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Olgiati E, Violante IR, Xu S, Sinclair TG, Li LM, Crow JN, Kapsetaki ME, Calvo R, Li K, Nayar M, Grossman N, Patel MC, Wise RJS, Malhotra PA. Targeted non-invasive brain stimulation boosts attention and modulates contralesional brain networks following right hemisphere stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 42:103599. [PMID: 38608376 PMCID: PMC11019269 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Right hemisphere stroke patients frequently present with a combination of lateralised and non-lateralised attentional deficits characteristic of the neglect syndrome. Attentional deficits are associated with poor functional outcome and are challenging to treat, with non-lateralised deficits often persisting into the chronic stage and representing a common complaint among patients and families. In this study, we investigated the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on non-lateralised attentional deficits in right-hemispheric stroke. In a randomised double-blind sham-controlled crossover study, twenty-two patients received real and sham transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) whilst performing a non-lateralised attentional task. A high definition tDCS montage guided by stimulation modelling was employed to maximise current delivery over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a key node in the vigilance network. In a parallel study, we examined brain network response to this tDCS montage by carrying out concurrent fMRI during stimulation in healthy participants and patients. At the group level, stimulation improved target detection in patients, reducing overall error rate when compared with sham stimulation. TDCS boosted performance throughout the duration of the task, with its effects briefly outlasting stimulation cessation. Exploratory lesion analysis indicated that response to stimulation was related to lesion location rather than volume. In particular, reduced stimulation response was associated with damage to the thalamus and postcentral gyrus. Concurrent stimulation-fMRI revealed that tDCS did not affect local connectivity but influenced functional connectivity within large-scale networks in the contralesional hemisphere. This combined behavioural and functional imaging approach shows that brain stimulation targeted to surviving tissue in the ipsilesional hemisphere improves non-lateralised attentional deficits following stroke. This effect may be exerted via contralesional network effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Olgiati
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK.
| | - Ines R Violante
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, UK
| | - Shuler Xu
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; University College London, UK
| | | | - Lucia M Li
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, London, UK
| | - Jennifer N Crow
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Roberta Calvo
- UTHealth, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, US
| | - Korina Li
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; University College London, UK
| | | | - Nir Grossman
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, London, UK
| | - Maneesh C Patel
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Richard J S Wise
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Paresh A Malhotra
- Imperial College London, Department of Brain Sciences, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, London, UK
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2
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Vinao-Carl M, Gal-Shohet Y, Rhodes E, Li J, Hampshire A, Sharp D, Grossman N. Just a phase? Causal probing reveals spurious phasic dependence of sustained attention. Neuroimage 2024; 285:120477. [PMID: 38072338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a decade, electrophysiological studies have reported correlations between attention / perception and the phase of spontaneous brain oscillations. To date, these findings have been interpreted as evidence that the brain uses neural oscillations to sample and predict upcoming stimuli. Yet, evidence from simulations have shown that analysis artefacts could also lead to spurious pre-stimulus oscillations that appear to predict future brain responses. To address this discrepancy, we conducted an experiment in which visual stimuli were presented in time to specific phases of spontaneous alpha and theta oscillations. This allowed us to causally probe the role of ongoing neural activity in visual processing independent of the stimulus-evoked dynamics. Our findings did not support a causal link between spontaneous alpha / theta rhythms and behaviour. However, spurious correlations between theta phase and behaviour emerged offline using gold-standard time-frequency analyses. These findings are a reminder that care should be taken when inferring causal relationships between neural activity and behaviour using acausal analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vinao-Carl
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Y Gal-Shohet
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - E Rhodes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Li
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre (UK DRI-CRT), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Luff CE, Dzialecka P, Acerbo E, Williamson A, Grossman N. Pulse-width modulated temporal interference (PWM-TI) brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:92-103. [PMID: 38145754 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical stimulation involving temporal interference of two different kHz frequency sinusoidal electric fields (temporal interference (TI)) enables non-invasive deep brain stimulation, by creating an electric field that is amplitude modulated at the slow difference frequency (within the neural range), at the target brain region. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigate temporal interference neural stimulation using square, rather than sinusoidal, electric fields that create an electric field that is pulse-width, but not amplitude, modulated at the difference frequency (pulse-width modulated temporal interference, (PWM-TI)). METHODS/RESULTS We show, using ex-vivo single-cell recordings and in-vivo calcium imaging, that PWM-TI effectively stimulates neural activity at the difference frequency at a similar efficiency to traditional TI. We then demonstrate, using computational modelling, that the PWM stimulation waveform induces amplitude-modulated membrane potential depolarization due to the membrane's intrinsic low-pass filtering property. CONCLUSIONS PWM-TI can effectively drive neural activity at the difference frequency. The PWM-TI mechanism involves converting an envelope amplitude-fixed PWM field to an amplitude-modulated membrane potential via the low-pass filtering of the passive neural membrane. Unveiling the biophysics underpinning the neural response to complex electric fields may facilitate the development of new brain stimulation strategies with improved precision and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Luff
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Dzialecka
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Acerbo
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), INSERM, UMR_1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Williamson
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), INSERM, UMR_1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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Violante IR, Alania K, Cassarà AM, Neufeld E, Acerbo E, Carron R, Williamson A, Kurtin DL, Rhodes E, Hampshire A, Kuster N, Boyden ES, Pascual-Leone A, Grossman N. Publisher Correction: Non-invasive temporal interference electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2252. [PMID: 37957321 PMCID: PMC10689236 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines R Violante
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Ketevan Alania
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonino M Cassarà
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Acerbo
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Romain Carron
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Department of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Adam Williamson
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Danielle L Kurtin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Edward Rhodes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, McGovern and Koch Institutes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Wessel MJ, Beanato E, Popa T, Windel F, Vassiliadis P, Menoud P, Beliaeva V, Violante IR, Abderrahmane H, Dzialecka P, Park CH, Maceira-Elvira P, Morishita T, Cassara AM, Steiner M, Grossman N, Neufeld E, Hummel FC. Noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2005-2016. [PMID: 37857774 PMCID: PMC10620076 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far only been possible with invasive methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, noninvasive technology that might overcome this limitation. The initial proof-of-concept was obtained through modeling, physics experiments and rodent models. Here we show successful noninvasive neuromodulation of the striatum via tTIS in humans using computational modeling, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and behavioral evaluations. Theta-burst patterned striatal tTIS increased activity in the striatum and associated motor network. Furthermore, striatal tTIS enhanced motor performance, especially in healthy older participants as they have lower natural learning skills than younger subjects. These findings place tTIS as an exciting new method to target deep brain structures in humans noninvasively, thus enhancing our understanding of their functional role. Moreover, our results lay the groundwork for innovative, noninvasive treatment strategies for brain disorders in which deep striatal structures play key pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Beanato
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Traian Popa
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Windel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vassiliadis
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Menoud
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Valeriia Beliaeva
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ines R Violante
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Patrycja Dzialecka
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chang-Hyun Park
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Maceira-Elvira
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Antonino M Cassara
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Steiner
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland.
