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Jung Y, Ku JY, Kim B, Kim Y, Park KM, Baek J, Yu D, Park J. Determining lactate concentrations in Korean indigenous calves and evaluating its role as a predictor for acidemia in calf diarrhea. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:373. [PMID: 39164760 PMCID: PMC11334453 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf diarrhea leads to high mortality rates and decreases in growth and productivity, causing negative effects on the livestock industry. Lactate is closely associated with metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves. However, there have been no reports on lactate concentrations in Korean indigenous (Hanwoo) calves, especially those with diarrhea. This study aimed to determine the reference range of L-lactate and D-lactate concentrations in Hanwoo calves and to better understand the utility of lactate as predictive factors for acidemia in diarrheic calves. RESULTS L-lactate and D-lactate concentrations were measured in healthy (n = 44) and diarrheic (n = 93) calves, and blood gas analysis was performed on diarrheic calves. The reference range in healthy calves was 0.2-2.25 mmol/L for L-lactate and 0.42-1.38 mmol/L for D-lactate. Diarrheic calves had higher concentrations of L-lactate and D-lactate than healthy calves. In diarrheic calves, L-lactate and D-lactate each had weak negative correlation with pH (r = - 0.31 and r = - 0.35). In diarrheic calves with hyper-L-lactatemia, the combined concentrations of L-lactate and D-lactate had moderate correlation with pH (r = - 0.51) and anion gap (r = 0.55). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed D-lactate had fair predictive performance (AUC = 0.74) for severe acidemia, with an optimal cut-off value of > 1.43 mmol/L. The combined concentrations of L-lactate and D-lactate showed fair predictive performance for predicting acidemia (AUC = 0.74) and severe acidemia (AUC = 0.72), with cut-off values of > 6.05 mmol/L and > 5.95 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS The determined reference ranges for L-lactate and D-lactate in Hanwoo calves enable the identification of hyper-L-lactatemia and hyper-D-lactatemia. Diarrheic calves exhibited increased lactate concentrations correlated with acid-base parameters. While the concentrations of L-lactate and D-lactate have limitations as single diagnostic biomarkers for predicting acidemia or severe acidemia, their measurement remains important, and L-lactate has the advantage of being measurable at the point-of-care. Assessing lactate concentrations should be considered by clinicians, especially when used alongside other clinical indicators and diagnostic tests. This approach can improve calf diarrhea management, contributing positively to animal welfare and providing economic benefits to farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Jung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Ku
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Hanwoo (Korean Indigenous Cattle) Genetic Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Seosan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Man Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Baek
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Lora I, Calderone C, Prussiani L, Contiero B, Malagoli S, Lotto A, Cozzi G. Reference limits for blood gas analysis performed from coccygeal vessels of multiparous Holstein dairy cows: Effects of stage of lactation and season of sampling. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01018-X. [PMID: 39033907 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Blood gas analysis is a great support to the diagnostic process of critically ill patients. Its correct application to the medicine of dairy cows depends on the availability of specific reference intervals that are still difficult to find in the literature. They may vary according to the type of blood sampled, animals' age and production stage, and climatic conditions. This study aimed at calculating the reference limits for some blood gas parameters in the blood collected from the coccygeal vessels of multiparous Holstein dairy cows. This site of sampling implies the risk of withdrawing blood of unknown origin (venous, arterial, or mixed), but has a high practical interest for the easy and quick performance and the minimal animal restraint required. Data from 379 cows were used, and reference limits were produced for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), bicarbonate concentration (HCO3), total carbon dioxide concentration (tCO2), oxygen saturation (sO2), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), base excess (BE), glucose, Na, K, and ionized calcium (iCa). The effects of stage of lactation (5 to 60 vs. > 60 DIM) and season of sampling (cold vs. hot) were investigated, and specific reference limits were produced for each variable and each level of the factors whenever a significant effect was detected. The pH, sO2, K, and iCa were not influenced by season or stage of lactation. All the other blood gas parameters were significantly affected by season of sampling, and Hb, Hct, glucose, and Na were also affected by stage of lactation. Reference limits provided in this study are specific to the site of sampling (coccygeal vessels) and the animal category considered. Further studies are needed to produce reference intervals for other blood gas parameters, cow categories, and blood types.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lora
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
| | - C Calderone
- Nutristar S.p.A, Via del Paracadutista 9, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - L Prussiani
- Nutristar S.p.A, Via del Paracadutista 9, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - S Malagoli
- Nutristar S.p.A, Via del Paracadutista 9, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - A Lotto
- Nutristar S.p.A, Via del Paracadutista 9, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Cozzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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TSUKANO K, YAMAKAWA S, SUZUKI K. Blood chloride abnormalities in diarrheic neonatal calves with metabolic acidosis. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:721-726. [PMID: 38797680 PMCID: PMC11251811 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the prevalence of blood chloride (Cl) abnormalities in diarrheic neonatal calves with metabolic acidosis and attempted to identify the most relevant electrolyte abnormality to these abnormalities. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 157 diarrheic neonatal calves aged 10.3 ± 4.2 days old with metabolic acidosis. Hypochloremia, normochloremia, and hyperchloremia were observed in 8.9% (14/157), 43.3% (68/157), and 47.8% (68/157), respectively, of diarrheic calves with metabolic acidosis. This distribution remained similar regardless of age (under 8 days or 8 days and older). Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression analysis showed that variations in values for blood sodium [Na (regression coefficients 0.877; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.977-134.195; P<0.01)], pH (regression coefficients -10.719; 95% CI -19.076- -2.362; P<0.05), and bicarbonate [HCO3- (regression coefficients -0.555; 95% CI -0.820- -0.290; P<0.01)] were associated with blood Cl abnormalities. The present results revealed that blood Na concentrations were more strongly associated with blood Cl concentrations than blood pH and HCO3- values. In the present study, diarrheic calves with hyperchloremia were characterized by normonatremia and extremely severe metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji TSUKANO
- Aomori Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shohei YAMAKAWA
- Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki SUZUKI
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Montes ME, Boerman JP. Graduate Student Literature Review: Social and feeding behavior of group-housed dairy calves in automated milk feeding systems. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4833-4843. [PMID: 38395393 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Automated milk feeders (AMF) allow farmers to raise calves in groups while generating individual records on milk consumption, drinking speed, and frequency of visits. Calves raised in groups benefit from social interaction, which facilitates learning and adapting to novelty. However, calves in large groups (>12 calves/feeder) experience a higher risk of disease transmission and competition than those housed individually or in smaller groups. Therefore, if group size, grouping strategy, and disease detection are not optimal, the health and performance of calves can be compromised. The objectives of this narrative literature review, from publications available as of February 2023, are to (1) describe the use of AMF in group housing systems for calves and the associated feeding behavior variables they automatically collect, (2) linking feeding behavior collected from AMF to disease risk in calves, (3) describe research on social behavior in AMF systems, and (4) introduce social networks as a promising tool for the study of social behavior and disease transmission in group-housed AMF-fed calves. Existing research suggests that feeding behavior measures from AMF can assist in detecting bovine respiratory disease and enteric disease, which are common causes of morbidity and mortality for preweaning dairy heifers. Automated milk feeder records show reduced milk intake, drinking speed, or frequency of visits when calves are sick. However, discrepancies exist among published research about the sensitivity of feeding behavior measures as indicators of sickness, likely due to differences in feeding plans and disease-detection protocols. Therefore, considering the influence of milk allowance, group density, and individual variation on the analysis of AMF data is essential to derive meaningful information used to inform management decisions. Research using dynamic social networks derived from precision data show potential for the use of social network analysis to understand disease transmission and the effect of disease on social behavior of group-housed calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Montes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Bielamowicz LP, Celestino ML, Menta PR, Fernandes L, Ballou M, Neves RC, Machado VS. Association of Bovine Respiratory Disease during the Pre-Weaning Period with Blood Cell Counts and Circulating Concentration of Metabolites, Minerals, and Acute Phase Proteins in Dairy Calves Transported to a Calf Raising Facility. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1909. [PMID: 38998021 PMCID: PMC11240304 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the association of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) occurring within the first 56 days of life with blood cell counts and the circulating concentration of metabolites, minerals, and acute phase proteins throughout the pre-weaning period in dairy calves transported to a heifer raising facility within their first week of life. Data from 305 calves transported from dairies in Minnesota to a calf raising facility in New Mexico within their first four days of life were used in this retrospective cohort study. Blood samples were collected at 7, 17, 34, and 56 days of life for the analysis of blood cell counts, biochemistry, and the concentration of acute phase proteins. Blood urea nitrogen, albumin, GLDH, CK, P, Na, K, Cl, Zn, Hp, SAA, and monocyte counts were associated with BRD status throughout or at least at one of the time points evaluated in this study. In conclusion, several hematological variables were associated with BRD status in dairy calves that underwent transportation stress in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Paige Bielamowicz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Maria Luiza Celestino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Paulo R. Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Leticia Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Michael Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Rafael C. Neves
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vinicius S. Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Ekinci G, Tüfekçi E, Cissé Y, Bekdik İK, Onmaz AC, Aslan Ö, Güneş V, Çitil M, Keleş İ. Chloride and lactate as prognostic indicators of calf diarrhea from eighty-nine cases. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e38. [PMID: 38834508 PMCID: PMC11156601 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Deaths due to neonatal calf diarrhea are still one of the most critical problems of cattle breeding worldwide. Determining the parameters that can predict diarrhea-related deaths in calves is especially important in terms of prognosis and treatment strategies for the disease. OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this study was to determine mortality rates and durations, survival status, and predictive prognosis parameters based on vital signs, hematology, and blood gas analyses in neonatal diarrheic calves. METHODS The hospital automation system retrospectively obtained data from 89 neonatal diarrheic calves. RESULTS It was found that 42.7% (38/89) of the calves brought with the complaint of diarrhea died during hospitalization or after discharge. Short-term and long-term fatalities were a median of 9.25 hours and a median of 51.50 hours, respectively. When the data obtained from this study is evaluated, body temperature (°C), pH, base excess (mmol/L), and sodium bicarbonate (mmol/L) parameters were found to be lower, and hemoglobin (g/dL), hematocrit (%), lactate (mmol/L), chloride (mmol/L), sodium (mmol/L) and anion gap (mmol/L) parameters were found to be higher in dead calves compared to survivors. Accordingly, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration findings were seen as clinical conditions that should be considered. Logistic regression analysis showed that lactate (odds ratio, 1.429) and CI- (odds ratio, 1.232) concentration were significant risk factors associated with death in calves with diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE According to the findings obtained from this study, the determination of lactate and Cl- levels can be used as an adjunctive supplementary test in distinguishing calves with diarrhea with a good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gencay Ekinci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye.
