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Gearhart N, Pagilla K. Indicator and pathogenic virus removal in bench scale soil aquifer treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173997. [PMID: 38879034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The demonstration of enteric virus removal for indirect potable reuse of advanced purified water is necessary to ensure safe water reclamation practices. This study evaluated the efficacy of soil treatment in reducing concentrations of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV), Hepatitis A (HAV), and Norovirus (NoV) gene markers through bench scale unsaturated soil columns. Three different infiltration rates were evaluated to determine their impact on viral gene marker removal. The concentrations of viral markers in the column influent and effluent samples were measured through RNA extraction and then RT-qPCR, and the log reduction values (LRVs) were calculated to quantify the effectiveness of removal across the columns. The LRVs achieved for PMMoV were 2.80 ± 0.36, 2.91 ± 0.48, and 2.72 ± 0.32 for infiltration rates of 4.9 mm/h, 9.4 mm/h, and 14.0 mm/h, respectively. A one-way ANOVA indicated no statistically significant differences in LRVs among the various infiltration rates (p-value = 0.329). All samples measured for HAV were below the detection limit both in the influent and effluent of the soil columns. While NoV GI and GII markers were measurable in the soil column influent, they were removed to below the detection limit in the effluent. The use of half the Limit-of-Detection (LoD) for effluent values enabled the estimation of log removals, which were calculated as 1.42 ± 0.07, 1.64 ± 0.29, and 1.74 ± 0.18 for NoV GI and 1.14 ± 0.19, 1.58 ± 0.21, and 1.87 ± 0.41 for NoV GII at infiltration rates of 4.9 mm/h, 9.4 mm/h, and 14.0 mm/h. This highlights the efficacy of soil treatment in reducing virus gene marker concentrations at various infiltration rates, and that spreading basins employed for reclaimed water recharge to ground water aquifers are an effective method for reducing the presence of viral contaminants in indirect potable reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gearhart
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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2
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Chaplin M, Leung K, Szczuka A, Hansen B, Rockey NC, Henderson JB, Wigginton KR. Linear Mixed Model of Virus Disinfection by Free Chlorine to Harmonize Data Collected across Broad Environmental Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12260-12271. [PMID: 38923944 PMCID: PMC11238732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of virus disinfection by chlorine, our fundamental understanding of the relative susceptibility of different viruses to chlorine and robust quantitative relationships between virus disinfection rate constants and environmental parameters remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of virus inactivation by free chlorine and used the resulting data set to develop a linear mixed model that estimates chlorine inactivation rate constants for viruses based on experimental conditions. 570 data points were collected in our systematic review, representing 82 viruses over a broad range of environmental conditions. The harmonized inactivation rate constants under reference conditions (pH = 7.53, T = 20 °C, [Cl-] < 50 mM) spanned 5 orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.0196 to 1150 L mg-1 min-1, and uncovered important trends between viruses. Whereas common surrogate bacteriophage MS2 does not serve as a conservative chlorine disinfection surrogate for many human viruses, CVB5 was one of the most resistant viruses in the data set. The model quantifies the role of pH, temperature, and chloride levels across viruses, and an online tool allows users to estimate rate constants for viruses and conditions of interest. Results from the model identified potential shortcomings in current U.S. EPA drinking water disinfection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Chaplin
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Kaming Leung
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Brianna Hansen
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Nicole C. Rockey
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
| | - James B. Henderson
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
Medical School, NCRC Bldg. 16 #471C, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Krista R. Wigginton
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
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3
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von Werz V, Spadiut O, Kozma B. A review and statistical analysis to identify and describe relationships between CQAs and CPPs of natural killer cell expansion processes. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00733-3. [PMID: 38944794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells make only a small fraction of immune cells in the human body, however, play a pivotal role in the fight against cancer by the immune system. They are capable of eliminating abnormal cells via several direct or indirect cytotoxicity pathways in a self-regulating manner, which makes them a favorable choice as a cellular therapy against cancer. Additionally, allogeneic NK cells, unlike other lymphocytes, do not or only minimally cause graft-versus-host diseases opening the door for an off-the-shelf therapy. However, to date, the production of NK cells faces several difficulties, especially because the critical process parameters (CPPs) influencing the critical quality attributes (CQAs) are difficult to identify or correlate. There are numerous different cultivation platforms available, all with own characteristics, benefits and disadvantages that add further difficulty to define CPPs and relate them to CQAs. Our goal in this contribution was to summarize the current knowledge about NK cell expansion CPPs and CQAs, therefore we analyzed the available literature of both dynamic and static culture format experiments in a systematic manner. We present a list of the identified CQAs and CPPs and discuss the role of each CPP in the regulation of the CQAs. Furthermore, we could identify potential relationships between certain CPPs and CQAs. The findings based on this systematic literature research can be the foundation for meaningful experiments leading to better process understanding and eventually control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin von Werz
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bence Kozma
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria.
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Stoppel SM, Lunestad BT, Myrmel M. The effect of enzymatic and viability dye treatment in combination with long-range PCR on assessing Tulane virus infectivity. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114919. [PMID: 38531509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is regularly involved in food-borne infections. To detect infectious HuNoV in food, RT-qPCR remains state of the art but also amplifies non-infectious virus. The present study combines pre-treatments, RNase and propidium monoazide, with three molecular analyses, including long-range PCR, to predominantly detect infectious Tulane virus (TuV), a culturable HuNoV surrogate. TuV was exposed to inactivating conditions to assess which molecular method most closely approximates the reduction in infectious virus determined by cell culture (TCID50). After thermal treatments (56 °C/5 min, 70 °C/5 min, 72 °C/20 min), TCID50 reductions of 0.3, 4.4 and 5.9 log10 were observed. UV exposure (40/100/1000 mJ/cm2) resulted in 1.1, 2.5 and 5.9 log10 reductions. Chlorine (45/100 mg/L for 1 h) reduced infectious TuV by 2.0 and 3.0 log10. After thermal inactivation standard RT-qPCR, especially with pre-treatments, showed the smallest deviation from TCID50. On average, RT-qPCR with pre-treatments deviated by 1.1-1.3 log10 from TCID50. For UV light, long-range PCR was closest to TCID50 results. Long-range reductions deviated from TCID50 by ≤0.1 log10 for mild and medium UV-conditions. However, long-range analyses often resulted in qPCR non-detects. At higher UV doses, RT-qPCR with pre-treatments differed by ≤1.0 log10 from TCID50. After chlorination the molecular methods repeatedly deviated from TCID50 by >1.0 log10, Overall, each method needs to be further optimized for the individual types of inactivation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Stoppel
- Institute of Marine Research, Section for Seafood Hazards, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Tore Lunestad
- Institute of Marine Research, Section for Seafood Hazards, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, Ås 1430, Norway
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5
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Ma JX, Wang X, Pan YR, Wang ZY, Guo X, Liu J, Ren NQ, Butler D. Data-driven systematic analysis of waterborne viruses and health risks during the wastewater reclamation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:100328. [PMID: 37965045 PMCID: PMC10641159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viral epidemics are a major threat to public health. Increasing interest in wastewater reclamation highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with potential microbial hazards, particularly for reused water in direct contact with humans. This study focused on identifying viral epidemic patterns in municipal wastewater reused for recreational applications based on long-term, spatially explicit global literature data during 2000-2021, and modelled human health risks from multiple exposure pathways using a well-established quantitative microbial risk assessment methodology. Global median viral loads in municipal wastewater ranged from 7.92 × 104 to 1.4 × 106 GC L-1 in the following ascending order: human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus (NoV) GII, enterovirus (EV), NoV GI, rotavirus (RV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Following secondary or tertiary wastewater treatment, NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, and RV showed a relatively higher and more stable log reduction value with medians all above 0.8 (84%), whereas SARS-CoV-2 and HAdV showed a relatively lower reduction, with medians ranging from 0.33 (53%) to 0.55 (72%). A subsequent disinfection process effectively enhanced viral removal to over 0.89-log (87%). The predicted event probability of virus-related gastrointestinal illness and acute febrile respiratory illnesses in reclaimed recreational water exceeded the World Health Organization recommended recreational risk benchmark (5% and 1.9%, respectively). Overall, our results provided insights on health risks associated with reusing wastewater for recreational purposes and highlighted the need for establishing a regulatory framework ensuring the safety management of reclaimed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Rong Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuesong Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - David Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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6
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Torii S, Gouttenoire J, Kumar K, Antanasijevic A, Kohn T. Influence of Amino Acid Substitutions in Capsid Proteins of Coxsackievirus B5 on Free Chlorine and Thermal Inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5279-5289. [PMID: 38488515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of enteroviruses to disinfectants varies among genetically similar variants and coincides with amino acid changes in capsid proteins, although the effect of individual substitutions remains unknown. Here, we employed reverse genetics to investigate how amino acid substitutions in coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) capsid proteins affect the virus' sensitivity to free chlorine and heat treatment. Of ten amino acid changes observed in CVB5 variants with free chlorine resistance, none significantly reduced the chlorine sensitivity, indicating a minor role of the capsid composition in chlorine sensitivity of CVB5. Conversely, a subset of these amino acid changes located at the C-terminal region of viral protein 1 led to reduced heat sensitivity. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that these changes affect the assembly of intermediate viral states (altered and empty particles), suggesting that the mechanism for reduced heat sensitivity could be related to improved molecular packing of CVB5, resulting in greater stability or altered dynamics of virus uncoating during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kiruthika Kumar