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Violante IR, Alania K, Cassarà AM, Neufeld E, Acerbo E, Carron R, Williamson A, Kurtin DL, Rhodes E, Hampshire A, Kuster N, Boyden ES, Pascual-Leone A, Grossman N. Non-invasive temporal interference electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1994-2004. [PMID: 37857775 PMCID: PMC10620081 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) via implanted electrodes is used worldwide to treat patients with severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its invasiveness precludes widespread clinical use and deployment in research. Temporal interference (TI) is a strategy for non-invasive steerable DBS using multiple kHz-range electric fields with a difference frequency within the range of neural activity. Here we report the validation of the non-invasive DBS concept in humans. We used electric field modeling and measurements in a human cadaver to verify that the locus of the transcranial TI stimulation can be steerably focused in the hippocampus with minimal exposure to the overlying cortex. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral experiments to show that TI stimulation can focally modulate hippocampal activity and enhance the accuracy of episodic memories in healthy humans. Our results demonstrate targeted, non-invasive electrical stimulation of deep structures in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines R Violante
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Ketevan Alania
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonino M Cassarà
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Acerbo
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Romain Carron
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Department of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Adam Williamson
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Danielle L Kurtin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Edward Rhodes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, McGovern and Koch Institutes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Li J, Schreglmann S, Wang D, Peach R, Laurate A, Rhodes E, Panella E, Cassara A, Boyden E, Barahona M, Rothwell J, Bhatia K, Grossman N. Non-invasive suppression of essential tremor via phase-locked disruption of its temporal coherence. Brain Stimul 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Grossman N. Principles, preclinical validation, and mechanism of TI brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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9
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Dzialecka P, Zabouri N, Barnes S, Grossman N. Cortical calcium dynamics evoked by temporal interference (TI) electrical stimulation in vivo. Brain Stimul 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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10
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Acerbo E, Jegou A, Luff C, Dzialecka P, Botzanowski B, Missey F, Ngom I, Lagarde S, Bartolomei F, Cassara A, Neufeld E, Jirsa V, Carron R, Grossman N, Williamson A. Focal non-invasive deep-brain stimulation with temporal interference for the suppression of epileptic biomarkers. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:945221. [PMID: 36061593 PMCID: PMC9431367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.945221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurostimulation applied from deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes is an effective therapeutic intervention in patients suffering from intractable drug-resistant epilepsy when resective surgery is contraindicated or failed. Inhibitory DBS to suppress seizures and associated epileptogenic biomarkers could be performed with high-frequency stimulation (HFS), typically between 100 and 165 Hz, to various deep-seated targets, such as the Mesio-temporal lobe (MTL), which leads to changes in brain rhythms, specifically in the hippocampus. The most prominent alterations concern high-frequency oscillations (HFOs), namely an increase in ripples, a reduction in pathological Fast Ripples (FRs), and a decrease in pathological interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). Materials and methods In the current study, we use Temporal Interference (TI) stimulation to provide a non-invasive DBS (130 Hz) of the MTL, specifically the hippocampus, in both mouse models of epilepsy, and scale the method using human cadavers to demonstrate the potential efficacy in human patients. Simulations for both mice and human heads were performed to calculate the best coordinates to reach the hippocampus. Results This non-invasive DBS increases physiological ripples, and decreases the number of FRs and IEDs in a mouse model of epilepsy. Similarly, we show the inability of 130 Hz transcranial current stimulation (TCS) to achieve similar results. We therefore further demonstrate the translatability to human subjects via measurements of the TI stimulation vs. TCS in human cadavers. Results show a better penetration of TI fields into the human hippocampus as compared with TCS. Significance These results constitute the first proof of the feasibility and efficiency of TI to stimulate at depth an area without impacting the surrounding tissue. The data tend to show the sufficiently focal character of the induced effects and suggest promising therapeutic applications in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Acerbo
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Aude Jegou
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Luff
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Dzialecka
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Botzanowski
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Florian Missey
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Ibrahima Ngom
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislas Lagarde
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
- Department of Epileptology, APHM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
- Department of Epileptology, APHM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Antonino Cassara
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Carron
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
- Department of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Williamson
- Aix Marseille University:, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Adam Williamson, ;
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Wessel MJ, Beanato E, Popa T, Windel F, Menoud P, Beliaeva V, Vassiliadis PT, Grossman N, Neufeld E, Hummel FC. Evidence for temporal interference (TI) stimulation effects on motor striatum. Brain Stimul 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Schreglmann S, Wang D, Peach R, Li J, Zhang X, Latorre A, Rhodes E, Panella E, Boyden E, Barahona M, Santaniello S, Rothwell J, Bhatia K, Grossman N. FV 12. Non-invasive Suppression of Essential Tremor via Phase-Locked Disruption of its Temporal Coherence. Clin Neurophysiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sunshine MD, Cassarà AM, Neufeld E, Grossman N, Mareci TH, Otto KJ, Boyden ES, Fuller DD. Restoration of breathing after opioid overdose and spinal cord injury using temporal interference stimulation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:107. [PMID: 33495588 PMCID: PMC7835220 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory insufficiency is a leading cause of death due to drug overdose or neuromuscular disease. We hypothesized that a stimulation paradigm using temporal interference (TI) could restore breathing in such conditions. Following opioid overdose in rats, two high frequency (5000 Hz and 5001 Hz), low amplitude waveforms delivered via intramuscular wires in the neck immediately activated the diaphragm and restored ventilation in phase with waveform offset (1 Hz or 60 breaths/min). Following cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), TI stimulation via dorsally placed epidural electrodes uni- or bilaterally activated the diaphragm depending on current and electrode position. In silico modeling indicated that an interferential signal in the ventral spinal cord predicted the evoked response (left versus right diaphragm) and current-ratio-based steering. We conclude that TI stimulation can activate spinal motor neurons after SCI and prevent fatal apnea during drug overdose by restoring ventilation with minimally invasive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Sunshine
- Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Antonino M Cassarà
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), 8004, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), 8004, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nir Grossman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Mareci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kevin J Otto
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, McGovern and Koch Institutes, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Schreglmann SR, Wang D, Peach RL, Li J, Zhang X, Latorre A, Rhodes E, Panella E, Cassara AM, Boyden ES, Barahona M, Santaniello S, Rothwell J, Bhatia KP, Grossman N. Non-invasive suppression of essential tremor via phase-locked disruption of its temporal coherence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:363. [PMID: 33441542 PMCID: PMC7806740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neural oscillations hallmark numerous brain disorders. Here, we first report a method to track the phase of neural oscillations in real-time via endpoint-corrected Hilbert transform (ecHT) that mitigates the characteristic Gibbs distortion. We then used ecHT to show that the aberrant neural oscillation that hallmarks essential tremor (ET) syndrome, the most common adult movement disorder, can be transiently suppressed via transcranial electrical stimulation of the cerebellum phase-locked to the tremor. The tremor suppression is sustained shortly after the end of the stimulation and can be phenomenologically predicted. Finally, we use feature-based statistical-learning and neurophysiological-modelling to show that the suppression of ET is mechanistically attributed to a disruption of the temporal coherence of the aberrant oscillations in the olivocerebellar loop, thus establishing its causal role. The suppression of aberrant neural oscillation via phase-locked driven disruption of temporal coherence may in the future represent a powerful neuromodulatory strategy to treat brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian R Schreglmann
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Queen Square, University College London (UCL), London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Wang
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- NuVu studio Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert L Peach
- Department of Mathematics and EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Junheng Li
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Xu Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- CT Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Anna Latorre
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Queen Square, University College London (UCL), London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Edward Rhodes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Emanuele Panella
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonino M Cassara
- IT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Department of Media Arts and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Centre for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- Department of Mathematics and EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sabato Santaniello
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- CT Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - John Rothwell
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Queen Square, University College London (UCL), London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Queen Square, University College London (UCL), London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Department of Media Arts and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Grossman N. 16 Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via delivery of temporally interfering electric fields. J Neurol Psychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Nir is a Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at Imperial College London and a founding fellow of the UK Dementia Research Institute (UK-DRI). The long-term goal of his research is to develop neuromodulatory interventions for neurodegenerative diseases by direct modulation of the underlying aberrant network activity. Nir received a BSc in Physics from the Israeli Institute of Technology (Technion), an MSc in Electromagnetic Engineering from the Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, and a PhD in Neuroscience from Imperial College London. He then completed a postdoc training, as a Wellcome Trust Fellow, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University. Nir was recently awarded the prestige prize for Neuromodulation from the Science magazine for describing how temporal interfering of kHz electric fields can non-invasively stimulate focal neural structures deep in the brain.Electrical brain stimulation is a key technique in research and clinical neuroscience studies, and also is in increasingly widespread use from a therapeutic standpoint. However, to date all methods of electrical stimulation of the brain either require surgery to implant an electrode at a defined site, or involve the application of non-focal electric fields to large fractions of the brain. We report a noninvasive strategy for electrically stimulating neurons at depth. By delivering to the brain multiple electric fields at frequencies too high to recruit neural firing, but which differ by a frequency within the dynamic range of neural firing, we can electrically stimulate neurons throughout a region where interference between the multiple fields results in a prominent electric field envelope modulated at the difference frequency. We validated this temporal interference (TI) concept via modeling and physics experiments, and verified that neurons in the living mouse brain could follow the electric field envelope. We demonstrate the utility of TI stimulation by stimulating neurons in the hippocampus of living mice without recruiting neurons of the overlying cortex. Finally, we show that by altering the currents delivered to a set of immobile electrodes, we can steerably evoke different motor patterns in living mice.
