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Rexin D, Kaas L, Langlet J, Croucher D, Hewitt J. Droplet Digital PCR for Precise Quantification of Human Norovirus in Shellfish Associated with Gastroenteritis Illness. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100363. [PMID: 39299470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Norovirus is the predominant cause of viral gastroenteritis globally with foodborne outbreaks commonly reported. Filter-feeding bivalve molluscan shellfish can become contaminated with norovirus when grown in waters impacted by inadequately treated effluent wastewater, overflows, or other human fecal sources. Contaminated shellfish pose a significant risk to consumers, because combined with a low norovirus infectious dose, oysters and mussels are often eaten raw or lightly cooked resulting in no or minimal virus inactivation, respectively. In addition, shellfish contamination has significant economic impacts on the seafood industry. To improve risk assessments, reverse transcription (RT)-digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) was used to determine the precise norovirus concentrations in 20 shellfish samples, all positive for norovirus genogroup I and/or II (GI or GII) by RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR), and associated with reported norovirus illness in New Zealand. Using RT-ddPCR, total norovirus GI and/or GII concentrations in shellfish ranged between 44 and 4,630 genome copies (GC)/g digestive tissue. Importantly, 40% (8/20) of shellfish samples contained a total norovirus concentration less than 200 GC/g digestive tissue. In parallel, RNase treatment was applied, prior to viral extraction to remove free viral RNA, which subsequently led to average reductions in norovirus GC/g concentration of 37.1% and 19.4% for GI and GII, respectively. These RT-ddPCR data provide valuable evidence for risk assessment of contaminated shellfish and evaluation of safety guidelines and highlight issues associated with setting a safe threshold of norovirus in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rexin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Laetitia Kaas
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Jérémie Langlet
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Croucher
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Porirua, New Zealand.
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2
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic analyses of Rotaviruses Circulating in Municipal Sewage and Sewage-Polluted River Waters in Durban Area, South Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:363-379. [PMID: 38914870 PMCID: PMC11422280 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Globally, rotavirus continues to be the leading etiology of severe pediatric gastroenteritis, and transmission of the disease via environmental reservoirs has become an emerging concern in developing countries. From August to October 2021, a total of 69 samples comprising 48 of raw and treated sewage, and 21 surface waters, were collected from four Durban wastewater treatment plants (DWWTP), and effluent receiving rivers, respectively. Rotaviruses recovered and identified from the samples were subjected to sequencing, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis. Of the 65 (94.2%) rotavirus-positive samples, 33.3% were from raw sewage, 16% from activated sludge, 15.9% from final effluents, and 29.0% were from the receiving river samples. A total of 49 G and 41 P genotypes were detected in sewage while 15 G and 22 P genotypes were detected in river samples. G1 genotype predominated in sewage (24.5%) followed by G3 (22.4%), G2 (14.3%), G4 (12.2%), G12 (10.2%), G9 (8.2%), and G8 (6.1%). Similarly, G1 predominated in river water samples (33.3%) and was followed by G2, G4 (20.0% each), G3, and G12 (13.3% each). Rotavirus VP4 genotypes P[4], P[6], and P[8] accounted for 36.6%, 29.3%, and 9.8%, respectively, in sewage. Correspondingly, 45.5%, 31.8%, and 13.6% were detected in river samples. The G and P genotypes not identified by the methods used were 2.1% versus 24.3% and 0.1% versus 9.1% for sewage and river water samples, respectively. Sequence comparison studies indicated a high level of nucleotide identity in the G1, G2, G3, G4, G8 VP7, and P[4], P[6], and P[8] VP4 gene sequences between strains from the environment and those from patients in the region. This is the first environmental-based study on the G and P genotypes diversity of rotavirus in municipal wastewater and their receiving rivers in this geographical region. The high similarity between environmental and clinical rotavirus strains suggests both local circulation of the virus and potential exposure risks. In addition, it highlights the usefulness of sewage surveillance as an additional tool for an epidemiological investigation, especially in populations that include individuals with subclinical or asymptomatic infections that are precluded in case-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Arome Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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3
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Purhonen R, Atanasova NS, Salokas J, Duplissy J, Loikkanen E, Maunula L. A Pilot Study of Aerosolization of Infectious Murine Norovirus in an Experimental Setup. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:329-337. [PMID: 38698288 PMCID: PMC11422255 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus is transmitted mainly via the faecal-oral route, but norovirus disease outbreaks have been reported in which airborne transmission has been suggested as the only explanation. We used murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for human norovirus to determine the aerosolization of infectious norovirus in an experimental setup. A 3-l air chamber system was used for aerosolization of MNV. Virus in solution (6 log10 TCID50/ml) was introduced into the nebulizer for generating aerosols and a RAW 264.7 cell dish without a lid was placed in the air chamber. Cell culture medium samples were taken from the dishes after the aerosol exposure time of 30 or 90 min, and the dishes were placed in a 37 °C, 5% CO2 incubator and inspected with a light microscope for viral cytopathic effects (CPEs). We determined both the infectious MNV TCID50 titre and used an RT-qPCR assay. During the experiments, virus infectivity remained stable for 30 and 90 min in the MNV solution in the nebulizer. Infectious MNV TCID50 values/ml of 2.89 ± 0.29 and 3.20 ± 0.49 log10 were measured in the chamber in RAW 264.7 cell dish media after the 30-min and 90-min exposure, respectively. The MNV RNA loads were 6.20 ± 0.24 and 6.93 ± 1.02 log10 genome copies/ml, respectively. Later, a typical MNV CPE appeared in the aerosol-exposed RAW cell dishes. We demonstrated that MNV was aerosolized and that it remained infectious in the experimental setup used. Further studies required for understanding the behaviour of MNV in aerosols can thus be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderik Purhonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina S Atanasova
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julija Salokas
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emil Loikkanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Puchades-Colera P, Díaz-Reolid A, Girón-Guzmán I, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Pérez-Cataluña A, Sánchez G. Capsid Integrity Detection of Enteric Viruses in Reclaimed Waters. Viruses 2024; 16:816. [PMID: 38932109 PMCID: PMC11209584 DOI: 10.3390/v16060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and droughts are depleting water resources in some parts of the globe, where recycling and reusing wastewater is a strategy for different purposes. To counteract this, the EU regulation for water reuse sets minimum requirements for the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation, including a reduction in human enteric viruses. In the present study, the occurrence of several human enteric viruses, including the human norovirus genogroup I (HuNoV GI), HuNoV GII, and rotavirus (RV), along with viral fecal contamination indicator crAssphage was monitored by using (RT)-qPCR methods on influent wastewater and reclaimed water samples. Moreover, the level of somatic coliphages was also determined as a culturable viral indicator. To assess the potential viral infectivity, an optimization of a capsid integrity PMAxx-RT-qPCR method was performed on sewage samples. Somatic coliphages were present in 60% of the reclaimed water samples, indicating inefficient virus inactivation. Following PMAxx-RT-qPCR optimization, 66% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the analyzed enteric viruses, with concentrations ranging from 2.79 to 7.30 Log10 genome copies (gc)/L. Overall, most of the analyzed reclaimed water samples did not comply with current EU legislation and contained potential infectious viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gloria Sánchez
- VISAFELab, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-C.); (A.D.-R.); (A.P.-C.)
