1
|
Cheng Y, Wang R, Wu Q, Chen J, Wang A, Wu Z, Sun F, Zhu S. Advancements in Research on Duck Tembusu Virus Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:811. [PMID: 38793692 PMCID: PMC11126125 DOI: 10.3390/v16050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV) is a pathogen of the Flaviviridae family that causes infections in poultry, leading to significant economic losses in the duck farming industry in recent years. Ducks infected with this virus exhibit clinical symptoms such as decreased egg production and neurological disorders, along with serious consequences such as ovarian hemorrhage, organ enlargement, and necrosis. Variations in morbidity and mortality rates exist across different age groups of ducks. It is worth noting that DTMUV is not limited to ducks alone; it can also spread to other poultry such as chickens and geese, and antibodies related to DTMUV have even been found in duck farm workers, suggesting a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. This article provides a detailed overview of DTMUV research, delving into its genomic characteristics, vaccines, and the interplay with host immune responses. These in-depth research findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's transmission mechanism and pathogenic process, offering crucial scientific support for epidemic prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Ruoheng Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Qingguo Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Jinying Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Anping Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Zhi Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qian H, Yang X, Zhang T, Zou P, Zhang Y, Tian W, Mao Z, Wei J. Improving the safety of CAR-T-cell therapy: The risk and prevention of viral infection for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma undergoing CAR-T-cell therapy. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:662-678. [PMID: 38197307 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, an innovative immunotherapeutic against relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma, faces challenges due to frequent viral infections. Despite this, a comprehensive review addressing risk assessment, surveillance, and treatment management is notably absent. This review elucidates immune response compromises during viral infections in CAR-T recipients, collates susceptibility risk factors, and deliberates on preventive strategies. In the post-pandemic era, marked by the Omicron variant, new and severe threats to CAR-T therapy emerge, necessitating exploration of preventive and treatment measures for COVID-19. Overall, the review provides recommendations for viral infection prophylaxis and management, enhancing CAR-T product safety and recipient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qian
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingcheng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Hematology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Sino-German Joint Oncological Research Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ping Zou
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Tian
- Department of Hematology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Sino-German Joint Oncological Research Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zekai Mao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Hematology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Sino-German Joint Oncological Research Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhi L, Zhao Y, Qin Q, Huang Y, Huang X. Singapore grouper iridovirus VP20 interacts with grouper TBK1 and IRF3 to attenuate the interferon immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109349. [PMID: 38184183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), belonging to genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae, is a highly pathogenic agent and causes heavy economic losses in the global grouper aquaculture. Recent studies demonstrated that SGIV infection attenuated antiviral immune and inflammatory response induced by poly (I:C) in vitro. However, little was known about the potential functions of the immune regulatory proteins encoded by SGIV. Here, we identified the detailed roles of VP20 and clarified the potential mechanism underlying its immune regulatory function during SGIV infection. Our results showed that VP20 was an IE gene, and partially co-localized with Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in grouper cells. Overexpression of VP20 enhanced SGIV replication, demonstrated by the increase in the transcription levels of viral core genes and the protein synthesis of MCP. Reporter gene assays showed that SGIV VP20 overexpression significantly reduced the IFN promoter activity induced by poly (I:C), grouper stimulator of interferon genes (EcSTING) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1). Consistently, the transcription levels of IFN related genes were significantly decreased in VP20 overexpressing cells compared to those in control cells. Co-IP assay and confocal microscopy observations indicated that VP20 co-localized and interacted with EcTBK1 and EcIRF3, but not EcSTING. In addition, VP20 was able to degrade EcIRF3 and attenuate the antiviral action of EcIRF3, while had no effect on EcTBK1. Together, SGIV VP20 was speculated to promote viral replication through attenuating the IFN response mediated by TBK1-IRF3 in vitro. Our findings provided new insights into the immune regulatory function of SGIV encoded unknown proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanxing Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China
| | - Linyong Zhi
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Isazadeh A, Heris JA, Shahabi P, Mohammadinasab R, Shomali N, Nasiri H, Valedkarimi Z, Khosroshahi AJ, Hajazimian S, Akbari M, Sadeghvand S. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in SARS-CoV-2. Life Sci 2023; 329:121940. [PMID: 37451397 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are specific sensors that directly recognize various molecules derived from viral or bacterial pathogens, senescent cells, damaged cells, and apoptotic cells. These sensors act as a bridge between nonspecific and specific immunity in humans. PRRs in human innate immunity were classified into six types: toll-like receptors (TLR), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). Numerous types of PRRs are responsible for recognizing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which is immensely effective in prompting interferon responses. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by PRRs causes the initiation of an intracellular signaling cascade and subsequently the activation of various transcription factors that stimulate the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-related factors. Therefore, it seems that PRRs are a promising potential therapeutic approach for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and other microbial infections. In this review, we have introduced the current knowledge of various PRRs and related signaling pathways in response to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ahmadian Heris
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinasab
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Saba Hajazimian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Shahram Sadeghvand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Basavappa MG, Ferretti M, Dittmar M, Stoute J, Sullivan MC, Whig K, Shen H, Liu KF, Schultz DC, Beiting DP, Lynch KW, Henao-Mejia J, Cherry S. The lncRNA ALPHA specifically targets chikungunya virus to control infection. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3729-3744.e10. [PMID: 36167073 PMCID: PMC10464526 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses, including the alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV), cause acute disease in millions of people and utilize potent mechanisms to antagonize and circumvent innate immune pathways including the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. In response, hosts have evolved antiviral counterdefense strategies that remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have found that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate classical innate immune pathways; how lncRNAs contribute to additional antiviral counterdefenses remains unclear. Using high-throughput genetic screening, we identified a cytoplasmic antiviral lncRNA that we named antiviral lncRNA prohibiting human alphaviruses (ALPHA), which is transcriptionally induced by alphaviruses and functions independently of IFN to inhibit the replication of CHIKV and its closest relative, O'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV), but not other viruses. Furthermore, we showed that ALPHA interacts with CHIKV genomic RNA and restrains viral RNA replication. Together, our findings reveal that ALPHA and potentially other lncRNAs can mediate non-canonical antiviral immune responses against specific viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha G Basavappa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max Ferretti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julian Stoute