- Virology and Structural Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Virology and Structural Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Heffron J, Samsami M, Juedemann S, Lavin J, Tavakoli Nick S, Kieke BA, Mayer BK. Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121242. [PMID: 38342066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is a growing global reality. In regulating water reuse, viruses have come to the fore as key pathogens due to high shedding rates, low infectious doses, and resilience to traditional wastewater treatments. To demonstrate the high log reductions required by emerging water reuse regulations, cost and practicality necessitate surrogates for viruses for use as challenge organisms in unit process evaluation and monitoring. Bacteriophage surrogates that are mitigated to the same or lesser extent than viruses of concern are routinely used for individual unit process testing. However, the behavior of these surrogates over a multi-barrier treatment train typical of water reuse has not been well-established. Toward this aim, we performed a meta-analysis of log reductions of common bacteriophage surrogates for five treatment processes typical of water reuse treatment trains: advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, membrane filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Robust linear regression was applied to identify a range of doses consistent with a given log reduction of bacteriophages and viruses of concern for each treatment process. The results were used to determine relative conservatism of surrogates. We found that no one bacteriophage was a representative or conservative surrogate for viruses of concern across all multi-barrier treatments (encompassing multiple mechanisms of virus mitigation). Rather, a suite of bacteriophage surrogates provides both a representative range of inactivation and information about the effectiveness of individual processes within a treatment train. Based on the abundance of available data and diversity of virus treatability using these five key water reuse treatment processes, bacteriophages MS2, phiX174, and Qbeta were recommended as a core suite of surrogates for virus challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maryam Samsami
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Samantha Juedemann
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jennifer Lavin
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, 1000 N Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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8
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Yang H, Hu J, Tan BK, Wong KH, Huang JJ, Cheung PC, Lin S. Lesson learned from COVID-19 pandemic for the future of food industry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22479. [PMID: 38045130 PMCID: PMC10689951 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With WHO announcing COVID-19 no longer as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on May 5, 2023, coupled with the fact that the majority of the countries of the world have dropped strict city lockdown or border closure, this perhaps signals the end of the COVID-19 crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in far-reaching effects affecting nearly every aspect of our lives and society. Notably, the food industry including agriculture, food manufacturers, food logistics, distributors and retailers have all felt the profound impact and had experienced significant stress during the pandemic. Therefore, it is essential to retrospect the lessons that can be learned from this pandemic for the food industry. This short review aims to address the food safety issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing on its foodborne transmission potential, innovations of virus detection strategies suitable for food industry; development of phathogenicaidal methods and devices to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 virus (particularly in industrial scale); and the set-up of related food regulations and guidelines as preventive and control measures for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus through the food supply chain during the pandemic. This article may provide useful references for the food industry to minimize the food safety impact of COVID-19 (as well as other respiratory virus) and allows them to better prepare for similar future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jiamiao Hu
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
| | - Bee K. Tan
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
| | - Ka-hing Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hongkong Polytechnic University, Hongkong SAR, China
| | - Jim Junhui Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter C.K. Cheung
- Food Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hongkong, Hongkong SAR, China
| | - Shaoling Lin
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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9
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Van Damme P, Pintó RM, Feng Z, Cui F, Gentile A, Shouval D. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37770459 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Over 150 million new infections of hepatitis A occur annually. HAV causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the liver that usually resolves spontaneously without chronic sequelae. However, up to 20% of patients experience a prolonged or relapsed course and <1% experience acute liver failure. Host factors, such as immunological status, age, pregnancy and underlying hepatic diseases, can affect the severity of disease. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies produced in response to HAV infection persist for life and protect against re-infection; vaccine-induced antibodies against hepatitis A confer long-term protection. The WHO recommends vaccination for individuals at higher risk of infection and/or severe disease in countries with very low and low hepatitis A virus endemicity, and universal childhood vaccination in intermediate endemicity countries. To date, >25 countries worldwide have implemented such programmes, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation, rapid identification of outbreaks and fast and accurate intervention in outbreak control are essential to reducing HAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Institute of Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Strizzi S, Bernardo L, D'Ursi P, Urbinati C, Bianco A, Limanaqi F, Manconi A, Milanesi M, Macchi A, Di Silvestre D, Cavalleri A, Pareschi G, Rusnati M, Clerici M, Mauri P, Biasin M. An innovative strategy to investigate microbial protein modifications in a reliable fast and sensitive way: A therapy oriented proof of concept based on UV-C irradiation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106862. [PMID: 37479104 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of modifications of microbial proteins is of primary importance to dissect pathogen lifecycle mechanisms and could be useful in identifying therapeutic targets. Attempts to solve this issue yielded only partial and non-exhaustive results. We developed a multidisciplinary approach by coupling in vitro infection assay, mass spectrometry (MS), protein 3D modelling, and surface plasma resonance (SPR). As a proof of concept, the effect of low UV-C (273 nm) irradiation on SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was investigated. Following UV-C exposure, MS analysis identified, among other modifications, the disruption of a disulphide bond within the conserved S2 subunit of S protein. Computational analyses revealed that this bond breakage associates with an allosteric effect resulting in the generation of a closed conformation with a reduced ability to bind the ACE2 receptor. The UV-C-induced reduced affinity of S protein for ACE2 was further confirmed by SPR analyses and in vitro infection assays. This comprehensive approach pinpoints the S2 domain of S protein as a potential therapeutic target to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, this workflow could be used to screen a wide variety of microbial protein domains, resulting in a precise molecular fingerprint and providing new insights to adequately address future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Bernardo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Pasqualina D'Ursi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Chiara Urbinati
- Unit of Macromolecular Interaction Analysis, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Via E. Bianchi, 46, Merate, 23807 Lecco, Italy
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Manconi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Milanesi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy; Unit of Macromolecular Interaction Analysis, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Macchi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Via E. Bianchi, 46, Merate, 23807 Lecco, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Adalberto Cavalleri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pareschi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Via E. Bianchi, 46, Merate, 23807 Lecco, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Unit of Macromolecular Interaction Analysis, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, íItaly
| | - PierLuigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center "Health Science", Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
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11
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String GM, Kamal Y, Kelly C, Gute DM, Lantagne DS. Disinfection of Phi6, MS2, and Escherichia coli by Natural Sunlight on Healthcare Critical Surfaces. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:182-190. [PMID: 37277108 PMCID: PMC10324013 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation systems, commonly used to disinfect surfaces, drinking water, and air, stem from historical practice to use sunlight to disinfect household items after contagious illness. Currently, it is still recommended in viral outbreak contexts such as COVID-19, Ebola, and Marburg to expose soft surfaces to sunlight after washing with detergent or disinfecting with chlorine. However, sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface is in the UVA/UVB wavelengths, whereas UV disinfection systems typically rely on biocidal UVC. Our goal was to fill the evidence gap on the efficacy of sunlight disinfection on surface materials common in low-resource healthcare settings by seeding four surfaces (stainless steel, nitrile, tarp, cloth) with three microorganisms (viral surrogate bacteriophages Phi6 and MS2 and Escherichia coli bacteria), with and without soil load, and exposing to three sunlight conditions (full sun, partial sun, cloudy). We conducted 144 tests in triplicate and found: solar radiation averaged 737 W/m2 (SD = 333), 519 W/m2 (SD = 65), and 149 W/m2 (SD = 24) for full sun, partial sun, and cloudy conditions; significantly more surfaces averaged ≥ 4 log10 reduction value (LRV) for Phi6 than MS2 and E. coli (P < 0.001) after full sun exposure, and no samples achieved ≥ 4 LRV for partial sun or cloudy conditions. On the basis of our results, we recommend no change to current protocols of disinfecting materials first with a 0.5% chlorine solution then moving to sunlight to dry. Additional field-based research is recommended to understand sunlight disinfection efficacy against pathogenic organisms on healthcare relevant surfaces during actual outbreak contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. String
- Lancon Environmental, LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - David M. Gute
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts
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12
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Gomes MPDB, Linhares JHR, Dos Santos TP, Pereira RC, Santos RT, da Silva SA, Souza MCDO, da Silva JFA, Trindade GF, Gomes VS, Barreto-Vieira DF, Carvalho MMVF, Ano Bom APD, Gardinali NR, Müller R, Alves NDS, Moura LDC, Neves PCDC, Esteves GS, Schwarcz WD, Missailidis S, Mendes YDS, de Lima SMB. Inactivated and Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 for Safe Use in Immunoassays and as an Immunization Control for Non-Clinical Trials. Viruses 2023; 15:1486. [PMID: 37515173 PMCID: PMC10386713 DOI: 10.3390/v15071486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful SARS-CoV-2 inactivation allows its safe use in Biosafety Level 2 facilities, and the use of the whole viral particle helps in the development of analytical methods and a more reliable immune response, contributing to the development and improvement of in vitro and in vivo assays. In order to obtain a functional product, we evaluated several inactivation protocols and observed that 0.03% beta-propiolactone for 24 h was the best condition tested, as it promoted SARS-CoV-2 inactivation above 99.99% and no cytopathic effect was visualized after five serial passages. Moreover, RT-qPCR and transmission electron microscopy revealed that RNA quantification and viral structure integrity were preserved. The antigenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by ELISA using different Spike-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. K18-hACE2 mice immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV-2, formulated in AddaS03TM, presented high neutralizing antibody titers, no significant weight loss, and longer survival than controls from a lethal challenge, despite RNA detection in the oropharyngeal swab, lung, and brain. This work emphasizes the importance of using different techniques to confirm viral inactivation and avoid potentially disastrous contamination. We believe that an efficiently inactivated product can be used in several applications, including the development and improvement of molecular diagnostic kits, as an antigen for antibody production as well as a control for non-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Carvalho Pereira
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Tourinho Santos
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane Silva Gomes
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Immunological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Müller
- Pre-Clinical Trials Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luma da Cruz Moura
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Santos Esteves
- Recombinant Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waleska Dias Schwarcz
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ygara da Silva Mendes
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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13
