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Dong J, Ji B, Jiang Y, Liu K, Guo L, Cui L, Wang H, Li B, Li J. Autophagy activation alleviates the LPS-induced inflammatory response in endometrial epithelial cells in dairy cows. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 91:e13820. [PMID: 38332507 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Endometritis is a common disease that affects dairy cow reproduction. Autophagy plays a vital role in cellular homeostasis and modulates inflammation by regulating interactions with innate immune signaling pathways. However, little is known about the regulatory relationship between autophagy and inflammation in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs). Thus, we aimed to determine the role of autophagy in the inflammatory response in BEECs. METHODS OF STUDY In the present study, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and autophagy were determined using immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. The induction of autophagosome formation was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that autophagy activation was inhibited in LPS-treated BEECs, while activation of the NF-κB pathway and the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were increased. Furthermore, blocking autophagy with the inhibitor chloroquine increased NF-κB signaling pathway activation and proinflammatory factor expression in LPS-treated BEECs. Conversely, activation of autophagy with the agonist rapamycin inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulated proinflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that LPS-induced inflammation was related to the inhibition of autophagy in BEECs. Thus, the activation of autophagy may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for eliminating inflammation in BEECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Kangjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Yuan Y, Wang F, Liu X, Shuai B, Fan H. The Role of AMPK Signaling in Ulcerative Colitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3855-3875. [PMID: 38170149 PMCID: PMC10759424 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s442154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulcer formation of the intestinal mucosa. Due to its high recurrence rate, prolonged course, limited curative options, and significant impact on patients' quality of life, along with a notable potential for malignant transformation, UC is designated as a refractory global health challenge by the World Health Organization (WHO). The elucidation of the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for UC requires further in-depth investigation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves as a central regulator of cellular energy metabolic homeostasis. Emerging evidence indicates that interventions involving traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) components, as well as other pharmacological measures, exert beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosal inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction in UC by modulating AMPK signaling, thereby influencing biological processes such as cellular autophagy, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, macrophage polarization, and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. The role of AMPK in UC is of significant importance. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms through which AMPK is involved in UC, as well as a compilation of pharmacological agents capable of activating the AMPK signaling pathway within the context of UC. The primary objective is to facilitate a deeper comprehension of the pivotal role of AMPK in UC among researchers and clinical practitioners, thereby advancing the identification of novel therapeutic targets for interventions in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jingshan Union Hospital, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingshan, Hubei, 431800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Shuai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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Guo X, Xu J, Huang C, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Zhu M, Wang J, Nie Y, Xu H, Zhou Y, Zhou Y. Rapamycin extenuates experimental colitis by modulating the gut microbiota. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:2130-2141. [PMID: 37916431 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Autophagy and gut microbiota correlates closely with the inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we aimed to study the roles of rapamycin on the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Acute colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution in mice. Mice were administered with rapamycin or hydroxychloroquine. Weight loss, disease activity index scores, histopathological score, serum inflammatory cytokines, intestinal permeability, and colonic autophagy-related proteins were detected. Cecal content was also preserved in liquid nitrogen and subsequently analyzed following the 16S DNA sequencing. The antibiotic cocktail-induced microbiome depletion was performed to further investigate the relationship between autophagy activation and gut microbiota. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the colonic autophagy-related proteins of P62, mTOR, and p-mTOR increased significantly, while the levels of LC3B and ATG16L1 decreased (all P < 0.05) in the model group. After rapamycin intervention, the colonic pathology of mice improved, while the disease activity index score decreased substantially; the colon length increased, and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased. Following hydroxychloroquine treatment, some indicators suggested aggravation of colitis. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the DSS group was located on a separate branch from the rapamycin group but was closer to the hydroxychloroquine group. Compared with the DSS group, the rapamycin group was associated with higher abundances of f_Lactobacillaceae (P = 0.0151), f_Deferribacteraceae (P = 0.0290), g_Lactobacillus (P = 0.0151), g_Mucispirillum (P = 0.0137), s_Lactobacillus_reuteri (P = 0.0028), and s_Clostridium_sp_Culture_Jar-13 (P = 0.0082) and a lower abundance of s_Bacteroides_sartorii (P = 0.0180). Linear discriminant analysis effect size showed that rapamycin increased the abundances of Lactobacillus-reuteri, Prevotellaceae, Paraprevotella, Christensenella and Streptococcus and decreased those of Peptostreptococcaceae and Romboutsia Bacteroides-sartorii. Besides, the improvement effect of autophagy activation on colitis disappears following gut microbiome depletion. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effects of rapamycin on extenuating experimental colitis may be related to the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minzheng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Chen SL, Li CM, Li W, Liu QS, Hu SY, Zhao MY, Hu DS, Hao YW, Zeng JH, Zhang Y. How autophagy, a potential therapeutic target, regulates intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087677. [PMID: 37168865 PMCID: PMC10165000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation in the intestines, with the primary types including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The link between autophagy, a catabolic mechanism in which cells clear protein aggregates and damaged organelles, and intestinal health has been widely studied. Experimental animal studies and human clinical studies have revealed that autophagy is pivotal for intestinal homeostasis maintenance, gut ecology regulation and other aspects. However, few articles have summarized and discussed the pathways by which autophagy improves or exacerbates IBD. Here, we review how autophagy alleviates IBD through the specific genes (e.g., ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2 and LRRK2), crosstalk of multiple phenotypes with autophagy (e.g., Interaction of autophagy with endoplasmic reticulum stress, intestinal antimicrobial defense and apoptosis) and autophagy-associated signaling pathways. Moreover, we briefly discuss the role of autophagy in colorectal cancer and current status of autophagy-based drug research for IBD. It should be emphasized that autophagy has cell-specific and environment-specific effects on the gut. One of the problems of IBD research is to understand how autophagy plays a role in intestinal tract under specific environmental factors. A better understanding of the mechanism of autophagy in the occurrence and progression of IBD will provide references for the development of therapeutic drugs and disease management for IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Meng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang-Yuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Sen Hu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chengdu Xinan Women’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Hao Zeng, ; Yi Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Hao Zeng, ; Yi Zhang,
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Wang EJ, Wu MY, Ren ZY, Zheng Y, Ye RD, TAN CSH, Wang Y, Lu JH. Targeting macrophage autophagy for inflammation resolution and tissue repair in inflammatory bowel disease. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad004. [PMID: 37152076 PMCID: PMC10157272 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, non-specific, recurrent inflammatory disease, majorly affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Due to its unclear pathogenesis, the current therapeutic strategy for IBD is focused on symptoms alleviation. Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Genome-wide association studies and subsequent functional studies have highlighted the critical role of autophagy in IBD via a number of mechanisms, including modulating macrophage function. Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis, especially involved in regulating inflammation remission and tissue repair. Interestingly, many autophagic proteins and IBD-related genes have been revealed to regulate macrophage function, suggesting that macrophage autophagy is a potentially important process implicated in IBD regulation. Here, we have summarized current understanding of macrophage autophagy function in pathogen and apoptotic cell clearance, inflammation remission and tissue repair regulation in IBD, and discuss how this knowledge can be used as a strategy for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Ming-Yue Wu
- Center for Metabolic Liver Diseases and Center for Cholestatic Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zheng-yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Chris Soon Heng TAN
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China
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Li Y, Law HKW. Deciphering the role of autophagy in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1070184. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1070184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a typical immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disorder. Following the industrialization and changes in lifestyle, the incidence of IBD in the world is rising, which makes health concerns and heavy burdens all over the world. However, the pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, and the current understanding of the pathogenesis involves dysregulation of mucosal immunity, gut microbiome dysbiosis, and gut barrier defect based on genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. In recent years, autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in IBD development and progression because Genome-Wide Association Study revealed the complex interactions of autophagy in IBD, especially immunopathogenesis. Besides, autophagy markers are also suggested to be potential biomarkers and target treatment in IBD. This review summarizes the autophagy-related genes regulating immune response in IBD. Furthermore, we explore the evolving evidence that autophagy interacts with intestinal epithelial and immune cells to contribute to the inflammatory changes in IBD. Finally, we discuss how novel discovery could further advance our understanding of the role of autophagy and inform novel therapeutic strategies in IBD.