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan C Sullivan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; High-Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathy Fange Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; High-Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; High-Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Z, Mo S, Han P, Liu L, Liu Z, Fu X, Tian Y. The role of UXT in tumors and prospects for its application in hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3335-3348. [PMID: 36000398 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UXT is widely expressed in human and mouse tissues and aberrantly expressed in various tumor tissues. UXT may play a pro-cancer or tumor suppressor role in different tumor types and microenvironments with different mechanisms of action. Studies have shown that UXT can interact with related receptors to exert its functions and affect tumor proliferation and metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis when the biological functions of these tumors are changed. Interestingly, the signaling pathways and mechanism-related molecules that interact with UXT are closely related to the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during disease progression. This article reviews the research progress of UXT and prospects for its application in HCC, with the aim of providing possible scientific suggestions for the basic research, diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwang Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Shaojian Mo
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Pengzhe Han
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Ziang Liu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Xifeng Fu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Yanzhang Tian
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vrazas V, Moustafa S, Makridakis M, Karakasiliotis I, Vlahou A, Mavromara P, Katsani KR. A Proteomic Approach to Study the Biological Role of Hepatitis C Virus Protein Core+1/ARFP. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081694. [PMID: 36016316 PMCID: PMC9518822 DOI: 10.3390/v14081694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is the major cause of chronic liver diseases and the only cytoplasmic RNA virus known to be oncogenic in humans. The viral genome gives rise to ten mature proteins and to additional proteins, which are the products of alternative translation initiation mechanisms. A protein-known as ARFP (alternative reading frame protein) or Core+1 protein-is synthesized by an open reading frame overlapping the HCV Core coding region in the (+1) frame of genotype 1a. Almost 20 years after its discovery, we still know little of the biological role of the ARFP/Core+1 protein. Here, our differential proteomic analysis of stable hepatoma cell lines expressing the Core+1/Long isoform of HCV-1a relates the expression of the Core+1/Long isoform with the progression of the pathology of HCV liver disease to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Vrazas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (V.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Savvina Moustafa
- Clinical Immunology-Rheumatology Unit, 2nd Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (V.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Katerina R. Katsani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (V.V.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mahwish, Saeed F, Afzaal M, Hussain M, Imran M, Nawaz T, Siddeeg A. Dietary guidelines to boost immunity during pre and post covid-19 conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2071287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish
- Institute of Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Food, nutrition and lifestyle Unit, King Fahed Medical Research Center, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University
- Department of food science and technology, University of Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Cytokine Storm due to COVID-19. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3178796. [PMID: 34840969 PMCID: PMC8626179 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3178796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has seriously affected public health and social stability. The main route of the transmission is droplet transmission, where the oral cavity is the most important entry point to the body. Due to both the direct harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 and disordered immune responses, some COVID-19 patients may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome or even multiple organ failure. Genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been emerging and circulating around the world. Currently, there is no internationally approved precise treatment for COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can traffic and migrate towards the affected tissue, regulate both the innate and acquired immune systems, and participate in the process of healing. Here, we will discuss and investigate the mechanisms of immune disorder in COVID-19 and the therapeutic activity of MSCs, in particular human gingiva mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
New Insights into the Biology of the Emerging Tembusu Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081010. [PMID: 34451474 PMCID: PMC8398659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported for the first time in 1955 in Malaysia, Tembusu virus (TMUV) remained, for a long time, in the shadow of flaviviruses with human health importance such as dengue virus or Japanese encephalitis virus. However, since 2010 and the first large epidemic in duck farms in China, the threat of its emergence on a large scale in Asia or even its spillover into the human population is becoming more and more significant. This review aims to report current knowledge on TMUV from viral particle organization to the development of specific vaccines and therapeutics, with a particular focus on host-virus interactions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. Neuropathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier disruption are critical pathophysiological processes that contribute to the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:939-963. [PMID: 33822324 PMCID: PMC8021940 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has infected several millions of people, resulting in a huge socioeconomic cost and over 2.5 million deaths worldwide. Though the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, data have consistently shown that SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has implicated the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unfortunately, however, the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced impairment of the central nervous system are not completely known. Here, we review the literature on possible neuropathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced cerebral damage. The results suggest that downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with increased activity of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion may result in upregulation of proinflammatory mediators and reactive species that trigger neuroinflammatory response and blood brain barrier disruption. Furthermore, dysregulation of hormone and neurotransmitter signalling may constitute a fundamental mechanism involved in the neuropathogenic sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The viral RNA or antigenic peptides also activate or interact with molecular signalling pathways mediated by pattern recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors), nuclear factor kappa B, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, complement cascades, and cell suicide molecules. Potential molecular targets and therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 induced neurologic damage are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Plot 681 Cadastral Zone, C-00 Research and Institution Area, Jabi Airport Road Bypass, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Nikos E Mastorakis