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Costa LRDC, Féris LA. Use of ozonation technology to combat viruses and bacteria in aquatic environments: problems and application perspectives for SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:2490-2502. [PMID: 35078388 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2034981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global health threat with a large number of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Person-to-person transmission through respiratory droplets and contact with aerosol-infected surfaces are the main ways in which the virus spreads. However, according to the updated literature, the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has also been detected in aqueous matrices, with the main route of transmission being feces and masks from patients diagnosed with the disease. Given the emergence of public health and environmental protection from the presence of lethal viruses and bacteria, this review article aims to report the major challenges associated with the application of ozonation in water contaminated with viruses and bacteria, in order to clarify whether these communities can survive or infect after the disinfection process and if it is efficient. Available data suggest that ozonation is able to increase the inactivation effect of microorganisms by about 50% in the logarithmic range, reducing infectivity. In addition, the evidence-based knowledge reported in this article is useful to support water and sanitation safety planning and to protect human health from exposure to cited contaminants through water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Amaral Féris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Bouchard S, Paniconi T, Jubinville É, Goulet-Beaulieu V, Goetz C, Marchand P, Jean J. Inactivation of foodborne viruses by novel organic peroxyacid-based disinfectants. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1187142. [PMID: 37250052 PMCID: PMC10213756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1187142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for most enteric foodborne illnesses worldwide. The foods most frequently involved are fresh fruits and vegetables since they undergo little or no processing. Washing with a chemical disinfectant is a convenient way of inactivating viruses on foods. Peracetic acid, widely used as a disinfectant in the food industry, has the drawback of leaving a strong odor and is ineffective alone against some foodborne viruses. In this study, four disinfectants, namely per levulinic acid with or without sodium dodecyl sulfate, peracetic acid and a commercial peracetic acid-based disinfectant were tested on murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Disinfectant concentrations were 50, 80, 250, 500, and 1000 mg l-1 and contact times were 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 min. Under these conditions, per levulinic acid supplemented with 1% SDS reduced MNV-1 infectious titer by 3 log cycles vs. 2.24 log cycles by peracetic acid within 0.5 min. On stainless steel at 80 ppm, only peracetic acid produced 3-log reductions within 0.5 min. None of these peroxyacids was able to reduce infectious titers of HAV or HEV by even 2 log cycles at any concentration or time-tested. This study will guide the development of new chemical formulas that will be more effective against major foodborne viruses and will have less impact on food quality and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bouchard
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Teresa Paniconi
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Jubinville
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Goulet-Beaulieu
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Coralie Goetz
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Julie Jean
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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15
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Yu M, Gao R, Lv X, Sui M, Li T. Inactivation of phage phiX174 by UV 254 and free chlorine: Structure impairment and function loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117962. [PMID: 37086557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is widely applied in water and wastewater treatment to inactivate viruses. However, the inactivation mechanism associated with viral structural alteration during disinfection is still not clear. In this work, inactivation of bacteriophage phiX174 by ultraviolet radiation (UV254) and free chlorine (FC), two most commonly used disinfection processes, was studied at the molecular level to investigate the relationship between phiX174 genome impairment and virus inactivation, and the correlation between protein impairment and function loss. Double-layer agar technique, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques (LC-MS/MS), together with structure impairment and function experiments were implemented to quantitatively analyze the inactivation and damage to genome and proteins of phiX174. Results showed that UV254 and FC could effectively inactivate phiX174 at the practical doses (UV254 dose of 30 mJ/cm2, and FC of 1-3 mg/L) used in water treatment plants, accompanied with the damage to viral genome and proteins. Specifically, a UV254 irradiation dose of 9.6 mJ/cm2, and FC at an initial concentration of 1 mg/L at 4 min could lead to a 4-log10 inactivation. Nevertheless, the combination of these two methods at selected doses played no significant synergistic disinfection effect. During UV254 disinfection, the proportion of phiX174 with damaged genome was similar with that of the inactivated phiX174. In addition, UV254 and FC could disrupt proteins of phiX174 such as H protein, thereby hindering the physiological function associated with these proteins. With these findings, it is suggested that UV254 and FC disinfection could hinder the injection of the viral genome into host cells, thus resulting in the inactivation of phiX174. This work provides a comprehensive study of the inactivation mechanism of phiX174, which can enhance the applicability of UV254 and FC in water treatment plants, and facilitate the design and optimization of disinfection technologies for virus control in drinking water and wastewater worldwide to ensure the biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Lv
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Sui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Zhou Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Kong L, Smith VF, Zhang M, Gulbrandson AJ, Waller GH, Lin F, Liu X, Durkin DP, Chen H, Shuai D. Fe-Fe Double-Atom Catalysts for Murine Coronavirus Disinfection: Nonradical Activation of Peroxides and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3804-3816. [PMID: 36880272 PMCID: PMC9999944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxides find broad applications for disinfecting environmental pathogens particularly in the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the extensive use of chemical disinfectants can threaten human health and ecosystems. To achieve robust and sustainable disinfection with minimal adverse impacts, we developed Fe single-atom and Fe-Fe double-atom catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The Fe-Fe double-atom catalyst supported on sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride outperformed other catalysts for oxidation, and it activated PMS likely through a nonradical route of catalyst-mediated electron transfer. This Fe-Fe double-atom catalyst enhanced PMS disinfection kinetics for inactivating murine coronaviruses (i.e., murine hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59)) by 2.17-4.60 times when compared to PMS treatment alone in diverse environmental media including simulated saliva and freshwater. The molecular-level mechanism of MHV-A59 inactivation was also elucidated. Fe-Fe double-atom catalysis promoted the damage of not only viral proteins and genomes but also internalization, a key step of virus lifecycle in host cells, for enhancing the potency of PMS disinfection. For the first time, our study advances double-atom catalysis for environmental pathogen control and provides fundamental insights of murine coronavirus disinfection. Our work paves a new avenue of leveraging advanced materials for improving disinfection, sanitation, and hygiene practices and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Mengqiao Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lingchen Kong
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Virginia F. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Anders J. Gulbrandson
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Gordon H. Waller
- Chemistry
Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of
Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xitong Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - David P. Durkin
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Hanning Chen
- Texas
Advanced Computing Center, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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17
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Forés E, Mejías-Molina C, Ramos A, Itarte M, Hundesa A, Rusiñol M, Martínez-Puchol S, Esteve-Bricullé P, Espejo-Valverde A, Sirés I, Calvo M, Araujo RM, Girones R. Evaluation of pathogen disinfection efficiency of electrochemical advanced oxidation to become a sustainable technology for water reuse. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137393. [PMID: 36442679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment and reuse is gaining acceptance as a strategy to fight against water contamination and scarcity, but it usually requires complex treatments to ensure safety. Consequently, the electrochemical advanced processes have emerged as an effective alternative for water remediation. The main objective here is to perform a systematic study that quantifies the efficiency of a laboratory-scale electrochemical system to inactivate bacteria, bacterial spores, protozoa, bacteriophages and viruses in synthetic water, as well as in urban wastewater once treated in a wetland for reuse in irrigation. A Ti|RuO2-based plate and Si|BDD thin-film were comparatively employed as the anode, which was combined with a stainless-steel cathode in an undivided cell operating at 12 V. Despite the low resulting current density (<15 mA/cm2), both anodes demonstrated the production of oxidants in wetland effluent water. The disinfection efficiency was high for the bacteriophage MS2 (T99 in less than 7.1 min) and bacteria (T99 in about 30 min as maximum), but limited for CBV5 and TuV, spores and amoebas (T99 in more than 300 min). MS2 presented a rapid exponential inactivation regardless of the anode and bacteria showed similar sigmoidal curves, whereas human viruses, spores and amoebas resulted in linear profiles. Due the different sensitivity of microorganisms, different models must be considered to predict their inactivation kinetics. On this basis, it can be concluded that evaluating the viral inactivation from inactivation profiles determined for bacteria or some bacteriophages may be misleading. Therefore, neither bacteria nor bacteriophages are suitable models for the disinfection of water containing enteric viruses. The electrochemical treatment added as a final disinfection step enhances the inactivation of microorganisms, which could contribute to safe water reuse for irrigation. Considering the calculated low energy consumption, decentralized water treatment units powered by photovoltaic modules might be a near reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Forés
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mejías-Molina
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arantxa Ramos
- Secció de Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Itarte
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ayalkibet Hundesa
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Esteve-Bricullé
- Secció de Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Espejo-Valverde
- Secció de Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Calvo
- Secció d'Estadística, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Araujo
- Secció de Microbiologia, Virologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosina Girones
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Direct Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein by Peracetic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010020. [PMID: 36613459 PMCID: PMC9820423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) disinfectants are effective against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Several studies have shown the efficacy of PAA against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); however, its efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 variants and the molecular mechanism of action of PAA against SARS-CoV-2 have not been investigated. SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on the recognition and binding of the cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Here, we demonstrated that PAA effectively suppressed pseudotyped virus infection in the Wuhan type and variants, including Delta and Omicron. Similarly, PAA reduced the authentic viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Computational analysis suggested that the hydroxyl radicals produced by PAA cleave the disulfide bridges in the RBD. Additionally, the PAA treatment decreased the abundance of the Wuhan- and variant-type spike proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed direct inhibition of RBD-ACE2 interactions by PAA. In conclusion, the PAA treatment suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was dependent on the inhibition of the interaction between the spike RBD and ACE2 by inducing spike protein destabilization. Our findings provide evidence of a potent disinfection strategy against SARS-CoV-2.