| | - Emre Tüfekçi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Youssouf Cissé
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - İlknur Karaca Bekdik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Ali Cesur Onmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Öznur Aslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Vehbi Güneş
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Çitil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - İhsan Keleş
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Talas/Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
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Kumar M, Kumar V, Singh Y, Srivastava A, Kushwaha R, Vaswani S, Kumar A, Khare S, Yadav B, Yadav R, Sirohi R, Shukla PK. Does the peroral chromium administration in young Hariana calves reduce the risk of calf diarrhea by ameliorating insulin response, lactose intolerance, antioxidant status, and immune response? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 80:127313. [PMID: 37801788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduction in insulin sensitivity during rumen development may predispose dairy calves towards lactose intolerance, which could be the reason behind neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). Chromium (Cr) results in a range of effects when fed to ruminants, but most studies have shown improved insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cr supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lactose intolerance, diarrhoea and antioxidant, and immune response in young Hariana calves. METHODS A total of 20 milk-fed Hariana calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, each consisted of 10 calves: (1) a control group without supplemental Cr and (2) a 0.15 mg Cr as Cr-picolinate (CrPic)/kg BW0.75 supplemented group (Cr0.15). RESULTS A more rapid glucose disappearance with unaltered insulin kinetics during intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and oral lactose tolerance test (OLTT) indicates greater insulin sensitivity in Cr supplemented calves. Better insulin sensitivity in Cr supplemented calves was further confirmed by higher values of the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and lower (P < 0.05) values of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose-to-insulin ratio in Cr supplemented calves during IVGTT. Cr supplementation resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) serum cortisol concentration, whereas serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations during IVGTT did not differ among the groups. The rise in serum glucose concentrations within 2 h post lactose infusion during OLTT peaked at more than twice the basal glucose concentration, therefore calves were not considered as lactose intolerant. Within monthly blood samples, concentrations of serum insulin were similar among treatments, whereas the Cr supplemented group had lower (P < 0.05) serum glucose concentration and glucose-to-insulin ratio compared with the control group. No treatment differences were detected in the biomarkers of antioxidant status and immunity. Serum Cr concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in Cr supplemented calves while concentrations of other studied minerals were remained unaltered. The incidence, duration of diarrhea, and faecal score were better (P < 0.05) in calves fed on Cr supplemented diet whereas, no treatment effect was observed on average daily gain (ADG). During the study period, no calves died, and no calves were found to have pneumonia, navel or joint disease. CONCLUSION Feeding a Cr-supplemented diet improved insulin sensitivity and reduced the risk of diarrhoea in milk-fed young calves, but had no or minimal effects on lactose intolerance, antioxidant status, immune response, and growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneendra Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Yajuvendra Singh
- Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Raju Kushwaha
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Shalini Vaswani
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Shivam Khare
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Brijesh Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Rajkumar Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Rajneesh Sirohi
- Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Shukla
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
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Chen H, Jia Z, He M, Chen A, Zhang X, Xu J, Wang C. Arula-7 powder improves diarrhea and intestinal epithelial tight junction function associated with its regulation of intestinal flora in calves infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli O 1. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:172. [PMID: 37542271 PMCID: PMC10403850 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of Arula-7 powder (ASP) on diarrhea and intestinal barrier function associated with its regulation of intestinal microflora in calves infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli O1 (E. coli O1) were studied. METHOD Twenty Holstein calves were randomly divided into four treatment groups: normal control (NC), model control (MC), 0.5 mg/kg ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 2.50 g/kg ASP groups. RESULTS ASP inhibited the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Selenomonadales, and Enterobacteriales, and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Alloprevotella. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that the ASP and CIP promoted weight gain, reduced the diarrhea rate (P < 0.05), and enhanced antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) due to the increase in average daily gain (ADG), total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB). In addition, ASP and CIP increased the expression of Zunola occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 in the ileum (P < 0.05), and improved immunity due to increase levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum, strengthened CD4+T levels in the ileal mucosa and reducing CD8+T and CD11c+T (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Hence, The intestinal microbiota environment formed by early intervention of ASP powder has a protective effect on the intestinal mucosal function of calves infected with pathogenic E. coli. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Bazhou District, Bazhong, China
| | - Meiling He
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Aorigele Chen
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Henan Houyi Bio-Engineering, Inc, He Nan, 451161, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou JY, Zhong HM, An ZG, Niu KF, Zhang XX, Yao ZQ, Yuan J, Nie P, Yang LG. Dung treated by high-temperature composting is an optimal bedding material for suckling calves according to analyses of microbial composition, growth performance, health status, and behavior. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00288-6. [PMID: 37268590 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bedding materials are important for suckling buffalo calves. Treated dung has been used as a bedding material for dairy cows but the lack of an appropriate safety assessment limits its application. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of treated dung (TD) as a bedding material for suckling calves by comparing TD with rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS) bedding materials. The TD was prepared through high-temperature composting by Bacillus subtilis. Thirty-three newborn suckling buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis, 40.06 ± 5.79 kg) were randomly divided into 3 bedding material groups (TD, RH, and RS) and bedded with 1 of the 3 bedding materials for 60 d. We compared cost, moisture content, bacterial counts, and microbial composition of the 3 bedding materials, and investigated growth performance, health status, behavior, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters of bedded calves. The results showed that TD contained the fewest gram-negative bacteria and coliforms on d 1 and 30 and the lowest relative abundance of Staphylococcus throughout the experiment. The RH and TD bedding materials had the lowest cost. Calves in the TD and RS groups showed a higher dry matter intake, and final body weight and average daily gain in the TD and RS groups tended to be higher than in the RH group. Calves in the TD and RS groups had a lower disease incidence (diarrhea and fever), fewer antibiotic treatments, and lower fecal score than calves in the RH group. Higher contents of IgG, IgA, and IgM were observed in calves of the TD and RS groups than in calves of the RH group on d 10, indicating higher immune ability in TD and RS groups. Furthermore, TD bedding increased the butyric acid content in the calf's rumen, whereas RS bedding increased the acetate content, which might be attributed to the longer time and higher frequency of eating bedding material in the RS group. Considering all of the above indicators, we concluded that TD is the optimal bedding material for calves based on economics, bacterial count, microbial diversity, growth performance, and health status. Our findings provide a valuable reference for bedding material choice and calf farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - H M Zhong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Z G An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - K F Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - X X Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Z Q Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - J Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - P Nie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - L G Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Province's Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, China.
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10
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OPTIMIZING AMLA (PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA) FRUIT POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION in liquid feed fed to Holstein dairy calves: Insights from growth performance and health events. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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11
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in dogs and cats, horses, swine, poultry, cattle, sheep and goats. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07311. [PMID: 35582363 PMCID: PMC9087955 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for dogs and cats, horses, swine, poultry, cattle, sheep and goats in previous scientific opinions. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9 and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR E. coli can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (33–66% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Categories A, B, C and D; 0–5%, 5–10%, 10–33% and 10–33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Section 5 (Category E, 33–66% probability of meeting the criteria). The animal species to be listed for AMR E. coli according to Article 8 criteria include mammals, birds, reptiles and fish.