- Technical University of Sofia, Klement Ohridksi 8, 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grant AH, Estrada A, Ayala-Marin YM, Alvidrez-Camacho AY, Rodriguez G, Robles-Escajeda E, Cadena-Medina DA, Rodriguez AC, Kirken RA. The Many Faces of JAKs and STATs Within the COVID-19 Storm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690477. [PMID: 34326843 PMCID: PMC8313986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in a global pandemic with horrendous health and economic consequences not seen in a century. At a finer scale, immunologically, many of these devastating effects by SARS-CoV-2 can be traced to a "cytokine storm" resulting in the simultaneous activation of Janus Kinases (JAKs) and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) proteins downstream of the many cytokine receptor families triggered by elevated cytokines found in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this report, cytokines found in the storm are discussed in relation to the JAK-STAT pathway in response to SARS-CoV-2 and the lessons learned from RNA viruses and previous Coronaviruses (CoVs). Therapeutic strategies to counteract the SARS-CoV-2 mediated storm are discussed with an emphasis on cell signaling and JAK inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Choi H, Shin EC. Roles of Type I and III Interferons in COVID-19. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:381-390. [PMID: 33908208 PMCID: PMC8084697 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.5.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Type I and III interferon (IFN) responses act as the first line of defense against viral infection and are activated by the recognition of viruses by infected cells and innate immune cells. Dysregulation of host IFN responses has been known to be associated with severe disease progression in COVID-19 patients. However, the reported results are controversial and the roles of IFN responses in COVID-19 need to be investigated further. In the absence of a highly efficacious antiviral drug, clinical studies have evaluated recombinant type I and III IFNs, as they have been successfully used for the treatment of infections caused by two other epidemic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. In this review, we describe the strategies by which SARS-CoV-2 evades IFN responses and the dysregulation of host IFN responses in COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic potential of type I and III IFNs in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Daejeon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo J, Lu S, Yu M, Zhu L, Zhu C, Li C, Fang J, Zhu X, Wang X. The potential involvement of JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the COVID-19 infection assisted by ACE2. Gene 2021; 768:145325. [PMID: 33253796 PMCID: PMC7695578 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a novel identified coronavirus disease due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection, has posed a significant threat to public health worldwide. It has been reported COVID-19 keeps substantial nucleotide similarity and shares common receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-Cov). Here, we investigated the gene expression of ACE2 and identified associated pathways of SARS-Cov as a useful reference for a deepening understanding of COVID-19. The results indicated the ACE2 was overexpressed in human airway epithelial cells (HAEs), especially at 72 h after SARS-Cov infection. We found ACE2 might regulate immune response through immunological activation-associated pathways in the process of in both SARS-Cov and SARS-Cov-2 infection, where the activation of B cells, macrophages, helper T cells 1 (Th1 cells) and the inhibition of Foxp3 + regulatory T (Treg) cells and CD8 + T cells were found to be prominent. Finally, significant correlation between ACE2 and JAK-STAT signaling pathway was identified which indicate that JAK-STAT signaling pathway might involve in the downstream action of the overactivation of ACE2. These findings are expected to gain a further insight into the action mechanism of COVID-19 infection and provide a promising target for designing effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaobing Wang
- Rheumatology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gallo G, Caignard G, Badonnel K, Chevreux G, Terrier S, Szemiel A, Roman-Sosa G, Binder F, Gu Q, Da Silva Filipe A, Ulrich RG, Kohl A, Vitour D, Tordo N, Ermonval M. Interactions of Viral Proteins from Pathogenic and Low or Non-Pathogenic Orthohantaviruses with Human Type I Interferon Signaling. Viruses 2021; 13:140. [PMID: 33478127 PMCID: PMC7835746 DOI: 10.3390/v13010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne orthohantaviruses are asymptomatic in their natural reservoir, but they can cause severe diseases in humans. Although an exacerbated immune response relates to hantaviral pathologies, orthohantaviruses have to antagonize the antiviral interferon (IFN) response to successfully propagate in infected cells. We studied interactions of structural and nonstructural (NSs) proteins of pathogenic Puumala (PUUV), low-pathogenic Tula (TULV), and non-pathogenic Prospect Hill (PHV) viruses, with human type I and III IFN (IFN-I and IFN-III) pathways. The NSs proteins of all three viruses inhibited the RIG-I-activated IFNβ promoter, while only the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) of PUUV, or its cleavage product Gn/Gc, and the nucleocapsid (N) of TULV inhibited it. Moreover, the GPC of both PUUV and TULV antagonized the promoter of IFN-stimulated responsive elements (ISRE). Different viral proteins could thus contribute to inhibition of IFNβ response in a viral context. While PUUV and TULV strains replicated similarly, whether expressing entire or truncated NSs proteins, only PUUV encoding a wild type NSs protein led to late IFN expression and activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). This, together with the identification of particular domains of NSs proteins and different biological processes that are associated with cellular proteins in complex with NSs proteins, suggested that the activation of IFN-I is probably not the only antiviral pathway to be counteracted by orthohantaviruses and that NSs proteins could have multiple inhibitory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gallo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (G.G.); (N.T.)
- Ecole Doctorale Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Anses-INRAE-EnvA, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (D.V.)
| | - Karine Badonnel
- BREED, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Guillaume Chevreux
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, ProteoSeine Mass Spectrometry Plateform, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; (G.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Samuel Terrier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, ProteoSeine Mass Spectrometry Plateform, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; (G.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Agnieszka Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Florian Binder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.B.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.B.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Anses-INRAE-EnvA, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (D.V.)
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (G.G.); (N.T.)