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Yu L, Zhang MM, Hou JG. Molecular and cellular pathways in colorectal cancer: apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation as key players. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:1279-1290. [PMID: 35732586 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2088247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer, particularly in developing countries. It accounts for the second and third-highest reason for cancer-induced lethality in women and men respectively. CRC involves genetic and epigenetic modifications in colonic epithelium, leading to colon adenocarcinoma. The current review highlights the pathogenic mechanisms and multifactorial etiology of CRC, influenced by apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy pathways. METHODS We have carried out a selective literature review on mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of CRC. RESULTS Resistance to senescence and apoptosis of the mesenchymal cells, which play a key role in intestinal organogenesis, morphogenesis and homeostasis, appears important for sporadic CRC. Additionally, inflammation-associated tumorigenesis is a key incident in CRC, supported by immune disruptors, adaptive and innate immune traits, environmental factors, etc. involving oxidative stress, DNA damage and epigenetic modulations. The self-digesting mechanism, autophagy, also plays a twin role in CRC through the participation of LC3/LC3-II, Beclin-1, ATG5, other autophagy proteins, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) susceptibility genes. It facilitates the promotion of effective surveillance pathways and stimulates the generation of malignant tumor cells. The autophagy and apoptotic pathways undergo synergistic or antagonistic interactions in CRC and bear a critical association with IBD that results from the pro-neoplastic effects of persistent intestinal inflammation. Conversely, pro-inflammatory factors stimulate tumor growth and angiogenesis and inhibit apoptosis, suppressing anti-tumor activities. CONCLUSION Hence, research attempts for the development of potential therapies for CRC are in progress, primarily based on combinatorial approaches targeting apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Guang Hou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wei T, Zhang T, Tang M. An overview of quantum dots-induced immunotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119865. [PMID: 35944776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have bright luminescence and excellent photostability. New synthesis techniques and strategies also enhance QDs properties for specific applications. With the continuous expansion of the applications, QDs-mediated immunotoxicity has become a major concern. The immune system has been confirmed to be an important target organ of QDs and is sensitive to QDs. Herein, review immunotoxic effects caused by QDs and the underlying mechanisms. Firstly, QDs exposure-induced modulation in immune cell maturation and differentiation is summarized, especially pre-exposed dendritic cells (DCs) and their regulatory roles in adaptive immunity. Cytokines are usually recognized as biomarkers of immunotoxicity, therefore, variation of cytokines mediated by QDs is also highlighted. Moreover, the activation of the complement system induced by QDs is discussed. Accumulated results have suggested that QDs disrupt the immune response by regulating intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) levels, autophagy formation, and expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, several signalling pathways play a key role in the disruption. Finally, some difficulties worthy of further consideration are proposed. Because there are still challenges in biomedical and clinical applications, this review hopes to provide information that could be useful in exploring the mechanisms associated with QD-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Ganapathy AS, Saha K, Suchanec E, Singh V, Verma A, Yochum G, Koltun W, Nighot M, Ma T, Nighot P. AP2M1 mediates autophagy-induced CLDN2 (claudin 2) degradation through endocytosis and interaction with LC3 and reduces intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. Autophagy 2022; 18:2086-2103. [PMID: 34964704 PMCID: PMC9466623 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) provide barrier against paracellular permeation of lumenal antigens. Defects in TJ barrier such as increased levels of pore-forming TJ protein CLDN2 (claudin-2) is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously reported that starvation-induced macroautophagy/autophagy enhances the TJ barrier by degrading pore-forming CLDN2. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism underlying autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation. CLDN2 degradation was persistent in multiple modes of autophagy induction. Immunolocalization, membrane fractionation, and pharmacological inhibition studies showed increased clathrin-mediated CLDN2 endocytosis upon starvation. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis negated autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation and enhancement of the TJ barrier. The co-immunoprecipitation studies showed increased association of CLDN2 with clathrin and adaptor protein AP2 (AP2A1 and AP2M1 subunits) as well as LC3 and lysosomes upon starvation, signifying the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation. The expression and phosphorylation of AP2M1 was increased upon starvation. In-vitro, in-vivo (mouse colon), and ex-vivo (human colon) inhibition of AP2M1 activation prevented CLDN2 degradation. AP2M1 knockout prevented autophagy-induced CLDN2 degradation via reduced CLDN2-LC3 interaction. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that AP2M1 binds to CLDN2 tyrosine motifs (YXXФ) (67-70 and 148-151). Increased baseline expression of CLDN2 and TJ permeability along with reduced CLDN2-AP2M1-LC3 interactions in ATG7 knockout cells validated the role of autophagy in modulation of CLDN2 levels. Acute deletion of Atg7 in mice increased CLDN2 levels and the susceptibility to experimental colitis. The autophagy-regulated molecular mechanisms linking CLDN2, AP2M1, and LC3 may provide therapeutic tools against intestinal inflammation.Abbreviations: Amil: amiloride; AP2: adaptor protein complex 2; AP2A1: adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit alpha 1; AP2M1: adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit mu 1; ATG7: autophagy related 7; CAL: calcitriol; Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9; Con: control; CPZ: chlorpromazine; DSS: dextran sodium sulfate; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; TER: trans-epithelial resistance; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MβCD: Methyl-β-cyclodextrin; MET: metformin; MG132: carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NT: non target; RAPA: rapamycin; RES: resveratrol; SMER: small-molecule enhancer 28; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ST: starvation; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kushal Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eric Suchanec
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Vikash Singh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa, USA
| | - Aayush Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Walter Koltun
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Meghali Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA,CONTACT Prashant Nighot Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA17033, USA
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Qiao L, Yan S, Dou X, Song X, Chang J, Pi S, Zhang X, Xu C. Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Alleviate Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage through Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3982613. [PMID: 36035212 PMCID: PMC9410834 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3982613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier plays a fundamental role in body health. Intracellular redox imbalance can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitophagy, leading to intestinal barrier damage. Our previous studies demonstrated that mitophagy is closely associated with the protective effects of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Thus, we hypothesize that ERS and mitophagy are likely involved in the regulatory effects of SeNPs on oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. The results showed that oxidative stress or ERS caused the increase of intestinal epithelial permeability. SeNPs effectively alleviated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2-)-induced structural damage of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of porcine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). SeNPs significantly decreased intracellular inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Ca2+ concentration, down-regulated inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) expression level, and up-regulated ER-resident selenoproteins mRNA levels in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to H2O2. In addition, SeNPs pretreatment significantly decreased the intracellular Ca2+, IP3, IP3R, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; protected the structure and function of ER and mitochondria; and effectively alleviated the increase of intestinal epithelial permeability of IPEC-J2 cells exposed to tunicamycin (TM). Moreover, SeNPs significantly inhibited the colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes. Furthermore, compared with TM model group, SeNPs significantly inhibited the activation of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and AMPK/mTOR/PINK1 signaling pathway. The PERK agonist (CCT020312) and the AMPK agonist (AICAR) could reverse the protective effects of SeNPs on IPEC-J2 cells. The PERK inhibitor (GSK2656157) and the AMPK inhibitor (compound C) had a similar effect on IPEC-J2 cells as that of SeNPs. In summary, the protective effects of SeNPs on intestinal barrier dysfunction are closely associated with ERS-related PERK and mitophagy-related AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Shuqi Yan
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xina Dou
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xiaofan Song
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jiajing Chang
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Shanyao Pi
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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Effects of CB2 Receptor Modulation on Macrophage Polarization in Pediatric Celiac Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040874. [PMID: 35453624 PMCID: PMC9029516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) represents an autoimmune disorder triggered by the exposure to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Recent studies suggest the involvement of macrophages in CD pathogenesis. Macrophages are immune cells, present as pro-inflammatory classically activated macrophages (M1) or as anti-inflammatory alternatively activated macrophages (M2). The Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) has important anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. We previously demonstrated that a common CB2 functional variant, Q63R, causing CB2 reduced function, is associated with several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases The first aim of this study was to investigate the phenotype of macrophages isolated from peripheral blood of CD patients and CB2 expression. The second aim was to evaluate the effects of CB2 pharmacological modulation on CD macrophage polarization. Moreover, by an in vitro model of “immunocompetent gut” we investigated the role of CD macrophages in inducing intestinal barrier damage and the possibility to restore its functionality modulating their polarization. We found an increased expression of M1 macrophages and a CB2 reduced expression. We also demonstrated CD M1 macrophages in inducing the typical mucosal barrier damage of CD. CB2 stimulation switches macrophage polarization towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype thus reducing inflammation but also limiting the epithelial dysfunction. Therefore, we suggest CB2 receptor as a possible novel therapeutic target for CD by regulating macrophages polarization and by preventing mucosal barrier damage.