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Beppi C, Violante IR, Hampshire A, Grossman N, Sandrone S. Patterns of Focal- and Large-Scale Synchronization in Cognitive Control and Inhibition: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:196. [PMID: 32670035 PMCID: PMC7330107 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural synchronization patterns are involved in several complex cognitive functions and constitute a growing trend in neuroscience research. While synchrony patterns in working memory have been extensively discussed, a complete understanding of their role in cognitive control and inhibition is still elusive. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on synchronization patterns underlying behavioral inhibition, extrapolating common grounds, and dissociating features with other inhibitory functions. Moreover, we suggest a schematic conceptual framework and highlight existing gaps in the literature, current methodological challenges, and compelling research questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beppi
- Neuroscience Center Zürich (ZNZ), University of Zürich (UZH) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ines R. Violante
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Sandrone
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Center for Neurological Diseases, Program in Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Mirza KB, Alenda A, Eftekhar A, Grossman N, Nikolic K, Bloom SR, Toumazou C. Influence of Cholecystokinin-8 on Compound Nerve Action Potentials from Ventral Gastric Vagus in Rats. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850006. [PMID: 29631504 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has shown great promise as a potential therapy for a number of conditions, such as epilepsy, depression and for Neurometabolic Therapies, especially for treating obesity. The objective of this study was to characterize the left ventral subdiaphragmatic gastric trunk of vagus nerve (SubDiaGVN) and to analyze the influence of intravenous injection of gut hormone cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on compound nerve action potential (CNAP) observed on the same branch, with the aim of understanding the impact of hormones on VNS and incorporating the methods and results into closed loop implant design. METHODS The cervical region of the left vagus nerve (CerVN) of male Wistar rats was stimulated with electric current and the elicited CNAPs were recorded on the SubDiaGVN under four different conditions: Control (no injection), Saline, CCK1 (100[Formula: see text]pmol/kg) and CCK2 (1000[Formula: see text]pmol/kg) injections. RESULTS We identified the presence of A[Formula: see text], B, C1, C2, C3 and C4 fibers with their respective velocity ranges. Intravenous administration of CCK in vivo results in selective, statistically significant reduction of CNAP components originating from A and B fibers, but with no discernible effect on the C fibers in [Formula: see text] animals. The affected CNAP components exhibit statistically significant ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) higher normalized stimulation thresholds. CONCLUSION This approach of characterizing the vagus nerve can be used in closed loop systems to determine when to initiate VNS and also to tune the stimulation dose, which is patient-specific and changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid B Mirza
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrea Alenda
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amir Eftekhar
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nir Grossman
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- † Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christofer Toumazou
- * Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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21
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Grossman N, Bono D, Dedic N, Kodandaramaiah SB, Rudenko A, Suk HJ, Cassara AM, Neufeld E, Kuster N, Tsai LH, Pascual-Leone A, Boyden ES. Noninvasive Deep Brain Stimulation via Temporally Interfering Electric Fields. Cell 2017; 169:1029-1041.e16. [PMID: 28575667 PMCID: PMC5520675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a noninvasive strategy for electrically stimulating neurons at depth. By delivering to the brain multiple electric fields at frequencies too high to recruit neural firing, but which differ by a frequency within the dynamic range of neural firing, we can electrically stimulate neurons throughout a region where interference between the multiple fields results in a prominent electric field envelope modulated at the difference frequency. We validated this temporal interference (TI) concept via modeling and physics experiments, and verified that neurons in the living mouse brain could follow the electric field envelope. We demonstrate the utility of TI stimulation by stimulating neurons in the hippocampus of living mice without recruiting neurons of the overlying cortex. Finally, we show that by altering the currents delivered to a set of immobile electrodes, we can steerably evoke different motor patterns in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 0AZ London, UK
| | - David Bono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nina Dedic
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrii Rudenko
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, City College of the City University of York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ho-Jun Suk
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Antonino M Cassara
- IT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- IT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Bouchard M, Fortin-Langelier E, Frenette S, Cyr G, Latreille C, Lina J, Grossman N, Carrier J. 0286 IS TRANSCRANIAL ALTERNATING CURRENT STIMULATION (TACS) AN EFFECTIVE TOOL TO ENTRAIN SPINDLES DURING SLEEP IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS? Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Grossman N. Physical Properties, Application, and Case Histories of Polyurethane Elastomeric Coatings Used for Protection of Sprayed Polyurethane Rigid Foam Insulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/109719638801100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Grossman
- Technical Consultant United Coatings Spokane, WA
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Baldauf D, Grossman N, Hu AM, Boyden E, Desimone R. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) reveals causal role of brain oscillations in visual attention. J Vis 2016. [DOI: 10.1167/16.12.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Adamson P, Ader C, Andrews M, Anfimov N, Anghel I, Arms K, Arrieta-Diaz E, Aurisano A, Ayres DS, Backhouse C, Baird M, Bambah BA, Bays K, Bernstein R, Betancourt M, Bhatnagar V, Bhuyan B, Bian J, Biery K, Blackburn T, Bocean V, Bogert D, Bolshakova A, Bowden M, Bower C, Broemmelsiek D, Bromberg C, Brunetti G, Bu X, Butkevich A, Capista D, Catano-Mur E, Chase TR, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Chowdhury B, Coan TE, Coelho JAB, Colo M, Cooper J, Corwin L, Cronin-Hennessy D, Cunningham A, Davies GS, Davies JP, Del Tutto M, Derwent PF, Deepthi KN, Demuth D, Desai S, Deuerling G, Devan A, Dey J, Dharmapalan R, Ding P, Dixon S, Djurcic Z, Dukes EC, Duyang H, Ehrlich R, Feldman GJ, Felt N, Fenyves EJ, Flumerfelt E, Foulkes S, Frank MJ, Freeman W, Gabrielyan M, Gallagher HR, Gebhard M, Ghosh T, Gilbert W, Giri A, Goadhouse S, Gomes RA, Goodenough L, Goodman MC, Grichine V, Grossman N, Group R, Grudzinski J, Guarino V, Guo B, Habig A, Handler T, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Hatzikoutelis A, Heller K, Howcroft C, Huang J, Huang X, Hylen J, Ishitsuka M, Jediny F, Jensen C, Jensen D, Johnson C, Jostlein H, Kafka GK, Kamyshkov Y, Kasahara SMS, Kasetti S, Kephart K, Koizumi G, Kotelnikov S, Kourbanis I, Krahn Z, Kravtsov V, Kreymer A, Kulenberg C, Kumar A, Kutnink T, Kwarciancy R, Kwong J, Lang K, Lee A, Lee WM, Lee K, Lein S, Liu J, Lokajicek M, Lozier J, Lu Q, Lucas P, Luchuk S, Lukens P, Lukhanin G, Magill S, Maan K, Mann WA, Marshak ML, Martens M, Martincik J, Mason P, Matera K, Mathis M, Matveev V, Mayer N, McCluskey E, Mehdiyev R, Merritt H, Messier MD, Meyer H, Miao T, Michael D, Mikheyev SP, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Mohanta R, Moren A, Mualem L, Muether M, Mufson S, Musser J, Newman HB, Nelson JK, Niner E, Norman A, Nowak J, Oksuzian Y, Olshevskiy A, Oliver J, Olson T, Paley J, Pandey P, Para A, Patterson RB, Pawloski G, Pearson N, Perevalov D, Pershey D, Peterson E, Petti R, Phan-Budd S, Piccoli L, Pla-Dalmau A, Plunkett RK, Poling R, Potukuchi B, Psihas F, Pushka D, Qiu X, Raddatz N, Radovic A, Rameika RA, Ray R, Rebel B, Rechenmacher R, Reed B, Reilly R, Rocco D, Rodkin D, Ruddick K, Rusack R, Ryabov V, Sachdev K, Sahijpal S, Sahoo H, Samoylov O, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schlabach P, Schneps J, Schroeter R, Sepulveda-Quiroz J, Shanahan P, Sherwood B, Sheshukov A, Singh J, Singh V, Smith A, Smith D, Smolik J, Solomey N, Sotnikov A, Sousa A, Soustruznik K, Stenkin Y, Strait M, Suter L, Talaga RL, Tamsett MC, Tariq S, Tas P, Tesarek RJ, Thayyullathil RB, Thomsen K, Tian X, Tognini SC, Toner R, Trevor J, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Valerio L, Vinton L, Vrba T, Waldron AV, Wang B, Wang Z, Weber A, Wehmann A, Whittington D, Wilcer N, Wildberger R, Wildman D, Williams K, Wojcicki SG, Wood K, Xiao M, Xin T, Yadav N, Yang S, Zadorozhnyy S, Zalesak J, Zamorano B, Zhao A, Zirnstein J, Zwaska R. First Measurement of Electron Neutrino Appearance in NOvA. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:151806. [PMID: 27127961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.151806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report results from the first search for ν_{μ}→ν_{e} transitions by the NOvA experiment. In an exposure equivalent to 2.74×10^{20} protons on target in the upgraded NuMI beam at Fermilab, we observe 6 events in the Far Detector, compared to a background expectation of 0.99±0.11(syst) events based on the Near Detector measurement. A secondary analysis observes 11 events with a background of 1.07±0.14(syst). The 3.3σ excess of events observed in the primary analysis disfavors 0.1π<δ_{CP}<0.5π in the inverted mass hierarchy at the 90% C.L.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Ader
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Andrews
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - N Anfimov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - I Anghel
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - K Arms
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - E Arrieta-Diaz
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - A Aurisano
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - D S Ayres
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - C Backhouse
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Baird
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - B A Bambah
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - K Bays
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Bernstein
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Betancourt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Bhatnagar
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - B Bhuyan
- Department of Physics, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - J Bian
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - K Biery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Blackburn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - V Bocean
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Bogert
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Bolshakova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - M Bowden
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Bower
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - D Broemmelsiek
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Bromberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G Brunetti
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - X Bu
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Butkevich
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - D Capista
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - E Catano-Mur
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - T R Chase
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Childress
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B C Choudhary
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - B Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - T E Coan
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - J A B Coelho
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - M Colo
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - J Cooper
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - L Corwin
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - D Cronin-Hennessy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Cunningham
- Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688, USA
| | - G S Davies
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - J P Davies
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Del Tutto
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P F Derwent
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K N Deepthi
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - D Demuth
- Math, Science and Technology Department, University of Minnesota-Crookston, Crookston, Minnesota 56716, USA
| | - S Desai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - G Deuerling
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Devan
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - J Dey
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Dharmapalan
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - P Ding
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Dixon
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Z Djurcic
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E C Dukes
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - H Duyang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - R Ehrlich
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - G J Feldman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Felt
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E J Fenyves
- Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688, USA
| | - E Flumerfelt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - S Foulkes
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M J Frank