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5
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Schilling-Loeffler K, Ben Romdhane R, Günther T, Johne R. Household dishwashing detergents efficiently inactivate HSV-1, but not the non-enveloped viruses HAV and MNV, while all viruses were removed from glass by manual scrubbing. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104404. [PMID: 38049263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the stability of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and murine norovirus (MNV) on glass, their inactivation by three household dishwashing detergents and during a glass rinsing process. After drying on glass and storage in darkness, virus titers decreased by 4.7, 5.5 and 4.5 log10 plaque forming units (PFU) in 21, 28 and 14 days for HSV-1, HAV and MNV, respectively. Daylight storage resulted in shorter survival times. While HAV and MNV titers were not significantly affected by 60 s incubation in dishwashing detergents at up to 43 °C, HSV-1 titer decreased significantly by > 4 log10 PFU/mL at the same conditions with each detergent used. After cleaning artificially contaminated drinking glasses with a manual glass scrubbing device, HSV-1, HAV and MNV titers decreased significantly by 4.4 ± 0.1 to 5.3 ± 0.0 log10 PFU. Our study shows, that all tested viruses can remain infectious after drying on glass up to several weeks. Household dishwashing detergents efficiently inactivate the enveloped virus HSV-1, but not the non-enveloped viruses HAV and MNV. The applied manual glass rinsing procedure efficiently removed all three viruses from drinking glasses, probably due to the combination of chemical and mechanical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Racem Ben Romdhane
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Taras Günther
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Allende A, Férez-Rubio JA, Tudela JA, Aznar R, Gil MI, Sánchez G, Randazzo W. Human intestinal enteroids and predictive models validate the operational limits of sanitizers used for viral disinfection of vegetable process wash water. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110601. [PMID: 38301540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Vegetables are globally associated with a considerable number of foodborne outbreaks caused by viral infections, specifically human norovirus. In fresh produce industry, washing represents a critical step for food safety as process wash water (PWW) needs to be maintained at appropriate microbial quality to prevent water-mediated cross-contamination. This study aimed to explore the disinfection efficacy of chlorine (free chlorine, FC), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and peracetic acid (PAA) in PWW against infectious human norovirus and Tulane virus (TV). First, we tested the extent of TV inactivation in baby leaf, bell pepper, and vegetables mix PWW and monitored the viral decay by cell culture. Then, inactivation kinetics were defined for infectious human norovirus exposed to FC, ClO2 and PAA in baby leaves PWW using the human intestinal enteroids (HIE) system. Finally, kinetic inactivation models were fitted to TV reduction and decay of sanitizers to aid the implementation of disinfection strategies. Results showed that >8 log10 human norovirus and 3.9 log10 TV were inactivated by 20 ppm FC within 1 min; and by 3 ppm ClO2 in 1 min (TV) or 5 min (norovirus). PAA treatment at 80 ppm reduced ca. 2 log10 TV but not completely inactivated the virus even after 20 min exposure, while 5 min treatment prevented norovirus replication in HIE. TV inactivation in PWWs was described using an exponential decay model. Taking these data together, we demonstrated the value of applying the HIE model to validate current operational limits for the most commonly used sanitizers. The inactivation kinetics for human norovirus and TV, along with the predictive model described in this study expand the current knowledge to implement post-harvest produce safety procedures in industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Allende
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables (MxQ), Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Férez-Rubio
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables (MxQ), Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Tudela
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables (MxQ), Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Aznar
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Gil
- Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables (MxQ), Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Bichet MC, Gardette M, Das Neves B, Challant J, Erbs A, Roman V, Robin M, La Carbona S, Gantzer C, Boudaud N, Bertrand I. A new understanding of somatic coliphages belonging to the Microviridae family in urban wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120916. [PMID: 38043350 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Somatic coliphages (SC) and F-specific RNA coliphages (FRNAPH) have been included in regulations or guidelines by several developed countries as a way of monitoring water safety and the microbiological quality of shellfish harvesting waters. SC are highly diverse in their morphology, size and genome. The Microviridae family contains three genera of phages (Alphatrevirus, Gequatrovirus, and Sinsheimervirus), all having a capsid of similar morphology (icosahedral) and size (25-30 nm in diameter) to that of common pathogenic enteric viruses. Three PCR assays specific for each genus of Microviridae were designed to study these phages in raw and treated wastewater (WW) in order to gain knowledge about the diversity and prevalence of Microviridae among SC, as well as their inactivation and removal during WW treatments. Among the four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) monitored here, two WWTPs applied disinfection by UV light as tertiary treatment. First, we noticed that Microviridae represented 10 to 30 % of infectious SC in both raw and treated WW. Microviridae appeared to behave in the same way as all SC during these WW treatments. As expected, the highest inactivation, at least 4 log10, was achieved for infectious Microviridae and SC in both WWTPs using UV disinfection. PCR assays showed that the highest removal of Microviridae reached about 4 log10, but the phage removal can vary greatly between WWTPs using similar treatments. This work forms the basis for a broader evaluation of Microviridae as a viral indicator of water treatment efficiency and WW reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion C Bichet
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint-Lô F-50000, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Marion Gardette
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint-Lô F-50000, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Julie Challant
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Anaïs Erbs
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint-Lô F-50000, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Véronica Roman
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Maëlle Robin
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint-Lô F-50000, France
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8
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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9
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Wang Z, Yeo D, Kwon H, Zhang Y, Yoon D, Jung S, Hossain MI, Jeong MI, Choi C. Disinfection efficiency of chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid against MNV-1 and HAV in simulated soil-rich wash water. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113772. [PMID: 38129061 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Wash water from fresh vegetables and root vegetables is an important vehicle for foodborne virus transmission. However, there is lack of assessing rapid viral inactivation strategies in wash water characterized by a high soil content at the post-harvest stage. Considering the significance of food safety during the washing stage for fresh and root vegetable produce prior to marketing, we assessed the inactivation efficacy by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and peracetic acid (PAA) against a surrogate of human norovirus (murine norovirus 1, MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), in wash water containing black soil and clay loam. The results indicated that MNV-1 and HAV were reduced to the process limit of detection (PLOD), with reductions ranging from 4.89 to 6.35 log10 PFU, and 4.63 to 4.96 log10 PFU when treated with ClO2 at 2.5 ppm for 10 mins. Comparatively, when treated with 500 ppm of PAA for 10 mins, MNV-1 and HAV were maximum reduced to 1.75 ± 0.23 log10 PFU (4.50 log10 PFU reduction) and 2.13 ± 0.12 log10 PFU (2.72 log10 PFU reduction). This demonstrated the efficacy of ClO2 in eliminating foodborne viruses in soil-rich wash water. When we validated the recovery of the virus from two types of wash water, the pH (9.24 ± 0.33 and 5.95 ± 0.05) had no impact on the recovery of MNV-1, while the recovery of HAV was less than 1 %. By adjusting the pH to a neutral level, recovery of HAV and its RNA levels was increased to 15.94 and 3.89 %. Thus, this study emphasized the critical role of pH in the recovery of HAV from the complex soil-rich aqueous environment, and the efficacy of ClO2 serving as a pivotal reference for the development of control strategies against foodborne viruses in the supply chain of fresh and root vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-In Jeong
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kim TY, Zhu X, Kim SM, Lim JA, Woo MA, Lim MC, Luo K. A review of nucleic acid-based detection methods for foodborne viruses: Sample pretreatment and detection techniques. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113502. [PMID: 37986417 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are major pathogens that cause food poisoning when ingested via contaminated food and water. Therefore, the development of foodborne virus detection technologies that can be applied throughout the food distribution chain is essential for food safety. A common nucleic acid-based detection method is polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has become the gold standard for monitoring food contamination by viruses due to its high sensitivity, and availability of commercial kits. However, PCR-based methods are labor intensive and time consuming, and are vulnerable to inhibitors that may be present in food samples. In addition, the methods are restricted with regard to site of analysis due to the requirement of expensive and large equipment for sophisticated temperature regulation and signal analysis procedures. To overcome these limitations, optical and electrical readout biosensors based on nucleic acid isothermal amplification technology and nanomaterials have emerged as alternatives for nucleic acid-based detection of foodborne viruses. Biosensors are promising portable detection tools owing to their easy integration into compact platforms and ability to be operated on-site. However, the complexity of food components necessitates the inclusion of tedious preprocessing steps, and the lack of stability studies on residual food components further restricts the practical application of biosensors as a universal detection method. Here, we summarize the latest advances in nucleic acid-based strategies for the detection of foodborne viruses, including PCR-based and isothermal amplification-based methods, gene amplification-free methods, as well as food pretreatment methods. The principles, strengths/disadvantages, and performance of each method, problems to be solved, and future prospects for the development of a universal detection method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yong Kim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoning Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ah Woo
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ke Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
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11
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Wales SQ, Kulka M, Keinard B, Ngo D, Papafragkou E. Use of Human Intestinal Enteroids for Recovery of Infectious Human Norovirus from Berries and Lettuce. Foods 2023; 12:4286. [PMID: 38231763 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral foodborne gastroenteritis globally. Currently, the gold standard for detecting NoV in clinical, food, and environmental samples is via molecular-based methods, primarily RT-PCR. Nevertheless, there is a great need for confirmatory assays that can determine the infectivity of viral particles recovered from contaminated matrices. The use of the human intestinal enteroids system (HIEs) has allowed for the expansion of norovirus replication, although it still suffers from limitations of strain preferences and the requirement of high titer stocks for infection. In this study, we wanted to explore the feasibility of using the HIEs to support the replication of NoV that had been recovered from representative food matrices that have been associated with foodborne illness. We first confirmed that HIEs can support the replication of several strains of NoV as measured by RT-qPCR. We subsequently chose two of those strains that reproducibly replicated, GII.4 and GII.6, to evaluate in a TCID50 assay and for future experiments. Infectious NoV could be recovered and quantified in the HIEs from lettuce, frozen raspberries, or frozen strawberries seeded with high titers of either of these strains. While many experimental challenges still remain to be overcome, the results of this study represent an important step toward the detection of infectious norovirus from representative produce items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Q Wales
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, CFSAN FDA, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Michael Kulka
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, CFSAN FDA, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Brianna Keinard