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Guan YH, Wang N, Deng ZW, Chen XG, Liu Y. Exploiting autophagy-regulative nanomaterials for activation of dendritic cells enables reinforced cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Foerster EG, Mukherjee T, Cabral-Fernandes L, Rocha JD, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. How autophagy controls the intestinal epithelial barrier. Autophagy 2022; 18:86-103. [PMID: 33906557 PMCID: PMC8865220 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that results in lysosome-mediated recycling of organelles and protein aggregates, as well as the destruction of intracellular pathogens. Its role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is of particular interest, as several autophagy-related genes have been associated with intestinal disease. Autophagy and its regulatory mechanisms are involved in both homeostasis and repair of the intestine, supporting intestinal barrier function in response to cellular stress through tight junction regulation and protection from cell death. Furthermore, a clear role has emerged for autophagy not only in secretory cells but also in intestinal stem cells, where it affects their metabolism, as well as their proliferative and regenerative capacity. Here, we review the physiological role of autophagy in the context of intestinal epithelial maintenance and how genetic mutations affecting autophagy contribute to the development of intestinal disease.Abbreviations: AKT1S1: AKT1 substrate 1; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APC: APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; atg16l1[ΔIEC] mice: mice with a specific deletion of Atg16l1 in intestinal epithelial cells; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1; bsk/Jnk: basket; CADPR: cyclic ADP ribose; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP3: caspase 3; CD: Crohn disease; CDH1/E-cadherin: cadherin 1; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: CF transmembrane conductance regulator; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CLDN2: claudin 2; CoPEC: colibactin-producing E. coli; CRC: colorectal cancer; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1; DC: dendritic cell; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DEPTOR: DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSPA5/GRP78: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IFNG/IFNγ:interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LGR5: leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3A/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK14/p38 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPKAP1: MAPK associated protein 1; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; miRNA: microRNA; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; MLST8: MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog; MNV: murine norovirus; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP: NLR family pyrin domain containing; NOD: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; OPTN: optineurin; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; P: phosphorylation; Patj: PATJ crumbs cell polarity complex component; PE: phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PRR5: proline rich 5; PRR5L: proline rich 5 like; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SH3GLB1: SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TA: transit-amplifying; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TGM2: transglutaminase 2; TJ: tight junction; TJP1/ZO1: tight junction protein 1; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; Tor: target of rapamycin; TRAF: TNF receptor associated factor; TRIM11: tripartite motif containing 11; TRP53: transformation related protein 53; TSC: TSC complex subunit; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USO1/p115: USO1 vesicle transport factor; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WNT: WNT family member; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Autophagy in Tumor Immunity and Viral-Based Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102672. [PMID: 34685652 PMCID: PMC8534833 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process essential for the maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis, as well as directly contributing to the control of invading pathogens. Unsurprisingly, this process becomes critical in supporting cellular dysregulation that occurs in cancer, particularly the tumor microenvironments and their immune cell infiltration, ultimately playing a role in responses to cancer therapies. Therefore, understanding "cancer autophagy" could help turn this cellular waste-management service into a powerful ally for specific therapeutics. For instance, numerous regulatory mechanisms of the autophagic machinery can contribute to the anti-tumor properties of oncolytic viruses (OVs), which comprise a diverse class of replication-competent viruses with potential as cancer immunotherapeutics. In that context, autophagy can either: promote OV anti-tumor effects by enhancing infectivity and replication, mediating oncolysis, and inducing autophagic and immunogenic cell death; or reduce OV cytotoxicity by providing survival cues to tumor cells. These properties make the catabolic process of autophagy an attractive target for therapeutic combinations looking to enhance the efficacy of OVs. In this article, we review the complicated role of autophagy in cancer initiation and development, its effect on modulating OVs and immunity, and we discuss recent progress and opportunities/challenges in targeting autophagy to enhance oncolytic viral immunotherapy.
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15
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Wang D, Shao S, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wang M. Insight Into Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Improving Intestinal Inflammation: Modulating Intestinal Microbiota and Autophagy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683911. [PMID: 34354704 PMCID: PMC8329555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) are the main active component of P. ginseng and exhibit significant intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. However, the therapeutic mechanism of the ginseng polysaccharide is unclear, and this hinders the application for medicine or functional food. In this study, a polysaccharide was isolated from P. ginseng (GP). The primary structure and morphology of the GP were studied by HPLC, FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, its intestinal anti-inflammatory activity and its mechanism of function were evaluated in experimental systems using DSS-induced rats, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells. Results showed that GP modulated the structure of gut microbiota and restored mTOR-dependent autophagic dysfunction. Consequently, active autophagy suppressed inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB, oxidative stress, and the release of cytokines. Therefore, our research provides a rationale for future investigations into the relationship between microbiota and autophagy and revealed the therapeutic potential of GP for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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16
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Jiang M, Li D, Piao J, Li Y, Chen L, Li J, Yu D, Pi J, Zhang R, Chen R, Chen W, Zheng Y. Nrf2 modulated the restriction of lung function via impairment of intrinsic autophagy upon real-ambient PM 2.5 exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124903. [PMID: 33373951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compelling studies approve that fine particle matter (PM2.5) exposure was associated with high risk of respiratory disorders. However, the available data assessing the detailed influence of PM2.5 on lung was limited. To overcome the difficulty of inhalational PM2.5 exposure, the real-ambient PM2.5 exposure system was constructed. The mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or real-ambient PM2.5 (PM2.5), and the adverse effect on lung was determined. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a transcription factor, was reported to affect autophagy. Autophagy was proposed as a two-edge sword in respiratory disorders. Here, our data presented that PM2.5 exposure dramatically reduced the lung function of WT mice rather than Nrf2-/- mice. Consistently, thickened alveolar walls was observed in WT mice in PM2.5 exposure group, whereas the histological phenotype of Nrf2-/- mice exhibited no obvious alteration. Furthermore, PM2.5 exposure triggered low-grade production of inflammatory profile in WT and Nrf2-/- mice. Moreover, the protein levels of p62, Beclin1 and LC3B of WT mice rather than Nrf2-/- mice were also altered in PM2.5 exposure group. Taken together, the present study applied the real-ambient exposure system, revealed the adverse effect of air pollution on lung, and proposed the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Jiang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinmei Piao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanting Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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17
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Mou D, Ding D, Yang M, Jiang X, Zhao L, Che L, Fang Z, Xu S, Lin Y, Zhuo Y, Li J, Huang C, Zou Y, Li L, Wu D, Feng B. Maternal organic selenium supplementation during gestation improves the antioxidant capacity and reduces the inflammation level in the intestine of offspring through the NF-κB and ERK/Beclin-1 pathways. Food Funct 2020; 12:315-327. [PMID: 33300903 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02274h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is postulated to protect against inflammation in the gut by attenuating oxidative stress. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal 2-hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid (HMSeBA), an organic Se source, on the intestinal antioxidant capacity and inflammation level of the offspring and its possible mechanism. Forty-three sows were randomly assigned to receive one of the following three diets during gestation: control diet, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) supplemented diet or HMSeBA supplemented diet, respectively. Samples were collected from the offspring at birth and weaning. The results showed that maternal HMSeBA supplementation significantly upregulated ileal GPX2 and SePP1 gene expression compared with the control and Na2SeO3 groups, while suppressed the expression of ileal IL-1β, IL-6 and NF-κB genes in newborn piglets compared with the control group. Moreover, maternal HMSeBA supplementation significantly increased the protein of ileal GPX2 and p-mTOR compared with the control and Na2SeO3 groups, but decreased the ileal p-NF-κB, Beclin-1 and p-ERK proteins in newborn piglets compared with the control group. The weaned piglets of the HMSeBA group had lower serum IL-1β and IL-6 than the piglets of the control group at 2 h of LPS challenge. In addition, after the LPS challenge, the HMSeBA group had a lower relative abundance of ileal p-NF-κB and Beclin-1 proteins than the control and Na2SeO3 groups. In conclusion, maternal HMSeBA supplementation during gestation can improve the offspring's intestinal antioxidant capacity and reduce the inflammation level by suppressing NF-κB and ERK/Beclin-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Mou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dajiang Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Min Yang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China and Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lianpeng Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Ma Z, Wang D, Weng J, Zhang S, Zhang Y. BNIP3 decreases the LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes by promoting the development of autophagy. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:284. [PMID: 32723351 PMCID: PMC7385973 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes are the pathological bases of osteoarthritis. Autophagy could alleviate the symptoms of inflammation and apoptosis. Previous study has shown that BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) can induce the occurrence and development of autophagy. However, it is unknown whether autophagy induced by BNIP3 can alleviate the inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes. Methods We used the lentivirus to construct the overexpression BNIP3 chondrocytes. Next, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate these cells to simulate the physiological environment of osteoarthritis. After that, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the flow cytometry was performed to detect the apoptosis rates of chondrocytes. At last, the expression of autophagy-related proteins was detected with the western blotting. Results The expression of BNIP3 was suppressed after treatment with LPS. However, overexpression of BNIP3 inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and decreased the apoptosis of chondrocytes. Furthermore, overexpression of BNIP3 led to the upregulation of autophagy-related protein expression including little computer 3 (LC3), autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7), and Beclin-1. Application of autophagy inhibitor recovered the expression of proinflammatory factors and apoptosis rates of chondrocytes. Conclusions BNIP3 decreased the LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes by activating the autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Ma