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - W Freeman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Gabrielyan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - H R Gallagher
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - M Gebhard
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - T Ghosh
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiánia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - W Gilbert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Giri
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502 205, India
| | - S Goadhouse
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - R A Gomes
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiánia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - L Goodenough
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M C Goodman
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - V Grichine
- Nuclear Physics Department, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prospect 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N Grossman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Group
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - J Grudzinski
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - V Guarino
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - B Guo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - A Habig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - T Handler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - J Hartnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - R Hatcher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Hatzikoutelis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - K Heller
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C Howcroft
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - X Huang
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Hylen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Ishitsuka
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - F Jediny
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - C Jensen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Jensen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C Johnson
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H Jostlein
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G K Kafka
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Kamyshkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - S M S Kasahara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Kasetti
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - K Kephart
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G Koizumi
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Kotelnikov
- Nuclear Physics Department, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prospect 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I Kourbanis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Z Krahn
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Kravtsov
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - A Kreymer
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Ch Kulenberg
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - T Kutnink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - R Kwarciancy
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Kwong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - K Lang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A Lee
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - W M Lee
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K Lee
- Physics and Astronomy Department, UCLA, Box 951547, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - S Lein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - M Lokajicek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Lozier
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Q Lu
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Lucas
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Luchuk
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - P Lukens
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G Lukhanin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Magill
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - K Maan
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - W A Mann
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - M L Marshak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - M Martens
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Martincik
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - P Mason
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - K Matera
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Mathis
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - V Matveev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - N Mayer
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - E McCluskey
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Mehdiyev
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H Merritt
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - M D Messier
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H Meyer
- Physics Division, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmout Street, Wichita, Kansas 67220, USA
| | - T Miao
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Michael
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S P Mikheyev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - W H Miller
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S R Mishra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - R Mohanta
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - A Moren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - L Mualem
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Muether
- Physics Division, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmout Street, Wichita, Kansas 67220, USA
| | - S Mufson
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - J Musser
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - H B Newman
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J K Nelson
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - E Niner
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - A Norman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Nowak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Y Oksuzian
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - A Olshevskiy
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - J Oliver
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - T Olson
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - J Paley
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Pandey
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - A Para
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R B Patterson
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Pawloski
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - N Pearson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Perevalov
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Pershey
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - E Peterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - R Petti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - S Phan-Budd
- Department of Physics, Winona State University, P.O. Box 5838, Winona, Minnesota 55987, USA
| | - L Piccoli
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Pla-Dalmau
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R K Plunkett
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Poling
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - B Potukuchi
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180 006 Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - F Psihas
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - D Pushka
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - X Qiu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Raddatz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Radovic
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - R A Rameika
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Ray
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Rebel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Rechenmacher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Reed
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - R Reilly
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Rocco
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Rodkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - K Ruddick
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - R Rusack
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Ryabov
- Nuclear Physics Department, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prospect 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K Sachdev
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Sahijpal
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - H Sahoo
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - O Samoylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - M C Sanchez
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - N Saoulidou
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Schlabach
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Schneps
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - R Schroeter
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Sepulveda-Quiroz
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - P Shanahan
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Sherwood
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Sheshukov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - J Singh
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 106 014, India
| | - V Singh
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - A Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Smith
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - J Smolik
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - N Solomey
- Physics Division, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmout Street, Wichita, Kansas 67220, USA
| | - A Sotnikov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joliot-Curie, 6 Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - A Sousa
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - K Soustruznik
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Y Stenkin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - M Strait
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - L Suter
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R L Talaga
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M C Tamsett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - S Tariq
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Tas
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R J Tesarek
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R B Thayyullathil
- Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
| | - K Thomsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - X Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - S C Tognini
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiánia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - R Toner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Trevor
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Tzanakos
- Department of Physics, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - J Urheim
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - P Vahle
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - L Valerio
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - L Vinton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - T Vrba
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - A V Waldron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - B Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - A Weber
- Subdepartment of Particle Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - A Wehmann
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | | | - N Wilcer
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Wildberger
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Wildman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K Williams
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S G Wojcicki
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Wood
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Xiao
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - N Yadav
- Department of Physics, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - S Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - S Zadorozhnyy
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a 60th October Anniversary Prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - J Zalesak
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Zamorano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Zhao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Zirnstein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - R Zwaska
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Nikolic K, Jarvis S, Grossman N, Schultz S. Computational models of optogenetic tools for controlling neural circuits with light. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2013:5934-7. [PMID: 24111090 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a new neurotechnology innovation based on the creation of light sensitivity of neurons using gene technologies and remote light activation. Optogenetics allows for the first time straightforward targeted neural stimulation with practically no interference between multiple stimulation points since either light beam can be finely confined or the expression of light sensitive ion channels and pumps can be genetically targeted. Here we present a generalised computational modeling technique for various types of optogenetic mechanisms, which was implemented in the NEURON simulation environment. It was demonstrated on the example of a two classical mechanisms for cells optical activation and silencing: channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR).We theoretically investigate the dynamics of the neural response of a layer 5 cortical pyramidal neuron (L5) to four different types of illuminations: 1) wide-field whole cell illumination 2) wide-field apical dendritic illumination 3) focal somatic illumination and 4) focal axon initial segment (AIS) illumination. We show that whole-cell illumination of halorhodopsin most effectively hyperpolarizes the neuron and is able to silence the cell even when driving input is present. However, when channelrhodopsin-2 and halorhodopsin are concurrently active, the relative location of each illumination determines whether the response is modulated with a balance towards depolarization. The methodology developed in this study will be significant to interpret and design optogenetic experiments and in the field of neuroengineering in general.
