitive decline. Specifically, we discuss the roles of micronutrients and macronutrients and provide an overview of how the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis and nutrition impact brain function in general and cognitive processes in particular during aging. We propose that dietary interventions designed to optimize the levels of macro and micronutrients and maximize the functioning of the microbiota-gut-brain axis can be of therapeutic value for improving cognitive functioning, particularly during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayza Martins Melzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Luana Meller Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma 88806-000, SC, Brazil;
| | - Suk-yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patricia S. Brocardo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
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14
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Sasai M, Kato M, Ohsawa K, Sashihara K, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T. Effects of a single dose of tablets containing lactononadecapeptide on cognitive function in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:948-956. [PMID: 33580692 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactononadecapeptide (LNDP; NIPPLTQTPVVVPPFLQPE) is a memory-improving peptide. The current study aimed to determine the effects of a single dose of tablets containing LNDP on cognitive function in healthy Japanese men aged 30-59 years. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in participants randomly assigned to receive LNDP or placebo tablets. The Uchida-Kraepelin test was used to induce cognitive load in participants as a model of work load. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Japanese version of the CNS Vital Signs. Composite memory and verbal memory were significantly higher following consumption of LNDP than placebo tablets. Carryover effects were observed in attention and concentration domains so that period 1 data was analyzed. LNDP consumption led to higher processing speed, executive function, and cognitive flexibility than placebo. Thus, supplementation with a single dose of LNDP tablets may improve cognitive functions including memory, attention, concentration, and information processing in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sasai
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Ohsawa
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Sashihara
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Beumer J, Gehart H, Clevers H. Enteroendocrine Dynamics - New Tools Reveal Hormonal Plasticity in the Gut. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5856764. [PMID: 32531023 PMCID: PMC7320824 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent intersection of enteroendocrine cell biology with single-cell technologies and novel in vitro model systems has generated a tremendous amount of new data. Here we highlight these recent developments and explore how these findings contribute to the understanding of endocrine lineages in the gut. In particular, the concept of hormonal plasticity, the ability of endocrine cells to produce different hormones over the course of their lifetime, challenges the classic notion of cell types. Enteroendocrine cells travel in the course of their life through different signaling environments that directly influence their hormonal repertoire. In this context, we examine how enteroendocrine cell fate is determined and modulated by signaling molecules such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) or location along the gastrointestinal tract. We analyze advantages and disadvantages of novel in vitro tools, adult stem cell or iPS-derived intestinal organoids, that have been crucial for recent findings on enteroendocrine development and plasticity. Finally, we illuminate the future perspectives of the field and discuss how understanding enteroendocrine plasticity can lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Sharkey SJ, Harnedy-Rothwell PA, Allsopp PJ, Hollywood LE, FitzGerald RJ, O'Harte FPM. A Narrative Review of the Anti-Hyperglycemic and Satiating Effects of Fish Protein Hydrolysates and Their Bioactive Peptides. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000403. [PMID: 32939966 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity are increasing globally. Food supplementation as a preventative option has become an attractive option in comparison to increased pharmacotherapy dependency. Hydrolysates of fish processing waste and by-products have become particularly interesting in a climate of increased food wastage awareness and are rapidly gaining traction in food research. This review summarizes the available research so far on the potential effect of these hydrolysates on diabetes and appetite suppression. Scopus and Web of Science are searched using eight keywords (fish, hydrolysate, peptides, satiating, insulinotropic, incretin, anti-obesity, DPP-4 [dipeptidylpeptidase-4/IV]) returning a total of 2549 results. Following exclusion criteria (repeated appearances, non-fish marine sources [e.g., macroalgae], and irrelevant bioactivities [e.g., immunomodulatory, anti-thrombotic]), 44 relevant publications are included in this review. Stimulation of hormone secretion, regulation of glucose uptake, anorexigenic potential, identified mechanisms of action, and research conducted on the most potent bioactive peptides identified within these hydrolysates are all specifically addressed. Results of this review conclude that despite wide methodological variation between studies, there is significant potential for the application of fish protein hydrolysates in the management of bodyweight and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J Sharkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | | | - Philip J Allsopp