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19
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Sun R, Yu P, Zuo P, Villagrán D, Mathieu J, Alvarez PJJ. Biofilm Control in Flow-Through Systems Using Polyvalent Phages Delivered by Peptide-Modified M13 Coliphages with Enhanced Polysaccharide Affinity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17177-17187. [PMID: 36413403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eradication of biofilms that may harbor pathogens in water distribution systems is an elusive goal due to limited penetration of residual disinfectants. Here, we explore the use of engineered filamentous coliphage M13 for enhanced biofilm affinity and precise delivery of lytic polyvalent phages (i.e., broad-host-range phages lysing multiple host strains after infection). To promote biofilm attachment, we modified the M13 major coat protein (pVIII) by inserting a peptide sequence with high affinity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) extracellular polysaccharides (commonly present on the surface of biofilms in natural and engineered systems). Additionally, we engineered the M13 tail fiber protein (pIII) to contain a peptide sequence capable of binding a specific polyvalent lytic phage. The modified M13 had 102- and 5-fold higher affinity for P. aeruginosa-dominated mixed-species biofilms than wildtype M13 and unconjugated polyvalent phage, respectively. When applied to a simulated water distribution system, the resulting phage conjugates achieved targeted phage delivery to the biofilm and were more effective than polyvalent phages alone in reducing live bacterial biomass (84 vs 34%) and biofilm surface coverage (81 vs 22%). Biofilm regrowth was also mitigated as high phage concentrations induced residual bacteria to downregulate genes associated with quorum sensing and extracellular polymeric substance secretion. Overall, we demonstrate that engineered M13 can enable more accurate delivery of polyvalent phages to biofilms in flow-through systems for enhanced biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Pengxiao Zuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Dino Villagrán
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jacques Mathieu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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20
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Armanious A, Mezzenga R. A Roadmap for Building Waterborne Virus Traps. JACS AU 2022; 2:2205-2221. [PMID: 36311831 PMCID: PMC9597599 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of waterborne viruses pose a massive threat to human health, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of people every year. Adsorption-based filtration offers a promising facile and environmentally friendly approach to help provide safe drinking water to a world population of almost 8 billion people, particularly in communities that lack the infrastructure for large-scale facilities. The search for a material that can effectively trap viruses has been mainly driven by a top-down approach, in which old and new materials have been tested for this purpose. Despite substantial advances, finding a material that achieves this crucial goal and meets all associated challenges remains elusive. We suggest that the road forward should strongly rely on a complementary bottom-up approach based on our fundamental understanding of virus interactions at interfaces. We review the state-of-the-art physicochemical knowledge of the forces that drive the adsorption of viruses at solid-water interfaces. Compared to other nanometric colloids, viruses have heterogeneous surface chemistry and diverse morphologies. We advocate that advancing our understanding of virus interactions would require describing their physicochemical properties using novel descriptors that reflect their heterogeneity and diversity. Several other related topics are also addressed, including the effect of coadsorbates on virus adsorption, virus inactivation at interfaces, and experimental considerations to ensure well-grounded research results. We finally conclude with selected examples of materials that made notable advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius Armanious
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
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21
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Szczuka A, Horton J, Evans KJ, DiPietri VT, Sivey JD, Wigginton KR. Chloride Enhances DNA Reactivity with Chlorine under Conditions Relevant to Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13347-13356. [PMID: 36027047 PMCID: PMC9494735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Free available chlorine (FAC) is widely used to inactivate viruses by oxidizing viral components, including genomes. It is commonly assumed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the chlorinating agent responsible for virus inactivation; however, recent studies have underscored that minor constituents of FAC existing in equilibrium with HOCl, such as molecular chlorine (Cl2), can influence FAC reactivity toward select organic compounds. This study measures the FAC reaction kinetics with dsDNA and ssDNA extracted from representative bacteriophages (T3 and ϕX174) in samples augmented with chloride. Herein, chloride enhances FAC reactivity toward dsDNA and, to a lesser extent, toward ssDNA, especially at pH < 7.5. The enhanced reactivity can be attributed to the formation of Cl2. Second-order rate constants were determined for reactions of ssDNA and dsDNA with HOCl and Cl2. DNA chlorination kinetics followed the reactivity-selectivity principle, where the more-reactive nucleophilic species (ssDNA, ∼100× more reactive than dsDNA) reacted less selectively with electrophilic FAC species. The addition of chloride was also shown to enhance the inactivation of bacteriophage T3 (dsDNA genome) by FAC but did not enhance the inactivation of bacteriophage ϕX174 (ssDNA genome). Overall, the results suggest that Cl2 is an important chlorinating agent of nucleic acids and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jordon Horton
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kelsey J. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Vincent T. DiPietri
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - John D. Sivey
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Krista R. Wigginton
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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22
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Adedeji AA, Vijayakumar PP. The propensity of fomite spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus through produce supply chain. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:245. [PMID: 36156873 PMCID: PMC9483276 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global community has battled the spread of SAR-CoV-2 for almost 2 years, and the projection is that the virus may be recurrent like the seasonal flu. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic disrupted activities within the food supply chain that cost billions of dollars globally. This has heightened concerns about fomite spread of the virus through surfaces. There is an urgent need to understand the risk portends by this virus along the produce supply chain with conditions (low temperature and high relative humidity) conducive to extended survival of the virus. MAIN BODY Pre-dating SARS-CoV-2 are other types of coronaviruses that had lower infection and mortality rates. There are some similarities between the former and the new coronavirus, especially with regards to transmission modes and their survivability on surfaces. There is evidence of other coronaviruses' survival on surfaces for weeks. Currently, there are limited evidence-based studies to enlighten us on how the virus is transmitted within the produce supply chain. A few studies claim that the virus could spread through the cold supply chains. However, these are not sufficient to make a conclusive inference about the deadly SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides a succinct review of the literature on current understanding of the transmission, survivability, and risk SARS-CoV-2 portend to humans within the produce supply chain and calls for more evidence-based research to allay or alert us of the potential risk of fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The paper also highlights examples of conventional and novel non-thermal inactivation and sanitation methods applicable to this type of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinbode A. Adedeji
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
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23
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Reno U, Regaldo L, Ojeda G, Schmuck J, Romero N, Polla W, Kergaravat SV, Gagneten AM. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Different Stages of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Santa Fe, Argentina. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:372. [PMID: 36090741 PMCID: PMC9440651 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The COVID-19 pandemic affected human life at every level. In this study, we analyzed genetic markers (N and ORF1ab, RNA genes) of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic wastewaters (DWW) in San Justo City (Santa Fe, Argentina), using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR. Out of the 30 analyzed samples, 30% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the total positive samples, 77% correspond to untreated DWW, 23% to pre-chlorination, and no SARS-CoV-2 RNA was registered at the post-chlorination sampling site. The viral loads of N and OFR1ab genes decreased significantly along the treatment process, and the increase in the number of viral copies of the N gene could anticipate, by 6 days, the number of clinical cases in the population. The concentration of chlorine recommended by the WHO (≥ 0.5 mg L-1 after at least 30 min of contact time at pH 8.0) successfully removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA from DWW. The efficiency of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) confirms the need to control and increase DWW treatment systems on a regional and global scale. This work could contribute to building a network for WBE to monitor SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters during the pandemic waves and the epidemic remission phase. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05772-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Reno
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luciana Regaldo
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Ojeda
- Central Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Josefina Schmuck
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalí Romero
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Wanda Polla
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina V. Kergaravat
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana María Gagneten
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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24
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Moresco V, Charatzidou A, Oliver DM, Weidmann M, Matallana-Surget S, Quilliam RS. Binding, recovery, and infectiousness of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses associated with plastic pollution in surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119594. [PMID: 35680062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in wastewater and surface water rapidly become colonised by microbial biofilm. Such 'plastisphere' communities are hypothesised to persist longer and be disseminated further in the environment and may act as a vector for human pathogens, particularly as microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants are exposed to high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria. However, the potential for human viral pathogens to become associated with the plastisphere has never before been quantified. Here, we have used rotavirus (RV) SA11 (a non-enveloped enteric virus) and the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 as model viruses to quantify binding and recovery from biofilm-colonised microplastic pellets in three different water treatments (filtered and non-filtered surface water, and surface water with added nutrients). Viruses associated with biofilm-colonised pellets were more stable compared to those remaining in the water. While infectious particles and genome copies of RV remained stable over the 48 h sampling period, Phi6 stability was highly impacted, with a reduction ranging from 2.18 to 3.94 log10. Virus particles were protected against inactivation factors when associated with the biofilm on microplastic surfaces, and when there was a high concentration of particulate matter in the liquid phase. Although our results suggest that the presence of an envelope may limit virus interaction with the plastisphere, the ability to recover both enveloped and non-enveloped infectious viruses from colonised microplastic pellets highlights an additional potential public health risk of surface waters becoming contaminated with microplastics, and subsequent human exposure to microplastics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moresco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Anna Charatzidou