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12
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Marcato F, van den Brand H, Kemp B, Engel B, Schnabel SK, Hoorweg FA, Wolthuis-Fillerup M, van Reenen K. Effects of transport age and calf and maternal characteristics on health and performance of veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1452-1468. [PMID: 34955258 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate effects of calf transport age (14 vs. 28 d) and calf (e.g., sex and breed) and dam characteristics (e.g., parity and ease of birth) on health and performance of veal calves until slaughter age. Calves (n = 683) originated from 13 dairy farms in the Netherlands and were transported at either 14 or 28 d of age from the dairy farm to 8 Dutch veal farms. A health assessment of calves was performed on a weekly basis at the dairy farm and in wk 2, 10, 18, and 24 at the veal farm. Body weight of calves was measured on a weekly basis at the dairy farm and upon arrival at the veal farm. At the veal farm, use of antibiotics and other medicines during the rearing period (both at herd and individual level) was recorded and carcass weights were obtained from the slaughterhouse. Body weight upon arrival (Δ = 11.8 kg) and carcass weight at slaughter (Δ = 14.8 kg) were greater, and mortality risk (Δ = -3.1%) and prevalence of animals treated with medicines other than antibiotics (e.g., antiinflammatories, multivitamins, and anticoccidial drugs; Δ = -5.4%) were lower in calves transported at 28 d compared with calves transported at 14 d. Crossbreds other than Belgian Blue × Holstein Friesian received a higher number of individual treatments with antibiotics and other medicines (Δ = 14.8% and Δ = 15.1%, respectively) at the veal farm compared with Belgian Blue × Holstein Friesian calves. These findings suggest that calves transported at 28 d were more robust compared with calves transported at 14 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcato
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S K Schnabel
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - F A Hoorweg
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Wolthuis-Fillerup
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K van Reenen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ahmadi F, Kim S, Hwangbo D, Oh Y, Yu J, Bae J, Kim NY. Performance of Hanwoo calves fed a commercial colostrum replacer versus natural bovine colostrum. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1114-1125. [PMID: 34796351 PMCID: PMC8564311 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplying a sufficient amount of high-quality colostrum is a prevailing challenge
in Hanwoo calf production systems. This study aimed to describe the efficiency
of a lacteal-derived colostrum replacer versus natural bovine colostrum (from
Holstein) fed to Hanwoo calves. Forty newborn Hanwoo calves (25 males and 15
females; 30.7 ± 3.15 kg body weight [mean ± standard deviation])
were blocked by sex and birth weight and fed either natural colostrum or a
commercial colostrum replacer. Calves displayed a narrow difference in the
evolution of body weight and structural body dimensions when they received a
commercial versus natural colostrum. Minor differences existed in the starter
and total dry matter consumption between calves fed natural or commercial
colostrum. Although the colostrum source had no significant effects on days to
first diarrhea (average of 7.6 days; p = 0.17), the duration of
diarrhea was longer in natural colostrum-fed calves (3.2 vs. 4.5 days;
p = 0.04). Consumption of natural colostrum resulted in
greater mean serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) on day 2 (14.7 vs. 10.8 ± 0.92
mg/mL) and day 7 (8.21 vs. 5.12 ± 0.82 mg/mL) of calf life, resulting in
a greater proportion of commercial colostrum-fed calves (50% vs. 15%; day 2) to
experience failure of passive transfer of immunity (serum IgG < cutoff
point of 10 mg/mL). Overall, growth rate, body frame development, and incidence
of diarrheal disease were not different in both groups. These results suggested
that the colostrum replacer product tested in this study could be an alternative
to natural colostrum derived from Holstein cow in securing calf growth and
health in Hanwoo calf-rearing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ahmadi
- Division of Food Biosciences, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Seongjin Kim
- Asia Pacific Ruminant Institute, Icheon 17385, Korea
| | - Deok Hwangbo
- Asia Pacific Ruminant Institute, Icheon 17385, Korea
| | - Yongik Oh
- Icheon-si Agricultural Technology Center, Icheon 17379, Korea
| | - Jisu Yu
- Icheon-si Agricultural Technology Center, Icheon 17379, Korea
| | - Jisun Bae
- Asia Pacific Ruminant Institute, Icheon 17385, Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Asia Pacific Ruminant Institute, Icheon 17385, Korea
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14
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Prevalence of Potential Indicators of Welfare Status in Young Calves at Meat Processing Premises in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082467. [PMID: 34438924 PMCID: PMC8388627 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In New Zealand, over two million dairy calves between four and seven days of age are sent to meat processing premises every year. There is a need to develop protocols for holistically assessing the welfare of calves sent to slaughter in the first week of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of potential animal-based indicators of the welfare state in bobby calves in lairage. The study observed calves in lairage between June and October 2016. Data collection involved assessing groups of calves in pens followed by non-invasive measurements on up to five calves within each pen. We made 23 visits to 12 meat processing premises with group-level observations made on 5910 calves in 102 pens, followed by a non-invasive examination of 504 calves. During the group level observations, none of the calves had their heads tilted or were panting, and coughing and play behaviour were observed in only 1% of pens. In contrast, at least one calf had faecal soiling in all the observed pens, with the percentage of calves affected in each pen ranging from 1% to 48%. In the individual observations, more than 60% of calves had signs of some degree of dehydration, and nearly 40% had some faecal soiling present. In addition, 24% of calves had a respiratory rate over 36 breaths per minute, considered higher than normal. The change in prevalence of some indicators-as time spent in lairage increased or as the calving season progressed-is worth further exploration. Identification of prevalent animal-based indicators facilitates better understanding of the welfare status of young calves in lairage, and these should be incorporated into more holistic calf welfare assessment schemes.
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15
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Carter HSM, Renaud DL, Steele MA, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Costa JHC. A Narrative Review on the Unexplored Potential of Colostrum as a Preventative Treatment and Therapy for Diarrhea in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2221. [PMID: 34438679 PMCID: PMC8388388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaned dairy calves and, as such, represents a significant animal health and welfare concern. Furthermore, digestive disease early in life is associated with several long-term consequences such as reduced growth rate and decreased milk yield during the first lactation, thus generating severe economic losses. The majority of diarrheic cases in young calves are treated with antimicrobials; however, it is necessary to develop alternative treatments, as excessive antimicrobial usage can lead to antimicrobial resistance and can negatively impact the gut microflora of a calf. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immune and bioactive factors that improve immune function and development. This rich and natural combination of immunoglobulins, natural antimicrobial factors, growth factors, anti-inflammatories and nutrients may be an attractive alternative to antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea in young dairy calves. There is evidence that supports the use of colostrum as an early treatment for diarrhea in young calves. Future research should investigate its therapeutic and economic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havelah S. M. Carter
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Michael A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Amanda J. Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Joao H. C. Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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16
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Kwon MS, Jo HE, Lee J, Choi KS, Yu D, Oh YS, Park J, Choi HJ. Alteration of the gut microbiota in post-weaned calves following recovery from bovine coronavirus-mediated diarrhea. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:125-136. [PMID: 33987590 PMCID: PMC7882846 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is associated with severe diarrhea, dehydration, and
depression, which result in significant economic damages in the dairy and beef
cattle industries worldwide. However, differences in the gut microbiota
structure and their correlations with differing physiological parameters between
BCoV-infected calves with diarrhea and recovered calves are not well understood.