- Orthopaedic Department, PKU Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Road Lianhua, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Deli Wang
- Orthopaedic Department, PKU Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Road Lianhua, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Orthopaedic Department, PKU Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Road Lianhua, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Orthopaedic Department, PKU Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Road Lianhua, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanshi Zhang
- Orthopaedic Department, PKU Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Road Lianhua, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
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19
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Painter JD, Galle-Treger L, Akbari O. Role of Autophagy in Lung Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1337. [PMID: 32733448 PMCID: PMC7358431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular recycling system found in almost all types of eukaryotic organisms. The system is made up of a variety of proteins which function to deliver intracellular cargo to lysosomes for formation of autophagosomes in which the contents are degraded. The maintenance of cellular homeostasis is key in the survival and function of a variety of human cell populations. The interconnection between metabolism and autophagy is extensive, therefore it has a role in a variety of different cell functions. The disruption or dysfunction of autophagy in these cell types have been implicated in the development of a variety of inflammatory diseases including asthma. The role of autophagy in non-immune and immune cells both lead to the pathogenesis of lung inflammation. Autophagy in pulmonary non-immune cells leads to tissue remodeling which can develop into chronic asthma cases with long term effects. The role autophagy in the lymphoid and myeloid lineages in the pathology of asthma differ in their functions. Impaired autophagy in lymphoid populations have been shown, in general, to decrease inflammation in both asthma and inflammatory disease models. Many lymphoid cells rely on autophagy for effector function and maintained inflammation. In stark contrast, autophagy deficient antigen presenting cells have been shown to have an activated inflammasome. This is largely characterized by a TH17 response that is accompanied with a much worse prognosis including granulocyte mediated inflammation and steroid resistance. The cell specificity associated with changes in autophagic flux complicates its targeting for amelioration of asthmatic symptoms. Differing asthmatic phenotypes between TH2 and TH17 mediated disease may require different autophagic modulations. Therefore, treatments call for a more cell specific and personalized approach when looking at chronic asthma cases. Viral-induced lung inflammation, such as that caused by SARS-CoV-2, also may involve autophagic modulation leading to inflammation mediated by lung resident cells. In this review, we will be discussing the role of autophagy in non-immune cells, myeloid cells, and lymphoid cells for their implications into lung inflammation and asthma. Finally, we will discuss autophagy's role viral pathogenesis, immunometabolism, and asthma with insights into autophagic modulators for amelioration of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauriane Galle-Treger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Vistro WA, Zhang Y, Bai X, Yang P, Huang Y, Qu W, Baloch AS, Wu R, Tarique I, Chen Q. In Vivo Autophagy Up-Regulation of Small Intestine Enterocytes in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles during Hibernation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E682. [PMID: 31683886 PMCID: PMC6920937 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on how autophagy plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis under pathological conditions. However, its role in the intestine during hibernation remains unclear. In the current study, we characterized in vivo up-regulation of autophagy in enterocytes of the small intestine of Chinese soft-shelled turtles during hibernation. Autophagy-specific markers were used to confirm the existence of autophagy in enterocytes through immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and immunoblotting. IHC staining indicated strong, positive immunoreactivity of the autophagy-related gene (ATG7), microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) within the mucosal surface during hibernation and poor expression during nonhibernation. IF staining results showed the opposite tendency for ATG7, LC3, and sequestosome 1 (p62). During hibernation ATG7 and LC3 showed strong, positive immunosignaling within the mucosal surface, while p62 showed strong, positive immunosignaling during nonhibernation. Similar findings were confirmed by immunoblotting. Moreover, the ultrastructural components of autophagy in enterocytes were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During hibernation, the cumulative formation of phagophores and autophagosomes were closely associated with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in enterocytes. These autophagosomes overlapped with lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and degraded mitochondria to facilitate the formation of autophagolysosome, amphisomes, and mitophagy in enterocytes. Immunoblotting showed the expression level of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was enhanced during hibernation. Furthermore, the exosome secretion pathway of early-late endosomes and multivesicular bodies were closely linked with autophagosomes in enterocytes during hibernation. These findings suggest that the entrance into hibernation is a main challenge for reptiles to maintain homeostasis and cellular quality control in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenjia Qu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Abdul Sattar Baloch
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ruizhi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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21
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Beljanski V, Grinnemo KH, Österholm C. Pleiotropic roles of autophagy in stem cell-based therapies. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:380-392. [PMID: 30876741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) have been proven to possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and can be used to treat diseases that involve loss of cells due to tissue damage or inflammation. For this approach to succeed, SCs or their derivatives should be able to engraft in the target tissue at least for a short period of time. Unfortunately, once injected, therapeutic SCs will encounter a hostile environment, including hypoxia, lack of nutrients and stromal support, and cells may also be targeted and rejected by the immune system. Therefore, SC's stress-response mechanisms likely play a significant role in survival of injected cells and possibly contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. Autphagy, a stress-response pathway, is involved in many different cellular processes, such as survival during hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, cellular differentiation and de-differentiation, and it can also contribute to their immunovisibility by regulating antigen presentation and cytokine secretion. Autophagy machinery interacts with many proteins and signaling pathways that regulate SC properties, including PI3K/Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt, Hedgehog and Notch, and it is also involved in regulating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In this review, we contend that autophagy is an important therapeutic target that can be used to improve the outcome of SC-based tissue repair and regeneration. Further research should reveal whether inhibition or stimulation of autophagy increases the therapeutic utility of SCs and it should also identify appropriate therapeutic regimens that can be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Beljanski
- NSU Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Uppsala University, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Haq S, Grondin J, Banskota S, Khan WI. Autophagy: roles in intestinal mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:19. [PMID: 30764829 PMCID: PMC6375151 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a site of multiple stressors and forms the barrier between the internal and external environment. In the intestine, a complex interplay between the microbiota, epithelial barrier and the local immune system maintains homeostasis and promotes a healthy gut. One of the major cellular catabolic processes that regulate this homeostasis is autophagy. Autophagy is required to maintain anti-microbial defense, epithelial barrier integrity and mucosal immune response. Dysregulation of the autophagy process causes disruption of several aspects of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system that can lead to an inappropriate immune response and subsequent inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have found an association between several risk loci in autophagy genes and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the current review is to provide an update on the role of autophagy in intestinal mucosal physiology and in the control of inappropriate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jensine Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Suhrid Banskota
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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23
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Iida T, Yokoyama Y, Wagatsuma K, Hirayama D, Nakase H. Impact of Autophagy of Innate Immune Cells on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2018; 8:cells8010007. [PMID: 30583538 PMCID: PMC6356773 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation mechanism, has many immunological functions and is a constitutive process necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis and organ structure. One of the functions of autophagy is to control the innate immune response. Many studies conducted in recent years have revealed the contribution of autophagy to the innate immune response, and relationships between this process and various diseases have been reported. Inflammatory bowel disease is an intractable disorder with unknown etiology; however, immunological abnormalities in the intestines are known to be involved in the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease, as is dysfunction of autophagy. In Crohn's disease, many associations with autophagy-related genes, such as ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, and others, have been reported. Abnormalities in the ATG16L1 gene, in particular, have been reported to cause autophagic dysfunction, resulting in enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages as well as abnormal function of Paneth cells, which are important in intestinal innate immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the autophagy mechanism in innate immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Kohei Wagatsuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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24
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The role of autophagy in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:31. [PMID: 30510778 PMCID: PMC6265276 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that eliminates harmful components through lysosomal degradation. In addition to its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, autophagy is critical to pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a specific type of colorectal cancer that develops from long-standing colitis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy of microenvironmental cells plays different but vital roles during tumorigenesis and CAC development. Herein, after summarizing the recent advances in understanding the role of autophagy in regulating the tumor microenvironment during different CAC stages, we draw the following conclusions: autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells inhibits colitis and CAC initiation but promotes CAC progression; autophagy in macrophages inhibits colitis, but its function on CAC is currently unclear; autophagy in neutrophils and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes both colitis and CAC; autophagy in dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells represses both colitis and CAC; autophagy in natural killer cells (NKs) inhibits colitis, but promotes CAC; and autophagy in endothelial cells plays a controversial role in colitis and CAC. Understanding the role of autophagy in specific compartments of the tumor microenvironment during different stages of CAC may provide insight into malignant transformation, tumor progression, and combination therapy strategies for CAC.