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Lynsey E Hollywood
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Ulster University Business School, Ulster University, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Richard J FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
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17
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Marrone MC, Coccurello R. Dietary Fatty Acids and Microbiota-Brain Communication in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E12. [PMID: 31861745 PMCID: PMC7022659 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is a multimodal communication system along which immune, metabolic, autonomic, endocrine and enteric nervous signals can shape host physiology and determine liability, development and progression of a vast number of human diseases. Here, we broadly discussed the current knowledge about the either beneficial or deleterious impact of dietary fatty acids on microbiota-brain communication (MBC), and the multiple mechanisms by which different types of lipids can modify gut microbial ecosystem and contribute to the pathophysiology of major neuropsychiatric diseases (NPDs), such as schizophrenia (SCZ), depression and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Marrone
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Complex System (ISC), 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS–S. Lucia Foundation (FSL), 00143 Rome, Italy
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18
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Gley K, Murani E, Trakooljul N, Zebunke M, Puppe B, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Transcriptome profiles of hypothalamus and adrenal gland linked to haplotype related to coping behavior in pigs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13038. [PMID: 31506580 PMCID: PMC6736951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important component of neuroendocrine stress regulation and coping behavior. Transcriptome profiles of the hypothalamus and adrenal gland were assessed to identify molecular pathways and candidate genes for coping behavior in pigs. Ten each of high- (HR) and low- (LR) reactive pigs (n = 20) were selected for expression profiling based haplotype information of a prominent QTL-region on SSC12 discovered in our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) on coping behavior. Comparing the HR and LR pigs showed 692 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the adrenal gland and 853 DEGs in the hypothalamus, respectively. Interestingly, 47% (17 out of 36) of DEGs found in both tissues were located in GWAS regions identified on SSC12, indicating that there are significant functional positional candidate genes for coping behaviour. Pathway analysis assigned DEGs to glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the adrenal gland. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NGF signaling as well as cholecystokinin/Gastrin-mediated were identified in the hypothalamus. We narrowed the list of candidate genes in GWAS regions by analyzing their DEGs in the HPA axis. The top identified transcripts, including ATP1B2, AURKB, MPDU1 and NDEL1 provide evidence for molecular correlates of coping behavior in GWAS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gley
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manuela Zebunke
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birger Puppe
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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19
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Intravenous administration of ghrelin increases serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent individuals: Results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107711. [PMID: 31310775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the role of appetite-regulating hormones, including ghrelin, in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Effects of ghrelin administration on cortisol and aldosterone, two hormones known to influence the development and maintenance of AUD, have been observed in ghrelin-exposed tissues or cells, as well as rodents and healthy volunteers, however whether these effects replicate in individuals with AUD is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that intravenous administration of ghrelin leads to increase in endogenous serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations in alcohol-dependent, heavy drinking individuals, and that these changes may predict ghrelin-induced alcohol craving. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study in non-treatment-seeking, heavy-drinking, alcohol-dependent individuals randomized to receive either placebo, 1 mcg/kg or 3 mcg/kg of intravenous ghrelin. Then, participants underwent a cue-reactivity procedure in a bar-like setting, which included exposure to both neutral (juice) and alcohol cues. Repeated blood samples were collected and used to measure endogenous cortisol and aldosterone serum concentrations, in response to exogenous ghrelin administration. Furthermore, cortisol and aldosterone serum concentrations were used to develop a model to predict the effect of exogenous ghrelin administration on alcohol craving. Intravenous ghrelin administration increased endogenous cortisol and aldosterone serum concentrations. While the effects on cortisol were greater than those on aldosterone, only the ghrelin-induced changes in aldosterone serum concentrations predicted craving. These findings provide initial evidence of ghrelin effects on glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in individuals with AUD, thereby providing additional information on the potential mechanisms by which the ghrelin system may play a role in alcohol craving and seeking in AUD.