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Manoli Z, Grossman N, Samaras T. Theoretical investigation of transcranial alternating current stimulation using realistic head model. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013; 2012:4156-9. [PMID: 23366843 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACs) is an important new technique that allows to modulate non-invasively high-order cortical processes. The underlying mechanisms of activation of this brain stimulation technique are still poorly understood. Herein, we use a finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique to investigate the penetration and focality of tACs in comparison to a time invariant (DC) stimulation. We show that stimulation using 10 Hz generates cerebral fields that are larger (× 2.5) and more focused than DC stimulation and that faster oscillating stimuli of 100 Hz and 1000 Hz, generate smaller and less focused cerebral fields than 10 Hz. The outcomes of this study may help tACs users to design better protocols and interpret experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Manoli
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Fiorentini GA, Schmitz DW, Rodrigues PA, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Baldin B, Baumbaugh A, Bodek A, Boehnlein D, Boyd S, Bradford R, Brooks WK, Budd H, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo DA, Castromonte CM, Christy ME, Chung H, Chvojka J, Clark M, da Motta H, Damiani DS, Danko I, Datta M, Day M, DeMaat R, Devan J, Draeger E, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Edmondson DA, Felix J, Fields L, Fitzpatrick T, Gago AM, Gallagher H, George CA, Gielata JA, Gingu C, Gobbi B, Gran R, Grossman N, Hanson J, Harris DA, Heaton J, Higuera A, Howley IJ, Hurtado K, Jerkins M, Kafka T, Kaisen J, Kanter MO, Keppel CE, Kilmer J, Kordosky M, Krajeski AH, Kulagin SA, Le T, Lee H, Leister AG, Locke G, Maggi G, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Niculescu G, Niculescu I, Ochoa N, O'Connor CD, Olsen J, Osmanov B, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Peña C, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rude C, Sassin KE, Schellman H, Schneider RM, Schulte EC, Simon C, Snider FD, Snyder MC, Sobczyk JT, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tan W, Tice BG, Tzanakos G, Velásquez JP, Walding J, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wolthuis BA, Woodward N, Zavala G, Zeng HB, Zhang D, Zhu LY, Ziemer BP. Measurement of muon neutrino quasielastic scattering on a hydrocarbon target at Eν ~ 3.5 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:022502. [PMID: 23889389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.022502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of ν(μ) charged-current quasielastic events in the segmented scintillator inner tracker of the MINERvA experiment running in the NuMI neutrino beam at Fermilab. The events were selected by requiring a μ- and low calorimetric recoil energy separated from the interaction vertex. We measure the flux-averaged differential cross section, dσ/dQ², and study the low energy particle content of the final state. Deviations are found between the measured dσ/dQ² and the expectations of a model of independent nucleons in a relativistic Fermi gas. We also observe an excess of energy near the vertex consistent with multiple protons in the final state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Fiorentini
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil
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29
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Fields L, Chvojka J, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Baldin B, Baumbaugh A, Bodek A, Boehnlein D, Boyd S, Bradford R, Brooks WK, Budd H, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo DA, Castromonte CM, Christy ME, Chung H, Clark M, da Motta H, Damiani DS, Danko I, Datta M, Day M, DeMaat R, Devan J, Draeger E, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Edmondson DA, Felix J, Fitzpatrick T, Fiorentini GA, Gago AM, Gallagher H, George CA, Gielata JA, Gingu C, Gobbi B, Gran R, Grossman N, Hanson J, Harris DA, Heaton J, Higuera A, Howley IJ, Hurtado K, Jerkins M, Kafka T, Kaisen J, Kanter MO, Keppel CE, Kilmer J, Kordosky M, Krajeski AH, Kulagin SA, Le T, Lee H, Leister AG, Locke G, Maggi G, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Niculescu G, Niculescu I, Ochoa N, O'Connor CD, Olsen J, Osmanov B, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Peña C, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues PA, Rude C, Sassin KE, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Schneider RM, Schulte EC, Simon C, Snider FD, Snyder MC, Sobczyk JT, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tan W, Tice BG, Tzanakos G, Velásquez JP, Walding J, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wolthuis BA, Woodward N, Zavala G, Zeng HB, Zhang D, Zhu LY, Ziemer BP. Measurement of muon antineutrino quasielastic scattering on a hydrocarbon target at Eν ~ 3.5 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:022501. [PMID: 23889388 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.022501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated ν(μ) charged-current quasielastic (QE) interactions occurring in the segmented scintillator tracking region of the MINERvA detector running in the NuMI neutrino beam at Fermilab. We measure the flux-averaged differential cross section, dσ/dQ², and compare to several theoretical models of QE scattering. Good agreement is obtained with a model where the nucleon axial mass, M(A), is set to 0.99 GeV/c² but the nucleon vector form factors are modified to account for the observed enhancement, relative to the free nucleon case, of the cross section for the exchange of transversely polarized photons in electron-nucleus scattering. Our data at higher Q² favor this interpretation over an alternative in which the axial mass is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fields
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Jarvis S, Nikolic K, Grossman N, Schultz SR. Controlling the neuronal balancing act: optical coactivation of excitation and inhibition in neuronal subdomains. BMC Neurosci 2013. [PMCID: PMC3704716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-s1-p348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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31
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Grossman N, Simiaki V, Martinet C, Toumazou C, Schultz SR, Nikolic K. The spatial pattern of light determines the kinetics and modulates backpropagation of optogenetic action potentials. J Comput Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23179855 PMCID: PMC3650242 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-012-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics offers an unprecedented ability to spatially target neuronal stimulations. This study investigated via simulation, for the first time, how the spatial pattern of excitation affects the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressing neurons. First we described a methodology for modeling ChR2 in the NEURON simulation platform. Then, we compared four most commonly considered illumination strategies (somatic, dendritic, axonal and whole cell) in a paradigmatic model of a cortical layer V pyramidal cell. We show that the spatial pattern of illumination has an important impact on the efficiency of stimulation and the kinetics of the spiking output. Whole cell illumination synchronizes the depolarization of the dendritic tree and the soma and evokes spiking characteristics with a distinct pattern including an increased bursting rate and enhanced back propagation of action potentials (bAPs). This type of illumination is the most efficient as a given irradiance threshold was achievable with only 6 % of ChR2 density needed in the case of somatic illumination. Targeting only the axon initial segment requires a high ChR2 density to achieve a given threshold irradiance and a prolonged illumination does not yield sustained spiking. We also show that patterned illumination can be used to modulate the bAPs and hence spatially modulate the direction and amplitude of spike time dependent plasticity protocols. We further found the irradiance threshold to increase in proportion to the demyelination level of an axon, suggesting that measurements of the irradiance threshold (for example relative to the soma) could be used to remotely probe a loss of neural myelin sheath, which is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Grossman N, Nikolic K, Grubb MS, Burrone J, Toumazou C, Degenaar P. High-frequency limit of neural stimulation with ChR2. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:4167-70. [PMID: 22255257 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic technology based on light activation of genetically targeted single component opsins such as Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has been changing the way neuroscience research is conducted. This technology is becoming increasingly important for neural engineering as well. The efficiency of neural stimulation with ChR2 drops at high frequencies, often before the natural limit of the neuron is reached. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms that limit the efficiency of the stimulation at high frequencies. The study analyzes the dynamics of the spikes induced by ChR2 in comparison to control stimulations using patch clamp current injection. It shows that the stimulation dynamics is limited by two mechanisms: 1) a frequency independent reduction in the conductance-to-irradiance yield due to the ChR2 light adaptation process and 2) a frequency dependent reduction in the conductance-to-current yield due to a decrease in membrane re-polarization level between spikes that weakens the ionic driving force. The effect of the first mechanism can be minimized by using ChR2 mutants with lower irradiance threshold. In contrast the effect of the second mechanism is fundamentally limited by the rate the native ion channels re-polarize the membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grossman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK. nir.grossman @ imperial.ac.uk
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Lopes S, Davies N, Toumazou C, Grossman N. Theoretical investigation of transcranial alternating current stimulation using laminar model. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2012:4152-4155. [PMID: 23366842 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACs) has been gaining an increased interest in the last few years due to its capacity to modulate non-invasively high-order cortical processes, such as decision-making, language and sensory perception. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of activation of this brain stimulation technique are still poorly understood. Herein, we use a finite element modelling (FEM) technique to investigate the penetration and focality of tACs in comparison to a time invariant (DC) stimulation. We show that AC stimulations generate cerebral fields that are an order of magnitude larger in the radial direction, approximately 5 times larger in the tangential direction and more focused than DC stimulations. We argue that the basis for this effect is the reduced scalp's conductivity, which minimizes the surface shunting of the stimulating currents. The outcomes of this study may help tACs users to design better protocols and interpret experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lopes
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Grossman N, Degenaar P, Nikolic K. Spike engineering with Channelrhodopsin-2. Neurosci Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grossman N, Nikolic K, Toumazou C, Degenaar P. Modeling study of the light stimulation of a neuron cell with channelrhodopsin-2 mutants. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:1742-51. [PMID: 21324771 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has become a widely used tool for stimulating neurons with light. Nevertheless, the underlying dynamics of the ChR2-evoked spikes are still not yet fully understood. Here, we develop a model that describes the response of ChR2-expressing neurons to light stimuli and use the model to explore the light-to-spike process. We show that an optimal stimulation yield is achieved when the optical energies are delivered in short pulses. The model allows us to theoretically examine the effects of using various types of ChR2 mutants. We show that while increasing the lifetime and shuttering speed of ChR2 have limited effect, reducing the threshold irradiance by increased conductance will eliminate adaptation and allow constant dynamic range. The model and the conclusion presented in this study can help to interpret experimental results, design illumination protocols, and seek improvement strategies in the nascent optogenetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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36
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Le TT, Wilde CP, Grossman N, Cass AEG. A simple method for controlled immobilization of proteins on modified SAMs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5271-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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McGovern B, Berlinguer Palmini R, Grossman N, Drakakis E, Poher V, Neil MAA, Degenaar P. A New Individually Addressable Micro-LED Array for Photogenetic Neural Stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2010; 4:469-76. [PMID: 23853385 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2010.2081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the use of a micro light emitting diode (LED) array as a powerful tool for complex spatiotemporal control of photosensitized neurons. The array can generate arbitrary, 2-D, excitation patterns with millisecond and micrometer resolution. In particular, we describe an active matrix control address system to allow simultaneous control of 256 individual micro LEDs. We present the system optically integrated into a microscope environment and patch clamp electrophysiology. The results show that the emitters have sufficient radiance at the required wavelength to stimulate neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2).