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25
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Ihara S, Hirata Y, Hikiba Y, Yamashita A, Tsuboi M, Hata M, Konishi M, Suzuki N, Sakitani K, Kinoshita H, Hayakawa Y, Nakagawa H, Ijichi H, Tateishi K, Koike K. Adhesive Interactions between Mononuclear Phagocytes and Intestinal Epithelium Perturb Normal Epithelial Differentiation and Serve as a Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:1219-1231. [PMID: 29917067 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Disturbance of intestinal homeostasis is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], and TGF-β signalling impairment in mononuclear phagocytes [MPs] causes murine colitis with goblet cell depletion. Here, we examined an organoid-MP co-culture system to study the role of MPs in intestinal epithelial differentiation and homeostasis. METHODS Intestinal organoids were co-cultured with lamina propria leukocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells [BMDCs] from CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl mice. Organoid-MP adhesive interactions were evaluated by microscopy, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry. Murine colitis models (dextran sodium sulphate [DSS], CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl, T-cell-transfer) were used for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Anti-E-cadherin antibody treatment or CD11c+-cell-specific CDH1 gene deletion were performed for E-cadherin neutralization or knockout. Colonic biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Intestinal organoids co-cultured with CD11c+ lamina propria leukocytes or BMDCs from CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl mice showed morphological changes and goblet cell depletion with Notch signal activation, analogous to CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl colitis. E-cadherin was upregulated in CD11c+ MPs, especially CX3CR1+CCR2+ monocytes, of CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl mice. E-cadherin-mediated BMDC adhesion promoted Notch activation and cystic changes in organoids. Anti-E-cadherin antibody treatment attenuated colitis in CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl and T-cell-transferred mice. In addition, E-cadherin deletion in CD11c+ cells attenuated colitis in both CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl and DSS-treated mice. In patients with ulcerative colitis, E-cadherin expressed by intestinal CD11c+ leukocytes was enhanced compared with that in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin-mediated MP-epithelium adhesion is associated with the development of colitis, and blocking these adhesions may have therapeutic potential for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohko Hikiba
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayo Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Zhou M, Xu W, Wang J, Yan J, Shi Y, Zhang C, Ge W, Wu J, Du P, Chen Y. Boosting mTOR-dependent autophagy via upstream TLR4-MyD88-MAPK signalling and downstream NF-κB pathway quenches intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress injury. EBioMedicine 2018; 35:345-360. [PMID: 30170968 PMCID: PMC6161481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Defective autophagy has been proposed as an important event in a growing number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, the precise role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent autophagy and its underlying regulatory mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium in response to inflammation and oxidative stress remain poorly understood. METHODS The levels of p-mTOR, LC3B, p62 and autophagy in mice and LPS-treated cells were examined by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We evaluated the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, MDA, SOD and T-AOC by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and commercially available kits after silencing of mTOR and ATG5. In vivo modulation of mTOR and autophagy was achieved by using AZD8055, rapamycin and 3-methyladenine. Finally, to verify the involvement of TLR4 signalling and the NF-κB pathway in cells and active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and TEM were performed to determine TLR4 signalling relevance to autophagy and inflammation. RESULTS The mTOR-dependent autophagic flux impairment in a murine model of colitis, human intestinal epithelial cells and active UC patients is probably regulated by TLR4-MyD88-MAPK signalling and the NF-κB pathway. Silencing mTOR remarkably attenuated, whereas inhibiting ATG5 aggravated, LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative injury. Pharmacological administration of mTOR inhibitors and autophagy stimulators markedly ameliorated experimental colitis and oxidative stress in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings not only shed light on the regulatory mechanism of mTOR-dependent autophagy, but also provided potential therapeutic targets for intestinal inflammatory diseases such as refractory inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weimin Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junkai Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wensong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Evidence for the link between defective autophagy and inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetic patients. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:369-379. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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Autophagy in dendritic cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:944-952. [PMID: 29578531 PMCID: PMC6207777 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and immunity share the property of being auto-protective for the organism. Autophagy is an important degradation pathway that buffers nutrient deprivation by recycling macromolecules in organisms from yeast to man. Perturbations in autophagy are associated with inflammation and cancer development. Emerging studies have characterized the molecular details regarding how autophagy is controlled by immune cells. Among these, dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells critical for the activation of naïve T cells to maintain immune tolerance and drive protective immunity to infection and cancer. DCs undergo functional maturation that can either lead to an immunostimulatory phenotype, as in the context of infection, or to a tolerogenic phenotype associated with immunosuppression to self-antigens, as well as to cancer. An increasing number of recent studies has characterized the involvement of autophagy in DC functions in various physiological and pathological contexts. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these outcomes and discuss the limitation of the models used and the forefront of the knowledge concerning the crosstalk between autophagy and DC biology.
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29
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Aida I, Meddour Y, Kadiri H, Smara M, Bousseloub A, Kecili L, Gamar L, Belhocine K, Boussafsaf MA, Debzi N, Aouichat-Bouguerra S, Chaib S. T300A variant of AT16L1 gene in a cohort of Algerian Crohn disease patients. Curr Res Transl Med 2018. [PMID: 29519712 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The T300A variant is among the most Crohn's disease (CD) associated genetic variants. The aim of our study is to bring a first insight about the contribution of the T300A variant in a cohort of Algerian CD. In a case/control design, 118 Algerian CD patients and 161 unrelated healthy subjects were genotyped for the T300A variant using the allelic discrimination test by Applied Biosystems Taqman® genotyping technology. A serological analysis was carried out using Biosystems™ ELISA kit for the assessment of the anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and immunofluorimetry via Luminex® technology for the evaluation of cytokine levels (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6 and IL-17). The comparison between allelic and genotypic frequencies was performed using the χ2 test and the exact Fischer test. The odds ratio (OR) was noted adopting confidence interval of 95%. The comparison between the averages was carried out by the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A factorial discriminant analysis and a binary logistic regression were performed as further analyses. The T300A variant showed an increased risk of CD within homozygous variant carriers (P=0.027). Moreover, the carriage of the G allele was associated with the early onset of CD (P=0.01) and a severe CD impairment (P=0.045). We were not able to comfort the association of the T300A variant and ASCA IgA, ASCA IgG and IFNγ levels detected at the univariate analysis. Our results suggest a possible association between the T300A variant and CD in this cohort of Algerian CD patients. Moreover, this variant might be incriminated in the early onset of CD and a severe disease impairment. At the serological study, the univariate and the multivariate analyses yielded contradictory results. Further investigations of larger cohorts of Algerian CD are needed to better assess the suggested associations at the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aida
- Immunology Department, Army Central Hospital, Algiers, Algeria; Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Y Meddour
- Immunology Department, Army Central Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - H Kadiri
- Immunology Department, Army Central Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - M Smara
- Immunology Department, Army Central Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Bousseloub
- Gastroenterology Department, Army Central Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - L Kecili
- Gastroenterology Department, Mustapha Bacha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - L Gamar
- Gastroenterology Department, Mustapha Bacha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - K Belhocine
- Gastroenterology Department, Mustapha Bacha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - M-A Boussafsaf
- Gastroenterology Department, Mustapha Bacha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - N Debzi
- Gastroenterology Department, Mustapha Bacha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - S Aouichat-Bouguerra
- Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - S Chaib
- Immunology Department, Army Central Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
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Wen W, Zheng H, Jiang Y, Huang L, Li D, Zhang J, Zhang D. Effect of intestinal epithelial autophagy on bacterial translocation in severe acute pancreatitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:703-710. [PMID: 28438571 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of autophagy activation on bacterial translocation (BT) and tight junction (TJ) proteins in the intestinal mucosa of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS Thirty-one SAP patients were divided into two groups, BT(+) and BT(-), according to the presence of BT in the blood, as detected by 16S rDNA sequencing. Eight healthy individuals were included in the control group. Serum endotoxin levels were measured by ELISA. Colonic mucosal tissue was obtained by endoscopy, and the TJ proteins and phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II) were analyzed using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. RESULTS The expression of LC3II in patients with SAP was higher than that observed in healthy controls. Patients who tested positive for the presence of BT had a higher level of claudins-2 (CL-2) and a lower level of occludin and Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) than BT(-) patients. Moreover, the levels of LC3II in BT(-) patients was higher than that found in BT(+) patients, and occludin and ZO-1 were positively correlated with LC3II. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy activation in the intestinal epithelial cells of patients with SAP and its effects on BT may act through enhancing para-cellular TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wen
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yingjian Jiang
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Luqiao Huang
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Dehui Li
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Dianliang Zhang
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China.