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20
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Abstract
Gut hormones have many key roles in the control of metabolism, as they target diverse tissues involved in the control of intestinal function, insulin secretion, nutrient assimilation and food intake. Produced by scattered cells found along the length of the intestinal epithelium, gut hormones generate signals related to the rate of nutrient absorption, the composition of the luminal milieu and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Gut hormones already form the basis for existing and developing therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, exemplified by the licensed glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors that enhance GLP1 receptor activation. Modulating the release of the endogenous stores of GLP1 and other gut hormones is thought to be a promising strategy to mimic bariatric surgery with its multifaceted beneficial effects on food intake, body weight and blood glucose levels. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of gut hormone release by food ingestion, obesity and the gut microbiota. Depending on the nature of the stimulus, release of gut hormones involves recruitment of a variety of signalling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptors, nutrient transporters and ion channels, which are targets for future therapeutics for diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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21
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Hannou L, Roy P, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Transcriptional control of synaptic components by the clock machinery. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:241-267. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hannou
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre‐Gabriel Roy
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
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22
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Yoshida K, Kita Y, Tokuoka SM, Hamano F, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Shimizu T. Monoacylglycerol lipase deficiency affects diet-induced obesity, fat absorption, and feeding behavior in CB 1 cannabinoid receptor-deficient mice. FASEB J 2018; 33:2484-2497. [PMID: 30265576 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801203r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excess energy intake causes obesity, which leads to insulin resistance and various other complications of metabolic syndrome, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although recent studies have depicted altered lipid metabolism as an underlying feature, the detailed mechanisms are still unclear. Here we describe a possible role in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity for monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), an enzyme that is also known to hydrolyze the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in brain. MGL-deficient [MGL-knockout (KO)] mice fed a HFD gained less body weight than wild-type mice and were protected from insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Food intake and energy expenditure were not altered in MGL-KO mice, but blood triglyceride levels after oral olive oil gavage were suppressed, indicating a role for MGL in intestinal fat absorption. Experiments with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)/MGL double-KO mice revealed that these phenotypes may include mechanisms that are independent of CB1-receptor-mediated endocannabinoid functions. We also noted that MGL-KO mice had less preference for HFD over normal chow diet. Oral but not intraperitoneal lipid administration strongly suppressed the appetites of MGL-KO and CB1/MGL double-KO mice, but not of wild-type and CB1-KO mice. Appetite suppression was reversed by vagotomy, suggesting involvement of MGL in the gut-brain axis regulation of appetite. Our results provide mechanistic insights of MGL's role in diet-induced obesity, lipid metabolic disorder, and regulation of appetite.-Yoshida, K., Kita, Y., Tokuoka, S. M., Hamano, F., Yamazaki, M., Sakimura, K., Kano, M., Shimizu, T. Monoacylglycerol lipase deficiency affects diet-induced obesity, fat absorption, and feeding behavior in CB1 cannabinoid receptor-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Life Sciences Core Facility The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Fumie Hamano
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Life Sciences Core Facility The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Koorneef LL, Bogaards M, Reinders MJT, Meijer OC, Mahfouz A. How Metabolic State May Regulate Fear: Presence of Metabolic Receptors in the Fear Circuitry. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:594. [PMID: 30210279 PMCID: PMC6119828 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic status impacts on the emotional brain to induce behavior that maintains energy balance. While hunger suppresses the fear circuitry to promote explorative food-seeking behavior, satiety or obesity may increase fear to prevent unnecessary risk-taking. Here we aimed to unravel which metabolic factors, that transfer information about the acute and the chronic metabolic status, are of primary importance to regulate fear, and to identify their sites of action within fear-related brain regions. We performed a de novo analysis of central and peripheral metabolic factors that can penetrate the blood–brain barrier using genome-wide expression data across the mouse brain from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA). The central fear circuitry, as defined by subnuclei of the amygdala, the afferent hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex and the efferent periaqueductal gray, was enriched with metabolic receptors. Some of their corresponding ligands were known to modulate fear (e.g., estrogen and thyroid hormones) while others had not been associated with fear before (e.g., glucagon, ACTH). Additionally, several of these enriched metabolic receptors were coexpressed with well-described fear-modulating genes (Crh, Crhr1, or Crhr2). Co-expression analysis of monoamine markers and metabolic receptors suggested that monoaminergic nuclei have differential sensitivity to metabolic alterations. Serotonergic neurons expressed a large number of metabolic receptors (e.g., estrogen receptors, fatty acid receptors), suggesting a wide responsivity to metabolic changes. The noradrenergic system seemed to be specifically sensitive to hypocretin/orexin modulation. Taken together, we identified a number of novel metabolic factors (glucagon, ACTH) that have the potential to modulate the fear response. We additionally propose novel cerebral targets for metabolic factors (e.g., thyroid hormones) that modulate fear, but of which the sites of action are (largely) unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Koorneef