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Senftenberg, D-01968, Germany
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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25
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Robinson RT, Mahfooz N, Rosas-Mejia O, Liu Y, Hull NM. UV 222 disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in solution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14545. [PMID: 36008435 PMCID: PMC9406255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for evidence-based engineering controls to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Although ultraviolet (UV) light is known to inactivate coronaviruses, conventional UV lamps contain toxic mercury and emit wavelengths (254 nm) that are more hazardous to humans than krypton chlorine excimer lamps emitting 222 nm (UV222). Here we used culture and molecular assays to provide the first dose response for SARS-CoV-2 solution exposed to UV222. Culture assays (plaque infectivity to Vero host) demonstrated more than 99.99% disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 after a UV222 dose of 8 mJ/cm2 (pseudo-first order rate constant = 0.64 cm2/mJ). Immediately after UV222 treatment, RT-qPCR assays targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene demonstrated ~ 10% contribution of N gene damage to disinfection kinetics, and an ELISA assay targeting the N protein demonstrated no contribution of N protein damage to disinfection kinetics. Molecular results suggest other gene and protein damage contributed more to disinfection. After 3 days incubation with host cells, RT-qPCR and ELISA kinetics of UV222 treated SARS-CoV-2 were similar to culture kinetics, suggesting validity of using molecular assays to measure UV disinfection without culture. These data provide quantitative disinfection kinetics which can inform implementation of UV222 for preventing transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Najmus Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Oscar Rosas-Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yijing Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Hitchcock 417C, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Hitchcock 417C, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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26
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Xu MY, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Tang YL, Deng J, Xu B. Chlorine dioxide-based oxidation processes for water purification:A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129195. [PMID: 35739725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has emerged as a broad-spectrum, safe, and effective disinfectant due to its high oxidation efficiency and reduced formation of organochlorinated by-products during application. This article provides an updated overview of ClO2-based oxidation processes used in water treatment. A systematic review of scientific information and experimental data on ClO2-based water purification procedures is presented. Concerning ClO2-based oxidation derivative problems, the pros and cons of ClO2-based combined processes are assessed and disinfection by-product (DBP) control approaches are proposed. The kinetic and mechanistic data on ClO2 reactivity towards micropollutants are discussed. ClO2 selectively reacts with electron-rich moieties (anilines, phenols, olefins, and amines) and eliminates certain inorganic ions and microorganisms with high efficiency. The formation of chlorite and chlorate during the oxidation process is a crucial concern when utilizing ClO2. Future applications include the combination of ClO2 with ferrous ions, activated carbon, ozone, UV, visible light, or persulfate processes. The combined process can reduce by-product generation while still ensuring ClO2 sterilization and disinfection. Overall, this research could provide useful information and new insights into the application of ClO2-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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27
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String GM, Kamal Y, Gute DM, Lantagne DS. Chlorine efficacy against bacteriophage Phi6, a surrogate for enveloped human viruses, on porous and non-porous surfaces at varying temperatures and humidity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:685-693. [PMID: 35912697 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While efficacy of chlorine against Phi6, a widely-used surrogate for pathogenic enveloped viruses, is well-documented, surfaces common to low-resource contexts are under-researched. We evaluated seven surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, nitrile, tarp, cloth, concrete, wood) and three environmental conditions-temperature (4, 25, 40 °C), relative humidity (RH) (23, 85%), and soiling-to determine Phi6 recoverability and the efficacy of disinfection with 0.5% NaOCl. Overall, Phi6 recovery was >4 log10 PFU/mL on most surfaces after drying 1 hour at all temperature/humidity conditions. After disinfection, all non-porous test conditions (48/48) achieved ≥4 LRV at 1 and 5 minutes of exposure; significantly more non-porous surfaces met ≥4 LRV than porous (p < 0.001). Comparing porous surfaces, significantly fewer wood samples met ≥4 LRV than cloth (p < 0.001); no differences were observed between concrete and either wood (p = 0.083) or cloth (p = 0.087). Lastly, no differences were observed between soil and no-soil conditions for all surfaces (p = 0.712). This study highlights infectious Phi6 is recoverable across a range of surfaces and environmental conditions, and confirms the efficacy of chlorine disinfection. We recommend treating all surfaces with suspect contamination as potentially infectious, and disinfecting with 0.5% NaOCl for the minimum contact time required for the target enveloped virus (e.g. Ebola, SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M String
- Lancon Environmental LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yarmina Kamal
- Lancon Environmental LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Gute
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Torii S, Corre MH, Miura F, Itamochi M, Haga K, Katayama K, Katayama H, Kohn T. Genotype-dependent kinetics of enterovirus inactivation by free chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118712. [PMID: 35691190 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation kinetics of enterovirus by disinfection is often studied using a single laboratory strain of a given genotype. Environmental variants of enterovirus are genetically distinct from the corresponding laboratory strain, yet it is poorly understood how these genetic differences affect inactivation. Here we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of nine coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), ten coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and two echovirus 11 (E11) variants by free chlorine and ultraviolet irradiation (UV). The inactivation kinetics by free chlorine were genotype- (i.e., susceptibility: CVB5 < CVB3 ≈ CVB4 < E11) and genogroup-dependent and exhibited up to 15-fold difference among the tested viruses. In contrast, only minor (up to 1.3-fold) differences were observed in the UV inactivation kinetics. The differences in variability between the two disinfectants could be rationalized by their respective inactivation mechanisms: inactivation by UV mainly depends on the genomic size and composition, which was similar for all viruses tested, whereas free chlorine targets the viral capsid protein, which exhibited critical differences between genogroups and genotypes. Finally, we integrated the observed variability in inactivation rate constants into an expanded Chick-Watson model to estimate the overall inactivation of an enterovirus consortium. The results highlight that the distribution of inactivation rate constants and the abundance of each genotype are essential parameters to accurately predict the overall inactivation of an enterovirus population by free chlorine. We conclude that predictions based on inactivation data of a single variant or reference pathogen alone likely overestimate the true disinfection efficiency of free chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Marie-Hélène Corre
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fuminari Miura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Sodhi KK, Singh CK. A systematic review on the occurrence, fate, and remediation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:8073-8086. [PMID: 35755183 PMCID: PMC9207430 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Along with impairing the respiratory system, it also affects the gastrointestinal system. By reviewing experiments on the wastewater analysis for the detection of coronavirus, this study explores the fate, persistence, and various remediation strategies for the virus removal from the wastewater. The results indicated that the virus can be detected in the wastewater samples, feces, and sewage, even before the onset of symptoms. Coronavirus can be a potential panzootic disease, as several mammalian species get infected by the deadly virus. The disinfection strategies used earlier for the treatment of wastewater are not sufficient for the removal of viruses from the wastewater. Therefore, concerted efforts should be made to understand their fate, sources, and occurrence in the environmental matrices. To prevent the spread of the panzootic disease, revised guidelines should be issued for the remediation of the virus. Recent viral remediation methods such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation methods can be used. Therefore, the present review puts a light on the current knowledge on the occurrence of coronaviruses in wastewater, the possible sources, fate, and removal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Sodhi
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - C. K. Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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30
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Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shen Y, Shuai D. Waterborne Human Pathogenic Viruses in Complex Microbial Communities: Environmental Implication on Virus Infectivity, Persistence, and Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5381-5389. [PMID: 35434991 PMCID: PMC9073700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human pathogenic viruses challenge global health and economy. Viruses were long believed to transmit among hosts as individual, free particles. However, recent evidence indicates that viruses also transmit in populations, so-called en bloc transmission, by either interacting with coexisting bacteria, free-living amoebas, and other higher organisms through endosymbiosis and surface binding, or by being clustered inside membrane-bound vesicles or simply self-aggregating with themselves. En bloc transmission of viruses and virus-microbiome interactions could enable viruses to enhance their infectivity, increase environmental persistence, and resist inactivation from disinfection. Overlooking this type of transmission and virus-microbiome interactions may underestimate the environmental and public health risks of the viruses. We herein provide a critical perspective on waterborne human pathogenic viruses in complex microbial communities to elucidate the environmental implication of virus-microbiome interactions on virus infectivity, persistence, and disinfection. This perspective also provides insights on advancing disinfection and sanitation guidelines and regulations to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Corresponding Author: Danmeng Shuai, Phone: 202-994-0506, Fax: 202-994-0127, , Website: http://materwatersus.weebly.com