In this study, fecal specimens were collected from 10 post-weaned calves, before
and after 2 months of fluid therapy, and the samples were used for microbiota
analysis. Following recovery, the alpha-diversity profiles (observed operational
taxonomic units [OTUs], and Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices) changed
significantly when compared with those of calves with diarrhea. Beta-diversity
analysis exhibited significant differences in gut microbiota compositions
between calves with diarrhea and those in the recovered state. The abundances of
eight phyla and thirteen genera in feces changed markedly after restoration of
BCoV diarrhea. In addition, our correlation study clearly revealed that
increased abundances of the genera Caproiciproducens,
Pseudoflavonifractor, and Oscillibacter negatively
correlated with serum glucose, and phosphorus levels, but positively correlated
with serum chloride in calves with diarrhea, whereas increased abundances of the
genera Peptostreptococcaceae;Clostridium
(Clostridium cluster XI), Intestinibacter,
Cellulosilyticum, Ruminococcus, Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium,
Clostridiaceae;Clostridium and Turicibacter in
recovered calves showed the opposite pattern. These results suggest that
structural changes of the gut microbiota after recovery from BCoV infection
correlate with changes in physiological parameters. In conclusion, our data
provide evidence of gut microbiota-composition changes and their correlations
with the physical profiles of post-weaned calves, before and after fluid therapy
for BCoV-related diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Kwon
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Hee Eun Jo
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Dohyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
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Constable PD, Trefz FM, Sen I, Berchtold J, Nouri M, Smith G, Grünberg W. Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:603358. [PMID: 33585594 PMCID: PMC7873366 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.603358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal fluid therapy protocols in neonatal calves and adult cattle are based on consideration of signalment, history, and physical examination findings, and individually tailored whenever laboratory analysis is available. Measurement of the magnitude of eye recession, duration of skin tenting in the lateral neck region, and urine specific gravity by refractometry provide the best estimates of hydration status in calves and cattle. Intravenous and oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are frequently administered to critically ill calves and adult cattle. Application of physicochemical principles indicates that 0.9% NaCl, Ringer's solution, and 5% dextrose are equally acidifying, lactated Ringer's and acetated Ringer's solution are neutral to mildly acidifying, and 1.3-1.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions are strongly alkalinizing in cattle. Four different crystalloid solutions are recommended for intravenous fluid therapy in dehydrated or septic calves and dehydrated adult cattle: (1) lactated Ringer's solution and acetated Ringer's solution for dehydrated calves, although neither solution is optimized for administration to neonatal calves or adult cattle; (2) isotonic (1.3%) or hypertonic (5.0 or 8.4%) solutions of sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of calves with diarrhea and severe strong ion (metabolic) acidosis and hyponatremia, and adult cattle with acute ruminal acidosis; (3) Ringer's solution for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis in dehydrated adult cattle, particularly lactating dairy cattle; and (4) hypertonic NaCl solutions (7.2%) and an oral electrolyte solution or water load for the rapid resuscitation of dehydrated neonatal calves and adult cattle. Much progress has been made since the 1970's in identifying important attributes of an OES for diarrheic calves. Important components of an OES for neonatal calves are osmolality, sodium concentration, the effective SID that reflects the concentration of alkalinizing agents, and the energy content. The last three factors are intimately tied to the OES osmolality and the abomasal emptying rate, and therefore the rate of sodium delivery to the small intestine and ultimately the rate of resuscitation. An important need in fluid and electrolyte therapy for adult ruminants is formulation of a practical, effective, and inexpensive OES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Florian M. Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ismail Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Joachim Berchtold
- Tierärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Dr. Berchtold & Dr. Taschke, Pittenhart, Germany
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Geoffrey Smith
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Walter Grünberg
- Foundation, Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Trefz FM, Lorenz I, Constable PD. Dependence of the apparent bicarbonate space on initial plasma bicarbonate concentration and carbon dioxide tension in neonatal calves with diarrhea, acidemia, and metabolic acidosis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:644-654. [PMID: 33452736 PMCID: PMC7848302 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marked strong ion (metabolic) acidosis in neonatal diarrheic calves usually is corrected by IV administration of NaHCO3 . The distribution space for IV-administered bicarbonate, called the apparent bicarbonate space (ABS), appears to depend on initial plasma bicarbonate concentration (cHCO3 ) and varies considerably in calves. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ABS was associated with initial plasma cHCO3 and other acid-base variables. ANIMALS Twenty-five neonatal diarrheic calves with acidemia and metabolic acidosis. METHODS Prospective observational study using a convenience sample. Calves received NaHCO3 (10 mmol/kg) and glucose (1.4 mmol/kg) IV in a crystalloid solution at 25 mL/kg over 60 minutes. The ABS (L/kg) was calculated at 4 time points over 2 hours after the end of the infusion. The relationship between ABS and initial acid-base variables was characterized using nonlinear, linear, and stepwise regression. RESULTS The median value for ABS calculated from the initial plasma cHCO3 increased from 0.53 L/kg (range, 0.40-0.79) at the end of IV infusion to 0.96 L/kg (range, 0.54-1.23) 120 minutes later. Data obtained at the end of infusion provided the best fit to initial plasma cHCO3 and jugular venous blood Pco2 , such that: ABS = 0.41 + 1.06/cHCO3 and ABS = 0.87-0.0082 × Pco2 . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The observed median value for ABS of 0.53 L/kg in our study was similar to the empirically used value of 0.6. However, ABS values varied widely and were increased in calves with severe metabolic acidosis. We therefore recommend calculating ABS using the initial plasma cHCO3 or venous blood Pco2 , if respective measurements are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ingrid Lorenz
- Bavarian Animal Health Service (Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V.), Poing, Germany
| | - Peter D Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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Cerbu C, Ilaș VA, Czopowicz M, Potârniche AV, Bodart-Nieva EP, Mureșan EA, Kaba J, Spinu M, Pall E. The Use of Activated Micronized Zeolite Clinoptilolite as a Possible Alternative to Antibiotics and Chestnut Extract for the Control of Undifferentiated Calf Diarrhea: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122284. [PMID: 33287303 PMCID: PMC7761744 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Today, zeolite has appeared as an interesting alternative for the symptomatic treatment of acute diarrhea. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the properties of activated micronized (five microns) zeolite clinoptilolite (MZC) from Transylvania, Romania, first by testing it in vitro and then in vivo on calves with diarrhea. To assess the toxic potential of MZC, we performed a cell cytotoxicity assay on cells of bovine origin, while its antimicrobial activity was investigated on Escherichia coli. The uncontrolled in vivo study was carried out over 8 days on a fattening farm, with some 650 calves. Selected calves were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 20 individuals. Several combinations between activated MZC, chestnut extract, and oxytetracycline were tested. At the beginning of the study, all calves had diarrhea, while at the end of the study, the prevalence of diarrhea was significantly lower in all four groups (p < 0.001), including the ones treated with MZC. Due to its low cytotoxicity on the intestinal cells and with regards to the results we obtained in vivo, MZC could represent an alternative method to reducing the amount of antimicrobials needed for the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea in calves, therefore contributing to the reduction of the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon. Abstract Today, zeolite appears as an interesting alternative for the symptomatic treatment of acute diarrhea. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the properties of activated micronized (5 microns) zeolite clinoptilolite (MZC) from Transylvania, Romania, first by testing it in vitro and then in vivo on calves with diarrhea. To assess the toxic potential of the MZC, we performed a cell cytotoxicity assay using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) technique on primary bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs). The antimicrobial activity of MZC was investigated by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The uncontrolled in vivo study was carried out over 8 days on a fattening farm, with some 650 calves. Selected calves were randomly assigned to four groups of 20 individuals. Several combinations between MZC, chestnut extract, and oxytetracycline were tested. At the beginning of the study, all calves had diarrhea, while at the end of the study, the prevalence of diarrhea was significantly lower in all four groups (p < 0.001), including the ones treated with MZC. Due to its low cytotoxicity on the intestinal cells and with regards to the results we obtained in vivo, MZC may be considered an alternative for the symptomatic treatment of undifferentiated diarrhea in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.P.); (E.-P.B.-N.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-593-79
| | - Vlad Alexandru Ilaș
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Adrian Valentin Potârniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.P.); (E.-P.B.-N.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Elisa-Paz Bodart-Nieva
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.P.); (E.-P.B.-N.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Andruța Mureșan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.P.); (E.-P.B.-N.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Emoke Pall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.P.); (E.-P.B.-N.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
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Plasma amino acid status is useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage in calves with cryptosporidiosis. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1459-1464. [PMID: 33090265 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that some amino acid abnormalities in diarrheic calves are useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage, as in humans. However, few reports have revealed the relationship between intestinal mucosal damage and plasma amino acids in diarrheic calves. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the amino acid status and plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, which is known to be a biomarker for intestinal mucosal damage in diarrheic calves. Twenty Holstein calves aged 12.6 ± 4.2 days old were enrolled in this study. In the diarrhea group (n = 10), there were yellow loose feces within the rectum and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) was detected in all fecal samples. These calves were clinically normal except for diarrhea. All calves in the control group (n = 10) appeared to be healthy based on clinical findings with normal feces production and the absence of C. parvum. Plasma amino acid concentrations and DAO activity were measured. The relationships between plasma DAO activity and the concentration of each plasma amino acid were investigated using Spearman's rank test. The plasma DAO activity was significantly lower in the diarrhea group (176.1 ± 60.1 IU mL-1) than in the control group (309.3 ± 74.8 IU mL-1) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, positive correlations were observed when comparing plasma DAO activity with histidine, proline, cystine, arginine, and glutamine concentrations. As a result of relationship between plasma DAO activity and amino acid status, it was concluded that plasma amino acid status is useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage in calves with cryptosporidiosis.