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marit Bogaards
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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24
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Maske CB, Loney GC, Lilly N, Terrill SJ, Williams DL. Intragastric nutrient infusion reduces motivation for food in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533738 PMCID: PMC6087724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The idea that gut-derived satiation signals influence food reward has recently gained traction, but this hypothesis is largely based on studies focused on neural circuitry, not the peripherally released signals. Here, we directly tested the hypothesis that intragastric (IG) nutrient infusion can suppress motivation for food. In a series of experiments, IG sucrose infusion (15 kcal) significantly and reliably reduced operant responding for a sucrose reward on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Moreover, food deprivation for 24 h before the test session did not prevent the suppressive effect of nutrients. The suppressive effect of IG sucrose on fixed ratio 5 (FR5) operant responding was also assessed as a comparison. The effect of IG nutrients to reduce motivation was not limited to sucrose; IG Ensure infusion (9.3 kcal) also significantly reduced PR operant responding for sucrose pellets. To verify that these effects were not secondary to the osmotic challenge of concentrated nutrients, we tested IG infusion of noncaloric saline solutions equiosmolar to 40% sucrose or Ensure and found no effect. Finally, we focused on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) as candidate mediators for the effect of IG nutrients. Pretreatment with exendin-9, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, delivered intraperitoneally, significantly attenuated the ability of IG nutrients to suppress PR responding and breakpoint in males, but not in females, whereas pretreatment with devazepide, a CCKA receptor antagonist, failed to do so in both sexes. Together, these data support the idea that nutrient-induced satiation signals influence food reward and may implicate GLP-1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn B Maske
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Gregory C Loney
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Nicole Lilly
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sarah J Terrill
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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Morin V, Hozer F, Costemale-Lacoste JF. The effects of ghrelin on sleep, appetite, and memory, and its possible role in depression: A review of the literature. Encephale 2018; 44:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mirza KB, Alenda A, Eftekhar A, Grossman N, Nikolic K, Bloom SR, Toumazou C. Influence of Cholecystokinin-8 on Compound Nerve Action Potentials from Ventral Gastric Vagus in Rats. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850006. [PMID: 29631504 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has shown great promise as a potential therapy for a number of conditions, such as epilepsy, depression and for Neurometabolic Therapies, especially for treating obesity. The objective of this study was to characterize the left ventral subdiaphragmatic gastric trunk of vagus nerve (SubDiaGVN) and to analyze the influence of intravenous injection of gut hormone cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on compound nerve action potential (CNAP) observed on the same branch, with the aim of understanding the impact of hormones on VNS and incorporating the methods and results into closed loop implant design. METHODS The cervical region of the left vagus nerve (CerVN) of male Wistar rats was stimulated with electric current and the elicited CNAPs were recorded on the SubDiaGVN under four different conditions: Control (no injection), Saline, CCK1 (100[Formula: see text]pmol/kg) and CCK2 (1000[Formula: see text]pmol/kg) injections. RESULTS We identified the presence of A[Formula: see text], B, C1, C2, C3 and C4 fibers with their respective velocity ranges. Intravenous administration of CCK in vivo results in selective, statistically significant reduction of CNAP components originating from A and B fibers, but with no discernible effect on the C fibers in [Formula: see text] animals. The affected CNAP components exhibit statistically significant ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) higher normalized stimulation thresholds. CONCLUSION This approach of characterizing the vagus nerve can be used in closed loop systems to determine when to initiate VNS and also to tune the stimulation dose, which is patient-specific and changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid B Mirza
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrea Alenda
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amir Eftekhar
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nir Grossman
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- † Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christofer Toumazou
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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O’Donnell MP, Chao PH, Kammenga JE, Sengupta P. Rictor/TORC2 mediates gut-to-brain signaling in the regulation of phenotypic plasticity in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007213. [PMID: 29415022 PMCID: PMC5819832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals integrate external cues with information about internal conditions such as metabolic state to execute the appropriate behavioral and developmental decisions. Information about food quality and quantity is assessed by the intestine and transmitted to modulate neuronal functions via mechanisms that are not fully understood. The conserved Target of Rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) controls multiple processes in response to cellular stressors and growth factors. Here we show that TORC2 coordinates larval development and adult behaviors in response to environmental cues and feeding state in the bacterivorous nematode C. elegans. During development, pheromone, bacterial food, and temperature regulate expression of the daf-7 TGF-β and daf-28 insulin-like peptide in sensory neurons to promote a binary decision between reproductive growth and entry into the alternate dauer larval stage. We find that TORC2 acts in the intestine to regulate neuronal expression of both daf-7 and daf-28, which together reflect bacterial-diet dependent feeding status, thus providing a mechanism for integration of food signals with external cues in the regulation of neuroendocrine gene expression. In the adult, TORC2 similarly acts in the intestine to modulate food-regulated foraging behaviors via a PDF-2/PDFR-1 neuropeptide signaling-dependent pathway. We