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, CFSAN FDA, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Diana Ngo
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, CFSAN FDA, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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12
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Alex-Sanders N, Woodhall N, Farkas K, Scott G, Jones DL, Walker DI. Development and validation of a duplex RT-qPCR assay for norovirus quantification in wastewater samples. J Virol Methods 2023; 321:114804. [PMID: 37643662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a highly contagious enteric virus that causes widespread outbreaks and a substantial number of deaths across communities. As clinical surveillance is often insufficient, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) may provide novel pathways of tracking outbreaks. To utilise WBE, it is important to use accurate and sensitive methods for viral quantification. In this study, we developed a one-step duplex RT-qPCR assay to simultaneously test the two main human pathogenic NoV genogroups, GI and GII, in wastewater samples. The assay had low limits of detection (LOD), namely 0.52 genome copies (gc)/µl for NoVGI and 1.37 gc/µl for NoVGII. No significant concentration-dependent interactions were noted for both NoVGI and for NoVGII when the two targets were mixed at different concentrations in the samples. When tested on wastewater-derived RNA eluents, no significant difference between duplex and singleplex concentrations were found for either target. Low levels of inhibition (up to 32 %) were noted due to organic matter present in the wastewater extracts. From these results we argue that the duplex RT-qPCR assay developed enables the sensitive detection of both NoVGI and NoVGII in wastewater-derived RNA eluents, in a time and cost-effective way and may be used for surveillance to monitor public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Woodhall
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - George Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
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13
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Zeng L, Li J, Lv M, Li Z, Yao L, Gao J, Wu Q, Wang Z, Yang X, Tang G, Qu G, Jiang G. Environmental Stability and Transmissibility of Enveloped Viruses at Varied Animate and Inanimate Interfaces. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 1:15-31. [PMID: 37552709 PMCID: PMC10255587 DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses have been the leading causative agents of viral epidemics in the past decade, including the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. In epidemics caused by enveloped viruses, direct contact is a common route of infection, while indirect transmissions through the environment also contribute to the spread of the disease, although their significance remains controversial. Bridging the knowledge gap regarding the influence of interfacial interactions on the persistence of enveloped viruses in the environment reveals the transmission mechanisms when the virus undergoes mutations and prevents excessive disinfection during viral epidemics. Herein, from the perspective of the driving force, partition efficiency, and viral survivability at interfaces, we summarize the viral and environmental characteristics that affect the environmental transmission of viruses. We expect to provide insights for virus detection, environmental surveillance, and disinfection to limit the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junya Li
- College of Sciences, Northeastern
University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Meilin Lv
- College of Sciences, Northeastern
University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linlin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute
for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute
for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ziniu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute
for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health,
Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute
for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Cadamuro RD, Bastos IMADS, de Freitas ACO, Rosa MDS, Costa GDO, da Silva IT, Robl D, Stoco PH, Sandjo LP, Treichel H, Steindel M, Fongaro G. Bioactivity Screening and Chemical Characterization of Biocompound from Endophytic Neofusicoccum parvum and Buergenerula spartinae Isolated from Mangrove Ecosystem. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1599. [PMID: 37375101 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of biomolecules has been the subject of extensive research for several years due to their potential to combat harmful pathogens that can lead to environmental contamination and infections in both humans and animals. This study aimed to identify the chemical profile of endophytic fungi, namely Neofusicoccum parvum and Buergenerula spartinae, which were isolated from Avecinnia schaueriana and Laguncularia racemosa. We identified several HPLC-MS compounds, including Ethylidene-3,39-biplumbagin, Pestauvicolactone A, Phenylalanine, 2-Isopropylmalic acid, Fusaproliferin, Sespendole, Ansellone, Calanone derivative, Terpestacin, and others. Solid-state fermentation was conducted for 14-21 days, and methanol and dichloromethane extraction were performed to obtain a crude extract. The results of our cytotoxicity assay revealed a CC50 value > 500 μg/mL, while the virucide, Trypanosoma, leishmania, and yeast assay demonstrated no inhibition. Nevertheless, the bacteriostatic assay showed a 98% reduction in Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Our findings suggest that these endophytic fungi species with distinct chemical profiles represent a promising niche for further exploring new biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Claudia Oliveira de Freitas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Marilene da Silva Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Izabella Thaís da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Robl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia Hermes Stoco
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Louis Pergaud Sandjo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700970, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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15
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Qin J, Ziemann E, Bar-Zeev E, Bone SE, Liang Y, Mauter MS, Herzberg M, Bernstein R. Microporous Polyethersulfone Membranes Grafted with Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes Showing Microfiltration Permeance and Ultrafiltration Bacteriophage Removal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18343-18353. [PMID: 37010122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus removal from water using microfiltration (MF) membranes is of great interest but remains challenging owing to the membranes' mean pore sizes typically being significantly larger than most viruses. We present microporous membranes grafted with polyzwitterionic brushes (N-dimethylammonium betaine) that combine bacteriophage removal in the range of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with the permeance of MF membranes. Brush structures were grafted in two steps: free-radical polymerization followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) verified that grafting occurred at both sides of the membranes and that the grafting increased with increasing the zwitterion monomer concentration. The log reduction values (LRVs) of the pristine membrane increased from less than 0.5 LRV for T4 (∼100 nm) and NT1 (∼50 nm) bacteriophages to up to 4.5 LRV for the T4 and 3.1 LRV for the NT1 for the brush-grafted membranes with a permeance of about 1000 LMH/bar. The high permeance was attributed to a high-water fraction in the ultra-hydrophilic brush structure. The high measured LRVs of the brush-grafted membranes were attributed to enhanced bacteriophages exclusion from the membrane surface and entrapment of the ones that penetrated the pores due to the membranes' smaller mean pore-size and cross-section porosity than those of the pristine membrane, as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and measured using liquid-liquid porometry. Micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) spectrometry and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry showed that 100 nm Si-coated gold nanospheres accumulated on the surface of the pristine membrane but not on the brush-coated membrane and that the nanospheres that penetrated the membranes were entrapped in the brush-grafted membrane but passed the pristine one. These results corroborate the LRVs obtained during filtration experiments and support the inference that the increased removal was due to a combined exclusion mechanism and entrapment. Overall, these microporous brush-grafted membranes show potential for use in advanced water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qin
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet 84990, Israel
| | - Eric Ziemann
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet 84990, Israel
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet 84990, Israel
| | - Sharon E Bone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yuanzhe Liang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Meagan S Mauter
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Moshe Herzberg
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet 84990, Israel
| | - Roy Bernstein
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet 84990, Israel
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16
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Hennechart-Collette C, Dehan O, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Perelle S. Development of an Extraction Method to Detect Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis E Virus, and Noroviruses in Fish Products. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030624. [PMID: 36985198 PMCID: PMC10051274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E (HEV)) and human norovirus are recognized as the main viruses of public health concern in food hygiene. ISO 15216 approved procedures are not validated for detection of HAV and human norovirus in foodstuffs, such as fishes, leading to an inability to ensure the safety of these products. This study aimed to provide a rapid and sensitive method for detecting these targets in fish products. An existing method that includes proteinase K treatment was selected for further validation using artificially contaminated fish products, according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Recovery efficiencies in pure RNA extracts of viruses ranged from 0.2% to 66.2% for HAV, 4.0% to 100.0% for HEV, 2.2% to 100.0% for norovirus GI, and 0.2% to 12.5% for norovirus GII. LOD50 values were between 144 and 8.4 × 104 genome copies/g for HAV and HEV, and 104 and 2.0 × 103 copies/g for norovirus GI and norovirus GII, respectively. LOD95 values were between 3.2 × 103 and 3.6 × 105 genome copies/g for HAV and HEV, and between 8.8 × 103 and 4.4 × 104 genome copies/g for norovirus GI and norovirus GII, respectively. The method developed here was successfully validated in various fish products and can be applied for routine diagnostic needs.
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17
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Tiwari A, Kauppinen A, Räsänen P, Salonen J, Wessels L, Juntunen J, Miettinen IT, Pitkänen T. Effects of temperature and light exposure on the decay characteristics of fecal indicators, norovirus, and Legionella in mesocosms simulating subarctic river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160340. [PMID: 36423850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the decay characteristics of health-related microbes in surface waters is important for modeling the transportation of waterborne pathogens and for assessing their public health risks. Although water temperature and light exposure are major factors determining the decay characteristics of enteric microbes in surface waters, such effects have not been well studied in subarctic surface waters. This study comprehensively evaluated the effect of temperature and light on the decay characteristics of health-related microbes [Escherichia coli, enterococci, microbial source tracking markers (GenBac3 & HF183 assays), coliphages (F-specific and somatic), noroviruses GII and Legionella spp.] under simulated subarctic river water conditions. The experiments were conducted in four different laboratory settings (4 °C/dark, 15 °C/dark, 15 °C/light, and 22 °C/light). The T90 values (time required for a 90 % reduction in the population of a target) of all targets were higher under cold and dark (2.6-51.3 days depending upon targets) than under warm and light conditions (0.6-3.5 days). Under 4 °C/dark (simulated winter) water conditions, F-specific coliphages had 27.2 times higher, and coliform bacteria had 3.3 times higher T90 value than under 22 °C/light (simulated summer) water conditions. Bacterial molecular markers also displayed high variation in T90 values, with the greatest difference between 4 °C/dark and 22 °C/light recorded for HF183 DNA (20.6 times) and the lowest difference for EC23S857 RNA (6.6 times). E. coli, intestinal enterococci, and somatic coliphages were relatively more sensitive to light than water temperature, but F-specific coliphages, norovirus, and all bacterial rDNA and rRNA markers were relatively more sensitive to temperature than light exposure. Due to the slow microbial decay in winter under subarctic conditions, the microbial quality of river water might remain low for a long time after a sewage spill. This increased risk associated with fecal pollution during winter may deserve more attention, especially when river waters are used for drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Räsänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenniina Salonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Wessels