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Tizaoui C, Stanton R, Statkute E, Rubina A, Lester-Card E, Lewis A, Holliman P, Worsley D. Ozone for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on surfaces and in liquid cell culture media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128251. [PMID: 35032958 PMCID: PMC8744407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, by ozone using virus grown in cell culture media either dried on surfaces (plastic, glass, stainless steel, copper, and coupons of ambulance seat and floor) or suspended in liquid. Treatment in liquid reduced SARS-CoV-2 at a rate of 0.92 ± 0.11 log10-reduction per ozone CT dose(mg min/L); where CT is ozone concentration times exposure time. On surface, the synergistic effect of CT and relative humidity (RH) was key to virus inactivation; the rate varied from 0.01 to 0.27 log10-reduction per ozone CT value(g min/m3) as RH varied from 17% to 70%. Depletion of ozone by competitive reactions with the medium constituents, mass transfer limiting the penetration of ozone to the bulk of the medium, and occlusion of the virus in dried matrix were postulated as potential mechanisms that reduce ozone efficacy. RH70% was found plausible since it provided the highest disinfection rate while being below the critical RH that promotes mould growth in buildings. In conclusion, through careful choice of (CT, RH), gaseous ozone is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and our results are of significance to a growing field where ozone is applied to control the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chedly Tizaoui
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Evelina Statkute
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anzelika Rubina
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Lester-Card
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Lewis
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Holliman
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Worsley
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a comprehensive overview of documented outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra virus infections affecting livestock and humans and assess the burden on the economy and health systems. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, attention must be paid to emerging viruses and infectious diseases, as transmission routes can be rapid and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kummer
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise-Carina Kranz
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Qiao Z, Ye Y, Szczuka A, Harrison KR, Dodd MC, Wigginton KR. Reactivity of Viral Nucleic Acids with Chlorine and the Impact of Virus Encapsidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:218-227. [PMID: 34905340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free chlorine disinfection is widely applied to inactivate viruses by reacting with their biomolecules, which include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Knowing the reactivities of viral genomes with free chlorine and the protection that encapsidation provides would ultimately help predict virus susceptibility to the disinfectant. The relative reactivities of different viral genome types and the impact of viral higher order structure with free chlorine are poorly characterized. Here, we studied the reactivity of viral genomes representing four genome types from virus particles with diverse structures, namely, (+)ssRNA (MS2), dsRNA (φ6), ssDNA (φX174), and dsDNA (T3) with free chlorine. We compared the reactivities of these viral nucleic acids when they were suspended in phosphate buffer solutions (naked forms) and when they were in the native virus particles (encapsidated forms). The reactivities of nucleic acids were tracked by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays. The naked dsDNA of T3 was the least reactive with free chlorine, with an average second order rate constant normalized by the number of bases in the measured regions (in M-1 s-1 b-1) that was 34×, 65×, and 189× lower than those of the dsRNA of φ6, ssRNA of MS2, and ssDNA of φX174, respectively. Moreover, different regions in the ssRNA genome of MS2 and the dsRNA genome of φ6 exhibited statistically different reaction kinetics. The genomes within virus particles reacted slower than the naked genomes overall, but the extent of these differences varied among the four viruses. The results on viral nucleic acid reactivity help explain different susceptibilities of viruses to inactivation by free chlorine and also provide a valuable comparison of the susceptibilities of different nucleic acids to oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Qiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yinyin Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katherine R Harrison
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Augsburger N, Rachmadi AT, Zaouri N, Lee Y, Hong PY. Recent Update on UV Disinfection to Fulfill the Disinfection Credit Value for Enteric Viruses in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16283-16298. [PMID: 34881878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation alone or in combination with other oxidation processes is increasingly being considered for water disinfection because of stringent regulatory requirements for pathogen inactivation. To fulfill this requirement, an appropriate UV dose or fluence (mJ/cm2) is applied to combat enteric viruses in surface or treated water. There is a need for a cumulative review on the effectiveness of current and emerging UV technologies against various types of human enteric viruses. We extracted the kinetics data from 52 selected experimental studies on enteric virus inactivation using low pressure (LP-UV), medium pressure (MP-UV), UV-LED, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and applied a simple linear regression analysis to calculate the range of UV fluence (mJ/cm2) needed for 4-log10 inactivation. The inactivation of adenoviruses with LP-UV, MP-UV, and UV/H2O2 (10 mg/L) required the highest fluence, which ranged from 159 to 337, 45, and 115 mJ/cm2, respectively. By contrast, when using LP-UV, the inactivation of other enteric viruses, such as the Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae family and rotavirus, required fluence that ranged from 19 to 69, 18 to 43, and 38 mJ/cm2, respectively. ssRNA viruses exhibit higher sensitivity to UV radiation than dsRNA and DNA viruses. In general, as an upgrade to LP-UV, MP-UV is a more promising strategy for eliminating enteric viruses compared to AOP involving LP-UV with added H2O2 or TiO2. The UV-LED technology showed potential because a lower UV fluence (at 260 and/or 280 nm wavelength) was required for 4-log10 inactivation compared to that of LP-UV for most strains examined in this critical review. However, more studies evaluating the inactivation of enteric viruses by means of UV-LEDs and UV-AOP are needed to ascertain these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Augsburger
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andri Taruna Rachmadi
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Zaouri
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Chen C, Guo L, Yang Y, Oguma K, Hou LA. Comparative effectiveness of membrane technologies and disinfection methods for virus elimination in water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149678. [PMID: 34416607 PMCID: PMC8364419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has brought viruses into the public horizon. Since viruses can pose a threat to human health in a low concentration range, seeking efficient virus removal methods has been the research hotspots in the past few years. Herein, a total of 1060 research papers were collected from the Web of Science database to identify technological trends as well as the research status. Based on the analysis results, this review elaborates on the state-of-the-art of membrane filtration and disinfection technologies for the treatment of virus-containing wastewater and drinking water. The results evince that membrane and disinfection methods achieve a broad range of virus removal efficiency (0.5-7 log reduction values (LRVs) and 0.09-8 LRVs, respectively) that is attributable to the various interactions between membranes or disinfectants and viruses having different susceptibility in viral capsid protein and nucleic acid. Moreover, this review discusses the related challenges and potential of membrane and disinfection technologies for customized virus removal in order to prevent the dissemination of the waterborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Kumiko Oguma
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Li-An Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an 710025, China.
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36
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Schmitz BW, Wang H, Schwab K, Jacangelo J. Selected Mechanistic Aspects of Viral Inactivation by Peracetic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16120-16129. [PMID: 34791872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is an alternative to traditional wastewater disinfection as it has a high oxidation potential without producing chlorinated disinfection byproducts. Reports have shown the effectiveness of PAA to reduce waterborne viruses, but the mechanism of inactivation is understudied. This study evaluated PAA consumption by amino acids and nucleotides that are the building blocks of both viral capsids and genomes. Cysteine (>1.7 min-1) and methionine (>1.2 min-1) rapidly consumed PAA, while cystine (1.9 × 10-2 min-1) and tryptophan (1.4 × 10-4 min-1) reactions occurred at a slower rate. All other amino acids and nucleotides did not react significantly (p < 0.05) with PAA during experiments. Also, PAA treatment did not result in significant (p < 0.05) reductions of purified RNA from MS2 bacteriophage and murine norovirus. Data in this study suggest that PAA effectively inactivates viruses by targeting susceptible amino acids on capsid proteins and does not readily damage viral genomes. Knowledge of virus capsid structures and protein compositions can be used to qualitatively predict the relative resistance or susceptibility of virus types to PAA. Capsid structures containing a higher total number of target amino acids may be more susceptible to PAA reactions that damage structural integrity resulting in inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- JHU/Stantec Alliance, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Hanwei Wang
- JHU/Stantec Alliance, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Kellogg Schwab
- JHU/Stantec Alliance, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Joseph Jacangelo
- JHU/Stantec Alliance, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Stantec, Washington, DC, 91101, United States
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37
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Sangkham S. A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113563. [PMID: 34488114 PMCID: PMC8373619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Sangkham
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
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38
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Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalysts: Virucidal Performance and Mechanism. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of lethal viral infections necessitates the innovation of novel disinfection techniques for contaminated surfaces, air, and wastewater as significant transmission media of disease. The instigated research has led to the development of photocatalysis as an effective renewable solar-driven technology relying on the reactive oxidative species, mainly hydroxyl (OH●) and superoxide (O2●−) radicals, for rupturing the capsid shell of the virus and loss of pathogenicity. Metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), which possesses a visible light active bandgap structure, low toxicity, and high thermal stability, has recently attracted attention for viral inactivation. In addition, g-C3N4-based photocatalysts have also experienced a renaissance in many domains, including environment, energy conversion, and biomedical applications. Herein, we discuss the three aspects of the antiviral mechanism, intending to highlight the advantages of photocatalysis over traditional viral disinfection techniques. The sole agenda of the review is to summarize the significant research on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for viral inactivation by reactive oxidative species generation. An evaluation of the photocatalysis operational parameters affecting viral inactivation kinetics is presented. An overview of the prevailing challenges and sustainable solutions is presented to fill in the existing knowledge gaps. Given the merits of graphitic carbon nitride and the heterogeneous photocatalytic viral inactivation mechanism, we hope that further research will contribute to preventing the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic and future calamities.