also demonstrate that genetic variation affects food-dependent larval and adult phenotypes, and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with these traits. Together, these results suggest that TORC2 acts as a hub for communication of feeding state information from the gut to the brain, thereby contributing to modulation of neuronal function by internal state. Decision-making in all animals, including humans, involves weighing available information about the external environment as well as the animals’ internal conditions. Information about the environment is obtained via the sensory nervous system, whereas internal state can be assessed via cues such as levels of hormones or nutrients. How multiple external and internal inputs are processed in the nervous system to drive behavior or development is not fully understood. In this study, we examine how the nematode C. elegans integrates dietary information received by the gut with environmental signals to alter nervous system function. We have found that a signaling complex, called TORC2, acts in the gut to relay nutrition signals to alter hormonal signaling by the nervous system in C. elegans. Altered neuronal signaling in turn affects a food-dependent binary developmental decision in larvae, as well as food-dependent foraging behaviors in adults. Our results provide a mechanism by which animals prioritize specific signals such as feeding status to appropriately alter their development and/or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. O’Donnell
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPO); (PS)
| | - Pin-Hao Chao
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Kammenga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPO); (PS)
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Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain-Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29593576 PMCID: PMC5859128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve represents the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, which oversees a vast array of crucial bodily functions, including control of mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. It establishes one of the connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and sends information about the state of the inner organs to the brain via afferent fibers. In this review article, we discuss various functions of the vagus nerve which make it an attractive target in treating psychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders. There is preliminary evidence that vagus nerve stimulation is a promising add-on treatment for treatment-refractory depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and inflammatory bowel disease. Treatments that target the vagus nerve increase the vagal tone and inhibit cytokine production. Both are important mechanism of resiliency. The stimulation of vagal afferent fibers in the gut influences monoaminergic brain systems in the brain stem that play crucial roles in major psychiatric conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders. In line, there is preliminary evidence for gut bacteria to have beneficial effect on mood and anxiety, partly by affecting the activity of the vagus nerve. Since, the vagal tone is correlated with capacity to regulate stress responses and can be influenced by breathing, its increase through meditation and yoga likely contribute to resilience and the mitigation of mood and anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Breit
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Kupferberg
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
The digestion, absorption and utilisation of dietary triglycerides are controlled by gut hormones, released from enteroendocrine cells along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. Major players in the detection of ingested lipids are the free fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4, which are highly expressed on enteroendocrine cells. These receptors are activated when free fatty acids (FFA) are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium, and provide a dynamic hormonal signal indicating that lipids are arriving in the bloodstream from the gut. This review addresses our current knowledge of how ingested triglycerides modulate gut hormone release via FFA1 and FFA4.
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Ohsawa K, Uchida N, Ohki K, Yokogoshi H. Identification of peptides present in sour milk whey that ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:33-45. [PMID: 28535697 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1324564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is treated with cholinesterase inhibitors that slow cognitive decline but cause significant adverse effects. Functional foods that improve memory without such effects would therefore be valuable. We reported that unidentified components of sour milk whey produced by fermentations using Lactobacillus helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae improved memory in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Here, we show that casein-derived peptides were the most active components of orally administered fractions of this milk product. Of five peptides tested, β-casein (residues 73-91) was the most effective for ameliorating scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits, as indicated by a significantly higher percentage of alternations of mice orally administered 0.05 nmol/kg peptide (58.0 ± 9.3%) versus vehicle (51.0 ± 5.8%). This orally active peptide may improve cognitive function of patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Ohsawa
- a Research & Development Center , Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd , Sagamihara , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Naoto Uchida
- a Research & Development Center , Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd , Sagamihara , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kohji Ohki
- b Research & Development Section , Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hidehiko Yokogoshi
- c Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences , College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University , Kasugai , Aichi , Japan
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Vallöf D, Ulenius L, Egecioglu E, Engel JA, Jerlhag E. Central administration of the anorexigenic peptide neuromedin U decreases alcohol intake and attenuates alcohol-induced reward in rodents. Addict Biol 2017; 22:640-651. [PMID: 26769653 PMCID: PMC6680249 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