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Juntunen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Center, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Steyer A, Mičetić-Turk D, Fijan S. The Efficacy of Probiotics as Antiviral Agents for the Treatment of Rotavirus Gastrointestinal Infections in Children: An Updated Overview of Literature. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122392. [PMID: 36557645 PMCID: PMC9781831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses, including the rotavirus, norovirus, and adenoviruses, are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. The rotavirus disease is especially prevalent among children, and studies over the past decade have revealed complex interactions between rotaviruses and the gut microbiota. One way to treat and prevent dysbiosis is the use of probiotics as an antiviral agent. This review focuses on the latest scientific evidence on the antiviral properties of probiotics against rotavirus gastroenteric infections in children. A total of 19 studies exhibited a statistically significant antiviral effect of probiotics. The main probiotics that were effective were Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, and various multi-strain probiotics. The underlying mechanism of the probiotics against rotavirus gastroenteric infections in children included immune enhancement and modulation of intestinal microbiota leading to shortening of diarrhoea. However, several clinical studies also found no significant difference in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group even though well-known strains were used, thus showing the importance of correct dosage, duration of treatment, quality of probiotics and the possible influence of other factors, such as the production process of probiotics and the influence of immunisation on the effect of probiotics. Therefore, more robust, well-designed clinical studies addressing all factors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Steyer
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Division of Public Health Microbiology, Grablovičeva 44, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute for Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Fijan
- Institute for Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Yeo D, Hossain MI, Jung S, Wang Z, Seo Y, Woo S, Park S, Seo DJ, Rhee MS, Choi C. Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of human enteric emerging viruses in porcine stool samples in the Republic of Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:913622. [PMID: 36246307 PMCID: PMC9563253 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.913622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EID) in humans and animals are proving to be a serious health concern. This study investigated the prevalence of emerging or re-emerging human enteric viruses in porcine stools and swabs. Eleven enteric EID viruses were selected as target viruses for the current study and ranked based on their impact on public health and food safety: enterovirus (EV), hepatitis E virus, norovirus GI and GII, sapovirus (SaV), adenovirus (AdV), astrovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, aichivirus, and bocavirus. Using real-time RT-PCR or real-time PCR, EID viruses were detected in 129 (86.0%) of 150 samples. The most prevalent virus was EV, which was detected in 68.0% of samples, followed by AdV with a detection rate of 38.0%. In following sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, 33.0% (58/176) of the detected viruses were associated with human enteric EID viruses, including AdV-41, coxsackievirus-A2, echovirus-24, and SaV. Our results show that porcine stools frequently contain human enteric viruses, and that few porcine enteric viruses are genetically related to human enteric viruses. These findings suggest that enteric re-emerging or EID viruses could be zoonoses, and that continuous monitoring and further studies are needed to ensure an integrated "One Health" approach that aims to balance and optimize the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Md. Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Yeeun Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Seoyoung Woo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min Suk Rhee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Miao J, Wei Z, Zhou S, Li J, Shi D, Yang D, Jiang G, Yin J, Yang ZW, Li JW, Jin M. Predicting the concentrations of enteric viruses in urban rivers running through the city center via an artificial neural network. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129506. [PMID: 35999718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral waterborne diseases are widespread in cities due largely to the occurrence of enteric viruses in urban rivers, which pose a significant concern to human health. Yet, the application of rapid detection technology for enteric viruses in environmental water remains undeveloped globally. Here, multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, which used frequently measured physicochemical parameters in river water, were constructed to predict the concentration of enteric viruses including human enteroviruses (EnVs), rotaviruses (HRVs), astroviruses (AstVs), noroviruses GⅡ (HuNoVs GⅡ), and adenoviruses (HAdVs) in rivers. After training, testing, and validating, ANN models showed better performance than any MLR model for predicting the viral concentration in Jinhe River. All determined R-values for ANN models exceeded 0.89, suggesting a strong correlation between the predicted and measured outputs for target enteric viruses. Furthermore, ANN models provided a better congruence between the observed and predicted concentrations of each virus than MLR models did. Together, these findings strongly suggest that ANN modeling can provide more accurate and timely predictions of viral concentrations based on frequent (or routine) measurements of physicochemical parameters in river water, which would improve assessments of waterborne disease prevalence in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shuqing Zhou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, QLD 4103, Australia
| | - Danyang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhong Wei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jun Wen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
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21
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Baker CA, Hamilton AN, Chandran S, Poncet AM, Gibson KE. Transfer of Phi6 Bacteriophage Between Human Skin and Surfaces Common to Consumer-Facing Environments. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3719-3727. [PMID: 36083101 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine the extent of Phi6 (Φ6) transfer between skin and surfaces relevant to consumer-facing environments based on inoculum matrix, surface type, and contact time. METHODS AND RESULTS Φ6 transfer rates were determined from skin-to-fomite and fomite-to-skin influenced by inoculum matrix (artificial saliva and tripartite), surface type (aluminum, plastic, stainless steel, touchscreen, vinyl, and wood) and contact time (5 and 10 s). Significant differences in estimated means were observed based on surface type (both transfer directions), inoculum matrix (skin-to-fomite), and contact time (both transfer directions). During a sequential transfer experiment from fomite-to-skin, the maximum number of consecutive transfer events observed was 3.33 ± 1.19, 2.33 ± 1.20, and 1.67 ± 1.21 for plastic, touchscreen, and vinyl, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Contact time significantly impacted Φ6 transfer rates, which may be attributed to skin absorption dynamics. Surface type should be considered for assessing Φ6 transfer rates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although the persistence of Φ6 on fomites has been characterized, limited data is available regarding the transfer of Φ6 amongst skin and fomites. Determining Φ6 transfer rates for surfaces in consumer-facing environments based on these factors is needed to better inform future virus transmission mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Baker
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR.,Current address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, 20740, Maryland
| | - Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Aurelie M Poncet
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72701, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR
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22
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Robins K, Leonard AFC, Farkas K, Graham DW, Jones DL, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Bunce JT, Grimsley JMS, Wade MJ, Zealand AM, McIntyre-Nolan S. Research needs for optimising wastewater-based epidemiology monitoring for public health protection. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1284-1313. [PMID: 36170187 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an unobtrusive method used to observe patterns in illicit drug use, poliovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The pandemic and need for surveillance measures have led to the rapid acceleration of WBE research and development globally. With the infrastructure available to monitor SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater in 58 countries globally, there is potential to expand targets and applications for public health protection, such as other viral pathogens, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), pharmaceutical consumption, or exposure to chemical pollutants. Some applications have been explored in academic research but are not used to inform public health decision-making. We reflect on the current knowledge of WBE for these applications and identify barriers and opportunities for expanding beyond SARS-CoV-2. This paper critically reviews the applications of WBE for public health and identifies the important research gaps for WBE to be a useful tool in public health. It considers possible uses for pathogenic viruses, AMR, and chemicals. It summarises the current evidence on the following: (1) the presence of markers in stool and urine; (2) environmental factors influencing persistence of markers in wastewater; (3) methods for sample collection and storage; (4) prospective methods for detection and quantification; (5) reducing uncertainties; and (6) further considerations for public health use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Robins
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anne F C Leonard
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
| | | | - Joshua T Bunce
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jasmine M S Grimsley
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail:
| | - Matthew J Wade
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew M Zealand
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail:
| | - Shannon McIntyre-Nolan
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, Ministry of Justice, London, SW1H 9AJ, UK
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23
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Elmahdy EM, Shaheen MNF, Mahmoud LHI, Hammad IA, Soliman ERS. Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Strawberry and Green Leafy Vegetables by Using RT-qPCR in Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:178-189. [PMID: 35246828 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an upward trend of consumption of organic fresh vegetables due to consumer demand for healthy foods without chemical additives. On the other hand, the number of food borne outbreaks associated with contaminated fresh produce has raised, being human norovirus genogroup I (GI), GII and hepatitis A virus (HAV) the most commonly reported causative agents. This study aimed to detect the presence of these viruses in green leafy vegetables (watercress, leek, coriander, and parsley) and strawberry using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Samples were collected from the Egyptian regions of Kalubia, Giza, and Mansoura. Overall HAV average occurrence in fresh strawberry was 48% with a mean concentration of 6.1 × 103 GC/g; Also NoV GI overall average occurrence was 25% with a mean concentration of 9.7 × 102 genome copies (GC)/g, while NoV GII was 40% with a mean concentration of 2.4 × 103 GC/g. For strawberry collected directly from Kalubia farms, neither HAV nor HNoV GI & GII were detected. In green leafy vegetable samples, the occurrence of HAV was 31.2% with a mean concentration of 9.2 × 104 GC/g, while occurrence of NoV GI and NoV GII were 20% and 30% with a mean concentrations of 1.1 × 104 and 2.03 × 103 GC/g, respectively. In conclusion, the importance of a virus surveillance program for soft fruits and fresh vegetables is highlighted by the outcomes of this study. Our findings should help with the management and control of microbial concerns in fresh foods, reducing the danger of consuming contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa H I Mahmoud
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Helwan University, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Ibtisam A Hammad
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Helwan University, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Elham R S Soliman
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Helwan University, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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24