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Fumagalli MJ, Capato CF, de Castro-Jorge LA, de Souza WM, Arruda E, Figueiredo LTM. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other airborne viruses under different stress conditions. Arch Virol 2021; 167:183-187. [PMID: 34727217 PMCID: PMC8561365 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral stability under stress conditions may directly affect viral dissemination, seasonality, and pathogenesis. We exposed airborne viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mumps virus, coxsackievirus B5, human rhinovirus A16, and respiratory syncytial virus, to different temperatures, UV light exposure time, pH values, and osmotic pressures and measured the remaining viral infectivity. Reduced thermal stability was observed for coxsackievirus B5 at 45 °C, while SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated residual infectivity at 55 °C. UV light exposure was an efficient means of viral inactivation but was less efficient for non-enveloped viruses. Rhinovirus A16 and respiratory syncytial virus demonstrated extreme sensitivity to acid conditions, while SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus A16, and respiratory syncytial virus were unstable in an alkaline environment. The information obtained in this study will be useful for the development of viral inactivation methods and may be correlated with epidemiological and seasonal viral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 140490-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fabiano Capato
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 140490-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza Antunes de Castro-Jorge
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 140490-900, Brazil
| | - William Marciel de Souza
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 140490-900, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 140490-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 140490-900, Brazil
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40
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Bhardwaj SK, Singh H, Deep A, Khatri M, Bhaumik J, Kim KH, Bhardwaj N. UVC-based photoinactivation as an efficient tool to control the transmission of coronaviruses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148548. [PMID: 34465056 PMCID: PMC8238411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic made us re-realize the importance of environmental disinfection and sanitation in indoor areas, hospitals, and clinical rooms. UVC irradiation of high energy and short wavelengths, especially in the 200-290-nm range possesses the great potential for germicidal disinfection. These properties of UVC allow to damage or destruct the nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) in diverse microbes (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and viruses). UVC light can hence be used as a promising tool for prevention and control of their infection or transmission. The present review offers insights into the historical perspective, mode of action, and recent advancements in the application of UVC-based antiviral therapy against coronaviruses (including SARS CoV-2). Moreover, the application of UVC lights in the sanitization of healthcare units, public places, medical instruments, respirators, and personal protective equipment (PPE) is also discussed. This article, therefore, is expected to deliver a new path for the developments of UVC-based viricidal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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41
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Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G, Vilarroig J, Climent J, Chiva S, Chica A, Navarro-Laboulais J. Experimental and CFD evaluation of ozone efficacy against coronavirus and enteric virus contamination on public transport surfaces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:106217. [PMID: 34422551 PMCID: PMC8367738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The limited information about the routes of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the ongoing pandemic scenario mobilized the administration, industry and academy to develop sanitation and disinfection systems for public and private spaces. Ozone has been proposed as an effective disinfection method against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including viruses with similar morphology to SARS-CoV-2. Due to this efficacy, numerous gaseous and aqueous phase ozone applications have emerged potentially to inhibit virus persistence in aerosols, surfaces, and water. In this work, a numerical model, a RANS CFD model for ozone dispersion inside tram and underground coach has been developed including the chemical self-decomposition and surface reactions of the ozone. The CFD model has been developed for a real tram coach of 28.6 × 2.4 × 2.2 m (L × W × H) using 1.76 million nodes and the Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model. The model predicts the O3 concentration needed to meet disinfection criteria and the fluid dynamics inside the public transport coach. The effectiveness of the system has been validated with laboratory and field tests in real full-scale coach using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and murine norovirus (MNV-1) as SARS-CoV-2 and human norovirus surrogates, respectively. Lab-scale experiments on plastic surfaces demonstrated O3 disinfection (100 ppm, 95% RH, 25 min) inactivate > 99.8% MNV-1 and PEDV. Additionally, field tests in real full-scale coach demostrate the efficacy of the system as > 98.6% of infectious MNV-1 and > 96.3% PEDV were inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Vilarroig
- Hydrodynamic and Environmental Services, Av. del Mar, 53, 12003 Castellón, Spain
| | - Javier Climent
- Hydrodynamic and Environmental Services, Av. del Mar, 53, 12003 Castellón, Spain
| | - Sergio Chiva
- Universitat Jaume I, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - A Chica
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Navarro-Laboulais
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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42
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Saba B, Hasan SW, Kjellerup BV, Christy AD. Capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants to treat SARS-CoV-2. A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:100737. [PMID: 34179735 PMCID: PMC8216935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is one of many viral transmission routes, and the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater has brought attention to its treatment. SARS CoV-2 primarily transmits in the air but the persistence of the virus in the water possibly can serve as a secondary source even though current studies do not show this. In this paper, an evaluation of the current literature with regards to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and biosolids is presented. Treatment efficiencies of WWTPs are compared for viral load reduction on the basis of publicly available data. The results of this evaluation indicate that existing WWTPs are effectively removing 1-6 log10 viable SARS-CoV-2. However, sludge and biosolids provide an umbrella of protection from treatment and inactivation to the virus. Hence, sludge treatment factors like high temperature, pH changes, and predatory microorganisms can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Saba
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,Corresponding author at: Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ann D. Christy
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bayarri B, Cruz-Alcalde A, López-Vinent N, Micó MM, Sans C. Can ozone inactivate SARS-CoV-2? A review of mechanisms and performance on viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125658. [PMID: 33752085 PMCID: PMC7955572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has challenged societies around the globe. Technologies based on ozone, a powerful oxidant, have been evaluated to inactivate this virus in aerosols and fomites. However, the high data diversity hinders the possibility of establishing a common ground for determining best practices for the use of these technologies. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus regarding which are the main mechanisms of ozone virus inactivation. This critical review examined the most relevant information available regarding ozone application in gas-phase for different viruses inactivation (including recent publications dealing with SARS-CoV-2), and pointed towards envelope alteration as the main reaction pathway for enveloped viruses, such as is the case of SARS-CoV-2. It could also be concluded that gaseous ozone can be indeed an effective disinfectant, successfully inactivating viruses such us influenza A H1N1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 or even SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols or fomites. In reviewed works, low ozone exposures, just around 0.1-0.4 mg L-1 min, achieve about 4 log10 of inactivation in aerosols, while exposures between 1 and 4 mg L-1 min may be needed to guarantee an inactivation of 3-4 log10 in different fomites. Although further studies are required, ozone is an effective candidate to be used against SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses in surfaces and indoor locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardí Bayarri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cruz-Alcalde
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria López-Vinent
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María M Micó
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Sans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Moresco V, Oliver DM, Weidmann M, Matallana-Surget S, Quilliam RS. Survival of human enteric and respiratory viruses on plastics in soil, freshwater, and marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111367. [PMID: 34029551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The public health significance of plastics and microplastics in different environmental matrices has mainly focused on the toxicological effects of human ingestion. But these pollutants can also harbour pathogenic bacteria as the surfaces of plastics in the environment quickly become colonised by microbial biofilm. This novel microbial habitat has been termed the 'plastisphere' and could facilitate the survival and dissemination of important bacterial and fungal pathogens. Importantly, however, the role of plastic pollution as a secondary pathway for the transmission of human pathogenic viruses has never been addressed. Due to the high prevalence of both enteric and respiratory viruses in the population and in the environment, there is significant potential for human viruses to become associated with the plastisphere. In this review we critically evaluate current knowledge on the interaction of human enteric and respiratory viruses with plastic surfaces and identify the main environmental conditions and plastic characteristics that could affect virus survival and persistence in the environment. Our hypothesis is that the plastisphere can enhance the adhesion, survival and dissemination of human pathogenic viruses and potentially lead to more effective transfer and transmission of viral diseases within the environment. We identify key research questions needed to more fully assess the potential human health risks associated with viruses on plastic surfaces. These include understanding, (1) the mechanisms of viral attachment to either naked or biofilm-colonised plastic (2) how the structural characteristics of viruses (e.g., enveloped, or non-enveloped), affect their persistence in the plastisphere, (3) whether the plastisphere offers protection and increases the persistence of infectious viruses in soil, freshwater, and marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moresco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Senftenberg, D-01968, Germany
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Teymoorian T, Teymourian T, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S. Direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021; 42:102193. [PMID: 35592058 PMCID: PMC8226068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 is expanding internationally. While the current focus is on limiting its transmission from direct contact with infected patients and surfaces during the pandemic, the secondary transmission potential via sewage should not be underestimated, especially in low-income and developing countries with weak wastewater treatment technologies. Recent studies have indicated SARS-CoV-2 positivity also be detected in the feces of patients. Therefore, the risk of transmission and infection can be increased into sewage by the fecal-oral way, mainly in some parts of the globe with a high amount of open defecation. This review collected scattered data and recent studies about the direct and indirect effects of coronavirus in the water cycle. The direct impacts of COVID-19 on wastewater are related to the presence of the coronavirus and suitable viral removal methods in different phases of treatment in wastewater treatment plants. The indirect effects of COVID-19 on wastewater are related to the overuse of cleaning and disinfecting products to protect against viral infection and the overuse of certain drugs to protect against virus or novel mental problems and panic to COVID-19 and consequently their presence in wastewater. This unexpected situation leads to changes in the quality of wastewater and brings adverse and harmful effects for the human, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, applying effective wastewater treatment technologies with low toxic by-products in wastewater treatment plants will be helpful to prevent the increasing occurrence of these extra contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Termeh Teymoorian
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Targol Teymourian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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Aerobic Conditions and Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Reduce the Production of Infectious MS2 Phage by Escherichia coli. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071376. [PMID: 34372580 PMCID: PMC8310082 DOI: 10.3390/v13071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the defective/non-infectious enteric phages and viruses that end up in wastewater originate in human feces. Some of the causes of this high level of inactivity at the host stage are unknown. There is a significant gap between how enteric phages are environmentally transmitted and how we might design molecular tools that would only detect infectious ones. Thus, there is a need to explain the low proportion of infectious viral particles once replicated. By analyzing lysis plaque content, we were able to confirm that, under aerobic conditions, Escherichia coli produce low numbers of infectious MS2 phages (I) than the total number of phages indicated by the genome copies (G) with an I/G ratio of around 2%. Anaerobic conditions of replication and ROS inhibition increase the I/G ratio to 8 and 25%, respectively. These data cannot only be explained by variations in the total numbers of MS2 phages produced or in the metabolism of E. coli. We therefore suggest that oxidative damage impacts the molecular replication and assembly of MS2 phages.