By investigating the neurochemical mechanisms through which alcohol activates the brain reward systems, novel treatment strategies for alcohol use disorder (AUD), a chronic relapsing disease, can be developed. In contrast to the common view of the function of gut-brain peptides, such as neuromedin U (NMU), to regulate food intake and appetite, a novel role in reinforcement mediation has been implied. The anorexigenic effects of NMU are mediated via NMU2 receptors, preferably in the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. The expression of NMU2 receptors is also expressed in several reward-related areas in the brain, suggesting a role in reward regulation. The present experiments were therefore set up to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of NMU on alcohol-mediated behaviors in rodents. We found that central administration of NMU attenuated alcohol-induced locomotor stimulation, accumbal dopamine release and the expression of conditioned place preference in mice. In addition, NMU dose dependently decreased alcohol intake in high, but not in low, alcohol-consuming rats. Central NMU administration did not alter the blood alcohol concentrations nor change the corticosterone levels in rodents. Given that AUD is a major health-care challenge causing an enormous cost to society and novel treatment strategies are warranted, our data suggest that NMU analogues deserve to be evaluated as novel treatment of AUD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vallöf
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lisa Ulenius
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Emil Egecioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Jörgen A. Engel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Auerbach S, Filer D, Reif D, Walker V, Holloway AC, Schlezinger J, Srinivasan S, Svoboda D, Judson R, Bucher JR, Thayer KA. Prioritizing Environmental Chemicals for Obesity and Diabetes Outcomes Research: A Screening Approach Using ToxCast™ High-Throughput Data. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1141-54. [PMID: 26978842 PMCID: PMC4977057 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and obesity are major threats to public health in the United States and abroad. Understanding the role that chemicals in our environment play in the development of these conditions is an emerging issue in environmental health, although identifying and prioritizing chemicals for testing beyond those already implicated in the literature is challenging. This review is intended to help researchers generate hypotheses about chemicals that may contribute to diabetes and to obesity-related health outcomes by summarizing relevant findings from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast™ high-throughput screening (HTS) program. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to develop new hypotheses around environmental chemicals of potential interest for diabetes- or obesity-related outcomes using high-throughput screening data. METHODS We identified ToxCast™ assay targets relevant to several biological processes related to diabetes and obesity (insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue, pancreatic islet and β cell function, adipocyte differentiation, and feeding behavior) and presented chemical screening data against those assay targets to identify chemicals of potential interest. DISCUSSION The results of this screening-level analysis suggest that the spectrum of environmental chemicals to consider in research related to diabetes and obesity is much broader than indicated by research papers and reviews published in the peer-reviewed literature. Testing hypotheses based on ToxCast™ data will also help assess the predictive utility of this HTS platform. CONCLUSIONS More research is required to put these screening-level analyses into context, but the information presented in this review should facilitate the development of new hypotheses. CITATION Auerbach S, Filer D, Reif D, Walker V, Holloway AC, Schlezinger J, Srinivasan S, Svoboda D, Judson R, Bucher JR, Thayer KA. 2016. Prioritizing environmental chemicals for obesity and diabetes outcomes research: a screening approach using ToxCast™ high-throughput data. Environ Health Perspect 124:1141-1154; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510456.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dayne Filer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vickie Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison C. Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel Svoboda
- SciOme, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R. Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina A. Thayer
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Haass-Koffler CL, Giovenco DE, Lee MR, Zywiak WH, de la Monte SM, Kenna GA, Swift RM, Leggio L. Serum Insulin Levels Are Reduced by Intravenous Ghrelin Administration but Do Not Correlate with Alcohol Craving in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw048. [PMID: 27207912 PMCID: PMC5091823 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports a role for appetite-regulating pathways like ghrelin, insulin, and leptin in alcoholism. We previously reported that intravenous (i.v.) exogenous ghrelin increases alcohol craving. We also reported i.v. ghrelin reduces endogenous serum leptin, whose levels, in turn, negatively correlated with alcohol craving. Exogenous ghrelin administration decreases insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo experiments. This study tested the hypothesis that i.v. ghrelin may also decrease endogenous serum insulin levels in alcoholic individuals. Additionally, we explored possible correlations between serum insulin and alcohol craving, since a correlation between insulin and alcohol craving was previously reported. METHODS This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study ( n =43). Non-treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent, heavy drinkers were randomized to receive i.v. ghrelin or placebo, followed by an alcohol cue-reactivity procedure. RESULTS There was a main effect for i.v. ghrelin, compared to placebo in reducing serum insulin ( P <.05). There was also a time effect ( P <.001) but not ghrelin x time interaction ( P >.05). We did not find a correlation between the reduction of serum insulin and alcohol craving ( P >.05). The change in serum insulin was consistent with a parallel reduction in serum connective-peptide in the ghrelin group compared with placebo, although this difference did not reach statistical significance ( P =.076). No similar effects were found for other glucose-regulating hormones analyzed i.e. glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, and gastric inhibitory peptide ( P s>.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate i.v. ghrelin administration has an effect on reducing serum insulin in alcohol-dependent individuals; however, the reduction of insulin did not correlate with changes in alcohol cue-elicited craving. We speculate that, unlike for leptin, the interactions between ghrelin and insulin relationship are limited at the peripheral level. However, mechanistic studies are needed to investigate this hypothesis.