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Zundler S, Neurath MF. Pathogenic T cell subsets in allergic and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:263-276. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
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A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45270. [PMID: 28345602 PMCID: PMC5366908 DOI: 10.1038/srep45270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of the intestinal epithelium and the mucosal immune system is critical for gut homeostasis. The intestinal epithelium is a functional barrier that secludes luminal content, senses changes in the gut microenvironment, and releases immune regulators that signal underlying immune cells. However, interactions between epithelial and innate immune cells to maintain barrier integrity and prevent infection are complex and poorly understood. We developed and characterized a primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model for in-depth studies of epithelial and macrophage interactions. Human intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid monolayers co-cultured with human monocyte-derived macrophages were used to evaluate barrier function, cytokine secretion, and protein expression under basal conditions and following bacterial infection. Macrophages enhanced barrier function and maturity of enteroid monolayers as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and cell height. Communication between the epithelium and macrophages was demonstrated through morphological changes and cytokine production. Intraepithelial macrophage projections, efficient phagocytosis, and stabilized enteroid barrier function revealed a coordinated response to enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli infections. In summary, we have established the first primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture system, defined conditions that allow for a practical and reproducible culture model, and demonstrated its suitability to study gut physiology and host responses to enteric pathogens.
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Ke P, Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Chen XW, Liu C. Intestinal Autophagy and Its Pharmacological Control in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 7:695. [PMID: 28119697 PMCID: PMC5220102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly composed of the intestinal mucus layer and the epithelium, plays a critical role in nutrient absorption as well as protection from pathogenic microorganisms. It is widely acknowledged that the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier or the disturbance of microorganism balance in the intestinal tract contributes greatly to the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles for recycling. The roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD have been increasingly studied. This present review mainly describes the roles of autophagy of Paneth cells, macrophages, and goblet cells in IBD, and finally, several potential therapeutic strategies for IBD taking advantage of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiong-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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Loganes C, Pin A, Naviglio S, Girardelli M, Bianco AM, Martelossi S, Tommasini A, Piscianz E. Altered pattern of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in peripheral blood monocytes from Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9117-9126. [PMID: 27895399 PMCID: PMC5107593 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i41.9117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the inflammatory state in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and correlate it with genetic background and microbial spreading.
METHODS By means of flow cytometry, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was measured in peripheral blood monocytes from patients suffering from CD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and in healthy subjects after stimulation of the NOD2 and TLR pathways. CD patients were genotyped for the three most common NOD2 variants (R702W, G908R and L1007Pfs*2) and basal production of TNF-α was correlated to NOD2 genotype. Also, production of TNF-α was correlated to plasmatic levels of LPS Binding Protein (LBP), soluble (s) CD14 and to the activity state of the disease.
RESULTS The patients with CD were characterized by a significantly higher monocyte basal expression of TNF-α compared with healthy subjects and UC patients, and after stimulation with Pam3CSK4 (ligand of TLR2/1) and MDP-L18 (ligand of NOD2) this difference was maintained, while other microbial stimuli (LPS, ligand of TLR4 and PolyI:C, ligand of TLR3) induced massive activation in CD monocytes as well as in UC and in healthy control cells. There was no significant difference in the production of TNF-α between patients who carried CD-associated heterozygous or homozygous variants in NOD2 and patients with wild type NOD2 genotype. Although serum LBP levels have been shown to correlate positively with the state of activity of the disease, TNF-α production did not show a clear correlation with either LBP or sCD14 levels in plasma. Moreover, no clear correlation was seen between TNF-α production and activity indices in either CD or UC.
CONCLUSION Peripheral monocytes from CD express higher basal and stimulated TNF-α than controls, regardless of NOD2 genotype and without a clear correlation with disease activity.
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Zhang BB, Liang Y, Yang B, Tan YJ. Association between ATG16L1 gene polymorphism and the risk of Crohn's disease. J Int Med Res 2016; 45:1636-1650. [PMID: 27698206 PMCID: PMC5805181 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516662404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To perform a meta-analysis to evaluate studies investigating the association
between ATG16L1 gene polymorphism and Crohn’s disease. Methods PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for all studies
focusing on the association of ATG16L1 and Crohn’s disease.
Combined odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for four
genetic models (allelic model: G allele versus A allele; additive model: GG
versus AA; dominant model: GA + GG versus AA; recessive model: GG versus
GA + AA) using either a random effects or fixed effects model. Results A total of 47 case–control studies involving 18 638 cases and 30 181 controls
were included in the final meta-analysis. There was a significant
association between ATG16L1 and Crohn’s disease for all
four genetic models. Significant associations were also shown in subgroup
analyses when stratified by study design (population- or
hospital-based). Conclusion In this meta-analysis, the ATG16L1 genotype was
significantly associated with the risk of developing Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Zhang
- 1 Department of Medical Affairs, General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liang
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- 1 Department of Medical Affairs, General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Jun Tan
- 1 Department of Medical Affairs, General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, China
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Nighot P, Ma T. Role of autophagy in the regulation of epithelial cell junctions. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1171284. [PMID: 27583189 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1171284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell survival mechanism by which bulk cytoplasmic material, including soluble macromolecules and organelles, is targeted for lysosomal degradation. The role of autophagy in diverse cellular processes such as metabolic stress, neurodegeneration, cancer, aging, immunity, and inflammatory diseases is being increasingly recognized. Epithelial cell junctions play an integral role in the cell homeostasis via physical binding, regulating paracellular pathways, integrating extracellular cues into intracellular signaling, and cell-cell communication. Recent data indicates that cell junction composition is very dynamic. The junctional protein complexes are actively regulated in response to various intra- and extra-cellular clues by intracellular trafficking and degradation pathways. This review discusses the recent and emerging information on how autophagy regulates various epithelial cell junctions. The knowledge of autophagy regulation of epithelial junctions will provide further rationale for targeting autophagy in a wide variety of human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nighot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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37
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Wu TT, Li WM, Yao YM. Interactions between Autophagy and Inhibitory Cytokines. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:884-97. [PMID: 27313501 PMCID: PMC4910606 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative pathway that plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Most early studies of autophagy focused on its involvement in age-associated degeneration and nutrient deprivation. However, the immunological functions of autophagy have become more widely studied in recent years. Autophagy has been shown to be an intrinsic cellular defense mechanism in the innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokines belong to a broad and loose category of proteins and are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity. Inhibitory cytokines have evolved to permit tolerance to self while also contributing to the eradication of invading pathogens. Interactions between inhibitory cytokines and autophagy have recently been reported, revealing a novel mechanism by which autophagy controls the immune response. In this review, we discuss interactions between autophagy and the regulatory cytokines IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, and IL-27. We also mention possible interactions between two newly discovered cytokines, IL-35 and IL-37, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wu
- 1. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Li
- 1. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- 2. Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; 3. State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
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38
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Pang M, Wang H, Rao P, Zhao Y, Xie J, Cao Q, Wang Y, Wang YM, Lee VW, Alexander SI, Harris DCH, Zheng G. Autophagy links β-catenin and Smad signaling to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition via upregulation of integrin linked kinase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 76:123-34. [PMID: 27177845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy in a variety of cells. However, the role of autophagy in TGF-β1-induced EMT has not been clearly elucidated and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we found that TGF-β1 induced both autophagy and EMT in mouse tubular epithelial C1.1 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or siRNA knockdown of Beclin 1 reduced TGF-β1-induced increase of vimentin and decreased E-cadherin expression. In contrast, rapamycin-associated enhancement of TGF-β1-induced autophagy increased EMT of C1.1 cells. Serum rescue inhibited autophagy followed by reversal of EMT. Blocking of autophagosome-lysosomal but not proteosomal degradation reduced the decrease of E-cadherin, demonstrating a role for autophagy in degradation of E-cadherin during EMT. Autophagy promoted the activation of Src and Src-associated phosphorylation of β-catenin at Y-654 leading to pY654-β-catenin/p-Smad2 complex formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated binding by the pY654-β-catenin/p-Smad2 complex to ILK promoter thus increasing ILK expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TGF-β1-induced autophagy links β-catenin and Smad signaling to promote EMT in C1.1 cells through a novel pY654-β-catenin/p-Smad2/ILK pathway. The pathway delineated links disruption of E-cadherin/β-catenin-mediated cell-cell contact to induction of EMT via upregulation of ILK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Padmashree Rao
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jun Xie
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vincent W Lee
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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Salem M, Ammitzboell M, Nys K, Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH. ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease. Autophagy 2016; 11:585-94. [PMID: 25906181 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the autophagic pathway influence genetic predispositions to Crohn disease. Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic material, constitutes an important homeostatic cellular process. Of interest, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1 [S. cerevisiae]), a key component in the autophagic response to invading pathogens, have been associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn disease. The most common and well-studied genetic variant of ATG16L1 (rs2241880; leading to a T300A conversion) exhibits a strong association with risk for developing Crohn disease. The rs2241880 variant plays a crucial role in pathogen clearance, resulting in imbalanced cytokine production, and is linked to other biological processes, such as the endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. In this review, we focus on the importance of ATG16L1 and its genetic variant (T300A) within the elementary biological processes linked to Crohn disease.