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Farahmandfar R, Asnaashari M, Hesami B. Monitoring of new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Origin, transmission, and food preservation methods. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021; 45:e15564. [PMID: 34219846 PMCID: PMC8237013 DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unfortunately, there is limited research on coronavirus survival of food products and also food processing. The knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of coronaviruses mostly comes from the study of SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV physical (i.e., thermal processing, chilling and freezing, microwave irradiation, ultraviolet light, gamma irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure) and chemical (acidification and use of common disinfectants in the food industry like chlorinated derivatives and ozone) are means which could be used to inactive the coronaviruses or reduce the infection. These methods can be applied individually or in combination to act better performance. Thermal processing is one of the most effective methods for inactive coronavirus. Heating at 75°C (15–60 min) and 65°C (1 min) was the best temperature for inactive SARS‐CoV and MERS virus, respectively. Among irradiation methods (microwave, UV, and gamma), the most effective one is UVC rays. Moreover, the use of disinfectant like chlorinated derivatives is appropriate way to disinfect food product surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farahmandfar
- Department of Food Science and Technology Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
| | - Maryam Asnaashari
- Department of Food Science and Technology Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
| | - Bakhtiyar Hesami
- Department of Food Science and Technology Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
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dos Santos LMC, da Silva ES, Oliveira FO, Rodrigues LDAP, Neves PRF, Meira CS, Moreira GAF, Lobato GM, Nascimento C, Gerhardt M, Lessa AS, Mascarenhas LAB, Machado BAS. Ozonized Water in Microbial Control: Analysis of the Stability, In Vitro Biocidal Potential, and Cytotoxicity. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:525. [PMID: 34204772 PMCID: PMC8231602 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
O3 dissolved in water (or ozonized water) has been considered a potent antimicrobial agent, and this study aimed to test this through microbiological and in vitro assays. The stability of O3 was accessed following modifications of the physicochemical parameters of water, such as the temperature and pH, with or without buffering. Three concentrations of O3 (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 ppm) dissolved in water were tested against different microorganisms, and an analysis of the cytotoxic effects was also conducted using the human ear fibroblast cell line (Hfib). Under the physicochemical conditions of 4 °C and pH 5, O3 remained the most stable and concentrated compared to pH 7 and water at 25 °C. Exposure to ozonized water resulted in high mortality rates for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Scanning electron micrograph images indicate that the effects on osmotic stability due to cell wall lysis might be one of the killing mechanisms of ozonized water. The biocidal agent was biocompatible and presented no cytotoxic effect against Hfib cells. Therefore, due to its cytocompatibility and biocidal action, ozonized water can be considered a viable alternative for microbial control, being possible, for example, its use in disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laerte Marlon Conceição dos Santos
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Eduardo Santos da Silva
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Fabricia Oliveira Oliveira
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Leticia de Alencar Pereira Rodrigues
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Freitas Neves
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Greta Almeida Fernandes Moreira
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Gabriela Monteiro Lobato
- China Three Gorges Corporation—CTG Brazil, Rio Paraná Energia S.A. Rodovia MS-444 s/nº km 58, Ilha Solteira 79590-000, Selviria, Brazil; (G.M.L.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Carlos Nascimento
- China Three Gorges Corporation—CTG Brazil, Rio Paraná Energia S.A. Rodovia MS-444 s/nº km 58, Ilha Solteira 79590-000, Selviria, Brazil; (G.M.L.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcelo Gerhardt
- China Three Gorges Corporation—CTG Brazil, Rio Paraná Energia S.A. Rodovia MS-444 s/nº km 58, Ilha Solteira 79590-000, Selviria, Brazil; (G.M.L.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Arlene Souza Lessa
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ Microscopy Service, Technological Platforms Network, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Luis Alberto Breda Mascarenhas
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
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Pilevar M, Kim KT, Lee WH. Recent advances in biosensors for detecting viruses in water and wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124656. [PMID: 33308919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As there is a considerable number of virus particles in wastewater which cause numerous infectious diseases, it is necessary to eliminate viruses from domestic wastewater before it is released in the environment. In addition, on-site detection of viruses in wastewater can provide information on possible virus exposures in the community of a given wastewater catchment. For this purpose, the pre-detection of different strains of viruses in wastewaters is an essential environmental step. Epidemiological studies illustrate that viruses are the most challenging pathogens to be detected in water samples because of their nano sizes, discrete distribution, and low infective doses. Over the past decades, several methods have been applied for the detection of waterborne viruses which include polymerase chain reaction-based methods (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Although they have shown acceptable performance in virus measurements, their drawbacks such as complicated and time-consuming procedures, low sensitivity, and high analytical cost call for alternatives. Although biosensors are still in an early stage for practical applications, they have shown great potential to become an alternative means for virus detection in water and wastewater. This comprehensive review addresses the different types of viruses found in water and the recent development of biosensors for detecting waterborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Pilevar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18323, South Korea
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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50
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Zhang M, Ghosh S, Kumar M, Santiana M, Bleck CKE, Chaimongkol N, Altan-Bonnet N, Shuai D. Emerging Pathogenic Unit of Vesicle-Cloaked Murine Norovirus Clusters is Resistant to Environmental Stresses and UV 254 Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6197-6205. [PMID: 33856208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An individual virion was long believed to act as an independent infectious unit in virology, until the recent discovery of vesicle-cloaked virus clusters which has greatly challenged this central paradigm. Vesicle-cloaked virus clusters (also known as viral vesicles) are phospholipid-bilayer encapsulated fluid sacs that contain multiple virions or multiple copies of viral genomes. Norovirus is a global leading causative agent of gastroenteritis, and the reported prevalence of vesicle-cloaked norovirus clusters in stool has raised concerns whether the current disinfection, sanitation, and hygiene practices can effectively control environmental pollution by these pathogenic units. In this study, we have demonstrated that vesicle-cloaked murine norovirus (MNV-1) clusters were highly persistent under temperature variation (i.e., freeze-thaw) and they were partially resistant to detergent decomposition. MNV-1 vesicles were 1.89-3.17-fold more infectious in vitro than their free virus counterparts. Most importantly, MNV-1 vesicles were up to 2.16-times more resistant to UV254 disinfection than free MNV-1 at a low viral load in vitro. Interestingly, with the increase of the viral load, free MNV-1 and MNV-1 vesicles showed equivalent resistance to UV254 disinfection. We show that the increased multiplicity of infection provided by vesicles is in part responsible for these attributes. Our study, for the first time, sheds light on the environmental behavior of vesicle-cloaked virus clusters as unique emerging pathogenic units. Our study highlights the need to revisit current paradigms of disinfection, sanitation, and hygiene practices for protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sourish Ghosh
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Manish Kumar
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Marianita Santiana
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Christopher K E Bleck
- Electron Microcopy Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Natthawan Chaimongkol
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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