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Nakagawa M, Tsukano K, Murakami Y, Otsuka M, Suzuki K, Suzuki H. Clinical application of 2.16% hypertonic saline solution to correct the blood sodium concentration in diarrheic calves with hyponatremia. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1585-1588. [PMID: 32921658 PMCID: PMC7719873 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether 2.16% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) is useful for the treatment of diarrheic calves with hyponatremia. Eleven
of 13 female Holstein calves exhibiting moderate diarrhea and hyponatremia received 1,250 ml of 2.16% HSS over 15 min regardless of body
weight. The remaining two calves that were unable to stand and had severe hyponatremia received 2,500 ml of 2.16% HSS intravenously over 30
min. As a result, hyponatremia in all diarrheic calves was significantly improved by the administration of 2.16% HSS from 122.2 ± 7.0 mEq/l at
pre to 134.8 ± 3.7 mEq/l at post, which was above the threshold of 132 mEq/l for hyponatremia. Therefore, 2.16% HSS may be
useful for hyponatremia in calves with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhide Nakagawa
- Hokushin Veterinary Medical Center, Nagano Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 1-4-28 Miyoshicho, Nagano, Nagano 383-0025, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Marina Otsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroetsu Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
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Zavistanaviciute P, Lele V, Antanaitis R, Televičius M, Ruzauskas M, Zebeli Q, Bartkiene E. Separate and Synergic Effects of Lactobacillus uvarum LUHSS245 and Arabinogalactan on the In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties as Well as on the Fecal and Metabolic Profile of Newborn Calves. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040593. [PMID: 32244560 PMCID: PMC7222814 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Diarrhea is common problem for young calves. It causes economic losses to cattle producers because for a newborn calf, diarrhea can be fatal. For this reason, calf diarrhea is an expensive disorder, often requiring prolonged medical treatment. Furthermore, treatment often requires use of drugs and antibiotics, increasing public concerns of excessive usage of drugs in dairy farming, and the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, prevention remains the best option, and the preventative strategies against newborn diarrhea aim to increase the immunity and the gut health status early after birth. One common prophylactic strategy against diarrhea is the use health-enhancing supplements in the feed. Our hypothesis is that a combination of different origins and mechanisms of action (lactic acid bacteria as an antimicrobial agent and arabibogalactan as a prebiotic for good microbiota stabilization), can lead to improvement in newborn calves’ health parameters. In this study, the lactic acid bacteria strain, LUHS245, effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria, as well being non-resistant to all the tested antibiotics. LUHS245, arabinogalactan, and its combination used for newborn calf feeding showed a desirable positive effect on newborn calf health parameters and it can be recommended in dairy farms for diarrhea prophylaxis. Abstract In this study, arabinogalactan (ARB) and Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245 antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 17-331, Acinetobacter baumanni 17-380, Proteus mirabilis, MRSA M87fox, Enterococcus faecalis 86, Enterococcus faecium 103, Bacillus cereus 18 01, and Streptococcus mutans) and resistance to antibiotics were evaluated and the role of their supplementation on the main metabolic and fecal variables of newborn calves was established. The animal trial involved 48 Holstein female calves randomly allocated in four homogeneous groups of 12 animals each, on the basis of body weight in the second day of life. Calves were fed with a standard milk replacer diet from the second day of life until 14th day, either unsupplemented or supplemented with 50 mL of LUHS245 (≥7.5 log10 CFU mL−1), 30 g of ARB, or with both (50 mL of LUHS245 and 30 g ARB). In vitro data showed that the LUHS245 inhibited the growth of Salmonella enterica and Bacillus cereus (inhibition zones 13.0 and 21.3 mm, respectively). Supplementation of LUHS245 and ARB either alone or together, lowered total bacterial count in the feces and reduced lactate and serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations in blood. This study showed that LUHS245 supplementation alone or together with ARB seemed to have some positive influence on certain health parameters in newborn calves. Further research with larger cohorts of animals is warranted to validate the beneficial effects of the tested supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.L.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Lele
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.L.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Mindaugas Televičius
- Large Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinarpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.L.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-601-35837
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Doré V, Foster DM, Ru H, Smith GW. Comparison of oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous fluid therapy for resuscitation of calves with diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11337-11348. [PMID: 31606222 PMCID: PMC7094336 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal diarrhea remains the primary cause of mortality in dairy calves around the world, and optimal treatment protocols are needed. The main goals of therapy are to restore hydration and electrolyte concentrations, correct strong ion (metabolic) acidemia, and provide nutritional support. Administration of oral electrolyte solutions (OES) has long been the primary method used to treat neonatal diarrhea in humans and calves because OES are capable of addressing each of the primary goals of therapy. In calves with moderate dehydration, we hypothesized that oral electrolytes would be as good as or better than small volumes of intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) fluids. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to compare the ability of a commercially available oral electrolyte solution (OES) administered alone or in combination with hypertonic saline with small volumes of IV or SC fluid therapy to resuscitate calves with diarrhea. Thirty-three Holstein calves from 5 to 14 d of age were utilized in this clinical trial. Diarrhea and dehydration were induced by adding sucrose to the milk replacer. In addition, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone were given orally and furosemide intramuscularly. Depression status, clinical hydration scores, fecal consistency, and body weight were recorded at regular intervals. Treatment began when calves had severe diarrhea and had a decrease in plasma volume of at least 10%. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups of 8 to 9 calves per group: (1) OES; (2) OES with hypertonic saline (4 mL/kg, IV); (3) IV fluids (lactated Ringer's, 2 L); or (4) SC fluids (lactated Ringer's, 2 L). Treatments were given at 0 and 12 h. Changes in plasma volume, blood pH, electrolyte levels, and physical examination scores were determined before therapy and again at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after each treatment. All 4 treatments were ultimately successful in improving hydration as well as increasing blood pH; however, animals in both groups that received OES had much faster resuscitation than those in either the IV or SC fluid group. In conclusion, oral electrolyte products remain the gold standard for resuscitating diarrheic calves with moderate dehydration and acidemia and will likely perform better than small volumes of IV lactated Ringer's solution. Subcutaneous fluids by themselves are a poor treatment option and should be only be used as supportive therapy following the initial correction of hypovolemia and metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Doré
- Department of Population, Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - D M Foster
- Department of Population, Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - H Ru
- Department of Population, Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - G W Smith
- Department of Population, Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607.
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Plasma diamine oxidase activity decline with diarrhea severity in calves indicating systemic dysfunction related to intestinal mucosal damage. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:127-130. [PMID: 31479828 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether abnormalities in plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity reflect the degree of intestinal mucosal disorder in calves with diarrhea. A total of 50 Holstein calves were enrolled. Thirty-six of the 50 calves presented diarrhea and were sub-classified by severity based on fecal status (0: firm, 1: pasty, 2: loose, and 3: watery) and blood pH (acidemia: blood pH <7.25) as follows: Seventeen calves exhibiting watery diarrhea and/or fall into acidemia were sub-categorized into the severe group. The other nineteen calves exhibiting pasty or loose diarrhea and not fall into acidemia were sub-categorized into the moderate group. The remaining 14 calves without diarrhea were assigned to the control group. The plasma DAO activity was significantly lower (p < .01) in the calves with severe or moderate diarrhea than in the control group. In addition, the plasma DAO activity was significantly lower (p < .05) in the severe group than in the moderate group. The relationship between plasma DAO activity and fecal score (r = -0.55, p < .01) in calves with diarrhea were found to have significantly and negatively correlated by Spearman's rank test in this study. Our results suggested that plasma DAO activity reflect the degree of intestinal mucosal disorder due to diarrhea.
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Naseri A, Sen I, Turgut K, Guzelbektes H, Constable PD. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular systolic function in neonatal calves with naturally occurring sepsis or septic shock due to diarrhea. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:103-112. [PMID: 31445396 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with clinically relevant cardiovascular changes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical value of echocardiography for monitoring left ventricular (LV) systolic function in septic calves. A prospective longitudinal study was performed using a convenience sample. Twenty septic calves and 10 healthy calves were enrolled in the study. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured and M-mode echocardiography performed to characterize LV systolic function; the latter included measurement of ejection fraction, EF; stroke volume, SVI and cardiac output indexed to body weight, CI; E-point of septal separation, EPSS; pre-ejection period, PEP; ejection time, LVET; ratio of PEP to LVET; velocity of circumferential shortening, Vcf, LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) on admission and 6, 24, 48 and 72 h later in septic calves and once in healthy calves. Admission data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and P < .05 was considered significant. Decreased preload and afterload were present in septic calves, as indicated by marked decreases in BP, LVEDVI, LVESVI, SVI, CI, EPSS when compared to healthy calves. Systolic function appeared adequate in septic calves, based on EF and FS compared to control calves. There was no difference in heart rate, LVET, PEP:LVET, or Vcf between septic and health calves. We conclude that circulatory dysfunction, rather than systolic dysfunction predominates in septic calves. Positive associations on admission between CI and LVEDVI, LVESVI, and SVI support this conclusion. Echocardiographic determination of LVEDVI and CI appears useful in directing treatment in septic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Naseri
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Sen
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Kursad Turgut
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, Turkey; Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Hasan Guzelbektes
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, Turkey; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Peter D Constable
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
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Nishi Y, Murakami Y, Otsuka M, Tsukano K, Ajito T, Suzuki K. Accuracy of the point-of-care glucose meter for use in calves. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1301-1304. [PMID: 31308294 PMCID: PMC6785606 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of portable blood glucose meters, such as i-STAT 1 and Precision Xceed, for use in calves. Whole blood and plasma samples
were obtained from eleven calves that received 2.5 or 5.0% dextrose-containing polyelectrolyte isotonic solutions. Measurements using the i-STAT 1 (r2=0.99,
P<0.0001) and Precision Xceed (r2=0.96, P<0.0001) were well correlated with those by the hexokinase method, which is the
gold standard. Although the accuracy of i-STAT 1 was equivalent to that of the hexokinase method, there was an autocorrelation in the residuals between the results from the Precision Xceed
and the hexokinase method. Thus, the i-STAT 1 can be used to measure the blood glucose concentration in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Nishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Marina Otsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tadaharu Ajito
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Since few studies have been published investigating plasma amino acid abnormalities in
calves with illnesses, the aim of this study was to examine plasma amino acid
abnormalities in calves with diarrhea. Forty-three Holstein calves aged 10.9 ± 5.6 days
old were used for this study. Thirty-one of the 43 calves exhibited clinical signs of
diarrhea without severe acidemia. The other 12 healthy calves were used as the control.