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416 Conakry, Guinea
| | - Myriam Ermonval
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (G.G.); (N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maghool F, Valiani A, Safari T, Emami MH, Mohammadzadeh S. Gastrointestinal and renal complications in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: Role of immune system. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12999. [PMID: 33190306 PMCID: PMC7744842 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) disease has been accompanied by various gastrointestinal (GI) and renal manifestations in significant portion of infected patients. Beside studies on the respiratory complications of coronavirus infection, understanding the essential immunological processes underlying the different clinical manifestations of virus infection is crucial for the identification and development of effective therapies. In addition to the respiratory tract, the digestive and urinary systems are the major sources of virus transmission. Thus, knowledge about the invasion mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 in these systems and the immune system responses is important for implementing the infection prevention strategies. This article presents an overview of the gut and renal complications in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We focus on how SARS‐CoV‐2 interacts with the immune system and the consequent contribution of immune system, gut, and renal dysfunctions in the development of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Maghool
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Safari
- Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emami
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samane Mohammadzadeh
- Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pasrija R, Naime M. The deregulated immune reaction and cytokines release storm (CRS) in COVID-19 disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107225. [PMID: 33302033 PMCID: PMC7691139 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, accompanies an unprecedented spike in cytokines levels termed cytokines release syndrome (CRS), in critically ill patients. Clinicians claim that the surge demonstrates a deregulated immune defence in host, as infected cell expression analysis depicts a delay in type-I (interferon-I) and type-III IFNs expression, along with a limited Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG) response, which later resume and culminates in elicitation of several cytokines including- IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNFα, IL-17, MCP-1, IP-10 and IL-10 etc. Although cytokines are messenger molecules of the immune system, but their increased concentration results in inflammation, infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils and lung injury in patients. This inflammatory response results in the precarious pathogenesis of COVID-19; thus, a complete estimation of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is vital in designing a harmless and effective vaccine. In pathogenesis analysis, it emerges that a timely forceful type-I IFN production (18-24hrs post infection) promotes innate and acquired immune responses, while a delay in IFNs production (3-4 days post infection) actually renders both innate and acquired responses ineffective in fighting infection. Further, underlying conditions including hypertension, obesity, cardio-vascular disease etc may increase the chances of putting people in risk groups, which end up having critical form of infection. This review summarizes the events starting from viral entry, its struggle with the immune system and failure of host immunological parameters to obliterate the infections, which finally culminate into massive release of CRS and inflammation in gravely ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Pasrija
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammad Naime
- Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Iqbal MS, Sardar N, Akmal W, Sultan R, Abdullah H, Qindeel M, Dhama K, Bilal M. ROLE OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS IN CORONAVIRUS INFECTION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.18006/2020.8(spl-1-sars-cov-2).s66.s78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a novel coronavirus referred to as SARS-CoV-2 has become a global health apprehension due to rapid transmission tendency, severity, and wide geographical spread. This emergence was started from Wuhan, China in 2019 from the zoonotic source and spread worldwide, infecting almost half of the community on this earth. Many of the receptors are involved in proceeding with this infection in the organism's body. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play essential and protective functions from a wide range of microbial pathogens. Small setup of TLR adaptor proteins leads to activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and interferon-regulatory factor (IRF). Consequently, various advanced inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and interferon reaction properties can be up-regulated. Similarly, TLR flagging works on autophagy in macrophages. Autophagy is a cell response to starvation that helps to eliminate damaged cytosol organelles and persistent proteins. It is also able to prevent the replication of intracellular pathogens. Several microbes subvert the autophagy pathways to sustain their viability. This review investigates how TLRs can modulate a macrophagic system and analyze the role of natural resistance autophagy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Buonsenso D, Sali M, Pata D, De Rose C, Sanguinetti M, Valentini P, Delogu G. Children and COVID-19: Microbiological and immunological insights. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2547-2555. [PMID: 32710652 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its first description in China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide being declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. More than 10.3 million people have been infected and more than 506 000 people died. However, SARS-CoV-2 had a lower impact on the pediatric population. Only about 1% to 2% of infected people are children and few deaths under the age of 14 are described so far. In this article, we discuss microbiological and immunological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children highlighting the main differences from adult SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Buonsenso
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze della salute della donna, del bambino e di sanità pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Pata
- Istituto di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina De Rose
- Istituto di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Valentini
- Dipartimento Scienze della salute della donna, del bambino e di sanità pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shibabaw T, Molla MD, Teferi B, Ayelign B. Role of IFN and Complements System: Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:507-518. [PMID: 32982366 PMCID: PMC7490109 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s267280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of the innate immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation and the cytokine release storm in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This dysregulated immune response is focused on interferon (IFN) and complement activation, which are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation, local lung tissue damage, and systemic multi-organ failure. IFNs control viral infections by inducing expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that restrict distinct steps of viral replication. Therefore, in this review article, we propose the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory disease syndrome, and assess treatment options by considering IFNs and by targeting IFN-antagonist SARS-CoV-2 virulent gene products. Furthermore, we elaborate on the mechanism of the amplified complement-mediated inflammatory cytokine storm, and propose an antiviral and immunotherapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchamlak Teferi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ortiz-Prado E, Simbaña-Rivera K, Gómez-Barreno L, Rubio-Neira M, Guaman LP, Kyriakidis NC, Muslin C, Jaramillo AMG, Barba-Ostria C, Cevallos-Robalino D, Sanches-SanMiguel H, Unigarro L, Zalakeviciute R, Gadian N, López-Cortés A. Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115094. [PMID: 32623267 PMCID: PMC7260568 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least 7 coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms. Those that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of these viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 20 May 2020 show more than 5 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 330,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information received daily relating to COVID-19 is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Katherine Simbaña-Rivera
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Lenin Gómez-Barreno
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Mario Rubio-Neira
- Hospital Baca Ortiz, Pediatric and Cardiology Department, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Linda P Guaman
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Nikolaos C Kyriakidis
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada a Biomedicina (BIOMED), Universidad de la Americas, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Claire Muslin
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | | | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | | | - Hugo Sanches-SanMiguel
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Luis Unigarro
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital SOLCA Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Rasa Zalakeviciute
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador; Intelligent and Interactive Systems Lab (SI2 Lab) Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Naomi Gadian
- University of Southampton, Department of Public Health, Southampton, United Kingdome.