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Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shen Y, Shuai D. Waterborne Human Pathogenic Viruses in Complex Microbial Communities: Environmental Implication on Virus Infectivity, Persistence, and Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5381-5389. [PMID: 35434991 PMCID: PMC9073700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human pathogenic viruses challenge global health and economy. Viruses were long believed to transmit among hosts as individual, free particles. However, recent evidence indicates that viruses also transmit in populations, so-called en bloc transmission, by either interacting with coexisting bacteria, free-living amoebas, and other higher organisms through endosymbiosis and surface binding, or by being clustered inside membrane-bound vesicles or simply self-aggregating with themselves. En bloc transmission of viruses and virus-microbiome interactions could enable viruses to enhance their infectivity, increase environmental persistence, and resist inactivation from disinfection. Overlooking this type of transmission and virus-microbiome interactions may underestimate the environmental and public health risks of the viruses. We herein provide a critical perspective on waterborne human pathogenic viruses in complex microbial communities to elucidate the environmental implication of virus-microbiome interactions on virus infectivity, persistence, and disinfection. This perspective also provides insights on advancing disinfection and sanitation guidelines and regulations to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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25
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Han Y, Wang J, Zhang S, Yang S, Wang X, Han Y, Shen Z, Xu X. Simultaneous quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus genogroup I and II by triplex droplet digital PCR. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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26
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Shaheen MNF, Elmahdy EM, Mahmoud LHI, Hammad IA, Soliman ERS. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of human noroviruses and hepatitis A virus in fresh produce and surface water used for irrigation in the Mansoura and Giza regions, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:28139-28148. [PMID: 34988812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface water used as an irrigation source can be a significant source of viral contamination of fresh produce. Enteric viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus genogroup I (HNoV GI) and genogroup II (HNoV GII) can be transmitted to human via fresh produce when irrigated with contaminated water or when prepared by infected food handlers. In the current study, we investigated the presence of HAV, HNoV GI and GII in fresh produce and surface water used in cultivation of this produce using real-time PCR. Samples were collected from six different points in the Mansoura and Giza regions, Egypt. Our analysis showed that at least one virus was found in 41.6% (30/72) of surface water samples and 27% (13/48) of fresh produce samples. HAV (23/72) with a mean viral concentration = 4 × 106 genome copies/litre (GC/L) was the most frequently identified virus in surface water samples, followed by human norovirus genogroup II (HNoV GII) (15/72, with a mean concentration = 1.2 × 106 GC/L, and human noroviruses genogroup I (HNoV GI) (12/72, with a mean concentration = 1.4 × 104 GC/L). Additionally, HAV (10/48) with a mean concentration = 5.2 × 105 genome copies/gram (GC/g) was also the most frequently detected virus in the fresh produce samples, followed by HNoV GII (8/48, with a mean concentration = 1.7 × 104 GC/g); meanwhile, HNoV GI (6/48) was less detected virus with a mean concentration = 3 × 103 GC/g. This work suggests a wide prevalence of human enteric viruses in surface waters and fresh produce, which is of concern when the fresh produce is eaten raw. Thus, additional monitoring for viral pathogens in irrigation water and food is needed to increase the awareness of this issue to rise the control measures to reduce illness from contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa H I Mahmoud
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Ibtisam A Hammad
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Elham R S Soliman
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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27
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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28
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Advances in improvement strategies of digital nucleic acid amplification for pathogen detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Song M, Hossain MI, Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Min A, Zhao Z, Park S, Choi C. Comparison of virucidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and ethanol against hepatitis A virus by carrier and suspension tests. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109506. [PMID: 34990885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A carrier (stainless steel disc as a default carrier) testing method is very needed for use in the actual food-processing fields by following the standard guideline. Here, we aimed to compare the virucidal efficacy of four commercial liquid disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and peracetic acid (PAA) against hepatitis A virus (HAV) following the OECD guideline protocol based on the quantitative carrier testing method and compared carrier testing results with the suspension testing results. The OECD method specifies a test for establishing whether a chemical disinfectant or a microbicide has a virucidal activity on hard non-porous surfaces. The antiviral efficacy was evaluated by plaque assays, and disinfectants were considered effective if the virus reduction was greater than or equal to 3 log10 (99.9% decrease) for carrier or 4 log10 (99.99% decrease) for suspension tests. Results indicated that ClO2 above 500 ppm and 50% ethanol were effective in the carrier test method. In contrast, more than 200 ppm NaOCl and 50 ppm ClO2 for all exposure times and 70% ethanol with contact for more than 5 min were effective in suspension tests. Treatment with PAA (80-2500 ppm) were not effective in carrier or suspension tests. Therefore, we recommend the use of more than 500 ppm ClO2 or 50% ethanol with exposure for 10 min to disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated with HAV. Thus, these results could be effective in establishing official antiviral efficacy testing methods and basic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Ahmed W, Bivins A, Simpson SL, Smith WJM, Metcalfe S, McMinn B, Symonds EM, Korajkic A. Comparative analysis of rapid concentration methods for the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 and quantification of human enteric viruses and a sewage-associated marker gene in untreated wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149386. [PMID: 34388890 PMCID: PMC8325557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To support public-health-related disease surveillance and monitoring, it is crucial to concentrate both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses from domestic wastewater. To date, most concentration methods were developed for non-enveloped viruses, and limited studies have directly compared the recovery efficiency of both types of viruses. In this study, the effectiveness of two different concentration methods (Concentrating pipette (CP) method and an adsorption-extraction (AE) method amended with MgCl2) were evaluated for untreated wastewater matrices using three different viruses (SARS-CoV-2 (seeded), human adenovirus 40/41 (HAdV 40/41), and enterovirus (EV)) and a wastewater-associated bacterial marker gene targeting Lachnospiraceae (Lachno3). For SARS-CoV-2, the estimated mean recovery efficiencies were significantly greater by as much as 5.46 times, using the CP method than the AE method amended with MgCl2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery was greater for samples with higher titer seeds regardless of the method, and the estimated mean recovery efficiencies using the CP method were 25.1 ± 11% across ten WWTPs when wastewater samples were seeded with 5 × 104 gene copies (GC) of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, the AE method yielded significantly greater concentrations of indigenous HAdV 40/41 and Lachno3 from wastewater compared to the CP method. Finally, no significant differences in indigenous EV concentrations were identified in comparing the AE and CP methods. These data indicate that the most effective concentration method varies by microbial analyte and that the priorities of the surveillance or monitoring program should be considered when choosing the concentration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Wendy J M Smith
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Suzanne Metcalfe
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Brian McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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31
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Boonyos P, Boonchan M, Phattanawiboon B, Nonthabenjawan N, Tacharoenmuang R, Gunpapong R, Singchai P, Upchai S, Rungnobhakhun P, Mekmullica J, Towayunanta W, Chuntrakool K, Ngaopravet K, Ruchusatsawat K, Sangkitporn S, Uppapong B, Mekada E, Matsuura Y, Tatsumi M, Mizushima H. Spread of genetically similar noroviruses in Bangkok, Thailand, through symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08250. [PMID: 34761137 PMCID: PMC8566885 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infection is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, although some infected individuals are asymptomatic. GII.4 is the predominant genotype worldwide and, since 2000, has been the most prevalent in patients in Thailand with acute gastroenteritis. We screened stool samples for norovirus in 786 patients with acute gastroenteritis who were admitted to a hospital in Bangkok from 2017 to early 2019 and detected it in 136 specimens (17.3%). Eight and 124 specimens were positive for the GI and GII genogroups, respectively, and the remaining 4 specimens were double-positive. Nine genotypes (GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.8, GII.13, and GII.17) were identified from 140 strains, and 72 strains (51.4%) were GII.4. We had previously conducted a one-year survey of norovirus infection in residents of a community in Bangkok from May 2018 to April 2019 and found that a substantial portion of the residents were infected asymptomatically. The 9 genotypes identified in the patients were also commonly identified in the community residents. To investigate the relationship between noroviruses identified in the acute gastroenteritis patients and those identified in the community residents, phylogenetic tree analysis was conducted. Of the 9 genotypes, 8 showed similarities in both their genomic sequences and their deduced amino acid sequences. In addition, strain replacement of GI.3 was observed in both the patients and the community residents within the overlapping period. These results suggested that norovirus spreads efficiently to the community by simultaneously causing symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. GII.4 Sydney predominated in gastroenteritis patients of Bangkok during 2017–2019. Common norovirus genotypes spread in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Noroviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals share genetical similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Boonyos
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Michittra Boonchan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Phattanawiboon
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ratana Tacharoenmuang
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ratigorn Gunpapong
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Phakapun Singchai
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Upchai
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kriangsak Ruchusatsawat
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ballang Uppapong
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- Research and Education Promotion Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Tatsumi
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Hiroto Mizushima
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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Borgmästars E, Persson S, Hellmér M, Simonsson M, Eriksson R. Comparison of Skimmed Milk and Lanthanum Flocculation for Concentration of Pathogenic Viruses in Water. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:380-389. [PMID: 33974212 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of viruses in water is necessary for detection and quantification of the viruses present, in order to evaluate microbiological barriers in water treatment plants and detect pathogenic viruses during waterborne outbreaks, but there is currently no standardised procedure. In this study, we implemented a previously described fast and simple lanthanum-based protocol for concentration of norovirus genogroup I (GI), genogroup II (GII) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in drinking and surface water. We compared the results with those of a widely used skimmed milk flocculation method, followed by nucleic acid extraction and RT-qPCR detection. Three seeding levels, with intended concentrations 5 × 103, 5 × 104 and 5 × 105 genome copies/10 L, were added to drinking water or surface water. All seed levels were detected with both flocculation methods. Samples extracted with skimmed milk flocculation had on average 1.82, 1.86 and 1.38 times higher measured concentration of norovirus GI, GII and HAV, respectively, than those extracted with lanthanum flocculation, across all seeding levels and water types tested. Mengovirus was used as a positive process control. Mengovirus recovery was higher for skimmed milk (40.7% in drinking water, 26.0% in surface water) than for lanthanum flocculation (24.4% in drinking water, 9.7% in surface water). Together, this indicates that skimmed milk flocculation provides higher viral recovery than lanthanum flocculation. However, lanthanum-based flocculation can be performed much faster than skimmed milk flocculation (1.5 h versus 16 h flocculation time) and thus could be a good alternative for rapid monitoring of viruses in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Borgmästars
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Persson
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hellmér
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronnie Eriksson
- Science Division, Biology Department, Swedish Food Agency, Hamnesplanaden 5, 75319, Uppsala, Sweden.