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38
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Grossman N, Poher V, Grubb MS, Kennedy GT, Nikolic K, McGovern B, Berlinguer Palmini R, Gong Z, Drakakis EM, Neil MAA, Dawson MD, Burrone J, Degenaar P. Multi-site optical excitation using ChR2 and micro-LED array. J Neural Eng 2010. [PMID: 20075504 DOI: 10.1088/1741‐2560/7/1/016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying neuronal processes such as synaptic summation, dendritic physiology and neural network dynamics requires complex spatiotemporal control over neuronal activities. The recent development of neural photosensitization tools, such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), offers new opportunities for non-invasive, flexible and cell-specific neuronal stimulation. Previously, complex spatiotemporal control of photosensitized neurons has been limited by the lack of appropriate optical devices which can provide 2D stimulation with sufficient irradiance. Here we present a simple and powerful solution that is based on an array of high-power micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) that can generate arbitrary optical excitation patterns on a neuronal sample with micrometre and millisecond resolution. We first describe the design and fabrication of the system and characterize its capabilities. We then demonstrate its capacity to elicit precise electrophysiological responses in cultured and slice neurons expressing ChR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK. Devision of Neuroscience, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Grossman N, Poher V, Grubb MS, Kennedy GT, Nikolic K, McGovern B, Berlinguer Palmini R, Gong Z, Drakakis EM, Neil MAA, Dawson MD, Burrone J, Degenaar P. Multi-site optical excitation using ChR2 and micro-LED array. J Neural Eng 2010; 7:16004. [PMID: 20075504 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/1/016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying neuronal processes such as synaptic summation, dendritic physiology and neural network dynamics requires complex spatiotemporal control over neuronal activities. The recent development of neural photosensitization tools, such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), offers new opportunities for non-invasive, flexible and cell-specific neuronal stimulation. Previously, complex spatiotemporal control of photosensitized neurons has been limited by the lack of appropriate optical devices which can provide 2D stimulation with sufficient irradiance. Here we present a simple and powerful solution that is based on an array of high-power micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) that can generate arbitrary optical excitation patterns on a neuronal sample with micrometre and millisecond resolution. We first describe the design and fabrication of the system and characterize its capabilities. We then demonstrate its capacity to elicit precise electrophysiological responses in cultured and slice neurons expressing ChR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Grossman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK. Devision of Neuroscience, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Degenaar P, Grossman N, Memon MA, Burrone J, Dawson M, Drakakis E, Neil M, Nikolic K. Optobionic vision—a new genetically enhanced light on retinal prosthesis. J Neural Eng 2009; 6:035007. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/3/035007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Recent developments have used light-activated channels or transporters to modulate neuronal activity. One such genetically-encoded modulator of activity, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), depolarizes neurons in response to blue light. In this work, we first conducted electrophysiological studies of the photokinetics of hippocampal cells expressing ChR2, for various light stimulations. These and other experimental results were then used for systematic investigation of the previously proposed three-state and four-state models of the ChR2 photocycle. We show the limitations of the previously suggested three-state models and identify a four-state model that accurately follows the ChR2 photocurrents. We find that ChR2 currents decay biexponentially, a fact that can be explained by the four-state model. The model is composed of two closed (C1 and C2) and two open (O1 and O2) states, and our simulation results suggest that they might represent the dark-adapted (C1-O1) and light-adapted (C2-O2) branches. The crucial insight provided by the analysis of the new model is that it reveals an adaptation mechanism of the ChR2 molecule. Hence very simple organisms expressing ChR2 can use this form of light adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Nikolic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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42
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Adamson P, Andreopoulos C, Arms KE, Armstrong R, Auty DJ, Ayres DS, Backhouse C, Baller B, Barr G, Barrett WL, Becker BR, Belias A, Bernstein RH, Bhattacharya D, Bishai M, Blake A, Bock GJ, Boehm J, Boehnlein DJ, Bogert D, Bower C, Buckley-Geer E, Cavanaugh S, Chapman JD, Cherdack D, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Cobb JH, Coleman SJ, Culling AJ, de Jong JK, Dierckxsens M, Diwan MV, Dorman M, Dytman SA, Escobar CO, Evans JJ, Harris EF, Feldman GJ, Frohne MV, Gallagher HR, Godley A, Goodman MC, Gouffon P, Gran R, Grashorn EW, Grossman N, Grzelak K, Habig A, Harris D, Harris PG, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Heller K, Himmel A, Holin A, Hsu L, Hylen J, Irwin GM, Ishitsuka M, Jaffe DE, James C, Jensen D, Kafka T, Kasahara SMS, Kim JJ, Kim MS, Koizumi G, Kopp S, Kordosky M, Koskinen DJ, Kotelnikov SK, Kreymer A, Kumaratunga S, Lang K, Ling J, Litchfield PJ, Litchfield RP, Loiacono L, Lucas P, Ma J, Mann WA, Marchionni A, Marshak ML, Marshall JS, Mayer N, McGowan AM, Meier JR, Messier MD, Metelko CJ, Michael DG, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Moore CD, Morfín J, Mualem L, Mufson S, Murgia S, Musser J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Newman HB, Nichol RJ, Nicholls TC, Ochoa-Ricoux JP, Oliver WP, Ospanov R, Paley J, Paolone V, Para A, Patzak T, Pavlović Z, Pawloski G, Pearce GF, Peck CW, Petyt DA, Pittam R, Plunkett RK, Rahaman A, Rameika RA, Raufer TM, Rebel B, Reichenbacher J, Rodrigues PA, Rosenfeld C, Rubin HA, Ryabov VA, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schneps J, Schreiner P, Shanahan P, Smart W, Smith C, Sousa A, Speakman B, Stamoulis P, Strait M, Tagg N, Talaga RL, Tavera MA, Thomas J, Thomson MA, Thron JL, Tinti G, Trostin I, Tsarev VA, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Viren B, Ward DR, Watabe M, Weber A, Webb RC, Wehmann A, West N, White C, Wojcicki SG, Wright DM, Yang T, Zhang K, Zwaska R. Search for active neutrino disappearance using neutral-current interactions in the MINOS long-baseline experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:221804. [PMID: 19113477 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.221804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first detailed comparisons of the rates and spectra of neutral-current neutrino interactions at two widely separated locations. A depletion in the rate at the far site would indicate mixing between nu(mu) and a sterile particle. No anomalous depletion in the reconstructed energy spectrum is observed. Assuming oscillations occur at a single mass-squared splitting, a fit to the neutral- and charged-current energy spectra