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Key Words
- ATG16L1
- ATG16L1, autophagy-related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- Crohn disease
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- NOD2
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- RIPK2, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- T300A, threonine-to-alanine substitution at amino acid position 300
- TNF/TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy-activating kinase 1
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- bacterial clearance
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; Medical Section; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen , Denmark
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Salem M, Nielsen OH, Nys K, Yazdanyar S, Seidelin JB. Impact of T300A Variant of ATG16L1 on Antibacterial Response, Risk of Culture Positive Infections, and Clinical Course of Crohn's Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e122. [PMID: 26673830 PMCID: PMC4816087 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) deficiency leads to impaired cellular autophagy and bacterial degradation as well as an altered cytokine production. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2241880 (T300A) is associated with an increased risk for Crohn's disease (CD). ATG16L1 polymorphisms could therefore have an impact on the risk of infectious complications and disease course in CD. We examined the impact of the T300A genotype on the antibacterial response toward a panel of pathogenic bacteria in vitro, as well as clinical infectious complications in vivo and the disease course in a Danish cohort of patients with CD. METHODS: A total of 236 CD patients were genotyped for ATG16L1T300A; their clinical records were reviewed, and microbial, radiological, and surgical data were scrutinized. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy controls and CD patients carrying the different ATG16L1 genotypes, and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after stimulation with a panel of pathogenic bacteria of clinical relevance for the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, or Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. RESULTS: Fifty-seven healthy controls (15, 29, 13) and 236 patients with CD (50, 108, 78) were genotyped for the T300A ATG16L1 polymorphism (AA homozygous, GG homozygous risk variant, AG heterozygous variant, respectively). The median duration of disease was 128 months (range, 30–175). The cumulative follow-up of this cohort was 2,366 patient-years. ATG16L1 gene variations interfered with the production of IL-1β, which was significantly increased in PBMCs from GG patients in response to all tested bacteria, whereas the TNF-α production was decreased in PBMCs from GG patients stimulated with EIEC, L. monocytogenes, and S. typhimurium, but unaffected by the other bacteria tested. Moreover, the GG variant showed a nonsignificant increase in the risk of bowel resections (P=0.07) and postsurgical infections (P=0.08), whereas the risk of non-disease-related infections was unaffected by genotype in the observation period. In addition, patients with AA and AG variants had a higher frequency of complicated fistulizing disease (P=0.03) with an overall more aggravated disease course with an increased number of surgical procedures for fistulous disease from a median 6.5 operations (2.0 in GG patients; P=0.002). This risk was independent on disease phenotype (penetrating vs. non-penetrating) and immunomodulating medication. CONCLUSIONS: The T300A variant in patients with CD strongly increases the risk for complicated fistulizing disease, and significantly affects antibacterial responses in vitro, but the latter effect seems to have a minor role for the infectious risk in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kris Nys
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shiva Yazdanyar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Strong Upregulation of AIM2 and IFI16 Inflammasomes in the Mucosa of Patients with Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2673-82. [PMID: 26313692 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the gut, partly driven by defects in the innate immune system. Considering the central role of inflammasome signaling in innate immunity, we studied inflammasome components in IBD mucosa. METHODS Expression of genes encoding inflammasome sensor subunits was investigated in colonic mucosal biopsies from 2 cohorts of patients with IBD and controls. RESULTS A significant upregulation (>2-fold change in expression, false discovery rate <0.05) of the PYHIN inflammasomes AIM2 and IFI16 in active IBD versus controls was found. Also IFI16 was significantly increased in inactive IBD versus controls. Moreover, responders to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy showed decreased expression of these inflammasomes although IFI16 remained significantly increased in responders showing endoscopic healing versus controls. AIM2 was mainly expressed in epithelial cells, whereas IFI16 was expressed in both lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Functional activation of predominant AIM2/IFI16-mediated inflammasomes in active IBD colon was shown by the presence of the downstream effectors CASP1 and HMGB-1 in inflamed mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of PYHIN inflammasome signaling in IBD and also link anti-tumor necrosis factor responsiveness to inflammasome signaling. Together, this points to the potential value of the inflammasome pathway as a new therapeutic target for IBD treatment.
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Salem M, Ammitzboell M, Nys K, Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH. ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease. Autophagy 2015. [PMID: 25906181 DOI: 10.1080/+15548627.2015.1017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the autophagic pathway influence genetic predispositions to Crohn disease. Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic material, constitutes an important homeostatic cellular process. Of interest, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1 [S. cerevisiae]), a key component in the autophagic response to invading pathogens, have been associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn disease. The most common and well-studied genetic variant of ATG16L1 (rs2241880; leading to a T300A conversion) exhibits a strong association with risk for developing Crohn disease. The rs2241880 variant plays a crucial role in pathogen clearance, resulting in imbalanced cytokine production, and is linked to other biological processes, such as the endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. In this review, we focus on the importance of ATG16L1 and its genetic variant (T300A) within the elementary biological processes linked to Crohn disease.