Concentrations of plasma essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, branched-chain
amino acids, glucogenic amino acids, and ketogenic amino acids in diarrheic calves with
hypoaminoacidemia were significantly lower than those in healthy calves. No significant
differences were observed between diarrheic calves with normoaminoacidemia and healthy
calves when looking at these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido 041-1214, Japan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Romão F, Curti J, Pereira P, Flaiban K, Lisbôa J. Experimental protocol for metabolic acidosis induction by intravenous administration of hydrochloric acid in sheep. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and duration of blood and urine changes and the side effects of hyperchloremic acidosis induced by the intravenous administration of hydrochloric acid in sheep. Five healthy, crossbred adult ewes, with a mean body weight of 44±2.9kg were used. The hydrochloric acid solution was administered intravenously at a rate of 25mL/kg/h for 4 hours continuously. Venous blood and urine samples were collected and pH values, blood carbon dioxide partial pressure, bicarbonate, base excess, strong ion difference, anion gap, total concentration of nonvolatile buffers, creatinine, plasma L-lactate, plasma and urine sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined. The experimental protocol induced severe hyperchloremic acidosis at the end of the infusion, with a decreased plasma strong ion difference. The fractional excretion of sodium and chloride remained increased during 4 hours after the infusion. Aciduria was observed at approximately 24 hours. Twenty-four hours after the infusion, the animals showed mild and compensated metabolic acidosis. This protocol was effective in inducing severe and long-lasting hyperchloremic acidosis and did not cause serious side effects. Therefore, this protocol can be used safely in adult sheep for studies on the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J.M. Curti
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
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Tsukano K, Fukuda T, Otsuka M, Nishi Y, Inoue H, Sarashina S, Suzuki K. Advantage of parenteral nutrition for diarrheic calves. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1808-1812. [PMID: 30298828 PMCID: PMC6305512 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the advantages of dextrose and amino acid mixture solution as
parenteral nutrition (PN) therapy for diarrheic calves. Thirty diarrheic calves were
randomly assigned to receive PN (PN group, n=15) or only dextrose solution (Dex group,
n=15). The treatment period for the PN group (4.0 days; min-max, 2–10 days) was
significantly shorter than that for the Dex group (6.0 days; min-max, 3–21 days)
(P<0.01). The PN therapy tended to improve plasma diamine oxidase
activity compared with traditional therapy. One potential association between PN therapy
and shortened treatment period may be the repair of damaged intestinal villi. Although our
proposal has limitations, PN therapy suggested the potential for new treatment of
diarrheic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido 041-1214, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukuda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Marina Otsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Nihon Dobutsu Tokusyu Shindan Ltd., Eniwa RBP #E304, 3-1-1 Megumino, Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1374, Japan
| | - Shinya Sarashina
- Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 25-16 Misugityo, Yakumo, Futami-gun, Hokkaido 049-3114, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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30
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Tsukano K, Sarashina S, Suzuki K. Hypoglycemia and failure of respiratory compensation are risk factors for mortality in diarrheic calves in Hokkaido, northern Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1159-1164. [PMID: 29863028 PMCID: PMC6068301 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to identify risk factors among laboratory findings for mortality in calves with diarrhea. A retrospective analysis was conducted utilizing medical records of
221 diarrheic calves (10.4 ± 3.7 days old) with no concurrent severe disorders that were treated with intravenous fluid therapy from the initial examination. Thirty-eight of the diarrheic
calves (17.2%) died within 35 days from the initial examination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypoglycemia (OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.22–7.87; P=0.02)
and failure of respiratory compensation (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.05–6.62; P=0.04) were the major risk factors associated with a negative outcome in diarrheic calves. According to
the Kaplan-Meyer analysis, diarrheic calves with hypoglycemia and/or failure of respiratory compensation had a significantly shorter survival than calves without these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido 041-1214, Japan
| | - Shinya Sarashina
- Minami-Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 25-16 Misugicho, Yakumo, Futami-gun, Hokkaido 049-3114, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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31
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Rosa F, Busato S, Avaroma FC, Linville K, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Bionaz M. Transcriptional changes detected in fecal RNA of neonatal dairy calves undergoing a mild diarrhea are associated with inflammatory biomarkers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191599. [PMID: 29373601 PMCID: PMC5786293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After birth, a newborn calf has to adapt to an extrauterine life characterized by several physiological changes. In particular, maturation of the gastrointestinal tract in a new environment loaded with potential pathogens, which can predispose neonatal calves to develop diarrhea, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality during the first 4 wks of life. We aimed to investigate the inflammatory adaptations at a transcriptomic level in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to a mild diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves using RNA isolated from fresh fecal samples. Eight newborn Jersey male calves were used from birth to 5 wks of age and housed in individual pens. After birth, calves received 1.9 L of colostrum from their respective dams. Calves had ad-libitum access to water and starter grain (22% CP) and were fed twice daily a total of 5.6 L pasteurized whole milk. Starter intake, body weight (BW), fecal score, withers height (WH), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded throughout the experiment. Blood samples were collected weekly for metabolic and inflammatory profiling from wk 0 to wk 5. Fresh fecal samples were collected weekly and immediately flash frozen until RNA was extracted using a Trizol-based method, and subsequently, an RT-qPCR analysis was performed. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate linear or quadratic effects over time. Starter intake, BW, and WH increased over time. Fecal score was greatest (2.6 ± 0.3) during wk 2. The concentrations of IL-6, ceruloplasmin, and haptoglobin had a positive quadratic effect with maximal concentrations during wk 2, which corresponded to the maximal fecal score observed during the same time. The concentration of serum amyloid A decreased over time. The mRNA expression of the proinflammatory related genes TLR4, TNFA, IL8, and IL1B had a positive quadratic effect of time. A time effect was observed for the cell membrane sodium-dependent glucose transporter SLC5A1, for the major carbohydrate facilitated transporter SLC2A2, and water transport function AQP3, where SLC5A1 and AQP3 had a negative quadratic effect over time. Our data support the use of the fecal RNA as a noninvasive tool to investigate intestinal transcriptomic profiling of dairy calves experiencing diarrhea, which would be advantageous for future research including nutritional effects and health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Fatima C. Avaroma
- Escuela Agrícola Panamericana El Zamorano, El Zamorano, Francisco Morazán, Honduras
| | - Kali Linville
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Johan S. Osorio
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Renaud DL, Duffield TF, LeBlanc SJ, Ferguson S, Haley DB, Kelton DF. Risk factors associated with mortality at a milk-fed veal calf facility: A prospective cohort study. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2659-2668. [PMID: 29290439 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The veal industry experiences calf losses during the growing period, which represents a challenge to animal welfare and profitability. Health status at arrival may be an important predictor of calf mortality. The objectives of this prospective cohort study were to describe the health status of calves arriving at a veal farm and determine the risk factors associated with early and late mortality. Using a standardized health scoring system, calves were evaluated immediately at arrival to a commercial milk-fed veal facility in Ontario, Canada. Weight at arrival and supplier of the calf were recorded. The calves were followed until death or the end of their production cycle. Two Cox proportional hazard models were built to explore factors associated with early (≤21 d following arrival) and late mortality (>21 d following arrival). A total of 4,825 calves were evaluated from November 2015 to September 2016. The overall mortality risk was 7%, with 42% of the deaths occurring in the first 21 d after arrival. An abnormal navel, dehydration, housing location within the farm, arriving in the summer, and the presence of a sunken flank were associated with increased hazard of early mortality. Drover-derived calves and calves with a greater body weight at arrival had lower hazard of early mortality. Housing location within the farm, being derived from auction facilities, and an abnormal navel were associated with higher hazard of late mortality. These results demonstrate that risk factors for mortality can be identified at arrival, which represents a potential opportunity to selectively intervene on these calves to reduce mortality. However, methods of preventing the development of these conditions before arrival need to be explored and encouraged to improve the welfare of the calves entering the veal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T F Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S Ferguson
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D B Haley
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Heller MC, Chigerwe M. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 34:101-117. [PMID: 29275032 PMCID: PMC7125638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Common causes of infectious enteritis in neonate and juvenile ruminants include viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. The most common presenting sign in ruminants with infectious enteritis is diarrhea. Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis has important zoonotic and herd health implications. Severity of clinical signs with similar pathogens may differ between calves and small ruminants. Treatment of enteritis involves supportive care to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, provision of nutritional support for neonates, prevention and treatment of endotoxemia or sepsis, and pathogen-specific treatments when relevant and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera C Heller
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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34
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Tsukano K, Inoue H, Suzuki K. Increase in branched-chain amino acids due to acidemia in neonatal calves with diarrhoea. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000234. [PMID: 29177054 PMCID: PMC5687547 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between acid-base status and plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) concentration in calves with diarrhoea for intravenous nutrition, especially with amino acid solution in calves with diarrhoea. Thirty-four Holstein calves aged 11.0±5.9 days old were enrolled in this study. In 10 of 34 calves exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhoea, severe dehydration and acidemia were observed (severe group: pH: 7.04±0.11, base excess (BE): −17.4±4.5) based on blood gas analysis. In 7 of 34 calves exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhoea, mild dehydration and acidemia were observed (mild group: pH: 7.29±0.06, BE: 0.0±5.2). The other 17 calves did not exhibit dehydration or acidemia (pH: 7.41±0.02, BE: 11.2±3.5) based on clinical signs and blood gas analysis. The plasma concentration of BCAA was significantly higher in the severe group than in the other groups. In addition, the blood pH and plasma concentrations of BCAA (r=−0.41, P<0.05) were significantly and negatively correlated. As calves with metabolic acidosis have increased plasma BCAA concentrations due to hypermetabolic states of proteolysis, amino acid solutions containing low concentrations of BCAA may be useful to gradually correct the negative nitrogen balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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35
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Trefz F, Lorenz I, Constable P. Effects of profound acidemia on the dynamic glucose and insulin response and plasma potassium and phosphorus concentrations during an intravenous glucose tolerance test in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9163-9176. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Tsukano K, Ajito T, Abe I, Sarashina S, Suzuki K. Rehydration and catabolic preventive effects depend on the composition of oral electrolyte solutions for diarrheic calves. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1776-1779. [PMID: 28924101 PMCID: PMC5709551 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two commercially available oral electrolyte solutions (OES) with high sodium (CF) or with high glucose and glycine (SL), and two prototype OES were evaluated in terms of rehydration and preventing catabolism.