limits the fraction of nu(mu) oscillating to a sterile neutrino to be below 0.68 at 90% confidence level. A less stringent limit due to a possible contribution to the measured neutral-current event rate at the far site from nu(e) appearance at the current experimental limit is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Adamson P, Andreopoulos C, Arms KE, Armstrong R, Auty DJ, Ayres DS, Baller B, Barr G, Barrett WL, Becker BR, Belias A, Bernstein RH, Bhattacharya D, Bishai M, Blake A, Bock GJ, Boehm J, Boehnlein DJ, Bogert D, Bower C, Buckley-Geer E, Cavanaugh S, Chapman JD, Cherdack D, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Coleman SJ, Culling AJ, de Jong JK, Diwan MV, Dorman M, Dytman SA, Escobar CO, Evans JJ, Falk Harris E, Feldman GJ, Frohne MV, Gallagher HR, Goodman MC, Gouffon P, Gran R, Grashorn EW, Grossman N, Grzelak K, Habig A, Harris D, Harris PG, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Heller K, Himmel A, Holin A, Hylen J, Irwin GM, Ishitsuka M, Jaffe DE, James C, Jensen D, Kafka T, Kasahara SMS, Kim JJ, Koizumi G, Kopp S, Kordosky M, Koskinen DJ, Kreymer A, Kumaratunga S, Lang K, Ling J, Litchfield PJ, Litchfield RP, Loiacono L, Lucas P, Ma J, Mann WA, Marshak ML, Marshall JS, Mayer N, McGowan AM, Meier JR, Messier MD, Metelko CJ, Michael DG, Miller JL, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Moore CD, Morfín J, Mualem L, Mufson S, Murgia S, Musser J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Newman HB, Nichol RJ, Nicholls TC, Ochoa-Ricoux JP, Oliver WP, Ospanov R, Paley J, Paolone V, Para A, Patzak T, Pavlović Z, Pawloski G, Pearce GF, Peck CW, Petyt DA, Pittam R, Plunkett RK, Rahaman A, Rameika RA, Raufer TM, Rebel B, Reichenbacher J, Rodrigues PA, Rosenfeld C, Rubin HA, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schneps J, Schreiner P, Shanahan P, Smart W, Sousa A, Speakman B, Stamoulis P, Strait M, Tagg N, Talaga RL, Tavera MA, Thomas J, Thompson J, Thomson MA, Thron JL, Tinti G, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Viren B, Watabe M, Weber A, Webb RC, Wehmann A, West N, White C, Wojcicki SG, Yang T, Zois M, Zhang K, Zwaska R. Testing Lorentz invariance and CPT conservation with NuMI neutrinos in the MINOS near detector. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:151601. [PMID: 18999585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.151601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A search for a sidereal modulation in the MINOS near detector neutrino data was performed. If present, this signature could be a consequence of Lorentz and CPT violation as predicted by the effective field theory called the standard-model extension. No evidence for a sidereal signal in the data set was found, implying that there is no significant change in neutrino propagation that depends on the direction of the neutrino beam in a sun-centered inertial frame. Upper limits on the magnitudes of the Lorentz and CPT violating terms in the standard-model extension lie between 10(-4) and 10(-2) of the maximum expected, assuming a suppression of these signatures by a factor of 10(-17).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Adamson P, Andreopoulos C, Arms KE, Armstrong R, Auty DJ, Ayres DS, Baller B, Barnes PD, Barr G, Barrett WL, Becker BR, Belias A, Bernstein RH, Bhattacharya D, Bishai M, Blake A, Bock GJ, Boehm J, Boehnlein DJ, Bogert D, Bower C, Buckley-Geer E, Cavanaugh S, Chapman JD, Cherdack D, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Cobb JH, Coleman SJ, Culling AJ, de Jong JK, Dierckxsens M, Diwan MV, Dorman M, Dytman SA, Escobar CO, Evans JJ, Harris EF, Feldman GJ, Frohne MV, Gallagher HR, Godley A, Goodman MC, Gouffon P, Gran R, Grashorn EW, Grossman N, Grzelak K, Habig A, Harris D, Harris PG, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Heller K, Himmel A, Holin A, Hylen J, Irwin GM, Ishitsuka M, Jaffe DE, James C, Jensen D, Kafka T, Kasahara SMS, Kim JJ, Kim MS, Koizumi G, Kopp S, Kordosky M, Koskinen DJ, Kotelnikov SK, Kreymer A, Kumaratunga S, Lang K, Ling J, Litchfield PJ, Litchfield RP, Loiacono L, Lucas P, Ma J, Mann WA, Marchionni A, Marshak ML, Marshall JS, Mayer N, McGowan AM, Meier JR, Merzon GI, Messier MD, Metelko CJ, Michael DG, Miller JL, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Moore CD, Morfín J, Mualem L, Mufson S, Murgia S, Musser J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Newman HB, Nichol RJ, Nicholls TC, Ochoa-Ricoux JP, Oliver WP, Ospanov R, Paley J, Paolone V, Para A, Patzak T, Pavlović Z, Pawloski G, Pearce GF, Peck CW, Peterson EA, Petyt DA, Pittam R, Plunkett RK, Rahaman A, Rameika RA, Raufer TM, Rebel B, Reichenbacher J, Rodrigues PA, Rosenfeld C, Rubin HA, Ruddick K, Ryabov VA, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schneps J, Schreiner P, Seun SM, Shanahan P, Smart W, Smith C, Sousa A, Speakman B, Stamoulis P, Strait M, Symes P, Tagg N, Talaga RL, Tavera MA, Thomas J, Thompson J, Thomson MA, Thron JL, Tinti G, Trostin I, Tsarev VA, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Viren B, Ward CP, Ward DR, Watabe M, Weber A, Webb RC, Wehmann A, West N, White C, Wojcicki SG, Wright DM, Yang T, Zois M, Zhang K, Zwaska R. Measurement of neutrino oscillations with the MINOS detectors in the NuMI beam. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:131802. [PMID: 18851439 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.131802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports new results from the MINOS experiment based on a two-year exposure to muon neutrinos from the Fermilab NuMI beam. Our data are consistent with quantum-mechanical oscillations of neutrino flavor with mass splitting |Deltam2| = (2.43+/-0.13) x 10(-3) eV2 (68% C.L.) and mixing angle sin2(2theta) > 0.90 (90% C.L.). Our data disfavor two alternative explanations for the disappearance of neutrinos in flight: namely, neutrino decays into lighter particles and quantum decoherence of neutrinos, at the 3.7 and 5.7 standard-deviation levels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Abstract
We have developed a testing platform for a novel type of retinal prosthesis. Our system uses an array of light sources as non-contact stimulators. The platform consists of an imaging system based on a CMOS camera, PC based image processing, and a stimulation address system carried out on a Field Programmable Gated Array which addresses a matrix array of LEDs. Special optics are used to focus the light from the LED array onto light sensitized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nikolic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BZ, UK.
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Grossman N, Ovsianikov A, Petrov A, Eich M, Chichkov B. Investigation of optical properties of circular spiral photonic crystals. Opt Express 2007; 15:13236-13243. [PMID: 19550592 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.013236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The photonic bandgap of three-dimensional photonic crystals, formed by arranging circular spirals in face-centre-cubic lattice, was theoretically investigated. The structure was found to have a relative photonic bandgap of up to 25% in both direct and inversed configurations. The conditions under which the structure has a bandgap larger than 10% are described. Some considerations for optimizing such photonic crystal fabrication by two-photon polymerization are given. The theoretical results are implemented to fabricate polymeric structures that can be used as templates for photonic crystals with full photonic bandgap larger than 10% centered in the near-infrared region.