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Key Words
- ATG16L1
- ATG16L1, autophagy-related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- Crohn disease
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- NOD2
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- RIPK2, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- T300A, threonine-to-alanine substitution at amino acid position 300
- TNF/TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy-activating kinase 1
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- bacterial clearance
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; Medical Section; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen , Denmark
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Nighot PK, Hu CAA, Ma TY. Autophagy enhances intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier function by targeting claudin-2 protein degradation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7234-46. [PMID: 25616664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway and is considered to be an essential cell survival mechanism. Defects in autophagy are implicated in many pathological processes, including inflammatory bowel disease. Among the innate defense mechanisms of intestinal mucosa, a defective tight junction (TJ) barrier has been postulated as a key pathogenic factor in the causation and progression of inflammatory bowel disease by allowing increased antigenic permeation. The cross-talk between autophagy and the TJ barrier has not yet been described. In this study, we present the novel finding that autophagy enhances TJ barrier function in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Nutrient starvation-induced autophagy significantly increased transepithelial electrical resistance and reduced the ratio of sodium/chloride paracellular permeability. Nutrient starvation reduced the paracellular permeability of small-sized urea but not larger molecules. The role of autophagy in the modulation of paracellular permeability was confirmed by pharmacological induction as well as pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy. Consistent with the autophagy-induced reduction in paracellular permeability, a marked decrease in the level of the cation-selective, pore-forming TJ protein claudin-2 was observed after cell starvation. Starvation reduced the membrane presence of claudin-2 and increased its cytoplasmic, lysosomal localization. Therefore, our data show that autophagy selectively reduces epithelial TJ permeability of ions and small molecules by lysosomal degradation of the TJ protein claudin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 and
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
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Hubbard-Lucey VM, Shono Y, Maurer K, West ML, Singer NV, Ziegler CGK, Lezcano C, Motta ACF, Schmid K, Levi SM, Murphy GF, Liu C, Winkler JD, Amaravadi RK, Rogler G, Dickinson AM, Holler E, van den Brink MRM, Cadwell K. Autophagy gene Atg16L1 prevents lethal T cell alloreactivity mediated by dendritic cells. Immunity 2014; 41:579-91. [PMID: 25308334 PMCID: PMC4237219 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atg16L1 mediates the cellular degradative process of autophagy and is considered a critical regulator of inflammation based on its genetic association with inflammatory bowel disease. Here we find that Atg16L1 deficiency leads to an exacerbated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a mouse model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Atg16L1-deficient allo-HSCT recipients with GVHD displayed increased T cell proliferation due to increased dendritic cell (DC) numbers and costimulatory molecule expression. Reduced autophagy within DCs was associated with lysosomal abnormalities and decreased amounts of A20, a negative regulator of DC activation. These results broaden the function of Atg16L1 and the autophagy pathway to include a role in limiting a DC-mediated response during inflammatory disease, such as GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hubbard-Lucey
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katie Maurer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mallory L West
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natalie V Singer
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Department of Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cecilia Lezcano
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin Schmid
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Samuel M Levi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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45
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Baranov MV, Ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. Reaching for far-flung antigen: How solid-core podosomes of dendritic cells transform into protrusive structures. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:970961. [PMID: 26843902 PMCID: PMC4594491 DOI: 10.4161/cib.29084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a novel role for podosomes in antigen sampling. Podosomes are dynamic cellular structures that consist of point-like concentrations of actin surrounded by integrins and adaptor proteins such as vinculin and talin. Podosomes establish cellular contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and facilitate cell migration via ECM degradation. In our recent paper, we studied podosomes of human dendritic cells (DCs), major antigen presenting cells (APC) that take-up, process, and present foreign antigen to naive T-cells. We employed gelatin-impregnated porous polycarbonate filters to demonstrate that the mechanosensitive podosomes of DCs selectively localize to regions of low-physical resistance such as the filter pores. After degradation of the gelatin, podosomes increasingly protrude into the lumen of these pores. These protrusive podosome-derived structures contain several endocytic and early endosomal markers such as clathrin, Rab5, and VAMP3, and, surprisingly, also contain C-type lectins, a type of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Finally, we performed functional uptake experiments to demonstrate that these PRRs facilitate uptake of antigen from the opposite side of the filter. Our data provide mechanistic insight in how dendritic cells sample for antigen across epithelial barriers for instance from the lumen of the lung and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Baranov
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud University Medical Center ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud University Medical Center ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud University Medical Center ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schapansky J, Nardozzi JD, Felizia F, LaVoie MJ. Membrane recruitment of endogenous LRRK2 precedes its potent regulation of autophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4201-14. [PMID: 24682598 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanisms for activating its physiological function are not known, hindering identification of the biological role of endogenous LRRK2. The recent discovery that LRRK2 is highly expressed in cells of the innate immune system and genetic association is a risk factor for autoimmune disorders implies an important role for LRRK2 in pathology outside of the central nervous system. Thus, an examination of endogenous LRRK2 in immune cells could provide insight into the protein's function. Here, we establish that stimulation of specific Toll-like receptors results in a complex biochemical activation of endogenous LRRK2, with early phosphorylation of LRRK2 preceding its dimerization and membrane translocation. Membrane-associated LRRK2 co-localized to autophagosome membranes following either TLR4 stimulation or mTOR inhibition with rapamycin. Silencing of endogenous LRRK2 expression resulted in deficits in the induction of autophagy and clearance of a well-described macroautophagy substrate, demonstrating the critical role of endogenous LRRK2 in regulating autophagy. Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity also reduced autophagic degradation and suggested the importance of the kinase domain in the regulation of autophagy. Our results demonstrate a well-orchestrated series of biochemical events involved in the activation of LRRK2 important to its physiological function. With similarities observed across multiple cell types and stimuli, these findings are likely relevant in all cell types that natively express endogenous LRRK2, and provide insights into LRRK2 function and its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Schapansky
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan D Nardozzi
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Baranov M, Ter Beest M, Reinieren-Beeren I, Cambi A, Figdor CG, van den Bogaart G. Podosomes of dendritic cells facilitate antigen sampling. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1052-1064. [PMID: 24424029 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.141226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells sample the environment for antigens and play an important role in establishing the link between innate and acquired immunity. Dendritic cells contain mechanosensitive adhesive structures called podosomes that consist of an actin-rich core surrounded by integrins, adaptor proteins and actin network filaments. They facilitate cell migration via localized degradation of extracellular matrix. Here, we show that podosomes of human dendritic cells locate to spots of low physical resistance in the substrate (soft spots) where they can evolve into protrusive structures. Pathogen recognition receptors locate to these protrusive structures where they can trigger localized antigen uptake, processing and presentation to activate T-cells. Our data demonstrate a novel role in antigen sampling for the podosomes of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Baranov
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Radboud Centre for Molecular Life Sciences Geert Grooteplein 28 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Radboud Centre for Molecular Life Sciences Geert Grooteplein 28 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Inge Reinieren-Beeren
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Radboud Centre for Molecular Life Sciences Geert Grooteplein 28 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Radboud Centre for Molecular Life Sciences Geert Grooteplein 28 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Radboud Centre for Molecular Life Sciences Geert Grooteplein 28 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Radboud Centre for Molecular Life Sciences Geert Grooteplein 28 6525GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
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48
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T300A variant of autophagy ATG16L1 gene is associated with decreased antigen sampling and processing by dendritic cells in pediatric Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2339-48. [PMID: 24022642 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e3182a6a11c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single-nucleotide polymorphism T300A of ATG16L1, a Crohn's disease (CD)-associated gene, is responsible for decreased autophagy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of this single-nucleotide polymorphism on the uptake and processing of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) and the interaction between DC and intestinal epithelium in pediatric patients with CD. METHODS Pediatric patients who homozygously carry either the protective (wild type, n = 7) or risk allele (risk, n = 13) of ATG16L1, as well as heterozygous patients (het, n = 13) were enrolled. The monocyte-derived DC were analyzed for phenotype, antigen sampling, and processing by flow cytometry, whereas the capability of DC to form transepithelial protrusions was determined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS DC generated from wild type patients showed higher bacteria sampling and antigen processing compared with risk patients. Additionally, after exposure to either bacteria particles or the antigen DQ-ovalbumin, wild type DC showed a significant increase in the expression of the HLA-DR and CD86 when compared with risk DC. Interestingly, also het patients showed an impairment in bacteria uptake and expression of activation marker when compared with the wild type. In the Caco2/DC coculture, the formation of transepithelial protrusions were less numerous in risk DC compared with wild type and the antigen uptake decreased. CONCLUSIONS DC of pediatric patients with CD carrying the T300A allele showed a marked impairment of antigen uptake and processing and defective interactions between DC and intestinal epithelium. Collectively, our results suggest that an autophagy defect is associated with an impairment of intestinal innate immunity in pediatric CD.
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Nys K, Agostinis P, Vermeire S. Autophagy: a new target or an old strategy for the treatment of Crohn's disease? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:395-401. [PMID: 23591407 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 5 years much progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of Crohn's disease, a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Data suggest that hampered autophagy--the major lysosomal pathway for recycling of cytoplasmic material--might contribute to an increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Consequently, intense investigations have started to evaluate the potential value of autophagy as a therapeutic target and as a highly needed diagnostic tool. Interestingly, as well as the promising introduction of direct autophagic modulators, several drugs already used in the treatment of Crohn's disease might exert at least part of their effect through the regulation of autophagy. However, whether this phenomenon contributes to or rather counteracts their therapeutic use, remains to be determined and might prove to be highly compound-specific. Here we review the complex and emerging role of autophagy modulation in the battle against Crohn's disease. Moreover, we discuss the potential benefits and deleterious effects of autophagic regulation by both new and clinically used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Nys
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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