Prototype OES based on CF were prepared by doubling the glucose amount (CFG) or by doubling both glucose and glycine (CFGG). Thirty-two diarrheic calves were randomly assigned four groups with eight calves in each group. Blood
volume increased with CF and CFGG compared with that of other OES. The catabolic preventive effect was excellent in CFGG and SL. Our results suggest that both the amount of sodium, glucose, and glycine, and ratio of these factors
aid dehydration and provide energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,NOSAI-Minami Donan Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 354-1 Oshamannbe-cho, Azaoshamannbe, Yamakoshi-gun, Hokkaido 049-3521, Japan
| | - Tadaharu Ajito
- Central Research Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Aza Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asakamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0196, Japan
| | - Izumi Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Aza Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asakamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0196, Japan
| | - Shinya Sarashina
- NOSAI-Minami Donan Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 25-16 Misugi-cho, Yakumo, Futami-gun, Hokkaido 049-3114, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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37
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Pempek J, Trearchis D, Masterson M, Habing G, Proudfoot K. Veal calf health on the day of arrival at growers in Ohio 1,2. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182938. [PMID: 28817693 PMCID: PMC5560544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound acidemia impairs cellular and organ function and consequently should be associated with an increased risk of mortality in critically ill humans and animals. Neonatal diarrhea in calves can result in potentially serious metabolic derangements including profound acidemia due to strong ion (metabolic) acidosis, hyper-D-lactatemia, hyper-L-lactatemia, azotemia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prognostic relevance of clinical and laboratory findings in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. The mortality rate was 22%. Classification tree analysis indicated that mortality was associated with clinical signs of neurologic disease, abdominal emergencies, cachexia, orthopedic problems such as septic arthritis, and profound acidemia (jugular venous blood pH < 6.85). When exclusively considering laboratory parameters, classification tree analysis identified plasma glucose concentrations < 3.2 mmol/L, plasma sodium concentrations ≥ 151 mmol/L, serum GGT activity < 31 U/L and a thrombocyte count < 535 G/L as predictors of mortality. However, multivariable logistic regression models based on these laboratory parameters did not have a sufficiently high enough sensitivity (59%) and specificity (79%) to reliably predict treatment outcome. The sensitivity and specificity of jugular venous blood pH < 6.85 were 11% and 97%, respectively, for predicting non-survival in this study population. We conclude that laboratory values (except jugular venous blood pH < 6.85) are of limited value for predicting outcome in critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea. In contrast, the presence of specific clinical abnormalities provides valuable prognostic information.
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39
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Trefz FM, Constable PD, Lorenz I. Effect of Intravenous Small-Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:907-921. [PMID: 28407322 PMCID: PMC5435070 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperkalemia is a frequently observed electrolyte imbalance in dehydrated neonatal diarrheic calves that can result in skeletal muscle weakness and life‐threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias. Hypothesis Intravenous administration of a small‐volume hypertonic NaHCO3 solution is clinically more effective in decreasing the plasma potassium concentration (cK) in hyperkalemic diarrheic calves than hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions. Animals Twenty‐two neonatal diarrheic calves with cK >5.8 mmol/L. Methods Prospective randomized clinical trial. Calves randomly received either 8.4% NaHCO3 (6.4 mL/kg BW; n = 7), 7.5% NaCl (5 mL/kg BW; n = 8), or 46.2% glucose (5 mL/kg BW; n = 7) IV over 5 minutes and were subsequently allowed to suckle 2 L of an electrolyte solution. Infusions with NaHCO3 and NaCl provided an identical sodium load of 6.4 mmol/kg BW. Results Hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions produced an immediate and sustained decrease in plasma cK. Hypertonic glucose infusions resulted in marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, but cK remained unchanged for 20 minutes. Between 30 and 120 minutes after initiation of treatment, the most marked decrements in cK from baseline occurred in group NaHCO3, which were significantly (P < .05) larger during this period of time than in calves in group NaCl, but not group glucose. After 120 minutes, the mean decrease in cK from baseline was −26 ± 10%, −9 ± 8%, and −22 ± 6% in groups NaHCO3, NaCl, and glucose, respectively. Conclusions/Clinical Importance Small‐volume hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions appear to have clinical advantages for the rapid resuscitation of hyperkalemic diarrheic calves, compared to hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - P D Constable
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - I Lorenz
- Bavarian Animal Health Service (Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V.), Poing, Germany
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40
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Taylor JD, Rodenburg M, Snider TA. Comparison of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement and intravenous fluid therapy for dehydration in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4839-4846. [PMID: 28390725 PMCID: PMC7127077 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calf scours is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the dairy industry. Effective treatments are needed to minimize death, maximize welfare, and maintain growth and productivity. The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available nutritional supplement (Diaque, Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St. Joseph, MO) and i.v. lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in rehydrating, preventing acidemia, and correcting electrolyte imbalances in an experimental model for calf scours. Twenty-four colostrum-fed suckling dairy calves were used in a modified crossover design. An osmotic diarrhea was induced by orally feeding commercial milk replacer modified with high level of sucrose to create a hypertonic milk solution, and administering oral hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone for 48 h. The intention was to create a challenge sufficient to result in moderately dehydrated, standing calves without producing severe depression or loss of suckle. The efficacy of i.v. fluid therapy and a commercial nutritional supplement were subsequently compared for reversing the effects of the diarrheal disease. Treatment A consisted of administering the nutritional supplement according to label directions (100 g in 1.9 L of warm water, 3 times a day), and treatment B consisted of i.v. LRS (2 L, once a day). Clinical signs and laboratory results were obtained once daily by a blinded observer. The induction method was effective in creating the desired effect, as demonstrated by weight loss and subjective health and hydration scores. Both treatment groups experienced increases in body weight, base excess, and bicarbonate, and decreases in total protein and packed cell volume following treatment. Both i.v. LRS and Diaque are effective methods to correct hypovolemia and control derangements in acid-base status in calves with diarrhea and dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2007.
| | - Merel Rodenburg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2007
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2007
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Tsukano K, Kato S, Sarashina S, Abe I, Ajito T, Ohtsuka H, Suzuki K. Effect of acetate Ringer 's solution with or without 5% dextrose administered intravenously to diarrheic calves. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:795-800. [PMID: 28302938 PMCID: PMC5402204 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of intravenous acetate Ringer’s
solution, with or without dextrose, on diarrheic calves with either experimentally induced
or spontaneous diarrhea. In the experimental model, diarrhea was induced in nine healthy
calves by administering cold milk (below 4°C) twice a day for 2 days. The calves were
randomly assigned to the isotonic saline (ISS), acetated Ringer’s (AR) or acetated
Ringer’s with 5% dextrose (ARD) groups, with three calves assigned to each group. The
calves received 80 ml/kg of their designated solution, at a flow rate of
20 ml/kg/hr. Infusion of ISS, AR and ARD were all found to be safe and
effective in increasing plasma volume. Intravenous (IV) infusion of ISS resulted in the
acidification secondary to dilution, while AR and ARD infusion inhibited acidification. In
addition, prevention of catabolism was observed only with IV infusion of ARD. Sixteen
calves with spontaneous diarrhea were enrolled in the clinical study. The calves were
randomly assigned to the AR or ARD groups, with eight calves being assigned to each group.