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Grossman N, Shemesh-Jan HS, Merkin V, Gideon M, Cohen A. Deep-freeze preservation of cranial bones for future cranioplasty: nine years of experience in Soroka University Medical Center. Cell Tissue Bank 2007; 8:243-6. [PMID: 17273898 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-006-9032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decompressive craniectomy is routinely performed in many neurosurgical centers to treat intracranial hypertension refractory to medical therapy as a result of head trauma, CVA or various brain tumors. When the patient survives his illness, cranioplasty with autologous bone graft or other reconstructive materials is considered to repair the skull defect. OBJECTIVE This prospective study reviews the cases of decompressive craniectomies followed by later cranioplasty undertaken at our institute through the years 1996 and 2005 and describes the method used for preservation of removed bone flaps for future cranioplasty. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Sixty-eight patients underwent decompressive craniectomies since 1996. A protocol was designed to prepare the removed bone flaps for deep freeze preservation. After removal, the bone flaps were transferred to the skin bank at our institution within 6 h, gently rinsed using 1-3 liters of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) supplemented with antibiotics (neomycin, 2 mM) with no dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), then flaps were wrapped in two layers of sterile plastic coverage and preserved at -80 degrees C. RESULTS The patient's population will be presented. Since 1996 we have performed 12 cranioplasties using deep-freeze preserved autologous bone graft. It took a rather long learning period, beginning with a single patient per year and continued with several others. Up to now, no case of infection, osteomyelitis or bone resorption following cranioplasty have occurred. CONCLUSION Deep-freeze preservation of autologous bone grafts to reconstruct skull defects after decompressive craniectomy is a useful procedure and has a low revision rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grossman
- Skin Bank and Investigative Dermatology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Post Box 151, Beer Sheva, 84101, Israel
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Michael DG, Adamson P, Alexopoulos T, Allison WWM, Alner GJ, Anderson K, Andreopoulos C, Andrews M, Andrews R, Arms KE, Armstrong R, Arroyo C, Auty DJ, Avvakumov S, Ayres DS, Baller B, Barish B, Barker MA, Barnes PD, Barr G, Barrett WL, Beall E, Becker BR, Belias A, Bergfeld T, Bernstein RH, Bhattacharya D, Bishai M, Blake A, Bocean V, Bock B, Bock GJ, Boehm J, Boehnlein DJ, Bogert D, Border PM, Bower C, Boyd S, Buckley-Geer E, Bungau C, Byon-Wagner A, Cabrera A, Chapman JD, Chase TR, Cherdack D, Chernichenko SK, Childress S, Choudhary BC, Cobb JH, Cossairt JD, Courant H, Crane DA, Culling AJ, Dawson JW, de Jong JK, DeMuth DM, De Santo A, Dierckxsens M, Diwan MV, Dorman M, Drake G, Drakoulakos D, Ducar R, Durkin T, Erwin AR, Escobar CO, Evans JJ, Fackler OD, Falk Harris E, Feldman GJ, Felt N, Fields TH, Ford R, Frohne MV, Gallagher HR, Gebhard M, Giurgiu GA, Godley A, Gogos J, Goodman MC, Gornushkin Y, Gouffon P, Gran R, Grashorn E, Grossman N, Grudzinski JJ, Grzelak K, Guarino V, Habig A, Halsall R, Hanson J, Harris D, Harris PG, Hartnell J, Hartouni EP, Hatcher R, Heller K, Hill N, Ho Y, Holin A, Howcroft C, Hylen J, Ignatenko M, Indurthy D, Irwin GM, Ishitsuka M, Jaffe DE, James C, Jenner L, Jensen D, Joffe-Minor T, Kafka T, Kang HJ, Kasahara SMS, Kilmer J, Kim H, Kim MS, Koizumi G, Kopp S, Kordosky M, Koskinen DJ, Kostin M, Kotelnikov SK, Krakauer DA, Kreymer A, Kumaratunga S, Ladran AS, Lang K, Laughton C, Lebedev A, Lee R, Lee WY, Libkind MA, Ling J, Liu J, Litchfield PJ, Litchfield RP, Longley NP, Lucas P, Luebke W, Madani S, Maher E, Makeev V, Mann WA, Marchionni A, Marino AD, Marshak ML, Marshall JS, Mayer N, McDonald J, McGowan AM, Meier JR, Merzon GI, Messier MD, Milburn RH, Miller JL, Miller WH, Mishra SR, Mislivec A, Miyagawa PS, Moore CD, Morfín J, Morse R, Mualem L, Mufson S, Murgia S, Murtagh MJ, Musser J, Naples D, Nelson C, Nelson JK, Newman HB, Nezrick F, Nichol RJ, Nicholls TC, Ochoa-Ricoux JP, Oliver J, Oliver WP, Onuchin VA, Osiecki T, Ospanov R, Paley J, Paolone V, Para A, Patzak T, Pavlović Z, Pearce GF, Pearson N, Peck CW, Perry C, Peterson EA, Petyt DA, Ping H, Piteira R, Pittam R, Pla-Dalmau A, Plunkett RK, Price LE, Proga M, Pushka DR, Rahman D, Rameika RA, Raufer TM, Read AL, Rebel B, Reichenbacher J, Reyna DE, Rosenfeld C, Rubin HA, Ruddick K, Ryabov VA, Saakyan R, Sanchez MC, Saoulidou N, Schneps J, Schoessow PV, Schreiner P, Schwienhorst R, Semenov VK, Seun SM, Shanahan P, Shield PD, Smart W, Smirnitsky V, Smith C, Smith PN, Sousa A, Speakman B, Stamoulis P, Stefanik A, Sullivan P, Swan JM, Symes PA, Tagg N, Talaga RL, Terekhov A, Tetteh-Lartey E, Thomas J, Thompson J, Thomson MA, Thron JL, Tinti G, Trendler R, Trevor J, Trostin I, Tsarev VA, Tzanakos G, Urheim J, Vahle P, Vakili M, Vaziri K, Velissaris C, Verebryusov V, Viren B, Wai L, Ward CP, Ward DR, Watabe M, Weber A, Webb RC, Wehmann A, West N, White C, White RF, Wojcicki SG, Wright DM, Wu QK, Yan WG, Yang T, Yumiceva FX, Yun JC, Zheng H, Zois M, Zwaska R. Observation of muon neutrino disappearance with the MINOS detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:191801. [PMID: 17155614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.191801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports results from the MINOS experiment based on its initial exposure to neutrinos from the Fermilab NuMI beam. The rates and energy spectra of charged current nu(mu) interactions are compared in two detectors located along the beam axis at distances of 1 and 735 km. With 1.27 x 10(20) 120 GeV protons incident on the NuMI target, 215 events with energies below 30 GeV are observed at the Far Detector, compared to an expectation of 336+/-14 events. The data are consistent with nu(mu) disappearance via oscillations with |Delta(m)2/32|=2.74 +0.44/-0.26 x10(-3)eV(2) and sin(2)(2theta(23))>0.87 (68% C.L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Michael
- Lauritsen Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Sahu RK, Argov S, Salman A, Zelig U, Huleihel M, Grossman N, Gopas J, Kapelushnik J, Mordechai S. Can Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at higher wavenumbers (mid IR) shed light on biomarkers for carcinogenesis in tissues? J Biomed Opt 2005; 10:054017. [PMID: 16292977 DOI: 10.1117/1.2080368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MSP) has shown promise as a technique for detection of abnormal cell proliferation and premalignant conditions. In the present study, we investigate the absorbance in the sensitive wavenumber region between 2800 and 3000 cm(-1), which has been known to be due to the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of CH2 and CH3 groups of proteins and lipids. We report common biomarkers from this region that distinguish between normal and malignant tissues and cell lines. Based on our findings, we propose that the wavenumber region around 2800 to 3000 cm(-1) in the FTIR spectra of cells and tissues could provide valuable scientific evidence at the onset of premalignancy and may be used for ex vivo and in vitro detection of carcinogenesis. To further examine the utility of these markers in cancer diagnosis and management, they are tested successfully in monitoring the changes occurring in leukemia patients during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Sahu
- Ben Gurion University, Department of Physics and Cancer Research Center, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
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Sahu RK, Argov S, Salman A, Huleihel M, Grossman N, Hammody Z, Kapelushnik J, Mordechai S. Characteristic absorbance of nucleic acids in the Mid-IR region as possible common biomarkers for diagnosis of malignancy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2005; 3:629-38. [PMID: 15560721 DOI: 10.1177/153303460400300613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy has been extensively used to understand the differences between normal and malignant cells and tissues. In the present study, FTIR microspectroscopy was performed on biopsies to evaluate parameters deduced from changes in nucleic acid absorbance monitored at various characteristic wavenumbers in the Mid-IR region. The data showed that there were differences in the spectra of normal and malignant tissues from several organs such as colon, cervix, skin and blood with respect to absorbance due to nucleic acids. Similar results were observed in the case of cell lines that were transformed to induce carcinogenesis. Of the several ratios examined for consistency in differentiating cancer and normal tissues, the I(996 cm(-1))/I(966 cm(-1)) showed promise as a distinguishing parameter and was comparable to the I(1121 cm(-1))/I(1020 cm(-1)) ratio reported in many earlier studies. The absorbance of nucleic acids is presented with an emphasis on the application of FTIR microspectroscopy for diagnosis of malignancy. Our results indicate that usage of nucleic acid absorbance yield statistically significant parameters, which could differentiate normal and cancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Sahu
- Dept. of Physics and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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