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Krieger JP, Langhans W, Lee SJ. Vagal mediation of GLP-1's effects on food intake and glycemia. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:372-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
The enteroendocrine system orchestrates how the body responds to the ingestion of foods, employing a diversity of hormones to fine-tune a wide range of physiological responses both within and outside the gut. Recent interest in gut hormones has surged with the realization that they modulate glucose tolerance and food intake through a variety of mechanisms, and such hormones are therefore excellent therapeutic candidates for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Characterizing the roles and functions of different enteroendocrine cells is an essential step in understanding the physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics of the gut-brain-pancreas axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
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Allison DB, Bassaganya-Riera J, Burlingame B, Brown AW, le Coutre J, Dickson SL, van Eden W, Garssen J, Hontecillas R, Khoo CSH, Knorr D, Kussmann M, Magistretti PJ, Mehta T, Meule A, Rychlik M, Vögele C. Goals in Nutrition Science 2015-2020. Front Nutr 2015; 2:26. [PMID: 26442272 PMCID: PMC4563164 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David B Allison
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Barbara Burlingame
- Deakin University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; American University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrew W Brown
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Johannes le Coutre
- Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne , Switzerland ; Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan ; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Chor San H Khoo
- North American Branch of International Life Sciences Institute , Washington, DC , USA
| | | | - Martin Kussmann
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland ; Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal , Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Tapan Mehta
- Department of Health Services Administration, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Claus Vögele
- Research Unit INSIDE, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
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Haass-Koffler CL, Aoun EG, Swift RM, de la Monte SM, Kenna GA, Leggio L. Leptin levels are reduced by intravenous ghrelin administration and correlated with cue-induced alcohol craving. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e646. [PMID: 26418274 PMCID: PMC5545639 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the role of appetite-regulating pathways, including ghrelin and leptin, in alcoholism. This study tested the hypothesis that intravenous exogenous ghrelin administration acutely decreases endogenous serum leptin levels, and that changes in leptin levels negatively correlate with alcohol craving. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study. Non-treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent, heavy drinkers (n=45) were randomized to receive intravenous ghrelin or placebo, followed by a cue-reactivity procedure, during which participants were exposed to neutral (juice) and alcohol trial cues. There was a main effect for intravenous ghrelin administration, compared with placebo, in reducing serum leptin levels (P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed significant differences in serum leptin levels at the alcohol trial (P<0.05) that persisted at the end of the experiment (P<0.05). By contrast, there were no significant differences in serum leptin levels at the juice trial (P=not significant (NS)). The change of serum leptin level at the alcohol trial correlated with the increase in alcohol urge (P<0.05), whereas urge to drink juice was not correlated with the leptin change at the juice trial (P=NS). These findings provide preliminary evidence of ghrelin-leptin cross-talk in alcoholic individuals and suggest that their relationship may have a role in alcohol craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Haass-Koffler
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - E G Aoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R M Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - S M de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - G A Kenna
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330) MSC 1108, Room 1-5429, Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA. E-mail:
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Pinheiro C, Moura E, Manhães A, Fraga M, Claudio-Neto S, Abreu-Villaça Y, Oliveira E, Lisboa P. Concurrent maternal and pup postnatal tobacco smoke exposure in Wistar rats changes food preference and dopaminergic reward system parameters in the adult male offspring. Neuroscience 2015; 301:178-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Smith RM, Klein R, Kruzliak P, Zulli A. Role of Peptide YY in blood vessel function and atherosclerosis in a rabbit model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:648-52. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Smith
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management (CCDPM); College of Health & Biomedicine; Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Rudi Klein
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management (CCDPM); College of Health & Biomedicine; Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center; St. Anne′s University Hospital and Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management (CCDPM); College of Health & Biomedicine; Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Perello M, Dickson SL. Ghrelin signalling on food reward: a salient link between the gut and the mesolimbic system. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:424-34. [PMID: 25377898 PMCID: PMC5033008 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