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Foodborne Viruses, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Souza YFVPD, Souza EVD, Azevedo LSD, Medeiros RS, Timenetsky MDCST, Luchs A. Enteric adenovirus epidemiology from historical fecal samples in Brazil (1998-2005): Pre-rotavirus vaccine era. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105007. [PMID: 34293482 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is recognized as frequent cause of acute gastroenteritis and enteric viruses can be preserved in frozen stored feces for long periods of times. The purpose of the present study was to investigate enteric HAdV genotypic diversity in archival fecal specimens stored from 1998 to 2005 in order to understand the natural history of HAdV in diarrheal patients in Brazil before rotavirus vaccine introduction. A total of 3346 specimens were tested for HAdV using conventional PCR. Genotypes were identified by sequencing. HAdV was detected in 6.8% (228/3346). Positivity was higher in children ≤ 5 years and males (p < 0.05). HAdV was most frequently observed during winter and spring seasons (p < 0.05). HAdV-F41 was the most prevalent genotype (59.2%;135/228), followed by HAdV-F40 (16.2%;37/228), HAdV-C1 (5.2%;12/228), HAdV-C2 (5.2%;12/228), HAdV-C5 (3.1%;7/228), HAdV-A12 (1.3%;3/228), HAdV-E4 (0.9%;2/228), HAdV-B3 (0.9%;2/228) and HAdV-B21 (0.4%;1/228). In 7.6% (17/228) only species D could be defined. HAdV-E4 strains were phylogenetic analyzed and classified as lineage (a)-like PG II. HAdV prevalence remained stable in Brazilian population, regardless rotavirus vaccine introduction. The predominant HAdV genotypes detected did not change over time, highlighting a high diversity of circulating strains in the country throughout decades. Due to the historical lack of HAdV genotyping surveillance in Brazil, HAdV-E4 epidemiology is virtually unknown in the country. The present study contributed significantly to the understanding of the natural history of HAdV in diarrheal patients in Brazil. The acquired data are important for clinical diagnosis, particularly for studies investigating enteric viruses' prevalence and molecular epidemiology of archival clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Viana de Souza
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Julio-Pieper M, López-Aguilera A, Eyzaguirre-Velásquez J, Olavarría-Ramírez L, Ibacache-Quiroga C, Bravo JA, Cruz G. Gut Susceptibility to Viral Invasion: Contributing Roles of Diet, Microbiota and Enteric Nervous System to Mucosal Barrier Preservation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094734. [PMID: 33946994 PMCID: PMC8125429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal lumen is a rich source of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses which, together with bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms comprise the gut microbiota. Pathogenic viruses inhabiting this niche have the potential to induce local as well as systemic complications; among them, the viral ability to disrupt the mucosal barrier is one mechanism associated with the promotion of diarrhea and tissue invasion. This review gathers recent evidence showing the contributing effects of diet, gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system to either support or impair the mucosal barrier in the context of viral attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (A.L.-A.); (J.E.-V.); (J.A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandra López-Aguilera
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (A.L.-A.); (J.E.-V.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Johana Eyzaguirre-Velásquez
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (A.L.-A.); (J.E.-V.); (J.A.B.)
| | | | - Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga
- Centro de Micro-Bioinnovación (CMBi), Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Javier A. Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (A.L.-A.); (J.E.-V.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
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35
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Park SY, Hwang BO, Lim M, Ok SH, Lee SK, Chun KS, Park KK, Hu Y, Chung WY, Song NY. Oral-Gut Microbiome Axis in Gastrointestinal Disease and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2124. [PMID: 33924899 PMCID: PMC8125773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with numerous diseases in the human body. The oral cavity and gut are the two largest microbial habitats, playing a major role in microbiome-associated diseases. Even though the oral cavity and gut are continuous regions connected through the gastrointestinal tract, the oral and gut microbiome profiles are well-segregated due to the oral-gut barrier. However, the oral microbiota can translocate to the intestinal mucosa in conditions of the oral-gut barrier dysfunction. Inversely, the gut-to-oral microbial transmission occurs as well in inter- and intrapersonal manners. Recently, it has been reported that oral and gut microbiomes interdependently regulate physiological functions and pathological processes. Oral-to-gut and gut-to-oral microbial transmissions can shape and/or reshape the microbial ecosystem in both habitats, eventually modulating pathogenesis of disease. However, the oral-gut microbial interaction in pathogenesis has been underappreciated to date. Here, we will highlight the oral-gut microbiome crosstalk and its implications in the pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal disease and cancer. Better understanding the role of the oral-gut microbiome axis in pathogenesis will be advantageous for precise diagnosis/prognosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (B.-O.H.); (S.-H.O.)
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (B.-O.H.); (S.-H.O.)
| | - Mihwa Lim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
| | - Seung-Ho Ok
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (B.-O.H.); (S.-H.O.)
| | - Sun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
| | - Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
| | - Yinling Hu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.L.); (S.-K.L.); (K.-K.P.)
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36
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Oral–Gut Microbiome Axis in Gastrointestinal Disease and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with numerous diseases in the human body. The oral cavity and gut are the two largest microbial habitats, playing a major role in microbiome-associated diseases. Even though the oral cavity and gut are continuous regions connected through the gastrointestinal tract, the oral and gut microbiome profiles are well-segregated due to the oral–gut barrier. However, the oral microbiota can translocate to the intestinal mucosa in conditions of the oral–gut barrier dysfunction. Inversely, the gut-to-oral microbial transmission occurs as well in inter- and intrapersonal manners. Recently, it has been reported that oral and gut microbiomes interdependently regulate physiological functions and pathological processes. Oral-to-gut and gut-to-oral microbial transmissions can shape and/or reshape the microbial ecosystem in both habitats, eventually modulating pathogenesis of disease. However, the oral–gut microbial interaction in pathogenesis has been underappreciated to date. Here, we will highlight the oral–gut microbiome crosstalk and its implications in the pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal disease and cancer. Better understanding the role of the oral–gut microbiome axis in pathogenesis will be advantageous for precise diagnosis/prognosis and effective treatment.
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37
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Sun C, Chen J, Li H, Fang L, Wu S, Jayavanth P, Tang S, Sanchez G, Wu X. One-step duplex RT-droplet digital PCR assay for the detection of norovirus GI and GII in lettuce and strawberry. Food Microbiol 2021; 94:103653. [PMID: 33279078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to develop a sensitive one-step duplex reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) to detect norovirus genogroup I and II (NoV GI and GII) in lettuce and strawberry. The specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and robustness of the assay was compared with RT-qPCR. The lowest concentration detected by RT-ddPCR for NoV GI and NoV GII were 4.68 and 8.47 copies/μL respectively, much lower than that of RT-qPCR with a number of 46.8 and 84.7 copies/μL, respectively. Lettuce and strawberry samples were artificially contaminated with NoV GI and GII suspensions, with inoculum size of 3.00 × 106 to 1.70 × 108 copies and 4.80 × 105 to 2.50 × 107 copies, respectively. Strawberry spiked with low inoculum size revealed positive results by RT-ddPCR, while recorded negative by RT-qPCR. Meanwhile, RT-ddPCR also showed a higher average recovery rate for NoV in lettuce and strawberry than RT-qPCR.The limit of detection (LoDs) of RT-ddPCR for NoVs in lettuce was 2.32 × 104 copies/25g (NoV GI) and 2.36 × 104 ciopies/25g (NoV GII), and that in strawberry was 2.56 × 104 copies/25g (NoV GI) and 2.64 × 104 ciopies/25g (NoV GII), which were 10 folds lower than that of RT-qPCR. The developed duplex RT-ddPCR assay exhibited stability and increased capacity to resist inhibitors in food samples with low concentration of NoV, making it a reliable method to avoid false negative result as opposed to RT-qPCR. In conclusion, one-step RT-ddPCR method developed in this study is pertinent in detecting foodborne virus such as NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiayin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 160 Qunxian Road, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Ling Fang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 160 Qunxian Road, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Shiwei Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 160 Qunxian Road, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Pallavi Jayavanth
- International School, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shuze Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gloria Sanchez
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. AgustÍn Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xiyang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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38
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Shearer AEH, Kniel KE. Effect of Plant-Derived Proteases on Infectivity of Tulane Virus, Murine Norovirus, and Hepatitis A Virus. J Food Prot 2021; 84:418-423. [PMID: 33125048 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Plant-derived proteases, bromelain, papain, and ficin, are broad-acting enzymes with generally recognized as safe status for foods and have current application in several food industries. These proteases have also been reported to have antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the efficacy of commercially prepared bromelain, papain, and ficin, individually and combined (2,500 ppm of crude extract), for inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus surrogates, Tulane virus (TV), and murine norovirus (MNV). Various treatment temperatures (45, 50, or 55°C), times (10 or 60 min), and pH values (5.5 or 7.0) in the presence of cysteine (2 mM) were evaluated. Inactivation was assessed by infectivity in plaque assay for TV and MNV and by median tissue culture infective dose for HAV. No reduction in infectious TV or HAV was attributed to the plant-derived proteases at any of the conditions tested. Infectious MNV was reduced by 1 to 3 log PFU/mL; the most effective treatment was bromelain at pH 7 and 50°C for 10 min. A time course study with MNV in bromelain at 50°C indicated that a 2-log PFU/mL reduction could be achieved within 6 min, but extended treatment of 15 min was still insufficient to eliminate infectious MNV. The lack of or limited efficacy of bromelain, papain, and ficin on HAV, TV, and MNV, even at elevated temperatures and exposure times, suggests the plant-derived proteases are not commercially applicable for inactivation of virus on commodities or materials that could not also withstand mild heat treatment. The variable susceptibilities observed between TV and MNV illustrate limitations in utilization of surrogates for predicting pathogen behavior for a structure-specific treatment. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E H Shearer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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39