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador; Red Latinoamericana de Implementación y Validación de Guías Clínicas Farmacogenómicas (RELIVAF-CYTED), Quito, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070784. [PMID: 32708250 PMCID: PMC7412275 DOI: 10.3390/v12070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most prevalent arenavirus, Lassa, in West African countries, highlights the significant risk to public health and to the socio-economic development of affected countries. The devastating impact of these viruses is further exacerbated by the lack of approved vaccines and effective treatments. Differential immune responses to arenavirus infections that can lead to either clearance or rapid, widespread and uncontrolled viral dissemination are modulated by the arenavirus multifunctional proteins, NP and Z. These two proteins control the antiviral response to infection by targeting multiple cellular pathways; and thus, represent attractive targets for antiviral development to counteract infection. The interplay between the host immune responses and viral replication is a key determinant of virus pathogenicity and disease outcome. In this review, we examine the current understanding of host immune defenses against arenavirus infections and summarise the host protein interactions of NP and Z and the mechanisms that govern immune evasion strategies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fanunza E, Frau A, Corona A, Tramontano E. Insights into Ebola Virus VP35 and VP24 Interferon Inhibitory Functions and their Initial Exploitation as Drug Targets. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:362-374. [PMID: 30468131 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666181123145540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Upon viral infection, the interferon (IFN) system triggers potent antiviral mechanisms limiting viral growth and spread. Hence, to sustain their infection, viruses evolved efficient counteracting strategies to evade IFN control. Ebola virus (EBOV), member of the family Filoviridae, is one of the most virulent and deadly pathogen ever faced by humans. The etiological agent of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), EBOV can be undoubtedly considered the perfect example of a powerful inhibitor of the host organism immune response activation. Particularly, the efficacious suppression of the IFN cascade contributes to disease progression and severity. Among the EBOVencoded proteins, the Viral Proteins 35 (VP35) and 24 (VP24) are responsible for the EBOV extreme virulence, representing the core of such inhibitory function through which EBOV determines its very effective shield to the cellular immune defenses. VP35 inhibits the activation of the cascade leading to IFN production, while VP24 inhibits the activation of the IFN-stimulated genes. A number of studies demonstrated that both VP35 and VP24 is validated target for drug development. Insights into the structural characteristics of VP35 and VP24 domains revealed crucial pockets exploitable for drug development. Considered the lack of therapy for EVD, restoring the immune activation is a promising approach for drug development. In the present review, we summarize the importance of VP35 and VP24 proteins in counteracting the host IFN cellular response and discuss their potential as druggable viral targets as a promising approach toward attenuation of EBOV virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fanunza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.,Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020. [PMID: 31981224 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020. [PMID: 31981224 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.v92.410.1002/jmv.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Relative Contributions of the cGAS-STING and TLR3 Signaling Pathways to Attenuation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01717-19. [PMID: 31896590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01717-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is crucial for defense against viral infections. Cells recognize virus infection through pattern recognition receptors and induce type I interferons as well as proinflammatory cytokines to orchestrate an innate immune response. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) triggers both the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathways. It is well known that TLR3 uses the adaptor protein Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) domain-containing adaptor-inducing beta interferon (TRIF) for signaling, but we recently reported that STING signaling also requires TRIF. Because STING directly binds to TRIF, we identified the STING-interacting domain of TRIF and generated STING-noninteracting mutants of human and mouse TRIFs. The mutant TRIFs were unable to support STING signaling, although they were fully functional in the TLR3 pathway. These mutants were used to assess the relative contributions of the TLR3 and STING pathways to the attenuation of HSV-1 replication in mouse and human cell lines. For this purpose, the mouse L929 and NB41A3 cell lines and the human HT1080 and HeLa-M cell lines, in which both the TLR3 and the STING pathways are operational, were used. The TRIF gene was disrupted in these lines by CRISPR/Cas9, before reconstituting them with mutant and wild-type TRIF expression vectors. Infection of the reconstituted cells with HSV-1 revealed that both the cGAS-STING and the TLR3 signaling pathways are required for the attenuation of virus replication, but their relative contributions in attenuating HSV-1 replication were found to be different in mouse versus human cell lines. Thus, our study suggests that the relative contributions of the cGAS-STING and the TLR3 pathways in the attenuation of viral infection may be species specific.IMPORTANCE The magnitude of fatal infections caused by all different viruses in human and animal populations justifies a better understanding of the host innate immune response process that attenuates virus replication. In particular, the relative contributions of different signaling pathways which are responsible for the generation of the innate immune response are still largely unknown. In this study, we used STING-noninteracting TRIF mutants to decipher the relative contributions of the TLR3 and cGAS-STING signaling pathways to the attenuation of HSV-1 infection. We show that the relative contributions of the two pathways to the attenuation of viral infection are different in mouse versus human cell lines. Together, our results provide new insights into the relative contributions of two different signaling pathways in the attenuation of viral infection and may lead to the development of new antiviral strategies aimed at blocking viral infection at very early stages.