'Hunger is the best spice' is an old and wise saying that acknowledges the fact that almost any food tastes better when we are hungry. The neurobiological underpinnings of this lore include activation of the brain's reward system and the stimulation of this system by the hunger-promoting hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin is produced largely from the stomach and levels are higher preprandially. The ghrelin receptor is expressed in many brain areas important for feeding control, including not only the hypothalamic nuclei involved in energy balance regulation, but also reward-linked areas such as the ventral tegmental area. By targeting the mesoaccumbal dopamine neurones of the ventral tegmental area, ghrelin recruits pathways important for food reward-related behaviours that show overlap with but are also distinct from those important for food intake. We review a variety of studies that support the notion that ghrelin signalling at the level of the mesolimbic system is one of the key molecular substrates that provides a physiological signal connecting gut and reward pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research CommissionProvince of Buenos Aires (CIC‐PBA)]La PlataBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - S. L. Dickson
- Department of Physiology/EndocrinologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Correspondence to: H. Anisman, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa ON K1S 5B6;
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Yang BY, Tian ZB, Shan XZ, Li XY, Wei LZ, Zhao QX, Sun GR. Expression of nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 in gastrointestinal tissues of people. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2486-2492. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i17.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin-1 protein in gastric fundus, body, antrum and colonic mucosa of simple obese people and normal-weight people, and to analyze the differences in the distribution of nesfatin-1 positive immune cells between different gastric areas and between gastric areas and the colon.
METHODS: A total of 191 specimens were obtained from 96 obese people and 95 normal-weight people without chronic diseases, who received gastroscopy or enteroscopy. The specimens were collected from gastric fundus, body, antrum and colonic mucosa. The expression of NUCB2 mRNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein in the normal mucosa specimens from 48 patients with gastric cancer and 16 with colon cancer after surgical treatment was detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The expression levels of NUCB2 mRNA in the gastric fundus, body and antrum of simple obese people were 2.04, 2.17, and 1.83 times higher than those in the normal controls (P = 0.015, 0.006, 0.009). However, the expression levels of NUCB2 mRNA in the colonic mucosa showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.069). The expression levels of NUCB2 mRNA in the gastric fundus, body and antrum mucosa of normal people were 2.64, 2.73, and 1.57 times higher than those in the colonic mucosa (P = 0.013, 0.005, 0.018), while the expression levels of NUCB2 mRNA in the gastric fundus, body and antrum mucosa of simple obese people were 2.76, 2.79, and 1.74 times higher than those in the colonic mucosa (P = 0.015, 0.009, 0.025). However, the expression level of NUCB2 mRNA in the gastric fundus and body showed no significant differences between simple obese people and normal people. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the similar distribution pattern of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the lower 1/3 to 2/3 of the gastric mucosal glands. The expression levels of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein in gastric fundus, body and antrum were significantly increased in simple obese people compared with normal people.
CONCLUSION: NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is widely expressed in gastrointestinal tissues of people, and the expression of NUCB2 mRNA and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein is up-regulated in simple obese people. The expression of NUCB2 mRNA in the gastric fundus and body is higher than that in the antrum.
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Lee CY, Abizaid A. The gut-brain-axis as a target to treat stress-induced obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 25101055 PMCID: PMC4102906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chooi Yeng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- *Correspondence:
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Feelings about food: the ventral tegmental area in food reward and emotional eating. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 35:31-40. [PMID: 24332673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of high caloric food plays an important role in the etiology of obesity. Several factors drive such hedonic feeding. High caloric food is often palatable. In addition, when an individual is sated, stress and food-related cues can serve as potent feeding triggers. A better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of food palatability and environmentally triggered overconsumption would aid the development of new treatment strategies. In the current review we address the pivotal role of the mesolimbic dopamine reward system in the drive towards high caloric palatable food and its relation to stress- and cue-induced feeding. We also discuss how this system may be affected by both established and potential anti-obesity drug targets.
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