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Seo DJ, Choi C. Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review. Viruses 2021; 13:350. [PMID: 33672228 PMCID: PMC7926341 DOI: 10.3390/v13020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are used in their natural form as a food supplement and food additive. In addition, several bioactive compounds beneficial for human health have been derived from mushrooms. Among them, polysaccharides, carbohydrate-binding protein, peptides, proteins, enzymes, polyphenols, triterpenes, triterpenoids, and several other compounds exert antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Their antiviral targets were mostly virus entry, viral genome replication, viral proteins, and cellular proteins and influenced immune modulation, which was evaluated through pre-, simultaneous-, co-, and post-treatment in vitro and in vivo studies. In particular, they treated and relieved the viral diseases caused by herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some mushroom compounds that act against HIV, influenza A virus, and hepatitis C virus showed antiviral effects comparable to those of antiviral drugs. Therefore, bioactive compounds from mushrooms could be candidates for treating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health and Welfare and Education, Gwangju University 277 Hyodeok-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61743, Korea;
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daeduck-myun, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea
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40
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Ahmed W, Bivins A, Bertsch PM, Bibby K, Gyawali P, Sherchan SP, Simpson SL, Thomas KV, Verhagen R, Kitajima M, Mueller JF, Korajkic A. Intraday variability of indicator and pathogenic viruses in 1-h and 24-h composite wastewater samples: Implications for wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110531. [PMID: 33249042 PMCID: PMC8267967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We monitored the concentration of indicator viruses crAssphage and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and human pathogen adenovirus (HAdV) in influent from a wastewater treatment plant in Brisbane, Australia in 1-h and 24-h composite samples. Over three days of sampling, the mean concentration of crAssphage gene copies (GC)/mL in 24-h composite samples did not differ significantly (p = 0.72-0.92), while for PMMoV GC/mL (p value range: 0.0002-0.0321) and HAdV GC/mL (p value range: 0.0028-0.0068) significant differences in concentrations were observed on one day of sampling compared to the other two. For all three viruses, the variation observed in 1-h composite samples was greater than the variation observed in 24-h composite samples. For crAssphage, in 54.1% of 1-h composite samples, the concentration was less than that observed in 24-h composite samples; whereas for PMMoV and HAdV the concentration was less in 79.2 and 70.9% of 1-h composite samples, respectively, compared to the relevant 24-h composite samples. Similarly, the concentration of crAssphage in 1-h compared to 24-h composite samples did not differ (p = 0.1082) while the concentrations of PMMoV (p < 0.0001) and HAdV (p < 0.0001) in 1-h composite samples were significantly different from 24-h composite samples. These results suggest that 24-h composite samples offer increased analytical sensitivity and decreased variability compared to 1-h composite samples when monitoring wastewater, especially for pathogenic viruses with low infection rates within a community. Thus, for wastewater-based epidemiology applications, 24-h composite samples are less likely to produce false negative results and erroneous public health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Paul M Bertsch
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, Australia
| | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, Australia
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0032, Japan
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, Australia
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
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41
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Shi D, Ma H, Miao J, Liu W, Yang D, Qiu Z, Shen Z, Yin J, Yang Z, Wang H, Li H, Chen Z, Li J, Jin M. Levels of human Rotaviruses and Noroviruses GII in urban rivers running through the city mirror their infection prevalence in populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142203. [PMID: 32920413 PMCID: PMC7470703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses exposed to water pose a huge threat to global public health and can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. A sudden increase in enteric viruses in some water matrices also underpins the prevalence of corresponding waterborne diseases in communities over the same time period. However, few efforts have been focused on water matrices whose viral pollution may best reflect the clinical prevalence in communities. Here, a one-year surveillance of human enteric viruses including Enteroviruses (EnVs), Rotaviruses (HRVs), Astroviruses (AstVs), Noroviruses GII (HuNoVsGII) and Mastadenoviruses (HAdVs) in four representative water matrices: an urban river (UR) running through city, effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plant (EW), raw water for Urban Water Treatment Plant (RW), and tap water (TW) were performed by qPCR. The relationship between the virus detection frequency at each site and their prevalence in clinical PCR assay was further analyzed. We found that the detection frequencies of HRVs, HuNoVsGII, and AstVs in stools peaked in winter, while EnVs peaked in autumn. No EnVs occurred in EW, RW, or TW, but HuNoVsGII and AstVs occurred intensively in winter. For UR, all types of enteric viruses could be detected and the levels of acute gastroenteritis viruses (HRVs, HuNoVsGII, AstVs, and HAdVs) were highest in autumn or winter, whereas EnVs peaked in summer. In terms of correlation analyses, only HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in UR showed a strong positive correlation with their prevalence in clinical stool samples. This study indicated that HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in URs may mirror the local virus prevalence, thereby implying the possibility of revealing their local epidemiology by monitoring them in the URs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, No. 238, Longyan Road, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Public Health, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Min Jin
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
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42
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Abstract
Much of virus fate, both in the environment and in physical/chemical treatment, is dependent on electrostatic interactions. Developing an accurate means of predicting virion isoelectric point (pI) would help to understand and anticipate virus fate and transport, especially for viruses that are not readily propagated in the lab. One simple approach to predicting pI estimates the pH at which the sum of charges from ionizable amino acids in capsid proteins approaches zero. However, predicted pIs based on capsid charges frequently deviate by several pH units from empirically measured pIs. Recently, the discrepancy between empirical and predicted pI was attributed to the electrostatic neutralization of predictable polynucleotide-binding regions (PBRs) of the capsid interior. In this paper, we review models presupposing (i) the influence of the viral polynucleotide on surface charge or (ii) the contribution of only exterior residues to surface charge. We then compare these models to the approach of excluding only PBRs and hypothesize a conceptual electrostatic model that aligns with this approach. The PBR exclusion method outperformed methods based on three-dimensional (3D) structure and accounted for major discrepancies in predicted pIs without adversely affecting pI prediction for a diverse range of viruses. In addition, the PBR exclusion method was determined to be the best available method for predicting virus pI, since (i) PBRs are predicted independently of the impact on pI, (ii) PBR prediction relies on proteome sequences rather than detailed structural models, and (iii) PBR exclusion was successfully demonstrated on a diverse set of viruses. These models apply to nonenveloped viruses only. A similar model for enveloped viruses is complicated by a lack of data on enveloped virus pI, as well as uncertainties regarding the influence of the phospholipid envelope on charge and ion gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Agricultural Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Using Fecal Indicators: A Systematic Review. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6631920. [PMID: 33519936 PMCID: PMC7817235 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh-produce consumers may be at risk of pathogen infection due to fecal contamination of the agricultural environment. Indicators of fecal contamination may be used as a proxy to evaluate the potential presence of human pathogens, such as norovirus and hepatitis A, on agricultural samples. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether the presence of human norovirus or hepatitis A was associated with microbial indicators in agricultural samples including fresh produce, equipment surfaces, and hands. Four databases (Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Agricola) were systematically searched and fifteen articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. After data extraction, individual indicator-pathogen relationships were assessed using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. The level of agreement between norovirus with adenovirus was 0.09 (n = 16, 95% CI -0.05, 0.23), indicating poor agreement using Landis and Koch's criterion. Similarly, the Kappa coefficient between norovirus with E. coli (κ = 0.04, n = 14, 95% CI -0.05, 0.49) or total coliforms (κ = 0.03, n = 4, 95% CI -0.01, 0.02) was also poor. The level of agreement between hepatitis A with adenovirus (κ = -0.03, n = 3, 95% CI -0.06, 0.01) or fecal coliforms (κ = 0, n = 1, 95% CI 0, 0) was also poor. There were moderate relationships between hepatitis A with E. coli (κ = 0.49, n = 3, 95% CI 0.28, 0.70) and total coliforms (κ = 0.47, n = 2, 95% CI 0.47, 0.47). Based on these limited results, common indicator organisms are not strong predictors of the presence of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in the agricultural environment.