Collapse
|
27
|
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020; 92:424-432. [PMID: 31981224 PMCID: PMC7166547 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1107] [Impact Index Per Article: 276.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kikkert M. Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:4-20. [PMID: 31610541 PMCID: PMC6959104 DOI: 10.1159/000503030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virus-host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion. Many, if not all, viruses, including the respiratory viruses listed above, suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting-up of the infection. The consequences for the host's immune response are that it is often incomplete, delayed or diminished, or displays overly strong induction (after the delay) that may cause tissue damage. The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses, and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity. In this review, innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized, and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles. Subsequently, viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed, including activities causing host shut-off and manipulation of stress granule formation. Furthermore, viral protease-mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed. Finally, perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kernbach ME, Newhouse DJ, Miller JM, Hall RJ, Gibbons J, Oberstaller J, Selechnik D, Jiang RHY, Unnasch TR, Balakrishnan CN, Martin LB. Light pollution increases West Nile virus competence of a ubiquitous passerine reservoir species. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191051. [PMID: 31337318 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many anthropogenic changes that impact humans and wildlife, one of the most pervasive but least understood is light pollution. Although detrimental physiological and behavioural effects resulting from exposure to light at night are widely appreciated, the impacts of light pollution on infectious disease risk have not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that artificial light at night (ALAN) extends the infectious-to-vector period of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), an urban-dwelling avian reservoir host of West Nile virus (WNV). Sparrows exposed to ALAN maintained transmissible viral titres for 2 days longer than controls but did not experience greater WNV-induced mortality during this window. Transcriptionally, ALAN altered the expression of gene regulatory networks including key hubs (OASL, PLBD1 and TRAP1) and effector genes known to affect WNV dissemination (SOCS). Despite mounting anti-viral immune responses earlier, transcriptomic signatures indicated that ALAN-exposed individuals probably experienced pathogen-induced damage and immunopathology, potentially due to evasion of immune effectors. A simple mathematical modelling exercise indicated that ALAN-induced increases of host infectious-to-vector period could increase WNV outbreak potential by approximately 41%. ALAN probably affects other host and vector traits relevant to transmission, and additional research is needed to advise the management of zoonotic diseases in light-polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Kernbach
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel J Newhouse
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jeanette M Miller
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Justin Gibbons
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jenna Oberstaller
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel Selechnik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Rays H Y Jiang
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Thomas R Unnasch
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Lynn B Martin
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Du X, Zhang Y, Zou J, Yuan Z, Yi Z. Replicase-mediated shielding of the poliovirus replicative double-stranded RNA to avoid recognition by MDA5. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1199-1209. [PMID: 30041712 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of the positive-strand RNA viruses generates double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are recognized by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger innate immune responses. Formation of the viral replication complex (RC) has been thought to shield dsRNA from being recognized by innate sensors. To elucidate the RC-mediated evasion of innate recognition, we selected poliovirus (PV) as a model. We first found that RNAs generated during PV replication were potent interferon (IFN) inducers upon transfection, while there was no obvious IFN production detected in PV-replicating cells. PV replication did not interfere with IFN production when IFN agonists were synchronously introduced with the replicating PV RNAs, and in PV-infected cells, IFN agonist-induced IFN production was only moderately impaired but not completely abolished. When PV-infected cells were in situ permeabilized by digitonin, viral dsRNAs were readily detected by an anti-dsRNA antibody and were resistant to RNase III digestion. When digitonin-permeabilized cells were further solubilized by 1 % triton X-100, the dsRNAs of PV became sensitive to RNase III digestion. A co-localization study showed that PV dsRNA did not co-localize with MDA5 in virally infected cells. Given that the PV replication complex is protruding single-membrane and tubular in form, viral replicative dsRNAs are probably shielded by the replication complex or the viral replicase to avoid being accessed by RNase III and MDA5. We propose that the replication complex- or replicase-mediated shielding of dsRNA may act as a means for innate evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Du
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
STING-dependent translation inhibition restricts RNA virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2058-E2067. [PMID: 29440426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716937115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, IFN responses that occur during RNA and DNA virus infections are activated by distinct signaling pathways. The RIG-I-like-receptors (RLRs) bind viral RNA and engage the adaptor MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) to promote IFN expression, whereas cGAS (cGMP-AMP synthase) binds viral DNA and activates an analogous pathway via the protein STING (stimulator of IFN genes). In this study, we confirm that STING is not necessary to induce IFN expression during RNA virus infection but also find that STING is required to restrict the replication of diverse RNA viruses. The antiviral activities of STING were not linked to its ability to regulate basal expression of IFN-stimulated genes, activate transcription, or autophagy. Using vesicular stomatitis virus as a model, we identified a requirement of STING to inhibit translation during infection and upon transfection of synthetic RLR ligands. This inhibition occurs at the level of translation initiation and restricts the production of viral and host proteins. The inability to restrict translation rendered STING-deficient cells 100 times more likely to support productive viral infections than wild-type counterparts. Genetic analysis linked RNA sensing by RLRs to STING-dependent translation inhibition, independent of MAVS. Thus, STING has dual functions in host defense, regulating protein synthesis to prevent RNA virus infection and regulating IFN expression to restrict DNA viruses.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bryan MA, Giordano D, Draves KE, Green R, Gale M, Clark EA. Splenic macrophages are required for protective innate immunity against West Nile virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191690. [PMID: 29408905 PMCID: PMC5800658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the spleen is a major site for West Nile virus (WNV) replication and spread, relatively little is known about which innate cells in the spleen replicate WNV, control viral dissemination, and/or prime innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we tested if splenic macrophages (MΦs) were necessary for control of WNV infection. We selectively depleted splenic MΦs, but not draining lymph node MΦs, by injecting mice intravenously with clodronate liposomes several days prior to infecting them with WNV. Mice missing splenic MΦs succumbed to WNV infection after an increased and accelerated spread of virus to the spleen and the brain. WNV-specific Ab and CTL responses were normal in splenic MΦ-depleted mice; however, numbers of NK cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly increased in the brains of infected mice. Splenic MΦ deficiency led to increased WNV in other splenic innate immune cells including CD11b- DCs, newly formed MΦs and monocytes. Unlike other splenic myeloid subsets, splenic MΦs express high levels of mRNAs encoding the complement protein C1q, the apoptotic cell clearance protein Mertk, the IL-18 cytokine and the FcγR1 receptor. Splenic MΦ-deficient mice may be highly susceptible to WNV infection in part to a deficiency in C1q, Mertk, IL-18 or Caspase 12 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne A. Bryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cedillo-Barrón L, García-Cordero J, Shrivastava G, Carrillo-Halfon S, León-Juárez M, Bustos Arriaga J, León Valenzuela P, Gutiérrez Castañeda B. The Role of Flaviviral Proteins in the Induction of Innate Immunity. Subcell Biochem 2018; 88:407-442. [PMID: 29900506 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are positive, single-stranded, enveloped cytoplasmic sense RNA viruses that cause a variety of important diseases worldwide. Among them, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Dengue virus have the potential to cause severe disease. Extensive studies have been performed to elucidate the structure and replication strategies of flaviviruses, and current studies are aiming to unravel the complex molecular interactions between the virus and host during the very early stages of infection. The outcomes of viral infection and rapid establishment of the antiviral state, depends on viral detection by pathogen recognition receptors and rapid initiation of signalling cascades to induce an effective innate immune response. Extracellular and intracellular pathogen recognition receptors play a crucial role in detecting flavivirus infection and inducing a robust antiviral response. One of the main hallmarks of flaviviral nonstructural proteins is their multiple strategies to antagonise the interferon system. In this chapter, we summarize the molecular characteristics of flaviviral proteins and discuss how viral proteins target different components of the interferon signalling pathway by blocking phosphorylation, enhancing degradation, and downregulating the expression of major components of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. We also discuss how the interactions of viral proteins with host proteins facilitate viral pathogenesis. Due to the lack of antivirals or prophylactic treatments for many flaviviral infections, it is necessary to fully elucidate how these viruses disrupt cellular processes to influence pathogenesis and disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cedillo-Barrón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico.