The calves received 100 ml/kg of their designated solution, at a flow
rate of 25 ml/kg/hr. Intravenous infusion of AR and ARD was found to be
effective in increasing plasma volume and inhibiting acidification. Only infusion of ARD
prevented catabolism, but it also led to hyperglycemia. Our results suggest that a
solution containing dextrose may be beneficial for wasting diarrheic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Donan-NOSAI, Donan Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 354-1 Oshamannbetyo, Azaoshamannbe, Yamakoshi-gun, Hokkaido 049-3521, Japan
| | - Satoko Kato
- Donan-NOSAI, Donan Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 25-16 Misugityo, Yakumo, Futami-gun, Hokkaido 049-3114, Japan
| | - Shinya Sarashina
- Donan-NOSAI, Donan Agricultural Mutual Relief Association, 25-16 Misugityo, Yakumo, Futami-gun, Hokkaido 049-3114, Japan
| | - Izumi Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Aza Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asakamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0196, Japan
| | - Tadaharu Ajito
- Central Research Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Aza Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asakamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0196, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ohtsuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Pereira PFV, Bessegatto JA, Bregadioli GDC, Marcondes JGDR, Fernandes TM, Balarin MRS, Flaiban KKMDC, Lisbôa JAN. NOVA SOLUÇÃO ELETROLÍTICA INTRAVENOSA PARA USO VETERINÁRIO: EFEITOS SOBRE O PERFIL ELETROLÍTICO E ÁCIDO BASE EM BOVINOS ADULTOS HÍGIDOS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v18e-32785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de uma nova solução hidratante intravenosa sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido-base de bovinos. Para tanto, oito animais adultos hígidos, mestiços taurinos foram submetidos a dois tratamentos em delineamento cross-over: solução salina isotônica (SI) e solução teste (ST) composta por 145 mEq de Na+, 5 mEq de K+, 4 mEq de Ca++, 2 mEq de Mg++, 96 mEq de Cl-, 60 mEq de lactato, 50 g de dextrose e 4 mg de cianocobalamina por litro. As soluções foram administradas por via intravenosa, em volume correspondente a 5% do peso corporal, durante três horas de infusão contínua. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas antes da infusão e três, seis, nove e 24 horas após o início da infusão para determinações de glicose, lactato L, Ca, P, Mg, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl- e Ca++. Os resultados foram analisados por análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas. Ao contrário da SI, que causou hipercloremia e redução da diferença de íons fortes no plasma (SID), determinando efeito acidificante, a ST gerou alcalinização leve e transitória e não provocou alteração das concentrações de Na+ e de Cl-. A hipopotassemia e a hiperglicemia, presentes ao final da infusão da ST, foram transitórias e não determinaram sinais clínicos evidentes. Conclui-se que a ST é uma alternativa segura para a terapia com fluidos em bovinos, tendo a vantagem de provocar alterações iatrogênicas de baixa magnitude.
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Armengol R, Fraile L. Colostrum and milk pasteurization improve health status and decrease mortality in neonatal calves receiving appropriate colostrum ingestion. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4718-4725. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Trefz FM, Lorch A, Knubben-Schweizer G, Lorenz I. Letter to the Editor. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1454-1455. [PMID: 26446040 PMCID: PMC4895657 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Lorch
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Lorenz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:1-17. [PMID: 24378583 PMCID: PMC3973752 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is a commonly reported disease in young animals, and still a major cause of productivity and economic loss to cattle producers worldwide. In the report of the 2007 National Animal Health Monitoring System for U.S. dairy, half of the deaths among unweaned calves was attributed to diarrhea. Multiple pathogens are known or postulated to cause or contribute to calf diarrhea development. Other factors including both the environment and management practices influence disease severity or outcomes. The multifactorial nature of calf diarrhea makes this disease hard to control effectively in modern cow-calf operations. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of a) the ecology and pathogenesis of well-known and potential bovine enteric pathogens implicated in calf diarrhea, b) describe diagnostic tests used to detect various enteric pathogens along with their pros and cons, and c) propose improved intervention strategies for treating calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Il Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Korea
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Gomez DE, Lofstedt J, Stämpfli HR, Wichtel M, Muirhead T, McClure JT. Contribution of unmeasured anions to acid-base disorders and its association with altered demeanor in 264 calves with neonatal diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1604-12. [PMID: 24107246 PMCID: PMC7166389 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured anions (UAs), pCO2, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasma pH and bicarbonate (HCO3−) can be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Demeanor of calves with diarrhea is associated with acidemia, dehydration, and hyper‐d‐lactatemia. Hypothesis Unmeasured anions are a major factor influencing changes in plasma pH and HCO3− of calves with diarrhea and UAs and strong UAs, estimated by anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG), respectively, are more strongly associated with alteration of demeanor compared to other acid–base variables. Animals A total of 264 calves with diarrhea from two data sets (DS1 and DS2). Methods Retrospective study. Forward stepwise regression was performed to determine the relationship between measured pH or HCO3−, and physicochemical variables. A two‐way ANOVA was performed to investigate the association between acid–base variables and attitude (bright, obtunded, and stuporous), posture (standing, sternal or lateral recumbency), and strength of suckling reflex (strong, weak, or absent). Results Increased strong UAs estimated by SIG was the most important contributor to changes in measured pH and HCO3− (DS1: r2 66 and 59%, DS2: 39 and 42%, P < .0001). SIG and AG were correlated to deteriorating calf demeanor for all three clinical scoring categories: attitude, posture, and suckle reflex (P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Elevated concentrations of strong UAs were the primary cause of acidemia and had an important influence on the demeanor of calves with diarrhea. These findings emphasize the importance of the calculation of UAs when evaluating acid–base abnormalities in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gomez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Stämpfli HR, Cruz LE, Oliver OJ. Physicochemical interpretation of acid-base abnormalities in 54 adult horses with acute severe colitis and diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:548-53. [PMID: 23551698 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, pCO2 , and plasma protein concentration in determining plasma pH and bicarbonate concentrations can be demonstrated with the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess the presence or absence of unmeasured anions. HYPOTHESES The physicochemical approach is useful for detection and explanation of acid-base disorders in horses with colitis. AG and SIG accurately predict hyperlactatemia in horses with colitis. ANIMALS Fifty-four horses with acute colitis and diarrhea. METHODS Retrospective study. Physicochemical variables were calculated for each patient. ROC curves were generated to analyze sensitivity and specificity of AG and SIG for predicting hyperlactatemia. RESULTS Physicochemical interpretation of acid-base events indicated that strong ion metabolic acidosis was present in 39 (72%) horses. Mixed strong ion acidosis and decreased weak acid (hypoproteinemia) alkalosis was concomitantly present in 17 (30%) patients. The sensitivity and specificity of AG and SIG to predict hyperlactatemia (L-lactate > 5 mEq/L) were 100% (95% CI, 66.4-100; P < .0001) and 84.4% (95% CI, 70.5-93.5 P < .0001). Area under the ROC curve for AG and SIG for predicting hyperlactatemia was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86-0.99) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.83-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results emphasize the importance of strong ions and proteins in the maintenance of the acid-base equilibria. AG and SIG were considered good predictors of clinically relevant hyperlactatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Trefz FM, Lorch A, Feist M, Sauter-Louis C, Lorenz I. Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrhea. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:238. [PMID: 23216654 PMCID: PMC3548689 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate whether a decision tree based on basic clinical signs could be used to determine the treatment of metabolic acidosis in calves successfully without expensive laboratory equipment. A total of 121 calves with a diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital were included in the study. The dosages of sodium bicarbonate administered followed simple guidelines based on the results of a previous retrospective analysis. Calves that were neither dehydrated nor assumed to be acidemic received an oral electrolyte solution. In cases in which intravenous correction of acidosis and/or dehydration was deemed necessary, the provided amount of sodium bicarbonate ranged from 250 to 750 mmol (depending on alterations in posture) and infusion volumes from 1 to 6.25 liters (depending on the degree of dehydration). Individual body weights of calves were disregarded. During the 24 hour study period the investigator was blinded to all laboratory findings. RESULTS After being lifted, many calves were able to stand despite base excess levels below -20 mmol/l. Especially in those calves, metabolic acidosis was undercorrected with the provided amount of 500 mmol sodium bicarbonate, which was intended for calves standing insecurely. In 13 calves metabolic acidosis was not treated successfully as defined by an expected treatment failure or a measured base excess value below -5 mmol/l. By contrast, 24 hours after the initiation of therapy, a metabolic alkalosis was present in 55 calves (base excess levels above +5 mmol/l). However, the clinical status was not affected significantly by the metabolic alkalosis. CONCLUSIONS Assuming re-evaluation of the calf after 24 hours, the tested decision tree can be recommended for the use in field practice with minor modifications. Calves that stand insecurely and are not able to correct their position if pushed require higher doses of sodium bicarbonate, if there is clinical evidence of a marked D-lactic acidosis. In those calves, determining the degree of loss of the palpebral reflex was identified as a useful decision criterion to provide an additional amount of 250 mmol sodium bicarbonate. This work demonstrates the clinical relevance of the discovery that D-lactate is responsible for most of the clinical signs expressed in neonatal diarrheic calves suffering from metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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