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Lin K, Schulte CR, Marr LC. Survival of MS2 and Φ6 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243505. [PMID: 33290421 PMCID: PMC7723248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of viruses in droplets is known to depend on droplets' chemical composition, which may vary in respiratory fluid between individuals and over the course of disease. This relationship is also important for understanding the persistence of viruses in droplets generated from wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. We investigated the effects of salt (0, 1, and 35 g/L), protein (0, 100, and 1000 μg/mL), surfactant (0, 1, and 10 μg/mL), and droplet pH (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0) on the viability of viruses in 1-μL droplets pipetted onto polystyrene surfaces and exposed to 20%, 50%, and 80% relative humidity (RH) using a culture-based approach. Results showed that viability of MS2, a non-enveloped virus, was generally higher than that of Φ6, an enveloped virus, in droplets after 1 hour. The chemical composition of droplets greatly influenced virus viability. Specifically, the survival of MS2 was similar in droplets at different pH values, but the viability of Φ6 was significantly reduced in acidic and basic droplets compared to neutral ones. The presence of bovine serum albumin protected both MS2 and Φ6 from inactivation in droplets. The effects of sodium chloride and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate varied by virus type and RH. Meanwhile, RH affected the viability of viruses as shown previously: viability was lowest at intermediate to high RH. The results demonstrate that the viability of viruses is determined by the chemical composition of carrier droplets, especially pH and protein content, and environmental factors. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the chemical composition of carrier droplets in order to predict the persistence of viruses contained in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisen Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chase R. Schulte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Variations among Viruses in Influent Water and Effluent Water at a Wastewater Plant over One Year as Assessed by Quantitative PCR and Metagenomics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02073-20. [PMID: 33036988 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02073-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influent wastewater and effluent wastewater at the Rya treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden, were continuously monitored for enteric viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) during 1 year. Viruses in effluent wastewater were also identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in samples collected during spring, early summer, and winter. Samples of incoming wastewater were collected every second week. Seasonal variations in viral concentrations in incoming wastewater were found for noroviruses GII, sapovirus, rotavirus, parechovirus, and astrovirus. Norovirus GI and GIV and Aichi virus were present in various amounts during most weeks throughout the year, while hepatitis A virus, enterovirus, and adenovirus were identified less frequently. Fluctuations in viral concentrations in incoming wastewater were related to the number of diagnosed patients. The viruses were also detected in treated wastewater, however, with a 3- to 6-log10 reduction in concentration. Seven different hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains were identified in the effluents. Five of these strains belonged to genotype 3 and have been isolated in Sweden from swine, wild boars, and humans and in drinking water. The other two strains were divergent and had not been identified previously. They were similar to strains infecting rats and humans. Surveillance of enteric viruses in wastewater is a tool for early detection and follow-up of gastroenteritis outbreaks in society and for the identification of new viruses that can cause infection in humans.IMPORTANCE Both influent wastewater and treated wastewater at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contain a high variety of human viral pathogens with seasonal variability when followed for 1 year. The peak of the amount of 11 different viruses in the inlet wastewater preceded the peak of the number of diagnosed patients by 2 to 4 weeks. The treatment of wastewater reduced viral concentrations by 3 to 6 log10 Despite the treatment of wastewater, up to 5 log10 virus particles per liter were released from into the surrounding river. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains previously identified in drinking water and two new strains, similar to those infecting rats and humans, were identified in the treated wastewater released from the WWTP.
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46
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Wallace MJ, Fishbein SRS, Dantas G. Antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria: current state and next-generation solutions. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1799654. [PMID: 32772817 PMCID: PMC7524338 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1799654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest threats to global health and imposes substantial burdens in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. The gut is a key conduit for the genesis and spread of antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacterial pathogens. Distinct bacterial species that cause enteric disease can exist as invasive enteropathogens that immediately evoke gastrointestinal distress, or pathobionts that can arise from established bacterial commensals to inflict dysbiosis and disease. Furthermore, various environmental reservoirs and stressors facilitate the evolution and transmission of resistance. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion on circulating resistance profiles and gene mobilization strategies of the most problematic species of enteric bacterial pathogens. Importantly, we present emerging approaches toward surveillance of pathogens and their resistance elements as well as promising treatment strategies that can circumvent common resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Wallace
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S. R. S. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G. Dantas
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,CONTACT G. Dantas Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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47
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Detection of norovirus, hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses in multicomponent foodstuffs. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108931. [PMID: 33188986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the enteric viruses implicated in foodborne outbreaks, the human norovirus and hepatitis viruses A and E (HAV and HEV) represent a serious public health concern. International standard ISO 15216 proposes methods for detecting HAV and norovirus (genogroups I and II) RNA from soft fruit, leaf, stem and bulb vegetables, bottled water or food surfaces. These methods had not previously been validated for detecting the targeted viruses in other foodstuffs such as multicomponent foods, nor for detecting other viruses in foodstuffs. The aim of this study was to characterise a method derived from the vegetable method described in ISO 15216 to detect HAV, HEV and norovirus in artificially-contaminated multicomponent foodstuffs according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Results showed that the mean recovery rates for all settings did not differ according to the operator. The mean extraction yields ranged from 0.35% to 40.44% for HAV, 5.19% to 100% for HEV, 0.10% to 40.61% for norovirus GI and 0.88% to 69.16% for norovirus GII. The LOD95 was 102 genome copies/g for HAV, HEV and norovirus GII and 103 genome copies/g for norovirus GI. The LOQ was 2.90 × 104, 1.40 × 103, 1.60 × 104 and 1.30 × 104 genome copies/g for HAV, HEV, norovirus GI and norovirus GII respectively. The MNV-1 process control was detected in 120 out of 128 RNA extracts analysed and was recovered with an efficiency of between 3.83% and 50.22%. The mean inhibition rates of quantitative real-time RT-PCR reaction ranged from 3.25% to 28.70% and varied significantly with the type of food matrix. The described method could be used to detect viruses in composite food products for routine diagnosis needs.
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48
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Zhu Y, Kawai H, Hashiba S, Amarasiri M, Kitajima M, Okabe S, Sano D. The Effect of GD1a Ganglioside-Expressing Bacterial Strains on Murine Norovirus Infectivity. Molecules 2020; 25:E4084. [PMID: 32906699 PMCID: PMC7571017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of GD1a-expressing bacterial strains on the infectivity of murine norovirus (MNV). Eligible bacterial strains were screened from a sewage sample using flow cytometry, and their genetic sequences of 16S rRNA were determined. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to analyze the binding between bacteria and MNV particles, and the plaque assay was used to assess the effects of GD1a-positive and negative strains on MNV infectivity. The result from ELISA shows that MNV particles are able to bind to both GD1a-positive and negative bacterial strains, but the binding to the GD1a-positive strain is more significant. The infectivity assay result further shows that the MNV infectious titer declined with an increasing concentration of GD1a-positive bacteria. The addition of anti-GD1a antibody in the infectivity assay led to the recovery of the MNV infectious titer, further confirming that the binding between MNV particles and bacterial GD1a ganglioside compromises MNV infectivity. Our findings highlight the role indigenous bacteria may play in the lifecycle of waterborne enteric viruses as well as the potential of exploiting them for virus transmission intervention and water safety improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Satoshi Hashiba
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Mohan Amarasiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
- Department of Health Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
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Evaluation of the FecalSwab for Stool Specimen Storage and Molecular Detection of Enteropathogens on the BD Max System. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00178-20. [PMID: 32461284 PMCID: PMC7448620 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00178-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The FecalSwab system (Copan Italia, Brescia, Italy) is a convenient alternative to bulk stool for the diagnosis of enteric pathogens. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for transport and culture of enteric bacterial pathogens, the FecalSwab has not been well assessed for its suitability with molecular platforms. In this study, we evaluated the FecalSwab as a specimen type for the BD Max system using the viral and bacterial enteric panels (BD Diagnostics, Baltimore, MD, USA). A total of 186 unpreserved stool specimens were collected and used to prepare matched bulk stool and FecalSwab samples. Performance was equivalent (P > 0.48) to bulk stool for all targets when 50 μl of FecalSwab specimen was loaded onto the BD Max assays. As stool specimens are often collected off-site from the clinical microbiology laboratory and require transport, we assessed the stability of stool specimens stored for up to 14 days at 4°C, 22°C, or 35°C to account for varying transportation conditions. Molecular detection for the majority of viral targets (excluding astrovirus) was unaffected (change in cycle threshold [ΔCT ] ≤ 1) by sample storage temperature over the 2-week period; however, detection of enteric bacteria was variable if specimens were not refrigerated (22°C or 35°C). By demonstrating equivalent performance to matched bulk stool and maintaining molecular detection sensitivity when stored at 4°C, we suggest that the FecalSwab is a suitable specimen type for enteropathogen diagnostics on the BD Max system.
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50
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Ismail NS, Olive M, Fernandez-Cassi X, Bachmann V, Kohn T. Viral Transfer and Inactivation through Zooplankton Trophic Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9418-9426. [PMID: 32662638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viruses are responsible for numerous diseases and are abundant in aquatic systems. Understanding the fate of viruses in natural systems has important implications for human health. This research quantifies the uptake of the bacteriophage T4 and the enteric virus echovirus 11 when exposed to the filter feeders Tetrahymena pyriformis and Daphnia magna, and also examines the potential of viral transfer due to trophic interactions. Experiments co-incubating each species with the viruses over 72-96 h showed up to a 4 log virus removal for T. pyriformis, while direct viral uptake by D. magna was not observed. However, viral uptake by D. magna occurred indirectly by viral transfer from prey to predator, through D. magna feeding on virus-loaded T. pyriformis. This prey-predator interaction resulted in a 1 log additional virus removal compared to removal by T. pyriformis alone. Incomplete viral inactivation by D. magna was observed through recovery of infective viruses from the daphnid tissue. This research furthers our understanding of the impacts of zooplankton filter feeding on viral inactivation and shows the potential for viral transfer through the food chain. The viral-zooplankton interactions observed in these studies indicate that zooplankton may improve water quality through viral uptake or may serve as vectors for infection by accumulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen S Ismail
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Margot Olive
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Bachmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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