| | - J García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - G Shrivastava
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - S Carrillo-Halfon
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - M León-Juárez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, National Institute of Perinatology, México City, Mexico
| | - J Bustos Arriaga
- Unidad de Biomedicina. Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Pc León Valenzuela
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - B Gutiérrez Castañeda
- Immunology Department UMF Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Edo. de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li MMH, MacDonald MR. Polyamines: Small Molecules with a Big Role in Promoting Virus Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:123-4. [PMID: 27512896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines play important roles in a range of cellular processes. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Mounce et al. (2016) link polyamine metabolism to the interferon response and demonstrate proviral effects for polyamines. The study points to the pathway as a potential novel pan-viral therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody M H Li
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ning YJ, Feng K, Min YQ, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. Heartland virus NSs protein disrupts host defenses by blocking the TBK1 kinase-IRF3 transcription factor interaction and signaling required for interferon induction. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16722-16733. [PMID: 28848048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heartland virus (HRTV) is a pathogenic phlebovirus related to the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), another phlebovirus causing life-threatening disease in humans. Previous findings have suggested that SFTSV can antagonize the host interferon (IFN) system via viral nonstructural protein (NSs)-mediated sequestration of antiviral signaling proteins into NSs-induced inclusion bodies. However, whether and how HRTV counteracts the host innate immunity is unknown. Here, we report that HRTV NSs (HNSs) also antagonizes IFN and cytokine induction and bolsters viral replication, although no noticeable inclusion body formation was observed in HNSs-expressing cells. Furthermore, HNSs inhibited the virus-triggered activation of IFN-β promoter by specifically targeting the IFN-stimulated response element but not the NF-κB response element. Consistently, HNSs blocked the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3, an IFN-stimulated response element-activating transcription factor). Reporter gene assays next showed that HNSs blockades the antiviral signaling mediated by RIG-I-like receptors likely at the level of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Indeed, HNSs strongly interacts with TBK1 as indicated by confocal microscopy and pulldown analyses, and we also noted that the scaffold dimerization domain of TBK1 is required for the TBK1-HNSs interaction. Finally, pulldown assays demonstrated that HNSs expression dose-dependently diminishes a TBK1-IRF3 interaction, further explaining the mechanism for HNSs function. Collectively, these data suggest that HNSs, an antagonist of host innate immunity, interacts with TBK1 and thereby hinders the association of TBK1 with its substrate IRF3, thus blocking IRF3 activation and transcriptional induction of the cellular antiviral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Ning
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Kuan Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Fei Deng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Zhihong Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| | - Hualin Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Di Petrillo A, Fais A, Pintus F, Santos-Buelga C, González-Paramás AM, Piras V, Orrù G, Mameli A, Tramontano E, Frau A. Broad-range potential of Asphodelus microcarpus leaves extract for drug development. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:159. [PMID: 28709400 PMCID: PMC5513112 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many plants have been used in traditional medicine for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antidiarrhoeal, analgesic, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In order to find novel antimicrobial and antiviral agents, the aim of the present study was the evaluation of the antibacterial and antibiofilm susceptibility of Asphodelus microcarpus leaves extract. Moreover, the antiviral activity and the phytochemical composition of the active extract were also determined. Methods Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of leaves ethanol extract of A. microcarpus were evaluated on 13 different microbial strains. We selected three different sets of microorganisms: (i) Gram-positive bacteria, (ii) Gram-negative bacteria and (iii) yeasts. The potential antiviral activity of A. microcarpus leaves ethanol extract was evaluated with a luciferase reporter gene assay in which the dsRNA-dependent RIG-I-mediated IFN-β activation was inducted or inhibited by the Ebola virus VP35 protein. HPLC-DAD-MS was used to identify phenolic profile of the active extract. Results A. microcarpus leaves extract showed a potent inhibitory activity on Gram-positive bacteria while only a reduced inhibition was observed on Gram-negative bacteria. No activity was detected against Yeasts. The extract also showed an interesting antibiofilm motif on various bacterial strains (E. coli, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus and B. clausii). Moreover, this extract significantly affected the Ebola virus VP35 inhibition of the viral RNA (vRNA) induced IFN response. Conclusions The overall results provide supportive data on the use of A. microcarpus as antimicrobial agent and a potential source of anti-viral natural products. Data collected set the bases for further studies for the identification of single active components and the development of new pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pintus
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana M González-Paramás
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Piras
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonello Mameli
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Scutigliani EM, Kikkert M. Interaction of the innate immune system with positive-strand RNA virus replication organelles. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:17-27. [PMID: 28709747 PMCID: PMC7108334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
All +RNA viruses induce replication organelles to shield viral RNA from innate immune surveillance. Recent literature suggests that non-self or aberrant-self membrane structures can be tagged with LC3 or ubiquitin. Interferon-induced GTPases then recognize these tags and destroy the membrane structures, thereby exposing PAMPs. More research will have to indicate whether this is a general antiviral mechanism affecting +RNA virus infections.
The potential health risks associated with (re-)emerging positive-strand RNA (+RNA) viruses emphasizes the need for understanding host-pathogen interactions for these viruses. The innate immune system forms the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms like these and is responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Viral RNA is a potent inducer of antiviral innate immune signaling, provoking an antiviral state by directing expression of interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, +RNA viruses developed various methods to avoid detection and downstream signaling, including isolation of viral RNA replication in membranous viral replication organelles (ROs). These structures therefore play a central role in infection, and consequently, loss of RO integrity might simultaneously result in impaired viral replication and enhanced antiviral signaling. This review summarizes the first indications that the innate immune system indeed has tools to disrupt viral ROs and other non- or aberrant-self membrane structures, and may do this by marking these membranes with proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and ubiquitin, resulting in the recruitment of IFN-inducible GTPases. Further studies should evaluate whether this process forms a general effector mechanism in +RNA virus infection, thereby creating the opportunity for development of novel antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Maxim Scutigliani
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The NF-κB-dependent and -independent transcriptome and chromatin landscapes of human coronavirus 229E-infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006286. [PMID: 28355270 PMCID: PMC5386326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus replication takes place in the host cell cytoplasm and triggers inflammatory gene expression by poorly characterized mechanisms. To obtain more insight into the signals and molecular events that coordinate global host responses in the nucleus of coronavirus-infected cells, first, transcriptome dynamics was studied in human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)-infected A549 and HuH7 cells, respectively, revealing a core signature of upregulated genes in these cells. Compared to treatment with the prototypical inflammatory cytokine interleukin(IL)-1, HCoV-229E replication was found to attenuate the inducible activity of the transcription factor (TF) NF-κB and to restrict the nuclear concentration of NF-κB subunits by (i) an unusual mechanism involving partial degradation of IKKβ, NEMO and IκBα and (ii) upregulation of TNFAIP3 (A20), although constitutive IKK activity and basal TNFAIP3 expression levels were shown to be required for efficient virus replication. Second, we characterized actively transcribed genomic regions and enhancers in HCoV-229E-infected cells and systematically correlated the genome-wide gene expression changes with the recruitment of Ser5-phosphorylated RNA polymerase II and prototypical histone modifications (H3K9ac, H3K36ac, H4K5ac, H3K27ac, H3K4me1). The data revealed that, in HCoV-infected (but not IL-1-treated) cells, an extensive set of genes was activated without inducible p65 NF-κB being recruited. Furthermore, both HCoV-229E replication and IL-1 were shown to upregulate a small set of genes encoding immunomodulatory factors that bind p65 at promoters and require IKKβ activity and p65 for expression. Also, HCoV-229E and IL-1 activated a common set of 440 p65-bound enhancers that differed from another 992 HCoV-229E-specific enhancer regions by distinct TF-binding motif combinations. Taken together, the study shows that cytoplasmic RNA viruses fine-tune NF-κB signaling at multiple levels and profoundly reprogram the host cellular chromatin landscape, thereby orchestrating the timely coordinated expression of genes involved in multiple signaling, immunoregulatory and metabolic processes. Coronaviruses are major human and animal pathogens. They belong to a family of plus-strand RNA viruses that have extremely large genomes and encode a variety of proteins involved in virus-host interactions. The four common coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) cause mainly upper respiratory tract infections, while zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) cause severe lung disease, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The molecular basis for this fundamentally different pathology is incompletely understood. Our study provides a genome-wide investigation of epigenetic changes occurring in response to HCoV-229E. We identify at high resolution a large number of regulatory regions in the genome of infected cells that coordinate de novo gene transcription. Many of these genes have immunomodulatory functions and, most likely, contribute to limiting viral replication, while other factors may promote viral replication. The study provides an intriguing example of a virus that completes its entire life cycle in the cytoplasm while sending multiple signals to the nuclear chromatin compartment to adjust the host cell repertoire of transcribed genes. The approach taken in this study is expected to provide a suitable framework for future studies aimed at dissecting and comparing host responses to representative coronaviruses with different pathogenic potential in humans.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ning YJ, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. The roles of ebolavirus glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27853993 PMCID: PMC6791933 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are highly dangerous pathogens exhibiting extreme virulence in humans and nonhuman primates. The majority of ebolavirus species, most notably Zaire ebolavirus, can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, in humans. EVD is associated with case-fatality rates as high as 90%, and there is currently no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available against EVD. Understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of ebolaviruses is important for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Ebolavirus encodes several forms of glycoproteins (GPs), which have some interesting characteristics, including the transcriptional editing coding strategy and extensive O-glycosylation modification, clustered in the mucin-like domain of GP1, full-length GP (GP1,2), and shed GP. In addition to the canonical role of the spike protein, GP1,2, in viral entry, ebolavirus GPs appear to have multiple additional functions, likely contributing to the complex pathogenesis of the virus. Here, we review the roles of ebolavirus GPs in viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang H, Wang M, Gao GF, Li X. Ebola virus encodes a miR-155 analog to regulate importin-α5 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3733-44. [PMID: 27094387 PMCID: PMC11108478 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus caused more than 10,000 human deaths. Current knowledge of suitable drugs, clinical diagnostic biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus infection is either absent or insufficient. By screening stem-loop structures from the viral genomes of four virulence species, we identified a novel, putative viral microRNA precursor that is specifically expressed by the Ebola virus. The sequence of the microRNA precursor was further confirmed by mining the existing RNA-Seq database. Two putative mature microRNAs were predicted and subsequently validated in human cell lines. Combined with this prediction of the microRNA target, we identified importin-α5, which is a key regulator of interferon signaling following Ebola virus infection, as one putative target. We speculate that this microRNA could facilitate the evasion of the host immune system by the virus. Moreover, this microRNA might be a potential clinical therapeutic target or a diagnostic biomarker for Ebola virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Medicine-Hematology/Oncology and Microbiology-Immunology, Nortwestern University, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|